Drywall itself, in turn, is a very popular and demanded material, which is often used for interior decoration premises. Such material is now in very great demand, as it has an acceptable cost and is of excellent quality.

It is thanks to the quality that this material does not lose its appearance even for a long time and can last for quite a long time.

Very often, drywall is also used to create elements such as indoor arches. In this case, it is given the required shape and fixed in the required place. The use of arches allows you to give a particular room a more representative look, which will become another highlight of the interior.

How to create an arch?

If we talk about the procedure for creating an arch, then in this case there are many nuances that you need to know about. The fact is that such work may require not only patience, care and accuracy, but also minimal knowledge of geometry. Only in this case can it be done well and efficiently.


Before taking on the work of making an arch, you must first prepare some tools. In this work, you may need: drywall (preferably with a margin), a wall profile with dimensions 27X28, assembly knife, special self-tapping screws for metal 5 × 25, additional frame fasteners as well as a press washer. Having prepared these tools, you can start creating an arched structure.

As a rule, on a brick or concrete base making an arch is not so difficult as it might initially show. With the help of frame fasteners and self-tapping screws, you can do this job in a few hours.

The only thing you need to pay attention to is the quality of the design itself. It is better that it is not too thick, otherwise problems may arise at the time of its fixation. It will simply be poorly secured and after a while may fall altogether.


Getting started, first of all, you need to take a pre-prepared wall profile and attach it to the wall in such a way that it is located along the existing perimeter of the opening itself on both sides at once. After that, you need to take exactly the same type of profile and insert it into the existing profile that was originally installed on the wall. The latter must be fastened without fail with press washers.

The preparation of drywall should be done with great care and without haste. It is necessary to cut drywall in such a way that subsequently its width would be identical to the width of the opening itself, while the height would correspond to the total radius of the circle. It is better to use a cutting knife as a cutting tool.

After the piece of drywall has been prepared, it is necessary to attach it to the wall profile using self-tapping screws. In this case, for fastening, you may need about 22-25 self-tapping screws, each of which should be at a distance of 18-20 centimeters from the previous one.


Create an arch outline

Next, you need to move on to creating an arched outline. For it, you need to draw a semicircle in the appropriate place. Moreover, in order for it to turn out perfectly even, it is necessary to use such a tool as a large compass. In a situation where there is no such tool, you can make it at home.

It is necessary to take a profile with parameters 27 × 28 and a length that is 5-6 centimeters greater than the existing radius of the circle of the arch, and make a small hole in it on one side. Having made a hole of 5-6 millimeters, you need to insert a pencil into it, after which you need to screw a self-tapping screw on the other side.

In this case, it is imperative to screw in the latter at a distance which, in turn, will be equal to the total radius of the arch. After these simple manipulations, the so-called impromptu compass should turn out.

How to use this compass? It is necessary to place it so that the self-tapping screw is located strictly in the center of the lowest edge of the drywall segment. After that, you need to slowly draw a semicircle and then carefully cut it out.

Now you need to proceed to the procedure for making a profile with a so-called serpentine shape. It needs to be cut on both sides so that later you can give it an arc shape. The latter is required to be attached to the semicircle from the inside.


It must be remembered that all of the above actions must be performed not only from the outside, but also from the inside of the arch itself. After that, it will need to be additionally sheathed in those places that remained untreated.

To sew up the existing arched bend, you need to take drywall of the appropriate size and hold it in water for 10-15 minutes. This will allow him to become more flexible and elastic.

After that, it is necessary to set it to the initial position of the arch bend, give it the required shape and fix it with self-tapping screws.

Photo of a drywall arch

Once upon a time, only a professional could make an arch. This was the case before the advent of drywall. Now, even a beginner can make an arch from drywall. You don't need a special tool for this, the technology itself is simple and straightforward - just follow our instructions.

Where to begin

The most common arches are simple shapes - parts of a circle or oval. They are best suited for most traditional interior styles, where regular shapes and symmetry are welcome. In addition, they are easiest to do with your own hands.

1. Classic rounded arch. 2. Modern. 3. Romance. 4. Ellipse. 5. Trapezium. 6. Semi-arch

But first you need to decide whether the height of the vault will be sufficient. And if for a niche in the wall dimensions do not play a special role, then for the passage between rooms, the ratio of the width of the arch and the distance from the floor to the point of conjugation of the arch with the wall of the opening means a lot.

The wider the opening in which the arch is formed, the greater the bending radius will be required so that the shape of the arch is proportional

Usually they are guided by a simple ratio of a standard interior door - 80-100 cm wide by 200 cm high. That is, in the plane of the opening, taking into account the arch, a rectangle of such dimensions must be inscribed in a "pure form". Following this rule, you can determine that the width of the opening is:

  • 100 cm corresponds to the height of the lower points of the arch about two meters;
  • 200 cm - about 180 cm;
  • 300 cm - about 160 cm.

It follows from this that if the arch is made where the standard interior door, then the height of the opening will have to be increased.

The easiest way is to arrange an arch in a new place during redevelopment, when the interior partitions are re-installed. And here it is already necessary to remember the recommended distance from the top point of the arch to the ceiling - usually it is 40-60 cm. Often the height of the ceilings does not allow "inscribing" the arch in accordance with this rule, and this point is raised a little higher. But even in this case, you should not reduce the clearance to a ceiling level of less than 30 cm.

After the approximate values \u200b\u200bfor the mating points with the opening and for the height of the vault have been established, the arch in the opening can be modeled from improvised means and make sure that it matches the general design.

Convenient to use special plastic corner for arches, which will ultimately be used for finishing the opening

One of simple ways modeling is the use of a long strip of flexible material as a template, for example, plastic skirting board with hard edges. The plinth is applied with the edges at the lower points of the arched opening, bent to the height of the arch, if necessary, change the shape of the arch, adjusting the degree of bending. Mark the points of conjugation of the arch with the opening and put the appropriate marks on the plinth.

Plasterboard blanks

For the walls of the arch, you need to cut out two rectangles from the gypsum board. The dimensions of the workpiece are the width of the opening and the distance from the mating point of the arch in the opening to the overlap of the opening itself (or to the ceiling for new partitions).

Then, on one of the blanks, using a plinth, the shape of the arch is modeled. To do this, aligning one of the marks on the plinth with the corner of the workpiece, it is bent until the second mark is aligned in the corner of the workpiece opposite in width. Draw an arc on the workpiece with a pencil and cut out the first wall. And already it will serve as a template for cutting out the second wall.

To get a sector along the radius, it is better to use an awl, a nail and a pencil tied with a thread or rope. The length of the thread from pencil to nail will determine the radius of the sector.

L - opening width, H - arch height, R - sector radius, D - material stock equal to the thickness of the opening ends

If an ellipse is needed, then two nails are fixed on the workpiece under the arch along the long side, retreating the same distance from both sides by about 10-15 cm.A thread is tied to the nails so that it sags freely, and when pulled along the edge of the sheet it reaches its edge ... The pencil is wound by the thread and the shape of the arch is outlined.

For the arch of the arch, you can use a strip of ceiling gypsum board (it is thinner, only 9.5 mm), but the remainder of a standard sheet is also suitable, since with a small width of the strip it is not difficult to give it the required shape. The size of the blank for the vault in length is equal to the distance between the marks on the plinth, and in width - to the thickness of the wall in the opening. The narrow sides of the workpiece are cut at the ends along one side of the corner so that the arch fits more tightly at the ends of the walls of the opening.

Forming the arch frame

The supporting frame for the walls is usually made of a metal rack profile. Depending on the materials of the partition and its thickness, the profile width may vary.

So if the arch is mounted in an opening where the walls are made of gypsum plasterboard, then the same rack-mount CW profiles are used that are in supporting structure... In this case, the profiles are fixed in the opening with self-tapping screws for metal.

For walls made of bricks, building blocks (gas or foam concrete, gypsum), monolithic concrete the width of the rack profile is selected individually. It is often easier to use a double frame (for each side of the arch) made of a narrow CW profile with a 50 mm backrest than to select a wide profile for a single frame. For fastening to the wall, dowels are used, and for each material they select their own type of fastener. If the frame is mounted from a narrow profile, the holes for the dowel are drilled at an angle so that the edge of the opening does not crumble.

For side posts, the profiles must have a length equal to the distance from the overlap of the opening to the mating points with the arch. Since the arch “fits” in the opening to the partition at an angle less than 90 °, the lower corners of the profile are cut so that they do not protrude beyond the edge of the walls of the arch.

If the frame is mounted in a plasterboard partition, then you can clearly see how it must be fixed so that the arch is flush with the wall surface.

For partitions made of other materials, when fixing the frame, it is necessary to retreat from the edge of the wall at a distance equal to the thickness of the gypsum board plus the thickness of the finish (and this is at least 1-2 mm per layer of putty for wallpapering or painting).

If the wall has a layer decorative plaster or lined with wall panels, then the frame must be attached to the main wall material so that the walls of the arch are in the same plane with the surface of the partition itself, and not it decorative finishing... This rule is followed on each side of the arch.

Arch installation

The walls of the arch are fastened with self-tapping screws with a distance between the attachment points from 15 to 25 cm, but at least three points on each side. The distance from the corner to each extreme attachment point should be within 5-10 cm, and the attachment line should be at a distance of 15-20 mm from the edge of the arch wall.

If a built-in backlight is provided in the arch, then the wires should be laid in advance, leaving leads or loops at least 15 cm long

After both walls are fixed, two strips of an arched profile are screwed to them from the inside through drywall to fasten the arch. If there is no arched profile, then it is made from a CD profile, symmetrically cutting wedges on the sides at a distance of 4-5 cm from each other.

To bend the strip of the workpiece with an arc, it is moistened with a sponge on both sides before installation. Then, on one side, it is rolled with a needle roller (the other way is to prick with an awl over the entire surface by 1/3 of the sheet thickness) and once again moistened only along the perforated side. They are placed on the floor at an angle to it and the wall. When the workpiece begins to bend under its own weight, it is screwed into place to the arched profiles.

Finishing works

The final stage begins when the vault is dry:

  • the surface of the drywall is primed;
  • seams and joints with the wall are reinforced with a serpentine, and the ribs of the arch - with a plastic perforated corner;
  • putty, rubbing the attachment points, seams and joints;
  • Angles at the ribs are "taken out";
  • dried and sanded.

The arch is ready. You can start decorating.

You can embellish and modify your home with drywall. Using this material, unique in ease of use and processing, you can build a wide variety of structures with the aim of design interior. Sheathing walls with the formation of niches and shelves, installation of partitions with windows and aisles, arched structures and variations with several layers of sheathing are quite simple to implement and subsequently finish with any material that is suitable for the meaning.

A plasterboard partition with your own hands is done in a matter of days, even if you do everything alone. The main thing is to take into account all the necessary nuances and requirements. Before embarking on the formation of diverse decorative partitions, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the general principles about. After that, you can proceed to the study of various ways to use drywall as a basis. decorative design apartments.

The main characteristics of drywall are strength, lightness, pliability of processing. In addition, the indisputable advantage of gypsum boards is their ability to easily deform within sufficiently large limits for the construction of complex structures not with corners, but with bends and circles. This article will tell you exactly how to mold drywall and how to implement various decorative elements based on decorative partitions.

Elements for decorating plasterboard walls

In order to transform an ordinary partition or plasterboard wall, as well as plasterboard cladding, you can apply the following techniques:

  1. form niches and shelves with or without lighting;
  2. the formation of openings and windows;
  3. arched and rounded shapes in the wall openings;
  4. the formation of a relief wall surface by mounting additional surfaces;
  5. rounding the ends of the wall or openings, the formation of simple stucco molding.

Each of the above options is implemented using only drywall and metal profiles... The instruction will provide detailed description, with the help of which one or another decor option can be realized, as a result, they can be combined to create a truly beautiful functional partition.

Examples of decorative partitions

An option such as the formation of windows on the sides of the opening in a plasterboard partition with a door will perfectly fit into any design. This option will illuminate the already dark corridor with natural light and give the room an aesthetic look. These windows can be made in the form of semicircles for the entire height of the door or only a part. The classic option is a window over the door.

The walls in the hall or living room can be made with many niches in which decorative elements or just books will be located. It is advisable to organize niches with backlighting so that they do not seem like dark spots against the light background of the illuminated room.

If it is necessary to mount a partition that will only nominally divide the space of a room or adjacent rooms, you can make a plasterboard wall with many openings various shapes and location. How to make a drywall partition will be described below.

Implementation of individual elements

We will not consider in detail about the process of erecting walls and partitions made of plasterboard, but we will try as much as possible to pay attention to the process of forming individual decorative elements. So, the tools and materials that will be needed are the same as for the construction of walls, in addition, such specific ones are used as:

  • needle roller for perforating the top layer of cardboard;
  • short nap roller or sponge.

Below we will look at where and how to use these tools and materials in the construction of decorative partitions.

Formation of niches and shelves

Any such elements require additional reinforcement of the frame made of metal profiles, and the formation of niches and shelves begins directly with the process of erecting the wall itself. Between the support profiles of the common frame in the place where the niche is formed, it is necessary to make two jumpers. The CD profile is used for this. A piece of profile is cut off equal to the distance between the uprights plus 5 cm. From each edge, a 2.5 cm long incision is made along the bending lines of the side edges of the profile. The sides are bent at right angles. As a result, there will be a straight eyelet from the front of the profile and two ears set aside.

The resulting element is applied to the carrier and screwed on with four self-tapping screws (with a "drill" tip) on both sides. In this case, two self-tapping screws are screwed into the large central eyelet to the central side of the support profile diagonally and one screw for each small side eyelet.

Alternatively, you can use special universal fasteners "crab", with which you can connect the profiles to each other transversely. Strength will be enough in either case, unless it is easier to work with a crab.

The same is done on the other side of the frame. After that, you can already mount the jumpers between its sides. If the width of the wall is 50, 75, 100 mm and is made of CW and UW profiles, the lintels can immediately be made in the form of plasterboard strips that form the base of the niche. In the case of walls of greater width, it is imperative to reinforce the niche box with a profile that is installed between the posts on both sides of the frame.

The sides of the niche, if its width is less than the gap between the support profiles, are also formed by the sections of the CD profile. They are only attached between previously installed horizontal lintels.

Video: plasterboard wall with shelves

Video: an example of the formation of decorative niches

Formation of windows and openings

The construction of a frame for windows and openings is somewhat complicated. It is necessary to form a rigid structure from the main CW or AU profile and, if necessary, strengthen it with wooden beams... As in the case of niches, all openings are made at the stage of wall assembly.

First of all, the base of the frame for the opening is formed. For this, the CW support profiles are fixed in guides along the edges of the structure, with the front side inside the opening. The UW guide profile is used to mark the upper and lower boundaries. A piece of profile is cut off 30 cm longer than the width of the opening. Departing 15 cm from each edge, a mark is made on the outside of both bends of the profile. For secure attachment, the sidewall cuts are made not perpendicular to the base of the profile, but at an angle of 45 degrees. It is necessary to start the cut from the side of the profile edge. As a result, when the profile is bent into a U-shaped element along the remaining front jumper, pointed ears remain on the long central part of the sidewalls. Bend to the outside of the profile.

This workpiece is applied to the installed support profiles so that the legs of the U-shaped workpiece look inside the opening. The sides of the workpiece fit tightly over the profile. The entire workpiece is lifted by required level and fixed with self-tapping screws. The lugs on the sidewalls of the long section of the workpiece are also fixed to the supports.

All the same is repeated for the other border of the opening, respectively. During cladding, sectors are cut out in drywall sheets so that they go around the perimeter of the opening.

If you plan to install a window, then there is no need to somehow separately close the profile along the perimeter of the opening. If the opening is made through, then the ends along the entire perimeter are closed with plasterboard strips. First, the strip is laid on the lower and upper edges, and then on the side ones.

If the width of the wall exceeds 100 mm, then the support posts and the perimeter of the opening are formed from parallel structures on both sides of the wall and lintels from drywall strips or profile are added for strength.

Video: plasterboard partition with a window

Making bends and arches

Drywall, although a durable material, still makes it possible to form from it not only elements with straight edges, but also semicircular and wavy ones. This is possible due to the properties of gypsum. When wet, it becomes somewhat pliable and capable of bending. It is this process that is used to form decorative elements in the form of arches or round openings. In any case, everything again begins with the formation of the correct frame.

All the same support posts from the CW profile are installed at the extreme points of the formation of the opening, that is, tangentially, strictly vertically. The upper and lower faces are formed as described in the previous case, again tangentially at the extreme point of the opening. No oblique or inclined mountings are allowed. On this basis, sheets of drywall will subsequently be attached with sectors cut out on them, repeating the necessary curvature of the opening.

If the opening is too wide, then intermediate posts from the CW profile are placed between the lower guide and the lower edge of the opening at a distance of 600 mm between the centers.

In order to shape the bends, it will be necessary not only to bend the drywall, but also to install a profile attached to the existing racks and guides on the bends, because only the gypsum board should be attached to the profile.

In order to bend drywall, 2 methods are most actively used: using a needle roller, or by applying cuts with a mill or grinder

The profile is the same as for the support posts. The distance along the required bend from the points of contact of the opening of the neighboring profiles, which form the perimeter of the opening, is measured, and a profile of this length plus a margin of 30 cm is cut off.The lateral parts of the profile are cut every 4-5 cm, leaving only the remaining lower part intact. The first and last cut is made 15 cm from the edge of the line. The workpiece is bent into the desired shape and applied to the perimeter. Fastening is carried out with the approach to the support posts with flea screws.

To give additional rigidity to the structure, a piece of drywall is inserted inside the frame, repeating the bending contour from the inside and resting on the profile along the perimeter. After that, you can start plastering the walls with plasterboard.

As soon as the installation of drywall on both sides of the wall is completed, you can proceed to filling the end of the opening or arch. To do this, a strip of drywall is taken with a length equal to the length of one sector of the opening with a margin of 5-7 cm. The sheet is placed on a flat surface. The top layer of the cardboard is perforated with a needle roller. Using a medium-pile roller or sponge, the drywall sheet is moistened with water.

After a few hours, you can already try to bend the GCR strip. If it normally lends itself to a slight bend, then you can support the edge of the strip on the wall diagonally and attach a small weight to the middle of the strip. After a while, the strip will bend enough to fit at the end of the opening. There, under the action of a load or scotch tape, the shape is finally given. Most likely, you will need to wet the workpiece again or twice. After the end of molding, it is necessary to completely dry the workpiece within 24 hours and only after that screw it into place. The corners of the opening are sealed with a serpyanka mesh and putty, like all joints inside.

Video: drywall arch

More about shaping interior arch from drywall you can.

Mounting walls with multiple levels and overlays

In principle, there is no particular difficulty here. The main thing is to remember that when assembling drywall structures that have several levels, the lower level of the base, completely sheathed with drywall sheets, is necessarily first formed, and only after that the profile and sheets for the second level are mounted on top. It is important that in the frame of the first level there are support profiles for the frame of the second level. The whole process of mounting the subsequent levels does not differ from the process of cladding ordinary walls with plasterboard.

This method is popular for the construction of ceilings with several levels, in which each level is decorated in a different way and is separately highlighted. Installation of partitions can be done in the same way.

Forming rounded ends

In order for the ends of the partition or opening to be not straight, but to represent a semicircular ledge, you can proceed as follows. On the end, which is closed with a strip of drywall, another strip is superimposed, smaller than the previous one, for example, by 2 cm. It is attached so that there are gaps on both sides by a centimeter. On top of it, a strip 2 cm smaller than the previous one is still superimposed and fastened with self-tapping screws, and so on several times. The resulting stepped structure will be the rounding basis.

Man's desire to surround himself with comfort and beauty has existed at all times. Especially when it comes to arrangement of home space. In the best way emphasize individuality of housing is an creature exclusive interior ... Today, there is a lot to implement the conceived project building materials and methods of their use. Most often for making exclusive surfaces premises drywall is applied... Constructs from this pliable material do not cease to amaze with their diversity and specific delights. They are able to transform even the most ordinary-looking interior small room , giving the necessary touch of individuality.

The use of drywall arches in a modern interior

A fundamental difference arches from classic doorway is the presence of decorative trim along the perimeter of the structure... Purpose of use arches in the interior may be associated not only with the chosen design style.

This element is often used to solve equally important interior tasks:

  • Arched plasterboard structures allow to increase interior opening - often in old buildings, the existing passages intended for passage from one room to another have small size... Because of this, in the first place, problems arise when moving furniture from one room to another.

  • Before that how to make a drywall arch, in interior overlap it will be necessary to dismantle individual sections of the existing doorway, thereby expanding the passage to the required dimensions. The new opening will not only have suitable dimensions, but will also be devoid of corners, which also impede the free movement of interior items.

Important! It should be borne in mind that this method of solving the shortcomings of the structure cannot be applied to load-bearing walls premises.

  • Arched architectural elements contribute to a visual increase in the space of the room - in apartments with rooms with a small square, various interior techniques are often used to visually increase the size of the living space... For example, the existing maximally extended interior opening with the help of de installation works can convert into an arch... This method allows you to reduce the area of \u200b\u200bthe visual barrier, thereby blurring the clear boundaries between adjacent rooms.

  • Arched plasterboard structures installed to maintain the overall concept of the chosen interior - arch may be a necessary element of the chosen style of room design. They are most often used in tandem with plasterboard columns, arched niches, radial partitions, multi-level ceilings and walls, based on curved lines and rounded shapes.

  • Looks pretty stylish plasterboard archesused as a dividing element of one room on separate functional areas - here we are talking about one of the most creative types of plasterboard partitions... They are used as a visual room divider and give modern design to the design. Often, such designs are provided with spotlights, niches non-standard forms, shelves and different kinds decorative elements.

Types of drywall arches

There is a great variety of plasterboard arches... They are all different from each other and appearanceand way of decoration, and the presence of additional stylistic details... Nevertheless, they can be divided into several main groups, among which it is customary to single out:

  • Classic plasterboard arches Is the most commonly used construction. Her distinctive feature is the correct radius of the arc of the overlap, while maintaining straight, strictly parallel side lines of the opening;

  • Plasterboard portal arch - the design of this type of arch provides for the presence of rounded shapes and smooth transitions. Most often, the adjacent sides of a portal-type structure form a right angle.

  • Plasterboard design arch - such a structure has a non-standard appearance. Often given arches contains in its design functional and stylistic niches, as well as various decorative elements.

  • Plasterboard ellipse archthe shape of the interior floor of this type has an arc in its design elliptical... This design is best suited for projects where it is necessary to visually expand the boundaries of the room.

  • Drywall semi-arches - is a specific synthesis of the portal and radius arch... The creative asymmetry of the design fits well with the modern design concept. Design details that emphasize the general idea of \u200b\u200bthe interior solution can be a good addition to the structure.

As decorative cladding plasterboard arches any intended for front finishing can be used construction Materials... Most often they are painted water-based paint... The main stages of installation of a classic plasterboard arch... All types of arches are based on frame made of metal profiles.

A fundamental difference arched structure from other types of frame interior plasterboard elements is the presence of bent parts. Smooth lines are achieved with a segmental structure arched profile, which can be purchased ready-made or made by yourself. In the latter case, the galvanized guide profile is cut on both sides with metal scissors or a grinder. It must be borne in mind that the more you need to bend the arc of the structure, the more often you need to make cuts.

There is no need to worry that you will have to spend money on hiring expensive specialists, so how to make a drywall arch with your own hands - quite a feasible task. Especially if the owner of the apartment already had experience in manufacturing plasterboard structures.

Step-by-step instructions for a drywall arch

Installing a drywall arch with an arc of the correct radius consists of the following basic steps:

  1. first, you should draw a sketch of the rounded part of the structure, according to which it is recommended to make a template from thick cardboard in the full size of the arc. This will allow you to assess the correctness of the selected radius and, if necessary, adjust the dimensions before starting the project. Important! It is recommended to install arches in wall openings, the height of which is at least 2.5 m, since such a structure visually reduces the height of the entrance by an average of 15.0 cm;
  2. then carried out assembly of the frame of the arched opening... Distinction metal structure arches from plasterboard products with right angles and parallel opposite sides is the presence of a rounded part in the upper part of the frame;
  3. the metal base should be sheathed with drywall sheets. For facing bending structures can be used as a special arched drywalland a standard sheet of this material. Conventional gypsum plasterboard is much cheaper. Preliminary preparation of such a web consists in wetting the top layer with water and treating the surface with a needle roller. The ends of the structure must be hidden with a perforated corner to protect them from damage during operation;
  4. the final stage of installation work arched opening putty work. This process is carried out in 2-3 layers. After processing, the surface should be flat, without depressions and depressions. When the mixture is completely dry, plasterboard smoothing with a special construction mesh.

Drywall arch can become like bright accent premises, and an unobtrusive element of the interior. The most important requirement of this design is its aesthetics and harmonious combination with the general style of the renovated apartment.

Do-it-yourself drywall arch photo


























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