Various forms of the infinitive. Infinitive in English: functions and forms, usage and examples. Infinitive in English: negation

Infinitive in English is an impersonal form of the English verb, which denotes only an action, not indicating either a person or a number. The infinitive answers the questions: what to do? what to do?

To speak - to speak

In Russian, the infinitive is often called indefinite verb... It is the infinitive that is given in dictionaries, as the initial form of the verb.

The formal sign of the infinitive in English is the particle to, which in some cases is omitted before the infinitive.

I was glad to see the car stop.
I was glad to see that the car stopped.

He must leave before 11 a.m.
He must leave before 11 am.

Infinitive forms

The infinitive in English has four forms in the active (active) voice and two in the passive (passive) voice. Passive forms have only a simple and perfect infinitive of transitive verbs, i.e. verbs used with an object:

• Simple infinitive in active voice:

Pauline likes to write letters.
Polina loves to write letters.

• Continued infinitive:

What is Pauline doing? She must be writing a letter.
What is Pauline doing? She must be writing a letter.

• Perfect infinitive in active voice:

Pauline is glad to have written that letter.
Polina is glad that she wrote this letter.

• Perfectly continued infinitive:

Pauline must have been writing that letter since morning.
Polina must have been writing a letter in the morning.

• Simple infinitive in passive voice:

This letter seems to be written in pencil.
This letter seems to be written in pencil.

• Perfect infinitive in passive voice:

Infinitive forms clearly reflect the relationship with the predicate verb in the sentence.

A simple infinitive in the active and passive voice is used when the action that it expresses either occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the predicate verb in a personal form, or is irrelevant to the time of the action:

I am glad to see you. (simultaneous action)
I'm glad to see you.

I like to be given presents. (action irrespective of time)
I like it when they give me gifts.

To show that the action is in the future, a simple infinitive is used after modal verbs. may, must, should, ought to and after the verbs to expect - expect, to intend - intend, to hope - hope to want - want, etc. For example:

You may come tomorrow.
You can come tomorrow.

He must do it immediately.
He must do it immediately.

You should put on a warm hat.
You should wear a warm hat.

I expect to see you next week.
I expect to see you next week.

I intend to go to the seaside this summer.
I intend to travel to the sea this summer.

I hope to find him at home.
I hope to find him at home.

Continued infinitive emphasizes the duration of the action, simultaneous with the predicate verb:

The form perfectly extended infinitive indicates that the action expressed by the infinitive began before the action expressed by the predicate verb and continues to this day:

She seems to have been cookingsince morning.
She seems to have been cooking since morning.

Perfect infinitive is used to indicate an action preceding an action expressed by a predicate verb:

I am sorry not to have told you about it earlier.
I wish I had told you about this earlier.

Perfect infinitive after modal verbs mustand mayexpresses the assumption that the action has already taken place:

After modal verbs should, ought to, could, might, was/ werea perfect infinitive denotes an action that should or could have taken place, but did not actually happen.

From English the word ‘ infinitive’Translates as“ undefined ”. In fact, the very concept of the infinitive was fixed in the language as an impersonal form of the verb, which is devoid of any tense, person, number and mood:

In Russian, the indefinite form is also represented:

Tell him to SPEAK louder - nothing is heard.
Tell him TO SPEAK louder, I can hear nothing.

It should be noted that in English, unlike Russian, we find six forms of the infinitive - simple, objective, infinitive turns and complex forms of the infinitive. In this article we will talk about a simple infinitive, consider its functions in a sentence, features of its use and translation.

Simple infinitive in English

Let's see how the use of infinitive forms in English helps to implement grammatical relations in a sentence.

The infinitive answers the question “What (s) to do?”, But it will never be used as an independent predicate. A distinctive feature of the infinitive is the presence of a particle to and the complete absence of endings:

Infinitive vs. Verb (verb)

He likes to travel abroad. - He travels abroad.
He loves to travel abroad. - He travels abroad.

In some cases, the particle to may be absent. For example, paired with a modal verb in English, you should use the infinitive (initial form) without a particle to:

Can you feel the love tonight? - Do you feel the touch of love tonight- sings Elton John on the soundtrack to The Lion King.

The simple infinitive form is a dictionary form and is used much more often than the complex forms. They are addressed to avoid ambiguity of meaning, in order to avoid distortion of design.

Using the English infinitive in a sentence

Speaking about a verb group, he can express part of a compound predicate, be defined by an adverb and have a direct object. As a representative of a group of nouns, the infinitive is often used as a subject, object, and even definition.

Verb functions

Noun functions

Like a noun, a simple infinitive can act as a subject in a sentence.

In formal statements, it usually appears at the beginning of a sentence, while in more informal communication, introductory constructions like ‘ it is well-known’, ‘it is difficult' and others:

To talk like that was very rude of you. “It was very rude of you to speak in such a tone.

It was very rude of you to talk like that. - It was rude to speak in that tone.

Addition

Very often the infinitive can be found after the transitive verb. In this case, he expresses the addition in the sentence and is translated into Russian through the initial form:

My husband decided to take us to Paris on holiday. - My husband decided to take us to Paris on vacation.

We offer you a list of verbs, after which the infinitive can act as an object.

As a direct object, a simple infinitive can also be used with interrogative words ( how, when, what, etc.) and after constructions with verb forms to be:

I'm glad to meet you. - Pleased to meet you.

Don’t look at me. I don’t know what tot do. - Do not look at me. I do not know what to do.

Definition

As a definition, a simple infinitive answers the question "which one?" and comes after the defined word in English:

I need a new house to live in. - I need a new house in which I can live (to live there).

We cannot put an infinitive after a verb. This will no longer be a definition, but an addition and a sentence will lose its meaning:

I need to live in a new house. - I need to live in a new house.

The word order is very important here, otherwise you can often get nonsense and they will not understand you.

Very often, as a definition, a simple infinitive comes after pronouns something, somebody, anything, anybody, nothing, nobody or after ordinal numbers:

It's the first to do. - This must be done first.

I have nothing to wear. - I have nothing to wear.

In conclusion, we want to add that we have told you only about a simple infinitive. In our future publications, we will definitely return to this phenomenon of English grammar.

We wish you success in your studies and interesting practice!

Victoria Tetkina

The infinitive has retained the features of the noun in its syntactic functions. So, in a sentence, an infinitive, like a noun, can be:

subject;

part of a compound predicate;

addition;

definition;

circumstance.

The infinitive is translated into Russian in different ways, depending on its function in the sentence.

2.1. Subject function infinitive:

Infinitive in functions of the subject usually stands at the beginning of a sentence before the predicate and is translated into Russian by the indefinite form of the verb.

Then smoke is harmful.

To smoke harmful.

Then breathe fresh and pure air is very important.

It is very important to breathe fresh and clean air.

Note 1. Although the infinitive as a subject precedes the predicate, cases when it follows the predicate much more often and in this case the sentences begin with formal subject “it”. The infinitive following the predicate performs the function logical subject .

It issometimes difficult to diagnose a disease.

Sometimes it can be difficult to diagnose the disease.

Exercise 6. Identify the main members of the proposal. Pereve­ baby on russian language.

1. It is easy to answer such questions.

2. To do all the duties in time is a very good habit. 3. It was very difficult to keep the patient quiet.

4. To render surgical assistance is not an easy task.

It is important for the dentist to estimate correctly the nature of the patient "s condition and provide the treatment.

6. To relieve the bronchial spasm is the chief aim in treating status asthmaticus.

7. It is advisable to transfer blood directly into the patient "s bloodstream.

8. After pneumonectomy it is necessary to maintain a negative pressure on the affected side.

2.2. Infinitive - circumstance

Infinitive in function circumstances either precedes the subject or appears at the end of sentences. It is translated into Russian by the adverbial clause introduced by the unions "so that", "so that".

a) the infinitive - circumstancegoals :

Then be a good doctor you must study well.

To be a good doctor, you must study well.

Note 1. The infinitive in the function of the circumstance of the goal can be preceded by conjunctions: in order , so as in the meaning of "to", "in order to".

In order to become a doctor we study at the Medical Institute.

To become a doctor, we study at a medical school.

Wemust hurryso as notto be late for the lecture.

We must hurry so as not to be late for the lecture.

Note 2. The infinitive as a function of the circumstance of the goal is often translated noun with a preposition.

Various measures are taken to protect the health of our children.

For health protection different measures are taken for our children.

b) the infinitive performs the function circumstancesconsequences and result if the adjective before the infinitive is defined by the adverbs "too" - too and "enough" - enough.

The patient was too weak to be operated on.

The patient was too weak to undergo surgery.

She is clever enough to understand these rules.

She is smart enough to understand these rules.

Exercise 7. Define the infinitive as a circumstance function. Translate sentences into Russian.

1. In order to keep in good health one must take care of one "s health.

2. No one of the three men knew enough of the language to follow all his words.

3. To protect yourself from dangerous exposure to the sun "s rays, use a sunscreen.

To prepare for the examination study thirty minutes every day.

The volume of the patient "s nasopharynx is measured in order to select the pad of proper size.

The plasma concentrations of albumin and globulin serve to maintain the proper water content of the blood.

All necessary measures are taken to relieve the patient "s condition.

To avoid complications one has to take into account the past history of the patient.

External stimuli activate the cell membranes of nerve cells so as to release stored electrical energy within the cells.

It is known that at the beginning of an English sentence either subject or circumstance ... To determine the function of the infinitive at the beginning of a sentence, it is necessary to establish whether the predicate is preceded by any part of speech in the function of the subject. The presence of a subject will indicate that the infinitive serves as a circumstance.

Compare: To study well you must work hard.

Then study well isalways difficult.

Exercise 8. Identify the main members of the proposal. Indicate in which of the above sentences the infinitive performs the function of a subject, and in what circumstances.

1. To clean teeth twice a day should be without a habit.

2. To take a proper care of your health is very important.

3. To get adequate results the scientists carried out a series of experiments. 4. To be strong and healthy you must always do your morning exercises.

To do all the duties in time is a very good habit.

To bring into practice all achievements of science was the main task of the clinical medicine.

To operate on the patient successfully the surgeon analyzed many identical cases.

To prevent sepsis precaution is needed.

To prevent contamination one must cleanse the wound at once.

To relieve pressure on the brain and treat this condition a catheter is used.

To go to bed in time is important to maintain the body in health.

To take too much medicine is always harmful.

To prevent rickets children need vitamin D.

Exercise 9. Translate the sentences in which the infinitive is translated into Russian using the union "to" or "in order to".

1. We know that fibroblasts proliferate too rapidly in acute inflammation to produce fibers.

2. The doctor "s intention was to come and to see his patient on Sunday. 3. All plants and animals require energy in order to live.

4. He has to undergo the operation.

5. Two friends decided to be doctors.

To prove the diagnosis of cell carcinoma mucosa must be biopsied.

Depending on the site of bleeding, its severity and the underlying cause certain manipulations are performed to arrest and prevent it.

This student is clever enough to understand these rules.

9. Indirect and direct laryngoscopy were used to inspect the laryngeal cavity.

Exercise 10. Complete the following sentences with a sample.

Model : You should change your stressful way of life in order to lose your symptoms.

1. We study English in order… ..

2. We have entered the Medical Institute in order .......

3. We are to England in order .......

4. She is working hard in order .......

5. I went to the polyclinic in order ........

Exercise 11. Translate into English using the infinitive in a function:

a) the circumstances of the goal with the unions "in order", "so as", where necessary:

1. Everything was done to save him.

2. He called ambulanceto take the child to the hospital.

3. I got up early so as not to be late for class.

4. I wrote him a letter to remind him of his promise.

5. Have you come to participate in the conference?

6. Let's give him money to buy dictionaries for the whole group.

b) the circumstances of the investigation and the result with words"too" and "enough":

1. The child is too young to understand your joke.

3. It was too late to change anything.

4. They do not know him well enough to entrust him with this important task.

5. This question is difficult enough to be answered right away.

2. Taking good care of the sick is very important.

3. Being late for classes became his habit.

4. Smoking is unhealthy.

5. Loving people and having a good heart are essential qualities for a doctor.

2.3. Infinitive as PART composite nominal predicate follows the linking verb “to be”.

The duty of the doctor is to treat patients.

Debt doctor - to heal sick.

Anatural desire of people is to study.

Learning is a natural desire of people.

The infinitive in this function is translated by the indefinite form of the verb, and the linking verb “to be” - with the words: “this”, “means”, “is that”, “is that”, sometimes it is not translated at all.

The object of auscultation is to determine the character of the heart sounds.

Purpose of listening is, so that determine the nature of heart sounds.

Purpose of listening– determine the nature of heart sounds.

The infinitive is a PART composite nominal predicate if the subject is expressed abstract noun:

aim, object - target;

purpose, task - task;

mission - purpose;

step - step, step;

way - way;

method - method;

duty - debt;

plan - plan;

wish - desire;

intention - purpose, intention;

difficulty - difficulty;

problem- problem, task;

practice- practice, etc.

My intention is to become a doctor.

My goal is to become a doctor.

Exercise 12. Find the main members of the sentence. Define an infinitive function. Translate.

The object of microbiology is to combat and prevent epidemic diseases.

The last step of palpation is to palpate both radial arteries simultaneously in order to determine their volume.

Once we have developed safer, more effective antibiotics against it, the next step is to prevent ulcers and gastritis altogether.

Its function is to aid in the coordination of voluntary movements and to maintain balance and muscular tone.

The object of any treatment is to remove the cause.

The object of any system of ventilation is to provide fresh and pure air.

The first step in treatment of rickets is to remove the cause.

His wish is to be discharged from the hospital as soon as possible.

2.4. The infinitive is PART compositeverbal predicate:

a) Combined with modal verbs can / could /, may / might /, must, should, would etc. and their equivalents, and after some modal verbs the infinitive is used without the "to" particle.

Youcan findthis book at our Institute Library.

You can find this book in the library of our institute.

b) After the verbs "to have" and "to be" in modal meaning , after which the infinitive is also used without the "to" particle.

The patienthas to followa strict bed regime.

The patient must observe strict bed rest.

The patientis to be hospitalized.

This patient needs to be hospitalized.

c) With verbs stage of action : to begin - start, to continue - continue,

to finish - to finish, etc., expressing the beginning, continuation or end of an action.

The nurse on duty began to take the patients "temperature.

The nurse on duty began to measure the temperature of the patients.

d) In combination with verbs that have modal meaning of desire, intention : to want, to wish - to want, to wish

to intend - intend,

to try, to attempt - try, try.

The surgeon intended to perform the operation immediately.

The surgeon intended to perform the operation immediately.

Note: The following combinations also belong to the compound verb predicate:

a) verb to fail +toInfinitive, expressing failure to do something (the verb “to fail” is usually translated by negation “ not», And the infinitive is the form of the verb that corresponds to the given form to fail).

The drug failed to produce good results.

The medicine did not give good results.

b) used + toInfinitive, expressing the usual repeated action in the past:

Before his illness the patientused to goto bed very late.

Before his illness, the patient used to go to bed very late.

Exercise 13. Determine the type of predicate in the sentence. Translate sentences into Russian.

Infection of wounds is to be prevented by the most careful disinfection of the surgeon "s hands.

2. The student was allowed to examine the patient.

3. Transfusion of incompatible blood may produce a post-transfusion shock.

4. The patient wanted to consult a specialist.

5. The district doctor is to begin his consultation in time.

To protect the patients from the secondary infection they should be sent to bed at the beginning of the attack of the grippe.

7. The patient began to recover after operation.

8. The patient in need of emergency aid must be brought to medical institutions.

9. Whenever a defect is found, the child may be protected from illness by the proper diet.

10. The blood pressure started to rise slowly to approach control level after two minutes.

11. Drinking water has to be under sanitation control in accordance with special rules.

12. We have to pay attention to the prevention of infectious diseases.

13. Rickets is a disease of childhood when bones are forming but fail to receive important minerals for growth.

14. When the child was ill he used to make injections himself.

Exercise 14. Compound nominal or compound verb predicate? Translate.

1. The first thing the physician is to learn is why the patient comes to the doctor.

2. The chief function of the kidneys is to separate fluid and certain solids from the blood.

3. His intention is to demonstrate the results of the experiments.

4. Further steps are to depend upon the general condition of the patient.

5. His headache was to be taken into consideration.

The main task of cerebellum is to aid in the coordination of voluntary movements and to maintain balance and muscular tone.

Postoperative complications are to be expected in any of the extensive surgical procedures.

8. Every lesion under consideration is to be removed.

The function of gastrointestinal tract is to eliminate the materials, which are unable to be absorbed by the small intestine.

10. This tumor owing to its site and size is to be excised.

2.5. Infinitive in a function direct addition follows the predicate verb and is translated into Russian by the indefinite form of the verb or an additional subordinate clause.

Not promised to come at once.

He promised to come right now.

The verbs “to allow”, “to order”, “to ask”, “to beg”, “to request”, “to teach” are often followed by two additions, one of which is expressed by an infinitive.

The doctor asked the patient to strip to the waist.

The doctor asked the patient to undress to the waist.

The doctor asked the patient to strip him to the waist.

The selection of the infinitive in the complement function can be difficult, since the border between the compound predicate, the element of which is the infinitive, and the combination of the transitive verb with the immediately adjacent infinitive in the complement function is not quite clear.

The criterion for highlighting the infinitive in the complement function can be the compatibility of the verb with both the infinitive and the noun / pronoun /.

I like to read books.

I like books.

Transitive verbs, after which the infinitive is used in the complement function, include the verbs: to help, to assist, to teach, to instruct, to like, to dislike, to love, to hate, to prefer, to ask, to beg, to request , to implore, to promise, to recommend, to offer, to refuse, to forget, etc.

Exercise 15. Define the infinitive in the complement function. suggestions translate.

1. Many patients help the nurses to nurse the bedridden patients.

Throughout the city, firemen teach citizens first aid and instruct junior high school students to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

3. The patient is asked to report in which car the sound is heard louder.

4. The sense of smell helps us to detect improper food.

5. The patient was allowed to get up during this routine treatment.

6. He reported to have seen a similar case in another hospital.

Hemoglobin is an important protein in erythrocytes which helps to carry the oxygen as it travels through the bloodstream.

2.6. Infinitive in a function definitions follows the noun being defined. In Russian, it matches.

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In English infinitive(Infinitive) is one that denotes an action, but does not indicate a person and a number. In Russian, the English infinitive corresponds to the indefinite form of the verb, which answers the questions “what to do? what to do?": live - to live.

The formal sign of the infinitive is the particle to:

to write - write, to read - to read, to drink - drink, to think - think.

If there is a particle before the verb to, then in front of you is the infinitive (or the indefinite form of the verb). Sometimes the infinitive can be used without a particle to.

The negative form is formed by the particle notwhich is placed before the infinitive: not to use - do not use.

It is difficult to use . - Difficult use.
It is difficult not to use . - Difficult do not use.

Infinitive forms

In English, the infinitive has 6 forms (as opposed to Russian, which has only one form). To understand well the meanings of the infinitive forms, it is necessary to have an understanding of and the verb.

Simple infinitive. Indefinite infinitive

Infinitive in the form Indefinite (Simple) or simple infinitive is the main form and represents the verb in the dictionary (for convenience in the dictionary, the particle to often omitted). This infinitive form refers to the same tense as the previous verb.

I was glad to see her. - I was glad to see her (simple infinitive in the active voice).
The child didn’t like to be washed... - The child did not like being washed (simple infinitive in the passive voice).

Compare the use of the simple infinitive in the active and passive voice: to help - to be helped
I am glad to help you. - I am glad to help. (I am glad that I am helping).
I am glad to be helped... - I'm glad they help me.

Perfect infinitive. Perfect infinitive

Infinitive in the form Perfect or perfect infinitive denotes an action that precedes the action of the predicate verb.

I was very glad to have met you. - I am very glad to have met you (perfect infinitive in the active voice).
Sorry not to have noticed you. - Sorry I didn't notice you (perfect infinitive in active voice).
The child was happy to have been brought to the circus. - The child was happy to be brought to the circus (perfect infinitive in the passive voice).

Compare the use of Simple Infinitive and Perfect Infinitive in the active voice: to see - to have seen
I am glad to see you. - Glad to see you. (Glad to see you.)
I am glad to have seen you. “Glad to have seen you.

Long infinitive. Continuous Infinitive

Infinitive in the form Continuous or long infinitive emphasizes the duration of the action that occurs simultaneously with the action of the predicate verb. This form is used only in the active voice.

He seems to be writing something. - He seems to be writing something now (long infinitive in the active voice).

A perfectly long infinitive. Perfect Continuous Infinitive

Infinitive in the form Perfect Continuous or perfectly long infinitive emphasizes that the action began earlier than the action of the predicate verb, lasted for a period of time and still lasts. This form is also not used in the passive voice.

He seemed to have been writing all day. - He seemed to be writing all day.

Infinitive forms in a table

Value different forms infinitive in a table
Infinitive forms	What am I glad about?
Simple	I am glad to speak to you.	Glad to talk to you. (I am always glad when I speak to you).
Continuous	I am glad to be speaking to you.	Glad to be talking to you now.
Perfect	I am glad to have spoken to you.	Glad to speak to you.
Perfect Continuous	I am glad to have been speaking to you.	I am glad that I have been talking with you for a long time (all this time).
Simple passive	I am (always) glad to be told the news.	Always glad when they tell me the news.
Perfect passive	I am glad to have been told the news.	Glad to be told the news.

Using the infinitive without the particle to

Most often, the infinitive in English is used with a particle to, but there are cases when the particle tonot used before the infinitive.

The infinitive is used no particle to in the following cases:

• After can, could, must, may, might, will, shall, should, wouldand need (in the modal value).Exceptions are modal verbs have to, ought to, be to.

• AT complex addition after sensory verbs feel (feel), hear (hear), see (see), watch (watch), notice (notice):
  

  I saw him leavethe office. “I saw him leave the office.
  I heard him go down the stairs. “I heard him go down the stairs.
  

  But: if the listed verbs feel, see, hear, watch, notice used in the passive voice, then there is a particle in front of the infinitive to:
  

  He was seen to leave the office. - We saw him leave the office.
  

• In a complex object after verbs make (meaning "force, force") and let (meaning "allow, allow")... Again, if these verbs are in the passive voice, then the infinitive is used with a particle to.
  

  I can’t make you takethis medicine. “I can't force you to take this medicine.
  We let her goto the party. - We let her go to the party.
  She was made to rewrite the test. - She was forced to rewrite the test (was made - passive verb).
  

• After the verb help (to help) the infinitive can also be used with a particle to, and without it. Both options are acceptable, while the option without to less formal.

Infinitive (infinitive) is an impersonal verb form that only names an action, without indicating either a person or a number. The infinitive answers questions what to do? what to do?: to read read, read; to write write, write; to buy buy, buy; to sell sell, sell.

The infinitive has no special ending; its formal feature is the particle to, which has no independent meaning and does not take on stress, but shows that the word following it is an infinitive. However, it is often omitted. So, the particle to is not placed before the infinitive if it is used after modal verbs or sensory verbs as part of the "complex object" construction

The infinitive originated from the verbal and retained the properties of this part of speech, performing in a sentence, like the infinitive in Russian, the syntactic functions of a noun.

№
p / p

FUNCTION

EXAMPLE

Subject

That skate is pleasant.
Ride ice skating is nice.

To read is a great pleasure.
To read (reading) - great pleasure.

Predicative

Your duty was to inform me about it immediately.
Your responsibility was to report tell me about it immediately.

The duty of every student is to master at least one foreign language.
The duty of every student is masterin at least one foreign language.

Part of a compound verb predicate in combination with modal verbs and with verbs expressing the beginning, continuation or end of an action ( to begin, to continue, to end, to stop) or attitude to the action indicated by the infinitive ( to want, to decide, to intend)

She began to translate the article.
She started transfer article.

She must translate this article today.
She must translate this article today.

He began to translate this article.
He started transfer this article.

Addition

I asked him to help me.
I asked him to help to me.

He had promised me to draw this map.
He promised me draw this card.

Definition. The infinitive in the definition function comes after the word being defined

Not expressed a desire to help me.
He expressed a desire to help to me.

The device to be tested has been brought to our library.
Device, to be experienced (testable), brought to our laboratory.

Circumstance of purpose or consequences. In the function of the circumstance, the infinitive can appear both at the beginning of a sentence and at the end. In the function of the circumstance of the goal, the infinitive can be preceded by unions: in order, so as in order to

I went to the station to see off a friend. I went to the train station to see my friend off.

You must work much in order to master a foreign language. \u003d In order to master a foreign language you must work much.
You have to work hard so that master foreign language.

He went there so as to help you.
He went there so that to help you.

№ p / p	PROPERTY	EXAMPLE
	The infinitive of a transitive verb can be followed by a direct object	I told him to post the letter. I told him send letter. I was asked to send this letter. I was asked to send this letter.
	The infinitive can be determined by a circumstance expressed by an adverb	I asked him to speak slowly. I asked him talk slow. He hoped to finish his work soon. He hoped soon finish work.
	The infinitive has the forms of time and pledge. In English, transitive verbs have four forms in the active and two in the passive		Active	Passive
		Indefinite	to ask	to be asked
		Continuous	to be asking	does not exist
		Perfect	to have asked	to have been asked
		Perfect Continuous	to have been asking	does not exist

An infinitive can express an action that is not related to a specific person or object:

In most cases, however, an action expressed by an infinitive refers to a specific person or thing:

(The action expressed by the infinitive to go refers to the subject I.)

Ask him to come early.

Ask him come early.

(The action expressed by the infinitive to come refers to the complement him.)

When an action expressed by an infinitive is performed by a person or object to which it relates, then the infinitive in the form Active is used:

When an action expressed by an infinitive is performed over a person or object to which it belongs, then the infinitive is used in the form Passive:

FEATURES OF USE FORMS OF INFINITIVE
№ p / p	CAN EXPRESS	EXAMPLE
	INDEFINITE INFINITIVE
	Action (or state), simultaneous with the action indicated by the personal form of the verb (predicate)	We want to learn. We want study.
	Action (or state), regardless of the moment it was performed	We know aluminum to be one of the lightest metals. We know that aluminum is one of the lightest metals (\u003d is an one of...).
	Future tense action after modal verbs may, must, should, ought, and also after verbs to expect expect, assume, to intend to intend, to hope to hope, to want to want a number of others	You must leave tomorrow. You should to leave tomorrow. I intend to begin the experiment. I intend to begin experiment.
	CONTINUOUS INFINITIVE
	Action in its development, occurring simultaneously with the action indicated by the verb in personal form	I knew him to be writing an article. I knew that he writes article.
	PERFECT INFINITIVE
	The action preceding the action expressed by the verb in personal form	I know him to have written this article last night. I know that he wrote this article last night.
	After the past tense of verbs to intend, to hope, to expect, to mean expresses an action that did not occur contrary to expectation, hope, intent, or assumption	I meant to have done it. I supposed to do this is.
	The assumption that the action has already taken place. In combination with the modal verbs must and may, it is translated by a verb in the past tense with the words " probably should be, maybe"	My watch must have stopped during the night. My watch must be stopped at night.
	After modal verbs should, would, could, might, ought and was (were) expresses regret or reproach about an action that should or could have been performed, but in reality did not occur. It is translated into Russian by a verb in the subjunctive mood with the words "should", etc.	You might have asked me about it. Could you ask me about this (but did not ask - reproach).
	PERFECT CONTINUOUS INFINITIVE
	Expresses an action performed over a period of time, the previous action expressed by a verb in personal form	I know him to have been writing this article for 2 hours. I know that he wrote this article in 2 hours.

INFINITIVE WITH PARTICLE TO

The infinitive is usually preceded by the particle to: to speak to talk, to buy to buy, to read to read.

If in a sentence there are two side by side, connected by the union and or or, then the particle to before the second of them is usually omitted:

The to particle is sometimes used at the end of a sentence without a verb when the verb was previously mentioned in the sentence. In this case, the stress falls on it. This use of a particle often occurs after the verbs to want to want, to wish to wish, to mean to mean, to try try, try, to allow to allow, to be going to gather, ought should, to have in the meaning of "must", should (would) like would like to and others:

CASES OF USE OF INFINITIVE WITHOUT PARTICLE TO
№ p / p	CASE OF USE	EXAMPLE
	After modal verbs must, can (could), may (might) and need	You must do it at once. You should this is to do immediately. Not can speak German. is he knows how talk in German. May I come in? Can to me to come in? Need he come here? Need to whether he to come here?
	After the verbs to make make, to let allow, and sometimes also after to help help (especially in the USA)	Not made me read this book. is he made me read this book. I let him go there. I allowed him to go there. Help me (to) do it. Help to me to do this is.
	In the turnover "complex subject" after the verbs of sensory perception: to see to see, to watch to observe, to hear to hear, to feel to feel and some others	I saw her leave the room. I saw her leave the room. I heard her sing. I i heard, how is she sings. I felt him put his hand on my shoulder. I felt, How is he put hand on my shoulder.
	When the verbs listed in items 2 and 3 are used in the passive voice, the infinitive following it is used with the particle to	Not was made to do it. Him forced this is to do. Not was seen to leave the house. Seen, How is he came out from home.
	After the expressions had better it would be better, would rather, would sooner would prefer	You had better go there at once. You would be better to go there immediately. I would rather not tell them about it. I would prefer do not speak{!LANG-a2edea66540764c84d120a841a93b165!} {!LANG-0510dc750e2d8bb6ac26865e94bac165!} {!LANG-e1b183a720e5c7e622474b52c076e7ab!}{!LANG-c250df8f6a98e184f838f6bd55e93f32!} {!LANG-4ce05aff944215ac6eb2085e87a786e2!} would prefer {!LANG-feb397df6ee8e23f5967c4e8b8ee9121!}{!LANG-06e664fa0401a58c45920451e5846713!}