Tim berners-lee - biography, information, personal life. Outstanding English Inventors and Their Creations When Tim Berners died
(2013)
foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences (2009)
Order of Merit (2007)
ACM Award System Software (1995)
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee KBE FRS FREng FRSA FBCS (born June 8, 1955), also known as TimBL , is an English engineer and scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He is a Fellow of the Professorship of Computer Science at the University of Oxford and a Professor at (MIT). Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on March 12, 1989, and then made the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server over the Internet in mid-November.
Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the further development of the network. He is also the Founder of the World Wide Web Foundation and Senior Fellow and Founding Owner of the 3Com Chair in the MIT Intelligence Laboratory for Computer Science and Artificial (CSAIL). He is the director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI) and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence. In 2011, he was named as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Ford Foundation. He is the founder and president and currently serves as an advisor for the social network MeWe.
In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. In April 2009, he was elected a foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was named in Time magazine's list of and has received several other awards for his invention. He was awarded as the "inventor of the World Wide Web" during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in which he appeared working with a vintage NeXT Computer at the Olympic Stadium in London. He wrote, "This is for everyone," which appeared in LCD lights attached to the chairs of the audience. He received the 2016 Turing Award "for the invention of the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the basic protocols and algorithms that enable the Web at scale."
early life and education
Berners-Lee was born on June 8, 1955 in London, England, the eldest of four children Mary Lee Woods and Conway Berners-Lee; his brother Mike is a greenhouse gas expert. His parents were computer scientists who worked on the first commercially built computer, the Ferranti Mark 1. He attended Sheen Mountain Elementary School and then went on to attend South West London Emanuel School from 1969 to 1973, while a direct grant to the Gymnasium, which became an independent school in 1975. Infatuated with TrainSpotter as a child, he learned about electronics from tinkering with a model railroad. He attended King's College, Oxford, from 1973 to 1976, where he received his first class Bachelor of Arts degree in physics. While at university, Berners-Lee made a computer from an old TV that he bought from a repair shop.
Career and research
Berners-Lee, 2005
After graduating from high school, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer for the Plessy telecommunications company in Poole, Dorset. In 1978 he joined DG Nash in Ferndown, Dorset, where he helped create setup-type software for printers.
Berners-Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva, he proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext to facilitate information exchange and updating among researchers. To demonstrate this, he built a prototype system called INQUIRE.
After leaving CERN in late 1980, he joined Image John Poole Computer Systems, Ltd., in Bournemouth, Dorset. He spent the technical side of the company for three years. The project he worked on was "real-time remote procedure call" which gave him expertise in the field of computer networking. In 1984 he returned to CERN as a person.
In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet site in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet:
I just had to take the idea of \u200b\u200bhypertext and plug it into the transmission control protocol and domain system name of the idea and-ta-da! -The World Wide Web ... The creation of the web really was an act of desperation, because the situation without it was very difficult when I worked at CERN later. Most of the technologies involved in the web, like hypertext, the Internet, multifont text objects, have all been developed already. I just had to put them together. This was the Generalization step, going to a higher level of abstraction, thinking of all the documentation systems out there as possibly part of a larger imaginary documentation system.
Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989, and in 1990, redistributed it. He was then adopted by his manager, Mike SendAll, who called his proposals "vague but exciting. He used similar ideas underlying the INQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which he designed and built the first web browser. His software also functioned as an editor (called WorldWideWeb, runs on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first web server, CERN HTTPd (abbreviated as Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon).
Mike SendAll buys a NeXT cube for evaluation and gives it to Tim [Berners-Lee]. Tim's prototype implementation on NeXTStep has been completed in a few months' space, thanks to the qualities of the NeXTStep software development system. This prototype offers WYSIWYG browsing / authoring! Modern Web browsers used to “surf the Internet” are just a passive window that deprives the user of the opportunity to contribute. During some sessions at the CERN cafeteria, Tim and I try to find a catch name for the system. I decided that the name should not again be taken from Greek mythology ..... Tim suggests "World-Wide Web". I like it very much, except that it is difficult to pronounce in French ... by Robert Cayo, November 2, 1995.
info.cern.ch was the address of the world's first ever website and web server running on the NeXT computer at CERN. The first web page address was http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html, which focuses on information about the WWW project. Visitors could learn more about hypertext, technical details for creating their own web page, and even an explanation on how to search the Internet for information. There are no screenshots of this original page, and in any case, changes were made on the day the information available on the page is how the WWW project is developed. You can find a more recent copy (1992) on the World Wide Web Consortium site.
The site provides an explanation of what the World Wide Web is and how people can use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own site. In a list of 80 cultural moments that have shaped the world, selected by a panel of 25 renowned scientists, scholars, writers and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the record “The fastest growing communication environment of all time, the Internet has changed the face of modern life. forever and ever. We can connect with each other instantly, all over the world. "
In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at. It consisted of various companies that were willing to create standards and guidelines for improving network quality. Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, without a patent and without any royalties. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology so that they could easily be adopted by anyone.
In 2001, Berners-Lee became patron of the Heritage Trust East Dorset, formerly living at Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset. In December 2004, he accepted the Department of Computer Science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire to work on the Semantic Web.
IN The Times An article published in October 2009 by Berners-Lee acknowledged that the initial pair of forward slashes ("//") in the website address were "unnecessary." He told the newspaper that he could easily have designed web addresses without the forward slash. “There you go, it seemed like a good idea at the time,” he said in his lighthearted apology.
work of politics
In June 2009, then UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced that Berners-Lee would work with the UK government to make data help more open and accessible on the Internet, building on the work of the Information Task Force Force. Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are two key figures behind data.gov.uk, the UK government's project to open up nearly all official data for free reuse. Commenting on the opening of the Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said that: "Changes signal wider cultural change in government based on the assumption that information should be freely available unless there is a good reason not to - and not vice versa." He went on to say, "Greater openness, accountability and transparency in government will give people more choice and make it easier for people to get more direct involvement in the issues that matter to them."
In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) to campaign to "advance the Internet to empower humanity by launching a transformative program that builds local potential to engage the web as an environment for positive change."
Berners-Lee is one of the pioneers of the voice in favor of pure neutrality, and expressed the view that ISPs should deliver "no-one" communications, and should neither monitor nor control the viewing activity of customers without their express consent. He advocates the idea that pure neutrality is a kind of human rights network: "Threats on the Internet, such as companies or governments that interfere or snoop on Internet traffic, compromise the fundamental rights of the networked person." Berners-Lee participated in an open letter to the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC). He and 20 other Internet pioneers called on the FCC to cancel the vote on December 14, 2017, to maintain net neutrality. The letter was addressed to Senator Roger Wicker, Senator Brian Schatz, Representative Marsha Blackburn, and Representative Michael F. Doyle.
Berners-Lee joined the board of advisors for the start-up State.com, based in London. As of May 2012, Berners-Lee is the president, which he founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012.
The Affordable Internet Alliance (A4AI) was launched in October 2013 and Berners-Lee leads a coalition of public and private organizations that includes Google, Facebook, Intel and Microsoft. A4AI is committed to making Internet access more affordable, so that access is expanding in developing countries, where only 31% of people are on the Internet. Berners-Lee will work with those to lower the prices of Internet access so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide goal of 5% of monthly income.
Berners-Lee is the Founding Chair in Computer Science at MIT, where he leads the Decentralized Information Group and Lead The Firm, a collaborative project that aims to fundamentally change the way web applications work today, leading to true data ownership, and improving personal life. In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at the University of Oxford as a professor research fellow and as a fellow from Christ Church, one of the colleges in Oxford.
Tim Berners-Lee at Science Museum for Web @ 30 Events, March 2019
Since the mid 2010s, Berners-Lee initially remained neutral on the emerging Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) proposal, with its controversial digital rights management (DRM) implications. In March 2017, he felt he had to take a position that would support the EME proposal. He reasoned the merits of EME while noting DRM was inevitable. As director of the W3C, he continued to approve the revised specification in July 2017. His stance was opposed by some, including the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign for defective Design, and the Free Software Foundation. Diverse problems raised included being not supported by the open philosophy of the Internet against the commercial interests and risks of users being forced to use a specific web browser to view specific DRM content. The EFF raised an official appeal that never succeeded and the EME specification became an official W3C recommendation in September 2017.
On September 30, 2018, Berners-Lee announced his new Commercial Ecosystem Fuel Boot Inrupt around a solid project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and allows users to choose where the data goes, who is allowed to see certain elements, and which applications can see what the data is.
In November 2019, the Berlin Berners-Lee Internet Management Forum and WWWF launched web contract , a campaign initiative to convince government, companies and citizens to commit to the Nine Principles to Stop 'Abuse' with a warning that 'if we don' t act now - and act together - to prevent the web from being abused by those who want to use, share and undermine, we risk squandering [our potential for good]. ”
Awards and honorary titles
“He has woven the World Wide Web and created the media for the 21st century. The World Wide Web is Berners-Lee alone. He created it. He freed him from the world. And he fought more than anyone else to keep it open, generic and free. "
-Tim Berners-Lee's recording Time magazine's list of the 100 most important people of the 20th century, March 1999.
Berners-Lee has received numerous awards and prizes. It was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2004 with a New Year's Honors for Merit to the Global Development of the Internet, and was officially invested on July 16, 2004.
On June 13, 2007, he was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an order limited to 24 (resident) members. Bestowing members of the Orders of Merit are within the personal purview of the Queen, and do not require the recommendation of ministers or the prime minister. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001. He has been awarded honorary degrees from a number of universities around the world, including
Great Britain gave us many scientists and inventors, without whom scientific progress today would not be possible. In the world of modern technology, each of us uses a variety of techniques, knowing nothing about their inventors. New discoveries and achievements began to be taken for granted, rather than a unique phenomenon. Nevertheless, it is not known whether we could now use electricity, a computer and the World Wide Web, if not for scientists, among whom English inventors occupy an honorable place. Among them are Isaac Newton and Alexander Bell, Charles Babbage and others.
Most outstanding english inventors
Isaac Newton
The great English scientist Isaac Newton is best known to the world as an outstanding physicist and mathematician. Many of us associate the name of this brilliant Briton, first of all, with the law of gravity. However, Newton's scientific works are widely used not only in the field of physics, but also in astronomy. For example, thanks to the mirror telescope invented by him, many discoveries were made. It was Newton who wrote down all the basic laws of classical mechanics that are used by modern scientists. In addition, the inventor devoted a lot of time to his theological works, where he explained the meaning of biblical prophecy.
Alexander Bell
We all owe the opportunity to call each other to the other side of the world to the great inventor from Scotland, Alexander Bell. At the end of the 19th century, a scientist created a receiver capable of surprisingly converting electricity into sound. It is believed that such a device was the first prototype of a telephone. Bell's invention is controversial and the telephone may have been invented before him. But he was definitely the first of those who patented his discovery. Bell also worked on developing new methods for teaching people who cannot hear. In addition, Alexander Bell became one of the founders of the world famous National Geographic magazine.
Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage was the inventor who started building the world's first computer. Unfortunately, the computing machines of the 19th century did not have the necessary precision and power to complete the digital computing project started by Mr. Charles. The computer circuit that Babbage invented was so close to reality that it can rightfully be called the progenitor of modern laptops.
Inventions british , who changed world
In addition to all of the above, English inventors have presented the world with many more interesting and useful discoveries. For example, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web - a system that allows access to interconnected documents on different computers if they are connected to the Internet. And thanks to Richard Trevithick, we all ride trains - he invented and first built the steam locomotive.
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM (Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee). Born June 8, 1955. British scientist, inventor of URI, URL, HTTP, HTML, inventor of the World Wide Web (with Robert Caillaux) and current head of the World Wide Web Consortium.
After graduating from Oxford University in 1976, Berners-Lee joined Plessey Telecommunications Ltd in Dorset, where he worked for two years, primarily focusing on distributed transaction systems.
In 1978, Berners-Lee moved to D.G Nash Ltd, where he worked with software for printers, and created a semblance of a multitasking operating system.
He then worked for a year and a half at the European Nuclear Research Laboratory CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) as a software consultant. It was there that he wrote the Enquire program for his own needs, which used random associations and laid the conceptual foundation for the World Wide Web.
From 1981 to 1984, Tim Berners-Lee worked for Image Computer Systems Ltd as a systems architect.
In 1984, he received a fellowship at CERN to develop distributed systems for collecting scientific data. During this time, he worked on the FASTBUS system and developed his own Remote Procedure Call system.
In 1989, while working at CERN on the Enquire internal document exchange system, Berners-Lee proposed a global hypertext project now known as the World Wide Web. The project was approved and implemented.
In 1989, while working for CERN, Berners-Lee proposed a project known as the World Wide Web. The project involved the publication of hypertext documents linked by hyperlinks, which would facilitate the search and consolidation of information. The Web Project was intended for CERN scientists and was originally used on the CERN intranet. To carry out the project, Tim Berners-Lee (together with his assistants) invented URIs (and, as a special case, URLs), the HTTP protocol and the HTML language. These technologies formed the basis of the modern World Wide Web. Between 1991 and 1993, Berners-Lee improved the technical specifications of the standards and published them.
As part of the project, Berners-Lee wrote the world's first "httpd" web server and the world's first hypertext web browser for the NeXT computer, called "WorldWideWeb" (later "Nexus" to avoid confusion between the name of the technology ("World Wide Web") and the name of the browser.). This browser was also a WYSIWYG editor (English WYSIWYG from What You See Is What You Get, "what you see is what you get"), its development was carried out from October to December 1990. The program worked in the NeXTStep environment and began to spread over the Internet in the summer of 1991.
Berners-Lee created the world's first website at http://info.cern.ch (now archived). This site appeared online on the Internet on August 6, 1991. This site described what the World Wide Web is, how to set up a web server, how to get a browser, etc. This site was also the world's first Internet directory, because later Tim Berners-Lee posted and maintained a list of links there. sites.
The main literary work of Berners-Lee is Weaving the Web: Origins and Future of the World Wide Web, Texere Publishing, 1999, ISBN 0-7528-2090-7 ).
From 1991 to 1993, Tim Berners-Lee continued to work on the World Wide Web. He collected feedback from users and coordinated the work of the Web. It was then that he first introduced his first URI, HTTP and HTML specifications for public discussion.
In 1994, Berners-Lee became head of the 3Com Founders Chair at the MIT Computer Science Lab and is the chair's lead researcher to date. The Computer Science Laboratory merged with the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at MIT to form the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
In 1994, he founded the World Wide Web Consortium at MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS). Since then and to this day Tim Berners-Lee has led the consortium. The consortium develops and implements standards for the Internet. The consortium aims to unleash the full potential of the World Wide Web, combining the stability of standards with their rapid evolution.
In December 2004, Tim Berners-Lee became a professor at the University of Southampton. With strong support from the university, he hopes to implement the Semantic Web Project.
Scientific discoveries are the main driving force behind evolution. British researchers and British scientists have made a great contribution to the development of various scientific fields, especially in biology and physics.
For example, Isaac Newton developed the theory of color, studied the speed of sound for a long time and eventually formulated the basic laws of universal attraction and motion.
Michael Faraday worked on the study of electrolysis and electromagnetic induction, and the well-known Charles Darwin made a revolutionary discovery and described the theory of evolution in his book On the Origin of Species. There were many more scientists, inventors, experimenters who radically changed our lives.
By the way, the device without which our life will now be impossible (talking about a computer) was also invented by the British. And, in the end, even the World Wide Web (www) saw the light of day thanks to the British scientist Tim Burners-Lee.
This article will focus on British scientists and their contribution to world science. So let's go.
He is the founder of the idea of \u200b\u200bempiricism in philosophy. The essence of this idea is that the more experience (both practical and theoretical) accumulates humanity (or an individual), the faster it approaches the realization of truth and true knowledge.
But True knowledge cannot be an end in itself. The famous expression "Knowledge is power" belongs to Bacon and expresses the concise essence of his ideas.
Became the founder of the theory of social contract. He tried to describe as fully as possible the essence of the emergence and development of the state.
Hobbes argued that the emergence of the state, as a complex system, is preceded by a natural state or a state of absolute and unlimited freedom of people who were initially equal in their rights and abilities.
He was the first scientist who coined the term "cell" in relation to the constituent part of the structure of living tissue. It was he who discovered plant cells, as well as female eggs and male sperm.
Robert Hooke can rightfully be called the founder of experimental physics. He discovered the law of proportionality between elastic stretches and the stresses that produce them, which was named in his honor Hooke's law, improved the theory of universal attraction, and also proved that the Earth revolves around the Sun and nothing else. Hooke also invented the coil spring that regulates the clock, improved the microscope, telescope, barometer, and created the first prototype of the steam engine.
During his scientific career, the founder of modern physics was able to create a unified physical program that, on the basis of mechanics, described all the physical phenomena of this world. He also discovered the law of universal gravitation, explained how the planets move around the Sun, and the Moon around the Earth, he studied the tides in the oceans, founded acoustics, continuum mechanics and optics.
Many discoveries in astronomy are associated with the name of the great scientist. First job Halley became the scientific work "On the orbits of the planets", which described in detail the great inequality of Saturn and Jupiter.
But the main thing that most recalls when mentioning the name of a scientist is a change in the idea of \u200b\u200bcomets. Before Newton's research, comets were thought to be alien wanderers who simply fly through our system. Halley once saw a bright comet in the sky and decided to calculate when it would return next time. He calculated that she should return in 53 years, which is what happened. True, Halley himself, alas, did not find his triumph. The comet was named after the famous scientist.
Edmund Halley collaborated with Isaac Newton and helped him publish some of his scientific papers.
He formulated an economic theory in which he defined the term “capital”, dividing it into fixed and circulating. He advocated replacing coins with paper money, believing that this is of great importance for the agrarian and industrial state potential. Smith believed that the basis of capital is not money at all, but human labor and production.
Jenner known to the general public primarily for his contribution to medicine, namely for the invention of the smallpox vaccine. Some researchers call him the father of immunology.
It was Jenner who was able to empirically establish that many milkmaids manage to resist the smallpox virus. This is because most of them managed to get sick with cowpox, and they developed immunity to the strain. Jenner developed a vaccine that made it possible to stop the wave of the epidemic that raged on the continents and saved many lives.
He was mainly engaged in research in the field of physics. He is the creator of the doctrine of the electromagnetic field. Among other significant discoveries of Faraday are:
- Extra currents when closing an electrical circuit;
- Proof of the existence of animal and magnetic thermoelectricity;
- The invention of the voltmeter;
- Direction of electrical movement;
- Introduction of the terms anode, electrolyte, cathode, electrode, ion, electrolysis;
- Proof of the idea of \u200b\u200bconservation of electric charge;
- Paramagnetism;
- Clarification of the concept of an electromagnetic field;
- The connection between the nature of light and the electromagnetic field;
- He put forward a theory about the unity of natural forces and interconversion;
- Diamagnetism.
Countess Ada Lovelace was none other than the daughter of the famous poet George Byron. She is known for being able to create a calculating machine according to a project developed by Charles Babbage. She later wrote comments in which she cited the world's first three computing programs. The simplest of them was the one that made it possible to solve systems of two linear algebraic equations in two unknowns. The remaining two took into account trigonometry and the calculation of Bernoulli numbers.
Darwin became the founder of such a direction in science as Darwinism. He summarized the results of his own observations and the achievements of biology and breeding practice. Was able to identify the main factors in the evolution of the organic world. Gave the basis for the theory of the origin of man from his ape-like ancestor.
James Maxwell relied on Faraday's ideas about the electromagnetic field. He studied statistical physics, suggested the existence of electromagnetic waves, established the law of molecular velocity distribution.
Investigated the viscosity, thermal conductivity and diffusion of gases, proved that Saturn's rings are based on separate bodies. He was also fond of the theory of color vision and colorimetry, optics, the theory of elasticity, thermodynamics, etc.
Thomson's main discoveries were:
- The passage of a low voltage electric current through a gas irradiated with X-ray radiation;
- The discovery of the electron;
- The study of anode rays, which led to the discovery of stable isotopes.
He did not recognize the existence of other sciences besides physics. As he himself argued, all science is divided into two types: physics and stamp collecting. Founding father of nuclear physics. It was "thanks" to him that the creation of nuclear weapons of mass destruction became possible. He founded a school, 12 students of which later received Nobel Prizes.
He gained wide popularity in scientific circles thanks to his research in the field of medicine, namely, the mechanism of transmission of nerve impulses. It was thanks to Dale that it became possible to create a classification of centrifugal nerves depending on the chemical origin of the transmitter.
The creator of penicillin. His discoveries were pure chance and luck, which later helped create, perhaps, one of the most important inventions for mankind - antibiotics. Fleming published detailed studies in his scientific work, which laid the foundation for the study of antibiotics of other series.
He continued Rutherford's research, which argued that there is an electrically neutral particle called a neutron. But Resenford was unable to prove his assumption, while Chadwig, through experiments, was able to detect the neutron and introduce this concept into scientific use.
He worked with several other scientists (James Watson, Maurice Wilkins) and was able to discover the double helix of DNA. This discovery predetermined the further development of biology and made it possible to master such areas as molecular biology and biotechnology. This discovery is rightfully considered one of the most important in the last century.
The hero of our century, one of the most talented and strong-willed people the world has ever known. Studied black holes, quantum mechanics. He was able to make science popular even among those who are far from formulas and calculations. Despite his illness, he was able to publish several popular science works, translated into hundreds of languages.
He was active in political and social activities. He believed that the state emerges only on the basis of a social contract. The ideal state system is one in which all citizens are independent and equal. In such a system, one main principle operates - do not harm the health, life, property and freedom of another. The basis of such a state is an agreement that must be concluded by a certain number of people to create a legislative, judicial and executive branch. All are equal before the law and can do as they wish, if it is not prohibited by law.
If you think that one or more significant names were not mentioned in the article, please add them in the comments. Share interesting facts about all the mentioned scientists, interesting details of their biography and scientific activities.
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