Monolithic concrete house with your own hands. Concrete house projects. With fixed formwork

A house made of concrete is right choicebecause it is much more durable and stronger than brick. However, it is necessary to distinguish between the technologies for building houses from monolithic concrete and concrete blocks, since these, as they say, are two big differences. In this article, we will focus on the first case in which the structure is a single non-assembled frame, which can then be trimmed to improve its appearance.

Why is it worth building a monolithic concrete house

One-piece structures have a lot of advantages over prefabricated ones: this and more high reliability, and long service life, low heat transfer rates and so on. Let's consider the advantages of monolithic houses in more detail:

• Reliability . Since a seam always has a lower strength than the material it joins, it can be concluded that the fewer seams, the better, and perfect option - when there are no seams at all. Such houses are very common in seismically active areas, for example, in Japan, where earthquakes occur almost every month, almost all houses, including multi-storey ones, are built on monolithic technologyso they can withstand even the strongest shocks with ease. Also in places where go fighting, monoliths are also quite popular, and Israel is a prime example of this. Good solid concrete house there it can withstand a direct hit from a missile, and although the glass will still be knocked out, at least it will not have to be rebuilt.
• Long service life . If you build a brick house, then it will undoubtedly serve for a long time. Your children will be able to live in it, and even a little grandchildren, before it will have to be overhauled. But a monolithic concrete house will give a roof over your head to your grandchildren, great-grandchildren, and even great-great-grandchildren, which, of course, is very pleasant. The thing is that any structure wears out over time, but the fastest thing that falls into disrepair is not the material from which it is built, but the seams connecting the blocks. For example, in a brick house, the layer between the bricks deteriorates very quickly, and after it they themselves begin to collapse. But since there are no seams in a monolithic house, the only thing that can deteriorate is the concrete itself, and it is known to serve for a very long time.
• It's warmer in these houses . The absence of seams avoids the presence of microcracks through which air passes, taking away heat with it. In addition, these microcracks tend to diverge over time, since air currents erode their edges. There is no such thing in monolithic houses, so they can be built even in areas where they blow strong winds - there will be no draft.
• Perspective . With the development of 3-D printing technology, it became possible to literally stamp houses using a 3-D printer. For this, neither workers nor complex building structures are needed, and the procedure itself will only take a couple of days. Imagine how a huge self-propelled printer with ten tanks of liquid concrete arrives at the place of your future home, and your house starts to print - fantastic! Of course, it is not yet technically feasible, but in the future, in 30-40 years, it will be built this way.

disadvantages

The main disadvantage of monolithic houses is high price... While the technology of 3-D printing of residential buildings is very poorly developed and is able to serve, perhaps, the low-budget sector, monoliths have to be built manually. But the procedure for erecting a monolithic house is quite difficult and therefore requires highly qualified builders.

The most difficult thing here is the construction of the formwork into which it is poured liquid concrete... The fact is that if you install it incorrectly, then during filling it will simply burst, and all the concrete will spill. This problem is especially acute in areas with soft soil, as it also contributes to loosening it.

Have experienced craftsmen construction works there are secrets of how to strengthen the formwork, and that is why such workers are very expensive. To build a monolithic house on your own is far from the best idea, which is why there are relatively few such structures in our country.

The need to create high formwork... As already mentioned, the construction of solid concrete houses requires reliable scaffolding that will not fall apart at the most crucial moment. Only an experienced team, which has already been involved in such buildings more than once, can design and build such floors. And of course, scaffolding takes time.

Difficulty installing concrete floors... The fact that concrete can break through the formwork is only part of the problem. In fact, quite often when it is built by unskilled workers, it breaks down under its own weight.

High quality concrete required... Finding good concrete is no longer an easy task, and this is the main thing in the construction of an all-concrete house. After all, the service life of good and bad material can vary significantly (3-4 times). A well-known case was when a Moscow concrete store "Voentorg", built of concrete in 1912, became emergency only 80 years later, although it had to stand at least 250.

These 4 problems are the main obstacles to the popularization of concrete houses in our country, and it is because of them that only people with high income can afford the construction of monoliths. Therefore, if the budget does not allow, it is better to build with bricks, as it will last longer than a poor-quality concrete house built by cheap workers.

Recently, developers are increasingly giving preference to concrete as a material for building a house. This is not surprising, since concrete buildings are highly durable and durable, and the construction process itself is quite simple. In this article, we will take a closer look at how to build a house out of concrete with our own hands.

General information

Before deciding on the construction of a concrete house, you should familiarize yourself with all the advantages and disadvantages of such construction:

Advantages

Among the advantages of concrete buildings are the following points.

• The concrete house is monolithic construction , due to which it has good mechanical strength, and also perfectly tolerates seismic activity.
• Construction can be performed on any soil.
• Concrete houses are built quickly.
• Construction price is relatively low.
• It is possible to build a house of any configuration.
• Concrete walls can be finished with any material.
• Possibility of the slab as a floor.
• Concrete new building gives uniform shrinkage.

disadvantages

Of course, there are also disadvantages of such construction, however, there are not very many of them:

• Requires certain equipment such as a concrete mixer and vibrator. If the house is being built on several floors, then a concrete pump will also be required.
• When erecting monolithic floor labor costs increase, since it is necessary to perform formwork and reinforcement.
• Concrete has a fairly high level of thermal conductivity, so the walls must be insulated before finishing.

Concrete house construction

Project

You need to start construction with the preparation of the project. Easiest to find finished project on the Internet, however, you can order it from specialized firms.

In this case, the project will be individual, in compliance with all your wishes. At the same time, companies perform a complete calculation of the structure, including wall thicknesses, concrete grade, etc.

The main advantage individual project is that it can be unusual, able to favorably distinguish your house against the background of neighboring buildings. For example, projects of houses made of concrete and glass have been popular recently. Such structures have not only interesting appearance, but also provide good illumination of the premises with sunlight.

Foundation

Building a house made of concrete, in fact, like any other construction, begins with the construction of the foundation. Since the concrete structure is heavy, it needs a solid and reliable foundation. Most often, they perform a strip or pile-strip foundation.

The depth of the foundation should be greater than the level of soil freezing.

Work begins with the preparation of trenches:

• First of all, the preparation of the construction site and the marking are carried out. For this, stakes are driven in at the corners of the future structure and ropes are pulled.
• Then trenches of the required size are dug. Their width depends on the thickness of the walls.
• Next, formwork is made from chipboard panels or wooden boards... The formwork must be securely fastened, therefore, spacers and lintels should be used when installing it. The formwork must be carried out taking into account the fact that the foundation must rise half a meter from the soil surface.
• The next step is to lay the sand cushion. For this, the bottom of the trenches is covered with a layer of sand at least 15 cm thick and compacted well.
• After laying the pillow, reinforcement is performed - this is a very important procedure, since the strength and durability of the structure depends on it. As a rule, foundation reinforcement is metal carcass, consisting of four rods of reinforcement, fastened together with steel wire.

This completes the preparation of trenches for the foundation. Now you need to make concrete, for one cubic meter the solution will need the following number of components:

Advice!
To improve the quality of concrete, plasticizers are added to the composition.
In addition, to give the material certain properties, special ones are used, for example, anti-frost ones, which allow you to perform construction work at subzero temperatures.

The instructions for preparing concrete are as follows:

• First of all, you need to mix cement and sand.
• Then water is added to the dry mixture.
• The final step is the addition of coarse filler. The resulting mixture should be mixed well so that the solution is homogeneous with an even distribution of gravel.

After the concrete has been prepared, you can start pouring the foundation. The procedure is performed evenly around the entire perimeter. It is advisable to fill it in one step.

After 28 days, it is necessary to perform horizontal waterproofing of the foundation, laying two layers of roofing material on it. After that, the floor slabs are installed using a crane.

Walling

The principle of building walls is about the same as building a foundation. First of all, the formwork is erected.

I must say that the formwork can be of two types:

• Removable;
• Fixed, made of polystyrene or foam.

In the photo - permanent formwork

• Simplicity and speed of installation, which saves time and effort. The installation of the formwork resembles the assembly of the Lego constructor.
• Allows you to create any layout and configuration of premises in accordance with the project requirements.
• Provides thermal insulation of the building, so that you do not have to perform additional thermal insulation work.
• The cost of the formwork is not high.
• Allows you to make walls thinner without damaging the structure.

The process of erecting concrete walls using permanent formwork is as follows:

• First of all, it is necessary to correctly calculate and purchase formwork elements.
• Then the formwork is installed on the prepared base and assembled from individual segments.
• After the installation of the formwork, work is carried out on the installation of pipes and other communications.
• Further, a metal frame or reinforcement rods are installed in the formwork.
• After that, a solution is prepared according to the scheme described above.
• After all preparatory work pouring in progress. The daily pouring rate is not more than 70 cm. Thus, this operation must be repeated until the formwork is completely filled.

After the walls are ready, floor slabs are laid and the roof is erected, in accordance with the project. As mentioned above, concrete houses, made using fixed formwork, do not need insulation, therefore, after their construction, you can immediately start finishing.

If the construction is carried out using removable formwork, then for these purposes boards about 50 mm thick will be needed, which are knocked down into shields. Otherwise, the process is the same as when using a fixed formwork. The only thing, after the construction of the building box, it is necessary to carry out insulation.

Note!
To prevent the formwork from ripping apart during the pouring process, metal ties should be placed in its lower part, fixed with a bolted connection.

Output

It is quite simple to build a house from reinforced concrete, however, design calculations and construction technology must be strictly observed. The result of this work will be a reliable and durable home. From the video in this article, you can get additional information on this topic.

Starting the construction of your own house, the question invariably arises of what material to make the walls. Usually, the materials for the construction of houses were either wood or stone (brick, concrete and ceramic blocks). And the choice was guided by the following - wooden houses warmer, lighter, they breathe, but they burn too well. Stone houses more durable, reliable, but too heavy and cold.

Meanwhile, the technologies of construction work do not stand still, and now there are many new building materials, new methods of building buildings. One of these innovations is the technology of monolithic construction of houses. It is she who has become the standard of construction recently, and is used in the construction of modern houses, since the speed of work is several times higher than the speed of work by conventional methods.

The construction itself is fundamentally different from the construction of houses from timber, reinforced concrete products and bricks. Simplified construction of a building using this technology is as follows: directly on the foundation of the future house, formwork is mounted along the contour of the wall or, for example, columns, where reinforcement is installed and concrete is poured. When the concrete hardens, the formwork is dismantled and a finished part of the wall or column is obtained.

Monolithic concrete walls are not so easy to build compared to laying out piece material... But in some cases they will be cheaper, for example, when it is possible to "get" cheaper slag, shell rock, expanded clay, crushed stone, sand, sawdust - the main fillers of concrete. It remains to add cement, water, possibly clay and lime, mix it all mechanized way, and then serve in buckets to the place of pouring into the formwork.

The construction of concrete walls should only be carried out in accordance with the project (calculation). The documentation lays down the main solutions for the construction of the wall, for example:

• The composition of concrete, its strength and thermal insulation properties.
• Wall width (one wall layer).
• Reinforcement (if necessary), its type, placement, ...
• Foundation, its structure and bearing capacity for concrete walls.
• A method of waterproofing walls from groundwater (from the foundation).
• Tying the reinforcement belt of the foundation and walls.
• The dimensions of the formwork, the height of one belt of pouring the walls, methods of linking the reinforcement of different belts ... and others.

Concrete for the construction of walls can have a very different composition, strength and thermal insulation parameters... The required strength can be achieved with very different thickness walls. And all this is determined by calculation.

Concrete conditionally, depending on the composition, can be conditionally divided into several types:





Construction organizations use pumping units to supply ready-made concrete to the place of laying, which greatly simplifies and speeds up the construction of concrete walls. But for a private developer, it is usually cheaper to lay one floor by hand than to rent such equipment. Complex mechanization makes sense when it comes to building a multi-storey building or an entire cottage community.

In private construction, for the construction of concrete walls, a concrete mixer, buckets, wheelbarrows, shovels, crowbars, vibrators for compaction are often used.

Usually, specialized teams are involved in the construction of an entire house made of concrete. They have equipment, tools, formwork, and most importantly - experience in performing such construction work.

If there is a desire to build everything with your own hands, attracting relatives and friends, then equipment and formwork can be rented. It will cost less than purchasing everything yourself.

For the casting of the walls, a special smooth formwork is needed. The movable formwork is made of plywood boards and boards, fastened with ties, studs.

Another option is the use of fixed formwork, i.e. after the concrete is poured, the formwork remains and forms another layer of the wall. Here are the options:



• Application of factory fixed formwork made of expanded polystyrene. But it is expensive, in addition, many specialists are perplexed - why do we need environmentally-questionable polystyrene foam indoors? Much better fit gypsum fiber formwork from the inside of the building, for subsequent simplified finishing, and dense foam is used outside.
• Fixed formwork can be made by hand. But its components must comply with thermal insulation design solutions. It is not allowed to use insulation with a higher resistance to steam movement than a strong wall layer. Or you need to use a complete vapor barrier insulation - extruded polystyrene foam.

Fixed formwork can also be pre-laid brick wall a facade with a foam plastic and a vapor barrier (separator) attached to it. And from the inside of the building, simply removable plywood boards can be used. This technology is mastered by many teams, resulting in a cheaper and faster construction of expensive three-layer walls.



For waterproofing the wall from the foundation, water-repellent impregnations are now used in the lower layer of the wall, which are introduced into dense concrete using a special technology.

In the process of placing concrete, care must be taken to ensure that the formwork panels, removable or non-removable, do not disperse. Usually, the sidewalls of the formwork are fastened from below with metal ties, and from above with wooden strips.

If the design solutions provide for wall reinforcement, then all reinforcement is pre-knitted inside the formwork. Vertical screeds of the armored belt are made above the formwork (above the fill), to connect with the next wall belt.



The concrete is laid in 20 cm layers along the entire perimeter of the wall, while the concrete is carefully rammed, preferably with the help of vibrators. Laying and tamping starts at the corners of the building, then laying is carried out in the middle parts of the walls. The layers are laid before filling the installed formwork. It is necessary to calculate the amount of concrete and labor costs so that the formwork is filled without interruptions in work for more than 2 hours and there are no beveled curves of the boundaries between the pouring zones.

At the same time, it must be remembered that the concrete must be laid within 2 hours after its production. And if there is a 2 hour break in styling, then the work stops and you can resume styling only after 48 hours. Time constraints are always difficult to comply with, so working with concrete placement is also inconvenient. Also for this reason, the construction of houses in the private sector from concrete is not as popular as from piece materials.



The total curing time for concrete is 28 days. During this time, the walls must be covered with polyethylene, preventing moisture from escaping, water must be watered every day, so that premature drying and cracking of the monolith does not occur.

At the end of this period, you can start building the roof, plastering and wall decoration.

We want to warn you right away that do-it-yourself jellied house Is a very daring project that needs to be approached very responsibly. If you do not have the necessary cementing skills, it is better to entrust the construction of the building to professionals.

Since we first started talking about difficulties, let us mention one more. Hardening process cement mix - long, it takes at least 28 days. In addition, it is advisable to build flooded concrete houses at positive temperatures.

Now about the pros. In terms of costs, such a house will cost less than a brick one. In this case, it will be quite durable. And most importantly: you can fill with cement any, the most bizarre shapes and volumes, "playing" with curvilinear shapes and creating a unique building, which no other material will allow you.

Stages

The pouring foundation for a house using this technology should be deeper and wider than for a brick building - by about one third. When the foundation has hardened, we knit reinforcement to the protruding rods of its frame with wire, which will "hold" the concrete wall. We put the formwork. In a fully flooded structure, the formwork must be assembled around the entire perimeter, not forgetting about empty openings for doors and windows.

The construction of flooded houses may not be monolithic. In this case, the cement columns and lintels will become the support of the entire structure, and the space of the walls between them can be closed with other materials: slabs, bricks, etc. The optimum width of the cement supports is 400 mm. The same width for the jumpers. The height of the latter according to the norm is 400 mm (and 200 mm - for the openings of the second floor).

When building a house with your own hands, it is permissible to use floor slabs - if you are sure of the strength calculations made. Cement lintels are capable of supporting this weight. We finish the work by installing the roof.

Characteristics of a concrete building

Unfortunately, it is impossible to talk about the construction of an entire building in one article. But we tried to answer the basic questions so that you get an idea of \u200b\u200bhow to properly make a flooded house.