Territories of modern Turkey and Syria, as well as Egypt (which, however, lost 15 years). On the conquered lands, they formed the provinces by postponing their annual tribute, and the most skillful artisans moved to Assyrian cities (probably, therefore, in the art of Assyria, the influence of the cultures of the surrounding peoples). With its empire, the Assyrians managed very severely, deporting or execution of all rioters.

Assyria reached the vertex of its power in the third quarter of the 7th century BC. e. During the rule of Tigladpalasar III (745-727 BC). His son Sargon II defeated Urartu, seized the North Israeli kingdom and spread the borders of the kingdom to Egypt. His son Senneterib after an uprising in Babylon (689 BC er) was equalized by this city with Earth. He chose her capital by Ninevia, rebuilt it with the greatest pomp. The territory of the city was significantly increased and entered with powerful fortifications, a new palace was built, the temples were updated. For the supply of the city and broken around it, the gardens of good water built an aqueduct with a height of 10 m.

Created by Assyrians, the state with the capital in the city of Ninevia (suburb of the current city Mosul) existed from the beginning of the II millennium to about 612 BC. E. When Ninevia was destroyed by the united troops of Mussels and Babylonia. Large cities were also Ashshur, Kalah and District Cherryukin ("Sargon Palace"). The kings of Assyria focused in their hands almost all the complete power - they simultaneously occupied the position of the Supreme Priest and the Military Leader, and some time even - the treasurer. The royal advisers were privileged military leaders (governing provinces, which were defined in the army and felt the king tribute). Slaves and dependent workers were engaged in agriculture.

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✪ Assyria and new Babylon

✪ Times and warriors. Assyrians. War Master.

✪ Assyria (Rus.) The history of the ancient world.

✪ Formation of Assyria. Old Acid period

✪ Take off and fall of the Assyrian Empire

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History

Chronology

Distinguish three periods in the history of Assyria:

staroSsery [Remove the template] (OK. 2600-1392 BC. E.), sometimes allocate two periods:
- ranneassrysky (eng.)russian (approx. 2600-2000 BC. er) to the end of the domination HRA over Ashchur;
- staroSsery (OK. 2000-1392 BC.) Starting from the Puzur-Ashur's dynasty I as a kingdom (empire), which is incorrect, Ashur remained as a nomane state;
midnesium (eng.)russian (1392-935 BC. Er);
novoassrysky (935-605 BC. Er).

Old Acid period

XXIV-XXI century BC e.

Ashshur undoubtedly entered the kingdom of Akkad (the XXIV -XXII century BC. Er), the truth was very secondary importance within this state. After the fall of the Akkad, a short period of independence was likely, because Ashshur was cut off from the conquered by the gutties of the Mesopotamia centers, although it was possible to be destroyed. Then, in the XXI century BC. e. He entered the power of the III of the Dynasty of Hurray ("The Kingdom of Sumer and Akkada"), the inscription of the governor of the dawn dated with this century was preserved, " slave Tsar Ura" Obviously, the Ashshur is mentioned as Shashrum In the chronicles of this dynasty - " Year when the king of Schulga destroyed Shashraum», « Year, when the king of Amar-Suen destroyed Shashraum for the second time and Shudkhum"For the first time under 2052 BC. e. In connection with the conquest, in the second under 2040 BC. e. Because of the uprising. About 2034 BC e. Amoroyev's invasion begins through the average interfluve, Shu-Suin builds against them the wall along the edge of the "gypsum" desert from Euphrates to Tigger, an accurate date of loss of his control over the Ashshur is unknown (one of Schu-Suene's Sunovnikov retains control over the arbia). Ashshur, operated by Amorous, could be released already under Ibby Suene. Some time could take Hurrites, the ruler of the UhPI could relate to this time (the end of the XXI century BC. Er) or to the earlier.

Xx-nineteenth century BC e.

About 1970 BC. e. Power goes to indigenous ashsures. It was from this period that the inscription of Ilushuma Ilushums reached us, for the first time giving the privileges to Akkady merchant, which was unthinkable in the practically "totalitarian" kingdom of Sumer and Akkad, who had a state monopoly on foreign trade and credit operations. We are talking about the restoration of the urban wall, which unequivocally emphasizes the independence of Ashura. -Xix century BC. e. Meaning the rapid growth of trade and marketability. Using the proximity of his city to the most important trading paths, the Ashursky and Akkada merchants as trade agents rushed into various adjacent countries, initially as traders ashshuri tissues, subsequently by speculation by metals and loan; Notes about land transactions. In Malaya Asia, their most important trading colony ( karum) I was the city of Kanish. Another famous inscription left the son of Iluchums - Ishshihakum Erishum I, he also confirms the duty free of trade, but in addition to everything the introductory part tells about the city assembly or the Council, the decision is made by Erishum not alone. Thus, early Ashshur, as it were, returns to the past, in the 3rd millennium BC. e., to community and collegial institutions of power.

XVIII century BC e.

Religion

Assyria's religion differed little from Babylonian beliefs. All Assyrian prayers, hymns, spells, mythological legends, which were inherited by Assyrians from Akkadsev moved to Babylon. The sacred places of Assyrians became the sacred places of Babylonian.

Life and morals

Rulers of Assyria

The ruler of Ashhura wore title ishshshkukum (Accalization of the Sumerian Word enci). His power was practically hereditary, but not complete. He conducted almost exclusively by the affairs of a religious cult and the construction associated with it. Ishshshkukum was also a supreme priest ( shang.) And the military leader. He usually occupied the position ukulla, that is, apparently, the supreme land surveyor and the head of the Council of Elders. This Council, called the "House of the City", enjoyed a significant influence in Ashrure, was the decision of the most important public affairs. Council members called themselves "Limmu". Each of them alternately performed the control function during the year (under the control of the entire Council) and, apparently, headed the treasury. By the name of the next Limmu received his name for the year. (Therefore, Limma is indicated often in modern science with Greek term eponym). But gradually the composition of the Council was increasingly replaced by people close to the ruler. With the strengthening of the rule of the ruler, the importance of community self-government bodies fell. Although the procedure for nomination Limmu has been preserved and subsequently when Ishshkukum turned into a real monarch.

Statue of ashursyrpal. London. British museum

The activities of the Ashshurnazyrpala continued Salmanasar III, who reign in the second half of the IX century. BC e. During his 35-year-old reign, he made 32 campaigns. As with all Assyrian kings, Salmanasar III had to fight at all borders of his state. In the West, Salmanasar conquered Bit-Adin in order to complete the entire Valley of Euphrates up to Babylon. Moving further north, Salmanasar met the stubborn resistance of Damascus, who managed to rally around the rather significant forces of the Syrian principalities. In the battle of Karkar in 854, Salmanasar won a major victory over the Syrian troops, but could not realize the fruits of his victory, as the Assyrians had suffered a big damage during this battle. A somewhat later Salmanasar again opposed Damascus with a huge, 120-thousand, army, but still could not achieve a decisive victory over Damascus. However, Assyria was largely weakened by Damascus and divide the forces of the Syrian coalition. Israel, Tir and Sidon obeyed the Assyrian king and sent him a tribute. Even the Egyptian Pharaoh recognized the power of Assyria, sent to him as a gift of two camels, hippopotamus and other wonderful animals. Larger successes fell out of Assyria in its fight against Babylon. Salmanasar III made a devastating campaign to Babylonia and even reached the swampy areas of the seaside country off the coast of the Persian Gulf, conquering the whole of Babylon. The persistent struggle had to lead Assyria and with the northern tribes of Urartu. Here, the Assyrian king and his commander had to fight in difficult mountain conditions with the strong troops of the URA Tsar Sardura. Although the Assyrian troops invaded the limits of Urart, they still could not win the state over this state, and the Assyria itself was forced to restrain the pressure of the urants. The external expression of the intensive military relics of the Assyrian state and his desire to exercise a conquest policy is the famous Black Obelisk of Salmanasar III, which depicted ambassadors of foreign countries from all four sides of the Light, bringing tribute to the Assyrian king. The remains of the temple built by Salmanasar III in the ancient capital of Ashshire, as well as the remnants of the strengthening of this city, indicating a significant increase in the equipment of serfs in the era of the elevation of Assyria, who claimed a primary role in the anterior Asia. However, Assyria has long saved its prevailing position. A strengthened urtin state became a formidable opponent of Assyria. Assyrian kings could not be conquered by Urartu. Moreover, the Urantian kings sometimes borrowed victories over the Assyrians. Thanks to his victorious campaigns, URART kings managed to cut off Assyria from Transcaucasia, Asia Minor and Northern Syria, which caused a heavy blow and damage to Assyrian trade with these countries and was seriously responded to the country's economic life. All this led to the decline of the Assyrian state, which continued almost for a whole century. Assyria was forced to give up its dominant position in the northern part of anterior Asia by the state of Urart.

The formation of the Assyrian Power

In the middle of the VIII century. BC. Assyria is reinforced again. Tigladpalasar III (745-727) again resumes the traditional conquest policy of its predecessors of the first and second elevation of Assyria. The new strengthening of Assyria led to the formation of the Great Assyrian Power, appropriate for the unification of the entire ancient world in the framework of a single world despoty. This new flowering of the military power of Assyria is explained by the development of the country's productive forces, which required the development of foreign trade, seizure of sources of raw materials, markets, the protection of trade routes, seizure of production and mainly the main personnel of the workforce - slaves.

Economy and Public Story of Assyria IX-VII centuries

During this period, cattle breeding is still large in the economic life of the Assyrians. To the types of pets that were tamed in the preceding period, camel is added. Two-chiced camels appear in Assyria already under Tigladpalasar I and Salmanasar III. But in a large number of camels, in particular, one-corneous, appear only since Tigladalasar IV. Assyrian kings drive camels in large quantities from Arabia. Ashurbanipal captured during his campaign to Arabia such a large number of camels that the price of them fell in Assyria from 1 2/3 mines to 1/2 Shekel (4 grams of silver). Camels in Assyria were widely used as a cooked cattle during military campaigns and trade expeditions, especially when moving through anhydrous dry steppes and deserts. From Assyria, home camels spread in Iran and Central Asia.

Along with grain farming, a widespread development received a garden. For the presence of large gardens that were obviously in the jurisdiction of the Tsarist Palace, indicate the preserved images and inscriptions. So, near one tsarist palace was broken by "a large garden, similar to the Gardens of the Amanese mountains, in which various varieties of vegetables and fruit trees grow, plants originating from the mountains and from Haldei." In these gardens, not only local fruit trees were cultivated, but also rare varieties of imported plants, such as oils. Around Ninevenes were broken down gardens in which they tried to acclimatize foreign plants, in particular a world tree. In special nurseries, valuable types of healthy plants and trees were grown. We know that the Assyrians tried to acclimatize the "Wood-making tree", obviously, the cotton, which was taken from the south, maybe from India. Along with this, an attempt was made to artificial acclimatization of various valuable grape varieties from mountain areas. Excavations found in the city of Ashshre the remains of a large garden, broken down by the orders of Sinacherib. The garden was divided into 16 thousand square meters. m. covered with artificial earth embankment. The rocks were broken by holes that were combined with artificial channels of channels. Images and less large part-owner gardens are preserved, usually acquired by a clay wall.

Artificial irrigation did not have such a huge importance in Assyria as in Egypt or in the southern two-range. However, in Assyria, artificial irrigation was also applied. Preserved images of waterproof (staduf), which were particularly widely distributed under Xinacherib. Sinacherib and Asarhaddon spent a series of large channels, in order to widely provide the country with grain and sesame. "

Along with the agriculture of significant development reached the craft. The manufacture of opaque glass paste, vitreous faience and tiles, or pins covered, multi-time enamel obtained, was widespread. These tips usually decorated the walls and gates of large buildings, palaces and temples. With the help of these tapes in Assyria, they created beautiful multicolor ornamentation of buildings, the technique of which was subsequently borrowed by Persians, and from Persia passed to Central Asia.< где и сохранилась до настоящего времени. Ворота дворца Саргона II роскошно украшены изображениями «гениев плодородия» и розеточным орнаментом, а стены - не менее роскошными изображениями символического характера: изображениями льва, ворона, быка, смоковницы и плуга. Наряду с техникой изготовления стеклянной пасты ассирийцам было известно прозрачное выдувное стекло, на что указывает найденная стеклянная ваза с именем Саргона II.

The presence of stone contributed to the development of a stone and stone and stone case. Ninevia, in large quantities, the limestone was mined, which served for the manufacture of monolithic statues depicting geniuses - the patrons of the king and the Tsarist Palace. Other varieties of stone needed for buildings, as well as various precious stones Assyrians brought from neighboring countries.

Especially widespread development and technical excellence reached Metallurgy in Assyria. Excavations in Ninevei showed that in the IX century. BC e. Iron was applied on a par with copper. In Sargon II Palace in District, a huge warehouse with a large number of iron products was found: Molotov, hoe, shovel, lemhehov, plows, chains, lounge, hooks, rings, etc. Obviously, in this era in The technique took place from bronze to the gland. The high technical perfection indicates beautifully made by weights in the form of Lviv, bronze parts of art furniture and candelabra, as well as luxurious gold jewelry.

The growth of productive forces caused the further development of external and domestic trade. From a number of foreign countries in Assyria brought a wide variety of goods. Tougalpalasar III received incense from Damascus. With Sinyaribi from Primorskaya Haldey, reeds required for buildings were obtained; from the mussels brought highly appreciated in those days of lapis; From Arabia brought various gems, and from Egypt, products from ivory and other goods. In the Palace of Sinacherib, pieces of clay with imprints of Egyptian and hatt seals were found, with which the parcels were sealing.

In Assyria, the most important trading routes were broken, which combined various countries and the fields of anterior Asia. The tiger was a major trade master, on which goods from Asia Minor and Armenia were brought to the Valley of the Twire and Next, to Elam. The caravantes went from Assyria in Armenia, to the area of \u200b\u200blarge lakes - Wan and Urmia. In particular, to Lake Urmia, an important trading path was walking along the valley of the top bad, through Kelishinsky passage. To the west of the tiger, another caravan way was led through Nasinsin and Harran to Karhemysh and through the Euphrates - to the Cilician Gateway, who opened the further path to Malny Asia, inhabited by Hitts. Finally, the Assyrian was a big road through the desert, leading on Palmyra and further to Damascus. Both this path and other paths led from Assyria to the West, to large ports located on the Syrian coast. The most important was the trading path, which was walking from the Western Euphrates of Euphrates in Syria, from where, in turn, the sea route to the islands of the Mediterranean Sea and Egypt was opened.

The statue of the winged bull, genius - the patron saint of the Tsarist Palace

In Assyria, first appeared good, artificially made, paved by stone road. In one lettering it says that when Asarhaddon rebuilt Babylon rebuilt, "he opened his roads to all four sides to Babylonian, using them, could communicate with all countries." These roads had a great strategic importance. So, Toglatpalasar I built Kummuh in the country "Road for my wagons and troops." The remains of these roads are preserved to this day. Such is a plot of a large road that connected the fortress of King Sargon from the Valley of Euphrates. Road construction technique, which has reached high development in ancient Assyria, was subsequently borrowed and improved by Persians, and in turn passed to the Romans. Assyrian roads were well served. At certain distances, indicators were usually set. Each hour for these roads was held for the guards used to transmit important messages with firing signals. Roads passing through the desert were guarded by special fortifications and were supplied with wells. Assyrians knew how to build durable bridges, most often wooden, but sometimes stone. Sinacherib built against the city gate, in the middle of the city, the bridge from limestone slabs, in order to pass on him in his royal chariot. Greek historian Herodotus reports that the bridge in Babylon was built from unknowable stones, fastened with iron and lead. Despite the careful protection of roads, in distant regions, where the Assyrian influence was relatively weak, Assyrian caravans were at risk. Nomads and robbers sometimes attacked them. However, Assyrian officials carefully observed regular shipping caravans. One official in a special message to the king, that one caravan, published from the country of Nabateev, was robbed and that the only escaped caravan was sent to the king to make a personal report.

The presence of a whole network of roads made it possible to organize the public communication service. Special royal events delivered royal messages across the country. In the largest settlements were special officials who made the delivery of royal letters. If these officials have not sent letters and ambassadors for three or four days, then they immediately received complaints to the capital of Assyria, Nineveh.

An interesting document, brightly illustrating widespread use of roads, are the remains of the oldest guidebooks, preserved among the inscriptions of this time. In these guidebooks, the distance between the individual settlements in the clock and the days of the road is usually indicated.

Despite the widespread development of trade, the entire system of the economy as a whole presented a primitive natural character. So, Podachi and tribute were usually charged in kind. In the royal palaces there were large warehouses where the most different products were kept.

The social system of Assyria still retained the features of an ancient generic and community building. Thus, for example, up to the Ashchurbani era (VII century BC. E.) retained the remnants of blood revenge. In one document of this time it is said that instead of "blood" should be given a slave in order to "wash off blood." If a person refused to give compensation for murder, he should be killed on the grave of the murdered. In another document, the killer is obliged to give it to compensation for his wife killed, his brother or his son.

Along with this, the ancient forms of patriarchal family and home slavery are preserved. In the documents of this time, the facts of selling a girl issued married, and the sale of a slave and a free girl, issued to marry, was drawn up at the same way. Just as in previous times, the father could sell his child to slavery. The eldest son defeat his privileged position in the family, receiving a large and best of the inheritance. The development of the Assyrian society has been facilitated by the development of trade. Often the poor lost their land ones and ruined, falling into economic dependence on the rich. Without the opportunity to pay a loan in time, they had to work out their debt to personal labor in the lender home as bible slaves.

The number of slaves has become particularly increased due to large conquering campaigns that the Assyrian kings committed. Prisoners who were in huge quantities were driven to Assyria, they usually paid into slavery. Many documents fixing the sale of slaves and slaves have been preserved. Sometimes whole families were sold, consisting of 10, 13, 18 and even 27 people. Many slaves worked in agriculture. Sometimes land plots were sold along with those slaves who worked on this land. Significant development of slavery leads to the fact that slaves get the right to have some property and even a family, but the slave owner always maintained complete power over a slave and over his property.

A sharp property bundle led not only to the division of society into two antagonistic class, slave owners and slaves, but also caused a separation of the public on the poor and rich. Rich slave owners have a lot of livestock, land and slaves. In ancient Assyria, as in other countries of the East, the largest owner and landowner was the state represented by the king, which was considered the supreme owner of the whole land. However, private land ownership is gradually strengthened. Sargon, buying the land for the construction of his capital of Distille, pays the owners of land plots the value of the land alienated with them. Along with the king, large estates owned temples. These estates had a number of privileges and along with possessions, nobility was sometimes released from payment of filters. Many land was in the hands of private owners, and along with small landowners there were large, which had the Earth forty times more than the poor. A number of documents are preserved, which refers to the sale of fields, gardens, wells, houses, and even land areas.

Long-term wars and cruel forms of the exploitation of labor masses over time led to a decrease in the number of the free population of Assyria. But the Assyrian state needed a constant tributary of warriors to replenish the army's ranks and therefore was forced to take a number of measures to preserve and strengthen the material situation of this majority of the population. Assyrian kings, continuing the policies of the Babylonian kings, distributed land plots with free people, imposing on them the duty to serve and royal troops. So, we know that Salmanasar I parked the colonists the northern border of the state. 400 years after that, the Assyrian king Ashsurnazirpal used the descendants of these colonists to settle the new province of Tushhana. The warriors, colonists who received land from the king, settled in border areas, so that in the case of military danger or military campaign, it was possible to quickly collect troops and border areas. As can be seen from the documents, the colonists' warriors like the Babylonian hand and Biora were under the patronage of the king. Their land plots were inalienable. In the case when local officials captured land plots, complained to them, the colonists had the right to handle the complaint to the king. This is confirmed by the following document: "My Master's father, the king, granted me 10 pashni imers in the country of Halah. For 14 years I used this site, and no one challenged this in me. Now the ruler of the region of Barhaltsi came, consumed the power towards me, looting my house and took my field from me. My Vladyka-King knows that I am only a poor man who carries the security service for my Mr. and who is devoted to the Palace. Since I was now taken away by my field, I ask the king of justice. Let my king reproach to me rightly, so I did not die from hunger. " Of course, the colonists were small land owners. From the documents it is clear that the only source of their income was the land plot, complained to them the king, which they treated with their own hands.

Organization of military work

Long war; Which during the centuries, the Assyrian kings led with neighboring peoples with the aim of capturing slaves and mining, entailed the high development of military affairs. In the second half of the 6th century, with Toglatpalasar III and Sargon II, which began a series of brilliant gaining campaigns, various reforms were held, which led to the reorganization and the flourishing of military affairs in the Assyrian state. The Assyrian kings created a numerous, well-armed and severe army, putting military needs for military needs. The numerous Assyrian army consisted of military colonists, and also replenished thanks to military sites, which were produced among the wide sections of the public. The head of each region was collected by the troops on the territory subordinate to him and commanded these troops himself. The army included the allies contingent, i.e., those tribes that were conquered and attached to Assyria. So, we know that Sinacherib, Sargon's son (end of the VIII century. BC), included 10 thousand archers and 10 thousand Schlonds from the prisoners of the "Western country" into the army, and Ashurbanipal (VII century. BC. er) replenished with the arrow, shields, artisans and blacksmiths from the conquered regions of Elama. In Assyria, a permanent army is created, which was called the "Kingdom" node and served to suppress the rebels. Finally, the Life Guard of the Tsar existed, which was supposed to protect the "sacred" of the king. The development of military affairs required the establishment of certain combat compounds. In the inscriptions, small compounds consisting of 50 people (kisser) are most often mentioned. However, one of the smaller and larger military compounds existed. In ordinary military units, infantrymen, riders and warriors, who fought on chariots, and sometimes the proportional ratio between certain types of weapons was also installed. On 200 infantrymen accounted for 10 riders and one chariot. The presence of chariots and cavalry, which first appeared during the ashursyrpale (IX century BC), sharply strengthened the mobility of the Assyrian troops and gave him the opportunity to produce rapid attacks and as rapidly pursue the retreating enemy. But still, the core of the troops remained the infantry, which consisted of archers, Schongostev, Kopeischikov and dart throws. Assyrian troops were distinguished by their good weapons. They were armed with armies, shields and helmets. The most common types of weapons were onions, a short sword and a spear.

The Assyrian kings paid special attention to the good arms of their troops. In the Palace of Sargon II, a lot of weapons were found, and Sinacherib and Asarhaddon (VII century. BC) built in Nineveh, Camels, chariots, cargo wagons, carts, quoll, onions, arrows, all kinds of utensils and harvesting horses and mules. "

In Assyria, "engineering" military units, which were used for laying roads in the mountains, for the construction of simple and pontoon bridges, as well as camps. The preserved images indicate a high development in the ancient Assine of fortifications. Assyrians knew how to build large and well-protected walls and towers permanent stories of serfs, which they attached a rectangular or oval shape. The technique of fortification from Assyrians was borrowed by Persians, and they were transferred to the ancient Romans. On the high technique of serfs in ancient Assyria, the fortresses found in a number of points, such as in Zendshireli, are also spoken about the high fastener construction technique. The presence of well-protected fortresses required the use of siege guns. Therefore, in connection with the development of serfs, the primitives of the oldest "artillery" case also appear in connection with the development of serfs. At the walls of Assyrian palaces, the siege and storming of fortresses were preserved. The precipitated fortresses were usually surrounded by an earthen shaft and a moat. Around their walls were constructed toward bridges and dresses for installing siege guns. Assyrians used siege trumpets, a kind of taran on wheels. The shock part of these guns served a large log, with a metal and suspended on chains. People who were under a canopy swayed it log and broke the walls of fortresses. It is very possible that these first siege tools of the Assyrians were borrowed by their Persians and subsequently formed the basis of more perfect tools used by the ancient Romans.

Wide gaining policy caused a significant increase in military art. The Assyrian commander was known to the use of frontal and flanking attacks and a combination of these types of attacks at the occurrence of a wide unfolded front. Often the Assyrians used various "military tricks", such as a night attack on the enemy. Along with the yield tactics, izmor tactics were used. To this end, the military units occupied all the mountain passes, water sources, wells, crossing rivers, in order to thus cut all the communications of the enemy, deprive its water, the province of the province and the possibility of obtaining reinforcements. However, the main power of the Assyrian army was the rapid speed of the attack, in the ability to put the enemy a lightning distance, before he gather his strength. Ashurbanipal (VII century. BC) won the whole mountain and difficult country Elam within one month. Unsurpressed masters of the military art of their time - Assyrians perfectly understood what importance to the complete destruction of the enemy's combat force. Therefore, Assyrian troops were especially rapidly pursuing and destroyed and destroyed the broken enemy, using chariot and Connection for this purpose.

The main military power of Assyria was a numerous, well-armed and combat-ready land army. His fleet Assyria almost did not have and was forced to rely on fleets of the conquered countries, mainly a dinque, as it was, for example, during the campaign of Sargona to Cyprus. Therefore, there is nothing surprising in that the Assyrians were portrayed every sea expedition as a major event. Thus, sending a fleet to the Persian Bay under Tsar Sinicarib is extremely described in detail in Assyrian inscriptions. Ships for this purpose were built by Phoenician masters in Ninevei, they were planted sailors from Tira, Sidon and Ionia, then the ships were sent down the tiger before the description. After that, they are on land of fiber to the Canal Arachet. On Euphrates, Assyrian warriors were immersed on them, after which this definitively equipped fleet was sent to the Persian Bay.

Siege fortress by Assyrian army. Relief on the stone. London. British museum

Assyrians conducted their wars with neighboring peoples mainly to conquer neighboring countries, the seizure of the most important trade routes, as well as the seizure of production, primarily prisoners who usually paid into slavery. Numerous inscriptions indicate this, in particular the chronicles, in which the campaigns of Assyrian kings are described in detail. So, Sinacherib led 208 thousand prisoners from Babylon, 720 horses and mules, 11,073 donkey, 5230 camels, 80,100 bulls and. Cows, 800 600 heads of small cattle. All the prey captured during the war was usually shared the king between the temples, cities, the rulers of cities, nobles and troops. Of course, the lion's share of prey the king left himself. The seizure of production was often turned into no covered robbery of the conquered country. This is clearly indicated by the following inscription: "Combat chariots, wagons, horses, mules who served as a cooker, weapons, all related to the battle, all that the king's hands took between the Szars and the Ulai River, was on the orders of Ashur and the Great Gods Joy exported from Elama and distributed as gifts between all the troops. "

Department of State

The entire state administration system was delivered to the service of the military case and the conquest policy of the Assyrian kings. The posts of Assyrian officials are crowded closely with military posts. All the filament of the country's management convergence to the Tsarist Palace, where the most important government officials who are responsible for individual management branches are constantly being.

The extensive territory of the state who exceeded its size all previous state associations, demanded a very complex and cumbersome apparatus of government. The preserved list of officials of the era of Asarhadon (VII century BC) contains a list of 150 posts. Along with the military department, there was a financial department who made the fees with the supply from the population. The provinces attached to the Assyrian State were to pay a certain tribute. The areas inhabited by nomads, usually paid tribute to nature in the size of one head with 20 heads. Cities and areas with a settled population were paid tribute to gold and silver, as can be seen from the preserved applied lists. Taxes from the peasants were charged in kind. As a rule, one tenth of the crop was taken in the form of a tax, the fourth part of the forage and some cattle. From arriving ships they took a special duty. The same duties were charged with urban gates from imported goods.

Only representatives of the aristocracy and some cities in which large priestly priests were exempt from such taxes. So, we know that Babylon, Borschsha, Sippar, Nippur, Ashur and Harran were freed from the tax in favor of the king. Usually, the Assyrian kings after their entry into the throne with special decrees confirmed the rights of the largest cities on self-government. So it was under Sargon and Asarhaddon. Therefore, after the top of the Ashurbanipal, the inhabitants of Babylon turned to him with a special petition, which reminded him that "only our Tsari Vladyki joined the throne, they immediately took steps to confirm our right to self-government and provide our welfare." Domestic letters that have been given to aristocrats often contain registry who freed this aristocrat from the duties. These attributes are usually formulated as follows: "Do not take feeds with grain. He does not carry the mantles in their city. " If the land plot is mentioned, then it is usually written: "Free plot freed from the supply of forage and grain". Taxes and duties were charged with the population on the basis of statistical lists, which were compiled during periodic censuses of the population and property. In those who remained from the charran areas, the names of people, their related relationships, their property, in particular the number of land belonging to them, and finally the name of the official to whom they were obliged to pay taxes.

The preserved code of laws belonging to the XIV century. BC E., Speaks about the codification of an ancient normal law, which has retained a number of remnants of deep old, as, for example, blood remnants or a trial of human guilt with water (a kind of "Ordalia"). However, the ancient forms of the usual law and community court were increasingly inferior to their place of regular royal jurisdiction, which was in the hands of judicial officials, solved cases on the basis of uniqueness. The judicial development is further indicated by the judicial procedure established by law. The proceedings consisted of establishing the fact and composition of the crime, the interrogation of witnesses, the testimony of which was to be supported by a special oath of the "divine bull, son of Sunny God", court trials and judicial sentence. Special judicial bodies existed, and the Supreme Court usually endured in the Tsarist Palace. As can be seen from the preserved documents, Assyrian courts, whose activities were aimed at strengthening an existing class system, usually imposed various punishments for those perpetrators, and in some cases these punishments differed in great cruelty. Along with fines, forced work, bodily punishments were also used cruel cauldron. The guilty cut off her lips, nose, ears, fingers. In some cases, the convict was planted on a stake or poured his head with hot asphalt. There were prisons that are described in the documents preserved to our time.

As the Assyrian state grows, the need for a more thorough management of both Assyrian regions and conquered countries arose. The mixing of the Subaire, Assyrian and Aramaic tribes in one Assyrian people led to the rupture of old tribal and generic ties, which demanded a new administrative division of the country. In distant countries conquered by the power of Assyrian weapons, revolutions often arose. Therefore, with Tigladpalasar III, the old large areas were replaced by new, smaller in size, at the head of which special officials were supplied (Bel-Pakhati). The name of these officials was borrowed from Babylonia. It is very possible that the whole new system of small management districts was also borrowed from Babylonia, where the population density has always demanded the organization of small districts. Trade cities used by privileges were governed by special leadership. However, the entire management system as a whole was largely centralized. To manage an extensive state, the king enjoyed special "officials for instructions" (Bel-Pikitti), with which all the threads of management of a huge state focused in the hands of a despot, who was in the Tsarist Palace.

In the new-Assyrian era, when a huge Assyrian power was finally formed, the management of an extensive state required strict centralization. The maintenance of permanent concrete wars, the suppression of the uprisings among the conquered peoples and among the broad masses brutally exploited slaves and the poor demanded the concentration of the supreme power in the hands of the despot and consecrates its authority with religion. The king was considered the Supreme High Priest and performed religious rites. Even noble people admitted to the reception to the king should have falling to the feet of the king and "kissing the land in front of him" or his legs. However, the principle of despotism did not receive such a clear expression in the Assyria, as in Egypt in the era of the heyday of the Egyptian statehood, when the doctrine of the divinity of Pharaoh was formulated. The Assyrian king even in the era of the highest development of the state was to sometimes resort to the advice of priests. Before the start of a large campaign or appointing a high official to a responsible position, the Assyrian kings were asked by the will of the gods (Oracle), which priests were transferred to them, which gave the opportunity to the ruling class of slave-owned aristocracy to have a significant impact on government policy.

Conquering campaigns of Assyrian kings

The genuine founder of the Assyrian Power was Tigladpalasar III (745-727. BC) laid down the basis of the Assyrian military power of the Assyrian Military Milestone. The first task that stood before the Assyrian king was to apply a decisive blow by Urartu, a long-time opponent of Assyria in Front Asia. Tigladpalasar III managed to make a good trip in Urartu and apply a number of defeats by the Urarts. Although Tigladpalasar did not conquer the URRA kingdom, but it loosened him, restoring the former "power of Assyria in the north-western part of anterior Asia. Proudly report the Assyrian king about his campaigns to the north-west and to the West, which made it possible to finally conquer the Arames tribes and Restore the domination of Assyria in Syria, Piecia and Palestine. Tigladdalacap, conquers Karhemysh, Samal, Hamat, Region of Lebanon and comes to the Mediterranean Sea. He is brought to tribute to Hiram, King Tyr, Prince Biblu and the King of Israel (Samaria). Even Judea, EDD and Philistine Gas recognize the power of the Assyrian conqueror. Gannon, the ruler of Gaza runs to Egypt. However, the terrible troops of Assyrians are approaching the borders of Egypt. Applying a strong blow to the Sabean tribes of Arabia, Tiglattpalasar established communications with Egypt, sending a special official. Especially the major success of Assyrians there. These Western campaigns were the capture of Damascus in 732, which opened the most important shopping and military assistants The path to Syria and Palestine.

No less large success of Tigladpalasar was the complete submission of all southern Mesopotamia to the Persian Gulf. Tougalpalasar writes about it in the chronicle especially in detail:

"The extensive country of Cardunias (Cassian Babylon) to the very long border I submitted to my power and began to dominate her ... Merodaha-Baladan, son Yakina, Tsar Primorye, who did not appear before the kings, my ancestors did not kiss their feet, embraced horror before Grozny The power of Ashwhur, my Mr., and he arrived in the city of Sapia and, being in front of me, kissed my legs. Gold, dust mountains in large quantities, gold products, gold necklaces, precious stones ... Colored clothes, various herbs, cattle and sheep I accepted as a date. "

Capturing in 729. Babylon, Tigutpalassary joined Babylonia to his extensive state, enlisted by the support of the Babylonian priesthood. The king "brought the net victims of Balu ... the great gods, my lords ... and they loved (recognized. - V. A.) My priesthood. "

Having reached in the north-west of the mountains of Aman and penetrating in the East in the field of "Mighty Middes", Toglatpalassar III created a huge and powerful military state. In order to saturate the inner areas with a sufficient amount of labor, the king drove a large number of slaves from the conquered countries. Along with this, the Assyrian king moved the whole tribes from one part of his state to another, which should have to weaken the resistance of the conquered peoples and fully subjugate their authority of the Assyrian king. This system of mass relocations of the conquered tribes (NASAHA) has become one of the ways to suppress conquered countries.

The successor of Tigladpalasar III was his son Salmanasar V. During its five-year reign (727-722 BC. E.) Salmanasar made a number of military campaigns and conducted an important reform. Special attention of Salmanasar attracted Babylon and located in the west of Phenicia and Palestine. In order to emphasize the presence of a personal system with Babylon, the Assyrian king accepted the special name of the Ululay, which he was named in Babylon. In order to suppress the uprising, which the ruler of the Phoenician city of Tira prepared, Salmanasar made two hikes to the West against the Tira and his ally, the Israeli king about this. Assyrian troops broke the Israelis and besieged the island fortress of the Tir and the capital of Israel, Samaria. But the reform conducted by Salmanasar had a particular importance. In an effort to soften the excessively aggravated class contradictions, Salmanasar V canceled financial and economic benefits and filed the privileges of the ancient cities of Assyria and Babylonia - Ashura, Nippura, Sippara and Babylon. By this, he had a strong blow to the slave-owned aristocracy, rich merchants, priests and landowners who enjoyed a particularly large economic influence in Babylonia. Reform Salmanasar, acutely affected the interests of this layer of the population, caused his dissatisfaction with the politics of the king. As a result, the conspiracy was organized and raised uprising. Salmanasar V was overthrown, and his brother Sargon II was erected to the throne.

The conquest policy of Tagulasar III with great brilliance continued Sargon II (722-705. BC), whose name ("Sharre Kenu" - "King is legal") makes it imply that he has captured the power to overthrow his predecessor. Sargon II had to make a trip to Syria again to suppress the uprising of the Syrian kings and princes, which, obviously relied on Egypt's support. As a result of this war, Sargon II defeated Israel, took Samaria and captured over 25 thousand Israelis, resetting them into the domestic regions and to the distant borders of Assyria. After a difficult siege, Tira Sargon II managed to ensure that the Tsar of Tira obeyed him and paid tribute. Finally, in the battle of Rafia Sargon, a complete defeat of Hannon, the prince of Gaza, and the Egyptian troops, which Pharaoh sent to help Gaza. In his chronicles, Sargon II reports that he "grabbed Gannon, Tsar Gaza, his own hand" and accepted tribute from Pharaoh, "Tsar Egypt," and Queen of the Sabean tribes of Arabia. Finally conquer Karhemysh, Sargon II mastered the whole of Syria from the borders of Malaya Asia to the limits of Arabia and Egypt.

Sargon II and his vesir. Relief on the stone. VIII century BC e.

No less large victory won Sargon II over the Urarts on the 7th and 8th year of his reign. Penetrating into the depths of the country by Urartu, Sargon broke the troops of the Urarts, took and plundered the Musashir. In this rich city, Sargon captured huge prey. "The treasures of the palace, everything that was in it, 20,170 people with their property, Halda and Bagbartum, their gods with their rich deputies, I recalculated as mining." The defeat was so great that the Urartsky Tsar of Rus, having learned about the destruction of Musasir and seize the statues of the gods, "she committed his own hand with his life with his own dagger."

Big difficulties represented for Sargon II fight with Babylon, who supported Elam. However, in this war, Sargon won the enemies, using the dissatisfaction of the Chaldean cities and the priesthood of the politics of the Babylonian king Merodah-Baladan (Marduk-Apal-iddina), stubborn, but the vain resistance of which the Assyrian troops brought a loss to trade operations of the Babylonian cities and Babylonian priesthood. Having won the Babylonian troops, Sargon, according to his own words, "joined Babylon among their babysitting." People; led by priests, solemnly invited the Assyrian king to join the ancient capital of Mesopotamia (710 BC). The victory over the urates gave the opportunity to Sargon to strengthen its influence in the border areas inhabited by Midyans and Persians. The Assyrian kingdom has reached high power. The king built himself a new luxurious capital of Dokurukin, the ruins of which give a vivid picture of the Assyrian culture and the heyday of Assyria at this time. Even a distant Cyprus admitted the power of the Assyrian king and sent him a tribute.

However, the power of a huge Assyrian state was largely internally fragile. After the death of a powerful conqueror, the conquered tribes rebelled. New coalitions were formed, threatening the Assyrian king Sina Herib. The little kingdoms and the principality of Syria, the Piecia and Palestine were united again. Tir and Judea, feeling support for Egypt, raised the rebellion against Assyria. Despite the big military forces, Sinikemerib failed to quickly suppress the uprising. The Assyrian king was forced to use not only weapons, but also diplomacy, using a permanent hostility between two large cities of Phenicia - Sidone and Tyr. The siege of Jerusalem, Sinacherib achieved that the Jewish king was bought from him with rich gifts. Egypt, in which the rules of Ethiopian king Shabak could not have Palestine and Syria sufficient support. Egypto-Ethiopian troops were broken by Sinineerib.

Big difficulties were created for Assyria and in South Mesopotamia. The Babylonian king Merodakh-Balaudan continued to support the Elam king. In order to inflict a decisive blow to its enemies in the South and Southeastern countries, Sinacherib furnished a big expedition to Primorskaya Haldey and in Elim, sending his army on land and simultaneously on ships to the shores of the Persian Gulf. However, Sinikemerib failed to immediately end with his enemies. After a stubborn fight against Elamites and Babylonians, Sinineeribed only in 689 took and devastated Babylon, applying decisive defeats with his opponents. Eamsky king, who had previously helped Babylon, could no longer be sufficient support.

Asarhaddon (681-668 BC) joined the throne after the palace coup, during which his father Sinacherib was killed. Feeling some fragility of his position, Asarhaddon, at the beginning of his reign, tried to rely on the Babylonian priesthood. He forced the chapter of the Babylonian rebels to turn to the flight, so that he "fled to Elam as a fox." Taking advantage of the mainly diplomatic ways to struggle Asarhaddon achieved that his opponent "was killed by the Elama sword" for violating the oath of the gods. As the subtle politician Asarkhaddon managed to attract his brother to his side, instructing him by the Office of the Primorskaya Country and completely subordinating his power. Asarkhaddon set the task - to defeat the main enemy of Assyria, Ethiopian Pharaoh Takhark, who supported the princes and kings of Palestine and Syria and the city of Phenicia, who constantly rebelled against Assyrian. In an effort to strengthen your domination on the Syrian coast of the Mediterranean, the Assyrian king should have applied to Egypt's decisive blow. Preparing a hike against the distant Egypt, Asarhaddon initially strikes one of his stubborn enemies, Abdi-Milkutti, the king of Sidon, "who, according to Asarhadon, ran away from my weapons in the middle of the sea." But his king "caught from the sea like a fish." Sidon was taken and destroyed by Assyrian troops. Assyrians in this city was captured by rich mining. Obviously, Sidon stood at the head of the coalition of the Syrian principalities. Capturing Sidon, the king won the whole of Syria and moved the rebellious population into a new, specially constructed city. Having strengthened his power over Arabian tribes, Asarkhaddon conquered Egypt, applying several defeats by the Egypto-Ethiopian troops of Takharkka. In his inscription, Asarkhaddon describes how he seized Memphis for half a day, destroying, empty and delivering the oldest capital of the Great Egyptian kingdom, "pulling out the root of Ethiopia from Egypt." It is very possible that Asarhaddon tried to rely on the support of the Egyptian population, depicting his conquering campaign as the liberation of Egypt from Ethiopian yoke. In the north and in the east, Asarhaddon continued to fight the neighboring tribes of Transcaucasia and Iran. In the inscriptions of Asarhaddon, the tribes of the Kimmerians, Scythians and Midwys, who gradually become a threat to Assyria are already mentioned.

Ashurbanipal, the last significant king of the Assyrian power, during his reign with great difficulty supported the unity and military-political power of a huge state, which turned almost all the countries of the Ancient Western world from the Western borders of Iran in the East to the Mediterranean Sea in the West, from the Transcaucasia in the north to Ethiopia south. The peoples conquered by the Assyrians not only continued to fight their enslavers, but were already organized unions to combat Assyria. The distant and difficult affiliated areas of Primorskaya Haldey with its difficult swamps were a wonderful shelter for Babylonian rebels, who have always supported the Elam kings. In an effort to strengthen his power in Babylon, Ashurbanipal put the Babylonian king of his brother Shamashumukina, but his defense was joined to his enemies. The "treacherous brother" of the Assyrian king "did not restrain the oath" and raised the uprising against Assyria in Akkada, Haldee, among the Aramaites, in a seaside country, in Elame, in Gutium and in other countries. So, against Assyria was formed the powerful coalition to which Egypt was joined. Taking advantage of hunger in Babylonia and inner universities in Elama, Ashurbashchal defeated Babylonians and Elalates and took Babylon in 647. In order to finally break the Eamsk troops, Ashur-Banipal made two campaigns to this distant mountain country and a heavy strike to Elelam. "14 royal cities and countless small cities and twelve Elama districts - I conquered all this, destroyed, devastated, betrayed fire and burned." Assyrian troops captured and plundered the capital of Elama - the Suids. Ashurbanipal with pride lists the names of all Eamsky gods, whose statues he captured and delivered to Assyria.

Significantly important difficulties arose for Assyria in Egypt. By fighting Ethiopia, Ashurbanipal made an attempt to rely on the Egyptian aristocracy, in particular on the semi-independent ruler of the Saa named. Despite the fact that Ashurbanipal supported his diplomatic game in Egypt with the help of weapons, sending troops to Egypt and making devastating campaigns there, Psamik, Son Nekho, using the internal difficulties of Assyria, disappeared from Assyria and formed an independent Egyptian state. With great difficulty, Ashurbanipal managed to maintain his control over the chickens and Syria. A large number of letters of Assyrian officials, residents and intelligence officers addressed directly to the king, in which the most diverse information of political and economic nature is reported, and the troubles and uprisings occurring in Syria. But with special attention, the Assyrian government looked closely to what was happening in Urartu and Elama. Obviously, Assyria could no longer hope only for the power of his weapons. With the help of subtle diplomacy, constantly labby between different hostile forces, Assyria had to maintain his huge possessions, break hostile coalitions and protect their borders from the invasion of dangerous opponents. Such were the outlined symptoms of the gradual weakening of the Assyrian state. The constant danger to Assyria was represented by numerous nomadic tribes who lived north and east of Assyria, in particular Kimmerys, Scythians (Asgusai), Midyans and Persians, whose names are mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions VII century. The Assyrian kings failed to completely subjugate to the Urart and finally crushing Elam. Finally, Babylon always has always been a dream about the restoration of its independence and its ancient not only commercial and cultural, but also political power. Thus, the Assyrian kings, who sought to world domination and formed a huge power, won a number of countries, but could not fully suppress the resistance of all obedient peoples. A subtle-developed espionage system contributed to the fact that the most different information was constantly delivered to the capital of Assira on the borders of the Great State and in neighboring countries. It is known that the Assyrian king reported information about the preparations for the war, about the movements of troops, about the conclusion of secret unions, the acceptance and sending of ambassadors, about conspiracies and uprisings, about the construction of fortresses, about the fuses, about the hijack of livestock, the crop and other affairs of neighboring states .

Assyrian Power, despite its huge sizes, was a colossus standing on clay legs. Separate parts of this enormous state were not firmly related to each other. Therefore, all this is a huge building, built with the help of bloody conquests, the constant suppression of the conquered peoples and the exploitation of the wide masses of the population, could not be durable and soon collapsed. Shortly after the death of Ashurbanipal (626 BC. E.) The combined forces of Mussel and Babylon fell into Babylon and defeated the Assyrian army. In 612 Pala Ninevia. In 605 BC e. The entire Assyrian power under the blows of their enemies collapsed. In the battle of the carchexy, the last Assyrian detachments were broken by Babylonian troops.

Culture

The historical meaning of Assyria is the organization of the first major state, who claimed the association of everything known to the world. In connection with this task, which was delivered to Assyrian kings, the organization of a large and strong permanent army and high development of military equipment. Assyrian culture that has reached fairly significant development was largely based on the cultural heritage of Babylon and ancient Sumer. Assyrians borrowed from the ancient peoples of Mesopotamia a system of wedge-shaped writing, typical features of religion, literary works, characteristic elements of art and a number of scientific knowledge. From the ancient Sumer, the Assyrians borrowed some names and cults of the gods, the architectural form of the temple and, even the typical Summer construction material - brick. The cultural influence of Babylon on Assyria in the XIII century was especially strengthened. BC er, after taking Babylon to the Assyrian king Tukult-Ninurta I, Vavillyan Assyrians borrowed widespread works of religious literature, in particular the epic poem about the creation of peace and hymns to the ancient Gods of Ellill and Marduk. From Babylon, the Assyrians borrowed the measuring and monetary system, some features in the organization of public administration and many elements of law, so developed in the Hammurapi era.

Assyrian deity near the palm tree

The famous library of the Assyrian Tsar Ashurbanipal, found in the ruins of his palace, is evidenced about the high development of Assyrian culture. In this library, a huge number of diverse religious inscriptions, literary works and scientific texts was found, among which inscriptions containing astronomical observations, medical texts, finally grammatical and lexical directories, as well as prototypes of later dictionaries or encyclopedias. Carefully collecting and written off according to special royal instructions, sometimes subject to some rework the most different works of more ancient writing, Assyrian scribes collected in this library a huge treasury of cultural achievements of the peoples of the Ancient East. Some literary works, such as, for example, repentable psalms or "plaintive heart calm songs, indicate a high development of Assyrian literature. In these songs, an ancient poet with great artistic skill transfers the feeling of deep personal sorrow of a person who survived a big mountain, conscious of his guilt and her loneliness. The original and highly artistic works of Assyrian literature belong to the chronicles of the Assyrian kings, describing mainly conquering campaigns, as well as the internal activities of the Assyrian kings.

An excellent idea of \u200b\u200bthe Assyrian architecture of the time of her bloom is given to the ruins of the palaces of Ashchurnazyrpala in Kalah and Tsar Sargon II in District Cherrukin (modern Horsabad). Sargon's Palace is built, like Summerian buildings, on a large, artificially erected terrace. The huge palace consisted of 210 halls and 30 yards located asymmetrically. This palace, like other Assyrian palaces, is typical for the Assyrian architecture a sample of an architecture compound with monumental sculpture, art reliefs and decorative ornamentation. The majestic entrance to the palace was the huge statues of "Lamas", the geniuses of the royal palace depicted in the form of fantastic monsters, winged bulls or lions from a man's head. Walls of the frontal hall of the Assyrian Palace usually decorated with embossed images of various scenes of court life, war and hunting. All this luxurious and monumental architectural ornamentation was supposed to serve as an elevation of the king, who headed a huge military state, and testify to the relics of Assyrian weapons. These reliefs, especially image of animals in hunting scenes, are the highest achievements of Assyrian art. Assyrian sculptors were able to with great truthfulness and with great power of expressiveness to portray wild beasts on which the Assyrian kings were so loved.

Due to the development of trade and the conquest of a number of neighboring countries, the Assyrians distributed Sumero-Babylonian writing, religion, literature and the first primary knowledge of the objective knowledge for all countries of the Ancient Wildlife, thus making the cultural heritage of ancient Babylon's property of most peoples of the Ancient East.

Togoldpalasar III on his chariot

Notes:

F. Engels., Anti-Dühring, Mimitizdat, 1948, p. 151.

Some of these reliefs are stored in Leningrad, in the State Hermitage.

Culture

17th century The rebellion of themeuan (1900-1901). China with eight powers

At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The Qing dynasty also collided with another form of the opposition, represented by a massive folk movement, which was most pronounced during the uprising under the leadership of the Secret Society of Egoeuan (the detachments of justice and the world). The participants of this presentation, who took the form of a national anti-repinct struggle, outgrowed in the end to the uprising against the ruling dynasty, were inspired by patriotic feelings. However, in contrast to reformers and revolutionaries, striving to unite patriotism with the idea of \u200b\u200bmodernization, their

tuani confessed xenophobia, rejecting everything that came to China from the West. Their ideal was to return to the polls of traditional Chinese life, and the most important slogan, especially at the initial stage of the uprising, is a call for the destruction and expulsion of foreigners from China. In contrast to the Taipino uprising, which covered the province of South China, the movement of the Eateuan movement in the north, by In the fall of 1898 in the province of Shandong. This is due to the fact that the provinces of Northern China, primarily Shandong and the Metropolitan province of Zhili, were involved in the events of the Japaway War. In the north at the end of the XIX century. Missionaries were especially active, churches, railways were built, in the territories of concessions, the garrisons of foreign troops were placed.

In the perception of representatives of various social groups, foreigners were obeyed in terms of the population of Northern China faced with the population. The peasants suffered from increasing tax fees, which was the result of the payment of the Contribution of Japan. Particularly worsened the situation of those segments of the population, which served the paths that bind the North of China with the central southern provinces. Mass of boating and transport workers lost sources of existence due to the emergence of new types of transport - railways and steamers, which were mainly in the hands of foreigners. Meanwhile, these groups were most susceptible to calls to take part in the most radical actions, including armed struggle. The authorities have always been difficult to hold in obedience that this part of the population is less than the stabilizing role of community-clan structures. As a result of the invasion of the Chinese market for foreign factory products, the position of the urban craft population was aggravated, more and more confronted with competition from foreign goods.

Schanishi in the mass of their own were also far from sympathy to the growing religious and cultural penetration from the West. The sermon of missionaries was perceived as a threat to the Chinese tradition, consecrated their dominant position in society. To the above, it is necessary to add crocheries and natural disasters that struck in this time a number of areas of North China at this time. The durable Qing courtyard reacted to their ratios as frank bintockers. According to the courtyard, these were just gangsters organized by secret societies who used traditional techniques to attract new supporters to their ranks. In particular, military art played a special role in the propaganda and activities of supporters of Egoeuan. The leaders of Etoeuan teach their followers to the art of hand-to-hand combat, which was perceived by foreigners - witnesses what was happening as studying boxing techniques. For this reason, the Europeans called them byeuan boxers, and the rebellion itself is a boxing.

Not without reason, suspected local officials in sympathy Insurgents, the Qing courtyard appointed the province of Shandong Province of General Yuan Shiki, known for his closeness to foreigners. In front of him, a task was set: any means to stop attacks on foreign missionaries, reprisals with the Chinese - followers of the Christian teaching, the destruction of Christian temples, railways, telegraph lines. It is against these who will take the presence of the West precisely and it was mainly directed by the indignation of the Etoeuan, soon they showed themselves to be cruel and ruthless persecutors of all foreign. Activities taken by Yuan Shikam were very effective. Forces, taking advantage of the organization and armament, quickly inflicted a number of defeats by the detachments of the rebels, which forced them to retreat them to the territory of the metropolitan province of Zhili. It created a immediate threat to the capital and other largest cities of North China.

However, the determination of the Zing court to donate with the ruffers was shaken by the actions of foreigners. In response to the threat from the rebel detachments, they captured the port of Dag, having started the war with China. In the situation, the Empress of Chiesi decided to use the people's movement in the fight against a foreign invasion. The adoption of this decision was facilitated by the fact that there were no slogans against the ruling dynasty in the appeals of the rebels. On June 20, 1900, the Beijing Government announced the war to the powers, in the capital and Tianjin entered the detachments of themeuan, which began together with the Qing troops the siege of foreign missions and concessions. At first it seemed that the fearlessness of their ethuan, rushed with cold weapons into battle against foreign troops, could lead them to victory. The squad of the English Admiral Seimir, sent to Beijing to remove the blockade of the foreign quarter, was crushed. However, as further events showed, the rebels were powerless before the power of modern troops.

Having gathered the 40,000th army from the divisions submitted by the eight powers (England, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia, the USA, Japan), foreigners overcame the courageous resistance of the Eateuani and in August 1900, Beijing. According to the ordination, Tsyshi yard left the capital, moving first in Taiyuan, and then to Xi'an. Guansen, who continued to be under house arrest, was forced to accompany his royal aunt, ordered before the flight from the Imperial Palace to kill the favorite supplied of the emperor. To negotiate the world with the powers was tasked with Hongjan. Negotiations that stretched more than a year were held in the situation of the continued foreign intervention. In North China, an additional detachment of the German army was transferred under the command of Field Marshal Wallderse, who had more than 20 thousand people. Foreign armies consistently suppressed the remaining foci of resistance. On the scale of the involvement of foreign troops «Interventions of eight powers has been an unprecedented military clash between the Chinese Empire and the Western world. Its result was again the crushing defeat of China, fixed in the final protocol, which completed the negotiations between the powers and China.

In accordance with this document, the Qing Government was obliged to pay a huge amount of 450 million yuan within 39 years. China was supposed to bring troops from the capital district, he was forbidden to buy modern weapons abroad. The Office of the Embassy Quarter Beijing completely passed into the hands of foreigners, based on the garrisons of foreign troops. In addition, the Zing Government took the obligation to promote foreign trade and shipping

in China. Only in January 1902 the government and the yard returned to Beijing.

18Vop. Eastern Zhou: Causes of Dynasty Weakness, Period Features

From the very beginning of its existence, the West-Zhousk state was set before the need to reflect the raids of the surrounding tribes, especially in the North-West and the Southeast, and until the pore coped with this task. With increasing separatism, Zhukhou weakened the military power of Vanov, the authority of the royal power fell. Zhowa rulers, everyone with great difficulty was restrained by the Natius tribes, which became particularly strong in the North-West and the southeast of the country. In the VIII century to H.E. Under the pressure of the incessant invasions of the Western nomadic tribes from the depths of Central Asia, Zhusztsi began to leave their original land in the river basin. Weihe. In 771, the Yu-Vana army was broken by nomads, he himself was captured, after which his son Pin Van suffered the capital to the east. This event, traditional Chinese historiography begins the era of the East Zhou (770-256 to X.E.). Its initial stage covering the period from VII to V c. Until X.E., in the chronicle tradition is called the "Sunzu" period ("Spring and Autumn").

Traditionally, the epoch of Eastern Zhou is divided into two periods.

First period (722-481 BC) called Chunzu (spring and autumn), le go (many kingdoms) or five hegemon. It is characterized by the weakening of the power of Wan and the strengthening of territorial rulers. More than one and a half hundred of the principalities led a fierce struggle for domination, and during these internecine wars, a dozen of the most significant, including Eastern Zhou, is distinguished. There was a single cultural and political complex, called the Medino State of Zhongo. This term and currently serves as the official title of China. The basis of the civilization unity of the median states was the general Zhou designer of these states and the glorious history of the Zhou dynasty. At the same time, an idea of \u200b\u200bthe superiority of the median states over the remaining living space of the worlds of the Barbarians of the four countries was arisen. In the consciousness of the ancient Chinese (Huasya), these ideas began to play a dominant role.

Conscreasing in the east of the country, Pin Wan formed a small state here with the capital in the city of Loi. By this time, according to traditional historiography, there were about 200 kingdoms in China, which a number of researchers, not without reason, the foundations include the category of state cities. In general, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe early state formations in ancient China as the despots of the Eastern type has long been required by revision and is subjected to a thorough criticism. The Rannezhou kingdoms of the Ancient China (which are absolutely impossible to relate to the number of protodrevnekykaysky, for their various ethnic community consolidated, and not only the protohans) were located from the west to the east of the valley of the river. Wehhe to P-ov Shandong, including the Great Chinese Plain, in the south and south-east, they captured the valley of the lower and medium-sized river. Yangtze, and in the north they reached the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Beijing. They were surrounded by hostile tribes, known under generalizing names: Di (northern tribes), and (Oriental tribes), Mag (southern tribes), Rong (Western tribes).

Among the kingdoms, scattered at this time in the middle and lower flow of Juanhe on the Great Chinese Plain, some attracted themselves to the descendants of Jususes, others - the Shanntians. But they all recognized the supreme power of the Zhowsky Vana, proclaimed by the son of the sky, and considered themselves the "median kingdoms" (Zhongo) of the world - the focus of the universe. The ritual-magical concept of the Zhowsky Vana as the son of the sky was associated with the cult of heaven - the Supreme Divine, which originated in China together with Zhowa statehood. Compared to the Shansky cults of the ancestors and forces of nature, the cult of the sky and the son of the sky, as his earthly incarnation, was a sense, inter-ethnic, compatible with local community cults, but towering over them. Together with the teachings about the will (mandate) of the sky (Tianmin - "Divine Investment"), he served the idea of \u200b\u200bthe charisma of the authorities of Van and legitimation of the right of the Zhou dynasty to domination in the Middle Kingdom (Tianza is under the sky). Although the East Zhowskaya kingdom at this time was by no means largest and far from the most powerful in militarily, but it was it that was a kind of binding the unity of the "Zhowsky world" due to the consecrated tradition of the presentation of the sacral nature of his rulers. It has played a big role in the establishment of diplomatic relations between the "median kingdoms" throughout the Chunzu period.

In addition to the "median kingdoms" in the territory of the "Zhowsky World" there were also other states, not at all inferior to them in size or by the level of cultural development. Among them were distinguished by the southern kingdoms of Chu (on average during the Yangtze), (in Delta Yangtze) and south of them - Yue. Their population was relatively ancestors of Vietnamese, Zhuang, Miao, Yao, Tai and other peoples of Southeast Asia. By VII. to H.E. Chu turned out to be among the most powerful kingdoms, his rulers assigned the title of Vanov and, heading the coalition of the southern kingdoms, was actively involved in the struggle of the Old China kingdoms for hegemony in the Middle Kingdom.

Zhowa civilization perceived and developed important achievements of Shanin culture (primarily a hieroglyphic letter and technique of bronze production). "Chunzu" was a period of developed bronze century in China. At this time, the technology of making bronze alloys is progressing. The production of bronze tools of labor is expanding. New types of offensive weapons appear, first of all the rifle. So, in Chu is inventing a powerful crossbow with a bronze trigger, the design of which required the use for its manufacture of top quality bronze. Epoch "Chunzu" was an apogee of the power of the chariot troops, the driving of a chariot is among the six higher species of the art of Zhowa aristocracy. At this time, there is an increase in cities as cultural and political centers; They, as a rule, remain small, but there are also cities with a population of 5-15 thousand people.

The rulers of kingdoms are widely practicing the distribution of land for the service, which, in particular, meant the assignment of rights to receive income from communities. In connection with the decomposition of community ownership in many kingdoms, community redistribution of land, which was heated inherited for individual families. This caused a change in the entire seizure system by the state of the surplus product from the majority of manufacturers. According to available data, first in the kingdom of LU (in 594 to X.E.), then in Chu (in 548 to X.E.), and then in other states, the system of collective processing of the community part of its fields in favor The king was replaced by grain tax (usually in one tenth harvest) from the field of each family. In fact, it was the beginning of regular taxation of farmers, which influenced the nature of communal self-government bodies.

From representatives of community bodies of self-government, we know: the elders of Foulo, elected by the simple people (Schujan) in communities (Li), the college of the three main elders (Sonloo) and the elder, or the urban head (PERSUEN). Self-governing bodies, apparently, actively functioned in cities and community associations (and). Representatives of community bodies of self-government were responsible for the performance of labor obligations, for the collection of taxes, for maintaining order in the community, the execution of the intercommunal cult (in particular, Sanlao). They could convene a local militia, organize urban defense, to finish the court over community people and even sentence them to death. In a number of kingdoms, they could independently be demolished with the outside world, with the help of a local militia could influence the outcome of the internecine struggle of applicants for the royal throne. In the socio-political life of the "Chunzu" period, the layer of Gozhen - "Free People", "Full Military Citizens of the City", owned by military service, payment of submissions and carrying a number of duties. Sometimes they protrude on the side of the ruler in his struggle with powerful to know, their active intervention in the affairs of the internal and foreign policy of kingdoms causes the assumption of the remnants of the Institute of the People's Assembly. Information about Gozen in the kingdoms of Zheng, Wei, Jin, Qi, Sun, Chen, Lu, Jui may be evidence that these states preserved the well-known features of a democratic device. In some cases, the rulers of kingdoms even concluded agreements on mutual support with Guezen. However, the role of Gozhein in the political life of kingdoms by the middle of the I millennium to X.E. Everywhere came to no.

During this period, the facts of alienation of private plants and gardens appear, but they still do not receive any noticeable distribution of the transaction from the ground. With the deepening of the community bundle process, debt slavery develops, first under the guise of "adoption", "pledge" of children. Zhuitz hostages in order to preserve the employee in the farm often married the owner's daughter. Patriarchal slavery was common in private community farms. For homework, Nichanzi was used - slaves, fitted in the house from the slave. Rabba labor has also been used in agriculture. In some cases, many slaves accumulated in individuals. So, for example, according to narrative monuments, in 593 to X.E. Jinsky commander received a thousand families from among the captured "barbarians" from the "Red Di" tribe. Even if this number is significantly exaggerated by the source, it is still very large. Such a large number of workers could hardly be used in private economics. Apparently, the calculation was on their implementation, which makes it assume the development of the slave trade. However, in general, private slavery during this period has not yet received noticeable development. Sources of state slavery remained seizing prisoners of war and enslavement. The slaves were often called by profession (groans, woodcutters, a porter, a shepherd, a cleaner, an artisan) or applied common names for them, for example, the "servant", "tags". Delicate workers used in production were also the collective terms -ls and PU, and belong to persons who lost status guaranteeing personal freedom. It is significant that during this period the "classic" term is approved to designate a slave - well, which is then standard for all further periods of China's history. The characteristic feature of the slavery of the East National Society was to preserve many categories of slaves of signs of the subject of law.

On the territory of the "median kingdoms" there was a process of forming the formation of ethnocultural communion of Huyasya, during which an idea of \u200b\u200bthe exclusiveness and cultural superiority of Huasya over the rest of the world periphery - "barbarians of the four sides of the world" (SI). Moreover, in this East of the ethnocentric model, Okumens, not ethniculate, but culturally distinctive signs are put forward to the fore. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe absolute cultural priority of Zhongo Zhen ("people of median kingdoms") becomes the most important component of the ethnic self-consciousness of the ancient Chinese. However, even then, she resolutely challenged by the ancient Chinese thinkers who realized its complete inconsistency of the modern reality. As already mentioned, except for the "median kingdoms" in China, there were other major states, and even fading them in public development. About the high culture of nonhuassian kingdoms Chu, y and Yue has already been relatively known from the materials of the excavation, and the archaeologists receive all new data confirming it. In recent years, due to their efforts, monuments have been opened to this almost unknown on written sources of the East National Kingdom of Zhuvshan, based on the "White Di" tribes in Northern China (in Hebeie), which had a high original culture; Zhongshan products belong to the best artistic samples of the bronze-band art of the ancient China of the middle of the I millennium to X.E. However, in the chronicle monuments about the kingdom of Zhongshan, only casual is mentioned, since it could not stand the onslaught of "median kingdoms". It is also known that in addition to Zhuvshan "White Di" in the same region in the Epoch "Chunzu" two more kingdoms were created - Fei and Gu.

The confrontation of the Huasy kingdoms to all "Barbarars of the Four Parties of the World" is clearly manifested in the relationship between the kingdoms in the period "Chunzu": mutually respectful - "fraternal, relatives" between Huyasi, related to the special rules of conducting civil wars, on the one hand, and fulfilled the contemptuous attitude of the Huasy kingdoms to "Nutty Varvaram" - on the other. Meanwhile, from the end of the VII - the beginning of the VI century. to H.E. The outskirts of nonhuassian kingdoms are put forward to the first political situation as "hegemon" (BA), actually dictating their will of the Middle Kingdom in the "Chunzu" period. Among them, the ancient Chinese historical tradition calls at least four ruler of the "barbaric" kingdoms: the North-Western Zong kingdom of Qin, already mentioned by the Southern Magian kingdoms of Chu and Ya and the most southern of all, the ethnically inhomogeneous kingdom of Yue. Of these, only Qin nominally recognized the power of East National Vana.

Over the centuries, the "median kingdoms" were in constant and intensive contacts with these and other neighboring inhen-ethnic peoples and tribal groups of East Asia, during which a complex process of assimilation and mutual influences took place. The formation of the generality of Huyasya was a significant impact on the middle-auke plain in the VII-VI centuries. to H.E. Northern tribes, who belonged to the so-called "Scythian World". The borrowing of the cultural achievements of "other people" ethnic groups was important for the socio-political, economic and economic and ideological development of "median kingdoms". From the end of the "Chunzu", the territory of Huasya is noticeably expanding, although within the pool r. Juanhe and medium current r. Yangtze. There are increasingly close relationship between "median kingdoms" with the peripheral kingdoms Qin, Yan and Chu, who, for their part, are directly involved in the cultural influence of Huasya. All these processes occur against the backdrop of fierce wars between the kingdoms who acquired an extremely tense character at the beginning of the second half of the I millennium to X.E. In the internecine struggle of the "median kingdoms", strong in militarial relations of nonhuassian kingdoms actively interfere, and it is precisely their participation in a particular military coalition that the outcome of conflicts is often solved. "States with ten thousand combat chariots" ("Wan Cheng Guo") were presented to contemporaries of mighty power that determined the fate of the Middle Kingdom. The revolving tension of the internecine struggle of the "median kingdoms" was complemented by collisions of political forces inside them. The dominant position in the ancient Chinese kingdoms of the Chunzu period belonged to the hereditary aristocracy associated with relations with the royal houses. She occupied the highest posts in the state administration, owned by combat bronze chariots, which constituted the main shock force of the troops. In contrast, the rulers began to form armies from infantry units. Starting with the VI century. to H.E. Everywhere there is a violent struggle of noble childbirth for power in their kingdoms. In an effort to weaken the power of this clan hierarchical aristocracy, the rulers of the kingdoms are trying to rely on their loyal people from unsubstantial families personally, a new service remuneration system is introduced - the "salary", which began to be paid by grain that served the most important equivalent of the cost. These innovations in the field of political departments led to a change in the nature of the state device. In major kingdoms, a centralized political and administrative management system is gradually established.

In the middle of the 11th millennium to X.E. The political map of ancient China compared with the beginning of the "Chunzu" period changes dramatically: from two hundred state entities remains less than thirty, among which "seven strongest" - Qin, Yan and Chu, relating to the "peripheral", as well as Wei, Zhao , Han and Qi are the largest of the "median kingdoms". The irreconcilable struggle between them for the predominance and domination in the Middle Kingdom becomes the defining factor in the political history of the ancient China in the subsequent period - the V-III centuries. Until X.E., - entered the tradition called "Zhango" ("struggling kingdoms"), which is completed by 221 to X.E.

The second period of the epoch of Eastern Zhou Zhango or Preimper (480-221 BC) was accompanied by ideological and mental and socio-political transformation of Chinese civilization. 500 years later, the Chinese approached the iron century, parting with bronze. The wide development of iron treatment techniques transformed the landscape, made the massive development of new lands possible, led to serious shifts in the development of crafts and agriculture. With the development of the casting technique, a plow appeared with an iron lemeh, which gave the opportunity to make a deeper plowing of the Earth. What significantly increased yields.

The iron shovel facilitated the construction of large channels, dams and dams. Starting with V c. BC. Large drainage and irrigation work unfolded. Created extensive reservoirs. The throughput capacity of waterways was adjusted by gateways. In the Juanhe and Upper Yangtze basin, the expansion of the processed lands and more intensive use began. The development of cultural agriculture has become an essential factor in the progress of Chinese civilization.

The main deposits of iron were in the north, in the territory of Kingdoms Zhao, Han, Yan and Qi. Its prey and the ability to process stimulated the rapid lift crafts of silkobyk, ceramic, wood-binding, varnishing, metallurgical, shipbuilding.

Craft and trade has become extremely profitable classes. In cities that were only administrative centers before. Appeared open markets. For the first time, metal coins were recognized as universal equivalent when exchanging. They had a different shape of a square, knives, swords and a shovel. Molded and round money with square hole in the middle. Between the kingdoms were established customs borders. The emergence of money and money circulation led to the development of usury. In some kingdoms, the sale and sale of land was already officially permitted and large private farms were created focused on the market. It was during this period that the concept was developed, recognizing the land the only source of wealth.

During these transformations, a new one knew to be formed, which was mostly attracted from the bottom. This trading person who had no generic origin nor titles acquired more and more weight in society, was tested by hereditary aristocracy. New know bought the posts of officials and, having received access to the state apparatus, sought reforms to strengthen its position and development of private trafficking.

Zhanggo is almost two centuries of the final stage of the Board of the Zhousk dynasty, filled with an active struggle between the individual kingdoms for domination in the subway. Hence another name of this period that fighting kingdoms. In the course of fierce rivalry from almost two hundred state formations, less than three dozen left, among which seven powerful Han, Wei, Zhao, Tsy, Chu, Yan, Qin. Centralized forms of government, a professional bureaucracy introduced by the state, the tax system has destroyed relations based on tribal ties, traditions and customs.

In the struggle for power and in search of permission, the new world was born between individual kingdoms, the mentality of people of Chinese civilization was formed. The intense intellectual life of Eastern Zhou with a wide and open struggle of ideas formed a system of social, ethical and spiritual values. Created a certain model of the state claiming versatility. In fact, in the era of rivalry a hundred schools, the main trends in the internal transformation of the Chinese civilization were designated. I was looking for answers to questions: how to unite the country how to preserve the world, what a state should be, what qualities should a person have to strengthen and prosper the country. Confucianism, Taoism, Lead, followers of the teachings about Yin and Yan, about five beginnings, and representatives of other areas of social thought of rational-pragmatic epochs Chunzu and Zhango, were given to these questions.

19 of picks. The states of the Korean Peninsula (the second floor of POL.XX)

The Second World War played a decisive role in the fate of Korea. The question of the post-war future of this state has repeatedly rose during the negotiations between the participating countries of the Anti-Hitler coalition. AT Cairo Declaration, signed by the United States, Great Britain and China on December 1, 1943, Korea was promised independence (how true, this promise sounded in fairly uncertain form). On the Yalta conference(February 1945) US President F. Roosevelt made a proposal for joint care over Korea 4-Powers ─ USA, USSR, Great Britain and China. Although this project has not been developed in detail, I.V. Stalin agreed with him. Perhaps he was satisfied with the fact that the Americans had no intention to post their troops on the Korean Peninsula. The question of the future of Korea was affected by Potsdam conference(July-August 1945), during which representatives of the USSR rejected the proposal to take control of all the military

operations on its territory. On August 14, 1945, Stalin endorsed the US Offer on the Temporary section of the Korean Peninsula in two areas of responsibility with the border of the 38th parallels, following the Soviet 25th Army's troops, who quickly moved to the south of Korea, was given an order to suspend his offensive on this conditional border

In May 1948, elections to the National Assembly were held in South Korea, the State of the Republic of Korea (RK), the Constitution and elected the President of the country man. The capital of the republic was left by Seoul. In the quality of the response step in the north in August 1948,

bors to the Supreme People's Assembly (VNS) Korea. They were devoted to the Vekorean character by the participation of a number of representatives of the population of South Korea. The first session of the VNS proclaimed 9 September of the same year, the creation of the Korean People's Democratic Republic (DPRK), Pyongyang became the capital of the new state. At the request of the newly created government of the DPRK, the Soviet Union brought his troops from its territory. The emergence of two Korean states, each of which proclaimed himself the only legitimate and applying for the whole territory of Korea, objectively created prerequisites for the conflict between them. The 38th parallel became the place of permanent armed skimpers, which only in 1949 were 1836, large military contingents were drawn there on both sides.

On thethe conditions of the growing confrontation on June 25, 1950 began an armed conflict between the North and South. The fighting took place with varying success. In the war, large departments of the United States joined the south. The USSR sent his military specialists and pilots to support the North Korean army. In October 1950, large detachments of Chinese folk volunteers also came to the rescue of the DPRK. On July 19, 1953, an agreement on truce in Korea was concluded, completed

three-year-old armed test forces with two social camps. Chinese and American troops remained on the territory of the peninsula. The war ended almost on the same turns along the 38th parallels, where she began. For each side of the border, a two-kilometer demilitarized zone was created.

DPRK

The war inflicted great damage to the economy of North Korea. Gross industries decreased by a period of 40% compared with a pre-war period. The leading industries were especially difficult: power engineering, metallurgy, railway transport and other models due to economic assistance and technical assistance to the USSR, PRC and countries of Eastern Europe, the consequences of military destruction was as a whole to overcome by 1956. The inheritant economic recovery was undoubtedly a high traditional culture The labor of Koreans in combination with a rigid barracks of discipline established by the authorities.

In the economic sphere in the 50s were used soviet model. Since 1954, the state has begun planning the development of the national economy. A course was taken to strengthen the positions of the state and cooperative sectors in the economy (already in 1956, state-owned enterprises produced 98% of all industrial products, and state-facilities and cooperatives ─ about 75% of agricultural gross production). In 1958, the cooperation of agriculture was completed. Big successes were achieved in industrial construction: for the period from 1953 to 1960, the gross production of industry increased almost 10 times (75% of the volume of work in capital construction was financed by the Sotthanes). As a result, by the end of the 50s, the DPRK turned into an industrial-agricultural state: in 1960, the share of industry in the gross industries and agriculture was 71%.

In the 50s, there is a significant evolution of the North Korean regime, characterized by the strengthening of the personal power of Kim Il Sen. This was facilitated by a number of factors:

─ Eastern-despotic traditions and a cult of social disciplines are deeply rooted among the population of Korea.

─ the actual absence of the opposition, since the previous policy of the Soviet occupation authorities, as well as the war, during which most of the territory of North Korea visited the Occupation of the UN Forces, allowed all opponents to leave the DPRK (i.e., actually the opposition itself sent themselves exile).

─ Unlike the countries of Eastern Europe, Korea did not attract the close attention of the international community (with the exception of the period of the war of 1950─1953). Therefore, before the leadership of the DPRK, there was no task of preserving the "democratic facade" in the form of symbolic multiparty.

As a result, after the end of the war, the North Korean "Unpoletarian" parties (the Democratic Party, later renamed the Social Democratic, as well as the Party of Chonadan) as a result of the relevant state policy turned out from real political groups to the fictitious centralization-offices that have completed purely representation functions. However, along With the conditions that contributed to the strengthening of the personal power of Kim Il Senne, there were also certain factors constrained. In particular, for the ruling Labor Party of Korea (TPK) in the late 40s - the first half of the 50s was inherent factionalismWhat had their historical explanation. The fact is that in the conditions of Japanese colonial domination, the Korean Communist Party actually ceased to exist (in 1928, the Comintern executive committee decided to terminate any connections with it). The recreation of the Communist Party happened after the liberation of Korea and on a qualitatively new basis. In the Soviet occupation zone, the struggle for leadership in the party turned between three groups: "Inner"where there were former underground workers, "Yannan"(or "Chinese"), uniting Korean immigrant communists who returned from China and "Partizanskaya"(It belonged to her by Kim Il Sen), which was formed by the participants of the partisan movement in Manchuria. Soon the already mentioned influential Sovietthe group created by the Soviet Koreans worked in the Party and State DPRK apparatus. The presence of these factions and rivalry between them limited the power to Kim Il Sen.

I prevented the establishment of the sole power regime and the fact that North Korea experienced a strong influence of the USSR and China, whose policies were guided by the corresponding factions in the party's party leadership.

After the end of the war, Kim Il Saint began a consistent struggle for strengthening its position in the party. The moment for these actions was well chosen, because after the death of I.V. Stalin in the Soviet leadership launched a struggle for power, and attention to the DPRK on the part of the Soviet Union was weakened for some time. Using this, Kim Il Sen began the one-year destruction of intraparte groups. In 1953, the "Inner" faction was eliminated: its leadership (including the former foreign minister of the DPRK Pak Hen Yong) was arrested on charges of espionage in favor of the United States and Japan and shot. After that, relying on the support of "partisan"

groupings, Kim Il Saint switched to the fight against the "Soviet" and "Yannan" fractions, which is officially motivated by the need to limit foreign influence, but in reality a completely different political goal is to fully strengthen his personal power. Actions Kim Il Siena caused sharp internal political crisiswhose peak came in 1956 (in this regard it is noteworthy that Kim Il Sen and his entourage tried to silenced the decisions of the XX Congress of the CPSU, who exposed Stalin's personality cult).

In August 1956, at the next plenary of the Central Committee of the TPK, the leaders of the "Yanan" faction attempted to remove Kim Il Seni from power. But she failed: "conspirators" did not receive the expected support among the members of the Central Committee, were excluded from the party and were planted for home arrest (miraculously managed to flee to Beijing). After this, the Soviet Union and China decided on direct interference in the internal political struggle in the DPRK. In September 1956, a joint Soviet-Chinese delegation arrived in Pyongyang, which was headed by A.I. Mikoyan and Peng Dehuai. Under the Soviet-Chinese pressure Kim Il Saint promised to restore the Parties of the Avgustovsky

speeches continue not to take repression against immigrants from the USSR and China. However, he did not fulfill his promise: they soon began massive "cleaning", which permanently ended with fractionality in the ranks of the TPK and finally cleared Kim Il Seine to the way to one. The victims of these "cleaning" and followed by the repression of the repression of both major personnel workers and ordinary members of the party belonging to the opposition factions. In total, approximately 9 thousand people were injured in intra-page "cleaning" 1958-1960: they were excluded from the party, destined to the court and executed. As a result, by the end of the 50s, all key posts in the party and the state were in the hands of the faithful associates Kim Il Sen.

The crisis of 1956 became the frontal milestone in the evolution of the KPRC political system, since it was he who marked the birth of a Kimirsenian regime. The defeat of intraparte groups has sharply limited foreign influence, prevented the penetration of ideology and practices for the fight against the cult of personality and thereby created ideological conditions for an unprecedented campaign to praise the country's leader, strengthening its unlimited power. If before that, North Korea was a second-rate country of "People's Democracy", then after 1956 she began to acquire unique features.

The economic dependence of the DPRK from the Soviet Union and China forced Kim Il Seine to lavish between Moscow and Beijing. This predetermined a frequent shift of the subsequent foreign policy orientation of the country (from the Soviet to Sobyaya and, ultimately, ─ independent). At the turn of the 50s60s, Kim Il Saint refuses the Soviet development model and takes a course on the construction of socialism "on its own forces". The "cultural revolution" began in China forced the North Korean leadership to distance themselves from the PRC (from the mid-60s, the DPRK government began to hold a consistent neutrality policy with respect to the Soviet-Chinese conflict). In 1966, after the visit to Pyongyang Soviet Prime Minister A.N. Koshigina, Kim Il Sand proclaimed the "independent line" TPK, based on the principles of full equality, sovereignty, mutual respect and non-interference of communist and working parties in each other's internal affairs. " Further, on the basis of this course, party theorists have developed juche's ideas: "Autonomy in ideology, independence in politics, independence in the economy, self-defense in defense". Idey Juche was erected to rank official party and state policy, which was fixed constitution 1972, and predetermined the originality of the subsequent development of the country.

Consistently conducted by North Korea, an independent course in foreign policy led to a sharp reduction in economic assistance from the USSR and China, but helped her to avoid tough international isolation. In 1975, the DPRK became a member of the Non-Aligned Movement. In the late 70s, it was a participant of more than 150 international organizations and supported diplomatic relations with 97 countries. The basis of its national model, the North Korean leadership laid the idea of \u200b\u200ba permanent revolution, interpreted as "a continuous enhancing process, which will continue until the complete victory of socialism." A characteristic feature of the formated political system of the DPRK was hypertrophied personification of power in the form of a cult of the leader. Pravaging Kim Il Sena in the 60s and especially in the 70s acquired scope unprecedented in socialist countries.

In 1972, Kim Il Saint took the presidency of the DPRK, established in accordance with the new Constitution. The official propaganda endowed it with numerous glorifying epithets ("Great Leader", "Sun of the Nation", "Pledge of Liberation of Mankind", etc.). In the environment of creative intelligentsia, the so-called was created. "The name of April 15" (April 15th is the birthday of Kim Il Sena), which became the collective author of a large series of artistic works, glorified by Kim Il Sen and those who have published huge circulations. His birthday became one of the 9 national holidays in the DPRK. In 1980, on the VI Congress of TPK, Son Kim Il Sen Kim Jong Ir.─ was officially proclaimed by the political heir of his father, which immediately found the theoretical substantiation ("Since the revolution continues from generation to generation, the leader should be replaced by the same principle"). In 1992, Kim Il Saye, in the days of the celebrations on the occasion of his 80th anniversary, was awarded the title of Generalissimus. After the death of Kim Il Sen (1994), Kim Jong Il became the actual leader of the country, and in 1997 he was elected general secretary of the Korea Labor Party.

The characteristic feature of the socio-political system of the DPRK was the strict regulation of labor and the life of its citizens. To this end, in 1977, the Legal Committee of the Socialist Lifestyle was established. In 1978, the Socialist Labor Code was adopted, clearly distinguished the time of North Korean workers: "8 hours ─ work, 8 hours ─ Motion, 8 hours ─ learn." The entire population of the country is divided into the so-called. "Folk Groups" ("Inminbans"), created at the place of residence, which, along with the implementation of distribution functions, also organize the participation of citizens in various public events and lead educational work "at the family level". The social modeling policy was aimed at consolidating the country's population on The basis of the classical scheme for totalitarian society: leader ─ party mass. Dissent is brutally pursued. In the post-war years, about 10 mass "cleaning", aimed at ensuring the "ideological purity" and monolith of the North Korean society, were held in the DPRK. In 1975, the National Cancer Committee was officially established (in fact, this body existed for a long time).

In the field of material production, the methods of ideological impact on the workers, which were replaced by economic methods of __ enterprises were widespread. So, in 1957, the "Movement of Chollima", named by the name of the legendary winged horse, which overtook time was initiated (this movement, some researchers are regarded as the North Korean version of the "big jump"). Since the beginning of the 60s, the so-called began to be implemented everywhere. The "Tanskaya system" of production management (by the name of the Tansky Electromechanical Plant, where it was first applied). In accordance with this system, the head of the enterprise is not the director, but the party committee, the main functions of which are the ideological impact on the employment team of the enterprise, strengthen the "revolutionary dust" of the masses. The labor enthusiasm of the population was considered North Korean leadership an integral part of economic progress. It was supported by all sorts of ideological means, as well as the actual mailment of production. "Peace Battles" (multi-day labor watches), dedicated to significant dates and events received widespread. For example, only in 1988.989, two "200-day battle" was held to fulfill the tasks of the state plan.

Extensive development made it possible to significantly increase the production potential of the DPRK, create a powerful mining industry, metallurgy, electric power industry and a number of other sectors of the economy. By the mid-1980s, North Korea entered a number of relatively developed countries of East Asia. Its industry provided more than 2/3 productions of the cumulative social product of the country. However, in general, the economy of the DPRK had a closed character, was distinguished by the hypertrophied development of the industry, technical retardation, low production of consumer goods.

Nevertheless, foreign experience, first of all, Chinese, apparently, still contributed to some change in the economic policy of the Government of the DPRK. So, in 1984, the "Law on Joint Enterprises" was adopted, which allowed foreign entrepreneurs to invest its capital in the economy of North Korea. As a result, joint ventures were created with the participation of foreign citizens, mainly representatives of the Korean diaspora in Japan. Due to this, a new sector operating on the market principles in a centralized, directively managed economic system of the DPRK appeared on the market principles. At the same time, the rights of the heads of state-owned enterprises were expanded, elements of material incentives for workers were gradually introduced, minor entrepreneurship was allowed, the production of production in the defense industry began in accordance with the needs of the country in household goods, etc. In order to attract foreign capital and encourage joint

entrepreneurship The DPRK government decided to establish free trade

the economic zone in the north-east of the country.

In the 90s, North Korea faced large economic problems, which were due to both internal causes and exposure to external factors:

─ By this time, the development of the economy based on centralized planning and in the framework of the Juche doctrine has exhausted its capabilities. The weakness and increasing backwardness of the technical and technological base of the North Korean industry and agriculture have become more experienced effectively.

─ exacerbated the economic situation in the country (primarily in the agrarian sector), unprecedented floods of 1995-1996, which underwent approximately 75% of the country's territory, and as a result of which 5.2 million people were injured. The total losses from natural disasters, according to the UN, amounted to $ 17 billion. The amount of agricultural production decreased almost 2.5 times, which sharply aggravated the food problem. Therefore, since 1995, the international community began to assist the DPRK Food Aid.

─ Negative for the country were also changes in the foreign economic sphere. The USSR and the Socialist camp led to a sharp decline in economic assistance provided to North Korea, which caused a tangible blow to its economy. The situation in the economy of the DPRK continues to deteriorate, which indicates the ineffectiveness of its current ("Chuchhesky") model of development. According to the UN assessment, the country's GNP in the 90s decreased by one and a half times the number of the population of North Korea is growing: for the 90s, 2 million people (in 1999, 22.6 million people lived there). Accordingly, income per capita is reduced ─ from $ 1005 in 1992 to $ 429 in 1998. This situation, as well as the incessant increase in crisis phenomena in the economy of the DPRK, forces specialists to conclude that the future of this country is predicted very difficult. It can be definitely noted that in the economic competition with South Korea, the Northern will definitely lose. According to expert estimates, in the late 1990s, its GNP amounted to no more than 5% of the relevant indicator of the Republic of Korea, which clearly indicates a growing break in the development levels of the two countries of the Korean Peninsula, which started approximately equal starting conditions.

Political system. A urta power can be considered a typical despotic state of the Ancient East. The power of URART LORDS was unlimited. The URRA King was both the Supreme Commander of the Uractor Army and the Supreme Priest of the State. Unlike neighboring states, such as Assyria and Babylonia, there are no traces of a significant impact of religious norms or regulatory regulators of public life. In this sense, the URART despotism was absolute, and the state culture is practically not developed.

For example, urtin temple economies did not have such a matter as temple economies, for example, Membassments of Mesopotamia. The leading role belonged to the Tsaris farms, and the whole cities and the districts were considered royal property.

The political system of URARTU was aimed at implementing the main tasks of the state. Such circumstances as the organization of the continuous influx of prisoners of war, the struggle for political hegemony in the anterior Asia, the need to keep in humility and humility The exploited social groups of their country demanded special attention to the army and to the military organization. It is known that the Urantian kings have made a lot of efforts to equip and improve the armed forces. Their foundation was a professional army that was fully at the royal trustee. Even the Assyrians celebrated the skill of the urates in training horses intended for the cavalry. In the inscriptions often reported the achievements of URRA governments in horseback jumps and archery. The army was considered the basis of the power and existence of Urartu.

Control system.The field of field management and the separation of the kingdom into individual districts, at the head of which were governors, was carried out in Urartuz with a large sequence, which had exceptional importance for strengthening the Van Kingdom. In an effort to centralization, the kings were constantly directed to the rulers of the regions and the official apparatus numerous, sometimes small prescriptions. The uprisings and various kinds of trouble saying that, ultimately, the Urartsky kings could not create a solid centralized state. The fragments of urtin government on the periphery indicate repeated hiking of urants in those areas that were considered already part of the Van Kingdom.

Forerer believed that the reform of the administrative management of Assyria, conducted by Toglatpalassar III, had precisely URRTA administrative governance as a sample. But in order to combat an excessive strengthening of the governors of the district of Assyria, there were fewer in size. In the Urartu, the administrative districts were larger, and the excessively intensible urtin governors tried to apply a decisive blow to the royal power.

The core of Urartu was surrounded by numerous semi-dependent and allied possessions and kingdoms, whose loyalty to the central government was exclusively in direct dependence on the military-political successes of the Urartsky kings. The URART state united the areas, very different from ethnic features and in terms of economic development. The efforts of power in the rise of the economy were in vain and did not lead to the creation of a unified economic system. Two Economic Center formed - Van and Transcaucasian.

Foreign policy. Hiking to the northern regions. Stages of dealing with Assyria. Movement of Kimmerians and Scythians.The urtin state at the heyday of its power was the Great Military Power.

Consolidation of the first urit states in the middle of the IX century. BC. It was caused by the need to combine efforts to combat Assyrian aggression. Aram (864-845 BC) became the first king of the United Uhrait (864-845 BC), campaigns of the Salmanasar III army were directed against his possessions. However, these invasions did not prevent further growth and strengthening of the new state.

Fig. Citadel URART KARs on a bathrobe in Tushpe, the capital of Urart

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:van_kalesi.jpg.

The next URRA Government of Sarduri I (835-825 BC) officially draws up its great-container claims. He takes a lush title that was fully borrowed from the Assyrian kings. It was a direct challenge to the mighty power of the Ancient East.

A variety of inscriptions tells about numerous campaigns. Urthi troops penetrate the Kingdom of Mann, located south of Lake Urmia, you are trying to bypass Assyrian power from the flank. Urarta was tested from the captured areas as mining numerous herds, but unlike the Assyrian raids they did not deal with the ruin of the associated territories.

Tsar Menua (810-786 BC) is considered the recognized creator of URART power. He paid great attention to the organization of the army. The URRI army goes to the best Assyrian armament and Assyrian military armor. Menua's military campaigns, with his personal participation, go in two directions - to the southwest, towards Syria, where his troops master the left bank of Efrata, and north, in the direction of the Transcaucasia. The campaigns are peculiar to the feature of the capture without brushes to preserve the political hegemony of Urartu and Dani payments. Often in the newly attached areas were built fortresses that became administrative and business centers. For example, on the left bank of Araks, the Menaohinili fortress was erected, which became an important reference point for further promotion in the Transcaucasia.

With Argishti I (786-764 BC) - Son and Receiver Menua - URRT State entered into a decisive fight with Assyirius for leadership in Front Asia, for the domination of the main trading paths held through the Eastern Mediterranean. The Board of Argishti is the zenith of the power of the Urthi state. The perfect army allowed him to successfully carry out all military undertakes. In the south of the series of consecutive campaigns and the conclusion of unions, the URART ruler carried out the planned flank coverage of Assyria. His troops penetrate Northern Syria. In the south-east, the manneal kingdom in the orbit of its influence in the orbit, descend on mountain valleys to Dialy's pool, going beyond the boundaries of Babylon. As a result, Assyria turns out to be covered in three sides by the possessions of Urartu and its allies.

Also, the great importance of Argishti attached to north, in the Transcaucasia. At this place, the URRA troops reach the borders of Colchis (Kolkhi) in Western Georgia, forcing Araks and master the extensive territory on his right bank, right up to Lake Sevan. Here are built cities - the fortresses of Erebuni and Argishtichinili. The military successes of the URART POWERS were closely related to the functioning of the entire socio-economic system of the URART society, which explains his flourishing in the VII century. BC.

At the same time, a decisive military battle for hegemony was brewing in the front of Asia, and in these conditions, Assyria causes his first blow. In 743 BC. Updated, thanks to Tougalpalasar III, the Assyrian army wins in a decisive battle headed by Urartu coalition in Northern Syria near the city of Arpad. In 735 g BC Tougalpalasar III makes a trip to the center of the Urartskaya Power, in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Van. Assyrian texts with delight describe the successes of their troops. But despite the siege of the capital of Urarts Tuski, the Assyrians could not seize its fortified citadel. In an open military confrontation with Assyria, Urart still suffered his first defeat, but the fight for leadership was not over.

Fig. URARTU during the greatest territorial expansion in 743 BC. e.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:urartu_743-ru.svg?uselang\u003dru.

Assine is collected with the forces for the second strike in its main opponent, which is simultaneously competitored.

Fig. The inscription on the foundation of the temple in the Fortress of Erebuni on the Hill Arin-Berd near Yerevan.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:urartu_cuneiform_argishti_1.jpg?uselang\u003dru.

This blow was carried out during the Board of the Urthi Tsar Rus I (735-714. BC). In the foreign policy of Rus I tried to avoid the open fight against Assyria, but at the same time he supported all sorts of anti-massrivers and actions. The invasion of Kimmerian nomernian in the northern regions of Urarta made it difficult to active politics in the south. However, at the same time, Rus I continues to expand its possessions in the Transcaucasus northeast of Lake Sevan. In this area, it seems that Rus I created a supporting military-economic database to support the Kingdom of Mann, which was fascinating the growth of Assyrian power. At the same time, the new city-fortress Rusakhinili is also built, probably becoming a new capital.

Fig. A fragment of the Bronze Sarader Sarduri II, which shows a popular among the ancient societies a motif "Tree of Life".

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:urartu_helmet_fragment_2~.jpg?uselang\u003dru.

Watching how Rus I strengthens the URART power, Assyria is still decided to apply a military strike to his opponent. In 714 BC The Assyrian army, headed by Sargon II, headed in the field east of Lake Urmia against local rulers, skillfully strained by Assyria by URART king. Rus I found a moment convenient for the decisive battle and tried to go to the rear of the Assyrian group with his troops. The battle occurred in the mountainous area and ended with the defeat of the urates. Destroying everything in its path, the Assyrians ruined the economic complex created by Roma. On the way back, Sargon II, headed by thousands of riders, made a rapid transition along the mountains and a sudden blow captured the Musashir's URBA. Along the route, the Assyrians have consistently tried to apply the maximum damage to the enemy, undermine the economic power of the Urart.

Fig. Urartu during the Board of Arama

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:urartu_860_840-ru.svg?uselang\u003dru.

Based on the point of view of international relations, the value of the 714 trend is very large. The URRA Power suffered a final defeat in the struggle for political hegemony in anterior Asia, giving way to Assyria. Almost a century of urth-Assyrian rivalry ended with the victory of the Assyrian military power.

Fall by Urartu.After his military defeat, the Urartu refused to fight for leadership in anterior Asia, however, the Urantian kings still continued to lead the anti-massical policies. However, the real threat to the Urthi state was not covered in Assyria, but in Scythian tribes that penetrated the front Asia after the Kimmerians. Scythians were blows were dangerous that they were touched upon by the deep rear of URARTU remaining almost unsaveted for the Assyrians. Defined large masses of prisoners of war, forced to pay special attention to the defense, Urartu gradually gives his position in the international arena.

At the beginning of the VI century. BC. URARTU addresses dependence on the mussels, and to 590 BC. Fully ceases to exist. Thanks to the archaeological excavations in Teishebaine (Karmir-Blur), a bright picture of the death of the last Oplotov Urartu in the Transcaucasia taken by the assault on the storm and burned by triumphant winners was opened. A huge part of the former urtin possessions got mussels.

Fig. Urartu during the Board of Sarduri I

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:urartu_840_820-ru.svg?uselang\u003dru.

State device

The Assyrian Power was developed, undoubtedly, following the example of the Cassight monarchy of Babylon.

In Assyria, the king was not considered, as in Egypt, God nor in life, nor after death. First of all, he was a commander, and then the priest and judge.

The historical monuments of Ninevia and neighboring cities did not leave any traces of the religious cult of the king, while the monuments of Pharaohs in Egypt were constructed, apparently, in order to exalted the personality of the lord.

The power of the Assyrian kings grew gradually. At first they did not use the title "Tsar", but called themselves "rulers" (Isshac). By fulfilling their powers, Ishchacu rests on the top seds of the population of individual cities. As a rule, they were the most rich people from the merchants.

Shamshiadad I first assigned the title "Tsar set" and the title of "Warrior Ashhura". From this time, the Assyrian rulers began to wear (although not immediately) the title of king.

Ashshrubalkhalit I in his correspondence with Egyptian Pharaon called himself the "king of the country", as well as the "king of sets". However, the power of the Assyrian kings was not unlimited, they were forced to reckon with a priestly top, as well as with military aristocracy.

Praying the gods, the king shot off the signs of power and applied to God as his Mr., to whom all ordinary people with their weaknesses are also treated. This is evidenced by the following lines of the prayer of the ashursbanpala:

"Let a caring eye, brilliant on your eternal face, will scatter my sorrows; Let him never approach me the divine anger and the rage of him. Let my disadvantages and sins will be dealt with me to reconcile him with him, for I am a servant of His power, admirer of the great gods. Let your mighty leak come to my help ... "

However, in the hands of the "humble" king, a huge power was concentrated. Moreover, the king was relying not so much on the priesthood, how much to troops and the official apparatus as the main and decisive force in the management of the country. In the hands of the Assyrian Tsar Ashurbanapal was, for example, a double power is concentrated: both secular and spiritual.

In the conditions of constant wars, the despotation of the kings of Assyria is intensified. However, here she did not receive such a bright expression, as in Egypt.

Real monuments help us to get acquainted with the life of the Nine'dy yard. Murals on the walls of the royal chambers clearly and brightly reflect military successes, celebrations and hunting kings.

The king surrounded himself a numerous retinue of the court and nobles - the people devoted to him. The first places occupied: turner - Commander-in-chief of the army, which in the campaigns often replaced the king; Palace heralds; Main feeding; abarakku - the main yard dock; governor of the country.

This procedure indicates the meaning that High Sannis Assyria occupied. All of them were directly connected with the king. Saying responsible posts in the management of the state, the dignitaries carried out the royal orders and carried out orders.

In the palaces among all sorts of reports, the bosses, dignitaries and priests are preserved many letters to kings from those of different classes with the wishes of the happiness of the king and gratitude, requests for the adoption of sons to serve in the palace, as well as stars from prisoners of war and prisoners.

Despite slave humiliation, which is distinguished by the content of these documents, they at the same time testify that the Assyrians had a privileged position in the kingdom, used some freedom to the kings and often covered the true state of affairs. So, one priest asks the king to take the service of his son, complains of the court intrigues and the lack of a friend at the court, who, having received a gift from him, could lay the word for his son. One of the contractors complains that he lacks workers for the construction of the canal, the other resembles the king on the payment of remuneration for the manufacture of idols. An official who does not receive a salary begins that the king does not give him to die with hunger. The king is discouraged on the health of its approximate and requires a detailed presentation of the course of the disease.

Assyrian officials with great attention were followed by all the events that took place not only within the state, but also in the neighboring areas, border with Assyria.

The king received a large number of letters from his observers, officials and intelligence officers, in which they reported the most diverse data of economic and political nature: about uprisings and troubles in Syria, position in Urartu, Elama, etc.

The extensive Assyrian Power was shared by fifty of excess provinces, not counting dependent states (Egypt, most of the Babylonia, Tabala, Jews, etc.). Its territory exceeding its size all previous state associations, demanded a very difficult department and a large apparatus. This control was entrusted with the highest military leaders; They had at their disposal military garrisons to maintain internal order, guarding roads in the province and collecting Dani. The provinces directly led the authorized king, and the dependent areas involving the majority of the countries conquered, are local kings or rulers. And in dependent states, their traditional organizations and legislation remained. However, all the activities of these rulers were under the control of royal officials from Ninevenes.

Some of the king conquered countries considered it necessary to keep more strictly, in constant submission of the Assyrian administration.

The largest and most important in their significance of the city and the region appointed governors. The next face after the governor was a warlord. So, for example, Ninevia and Arbele were governors, and in the provinces and cities of Nasibin, Arraphe, Kalah - governors and military leaders. At the disposal of governors, dignitaries and other officials was a large army of scribes.

The duties of officials in the Assyrian state were not strictly delimited due to the underdevelopment of the bureaucratic apparatus. The governors, the dignitaries and military leaders were always assigned to the king and him directly submitted.

In the conquered areas included in the composition of Assyria, the same laws operated, the observance of which was necessarily for all; Their violators are cruel pun.

In the provinces, the Assyrian king retained the traditional laws of their organization. The dynasty of the dependent kings retained the throne, but at the same time they recognized the Assyrian king with their lord, who paid a large tribute annually and delivered the numerous contingent of warriors.

As the Assyrian state develops, the need for a more prompt and flexible management of both the Assyrian regions and conquered countries have arisen. To this end, the Central Administration was created to conduct diplomatic relations between Assyria and Vassal countries.

In the state office of Assyria, the office work was carried out in two languages: Assyrian Dialects of Akkada and Aramaic, which gradually became an international language of anterior Asia. In addition, the most educated scribes studied two Babylonian dialects of Akkada (ancient and conversational) language and even the Sumerian language, which was already dead.

Representatives of the conquered peoples in the will of the king could take responsible posts, the main courtiers, which gave them right along with the Assyrians to participate in the management of the extensive Assyrian monarchy.

Babylon went somewhat later. So, the prophet Daniel, according to biblical legend, became the approximate Tsar Nebuchadnezzar II and received the Babylonian name - Valtasar.

All the threads of the country's management converged to the Tsarist Palace, where the responsible government officials continuously arrived. In the time of Asarhaddon, the preserved list of officials contained a list of 150 posts. In addition to the military department, there was also a financial, certified by the collection of various taxes from the population, Dani from Vassal countries. Nomads paid tribute to nature in the size of one head with 20 heads. The peasants paid the tenth part of the harvest, a quarter of a forage and a certain number of cattle heads.

A duty charged from arriving shopping ships. The control post at the city gates also received a duty from the goods imported into the city. Only representatives of the aristocracy and some cities in which major priests used great influence were released from taxes. We already know from previous chapters that Babylon, Sippar, Barsippa, Nippur, Ashchur and Harran were freed from taxes in favor of the king. These trading cities were ruled by special reflectors, subordinates directly to the king.

Assyrian Power, like other states of the Ancient East, relied not only for the priesthood and childbirth, but mainly on the army.

The Assyrian army, as mentioned about this, was the most perfect in the ancient world and prevented fear of the enemy. The army was completed primarily from the Assyrian regiments, which were her support, and then from the warriors of dependent states. Assyrians almost all got into the army.

Every year, based on the conditions formed in the country, the army was replenished with new contingents, but this should not have been reflected in agricultural work in various areas of Assyria.

For dependent states, the Central Government of Assyria established a certain number of warriors and service life.

During the military campaign, the Assyrian king at the head of each major military unit put one of the main dignitaries of the royal court. This was done in order for during the war, the distinguished commanders could be elevated, providing them with their positions in the Tsarist Palace, since such a right was made to them mainly military exploits.

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