Old Russian letter E. Old Slavonic ABC. Staroslavyansky alphabet - the value of the letters. Old Slavonic letters. Communication of times and events
Az, beech, led, verb, ..., live (Cyrillic letter)
Shortened car
Military response
. "E" in Cyrillic
Letter Cyrillic
Army "will be done!"
How would an ancient Slav named the sixth in order of the letter?
. "Yes!" in military
Consent of the soldier
Answer soldier
. "Yes" in the language of soldiers
. "So exactly, the general!"
Komsomol replied party
. "Yes" soldier
Answer General
. "Komsomol replied ..."
. "Yes sir!"
A - az, b - beech, e - ...
. "Yes sir!" litters of fighter
Response soldier to order
The answer of subordinate in the army
. "... still powder in the Porokhnitsa"
Answer to the order of the commander
Cyrillic
The answer to the order
Old Russian letter "E"
. "Will be done" in the mouth of the soldier
The answer of the soldier to the order of the commander
The same as "so exactly!"
Letter "E" in the old days
Cyrillic letter in soldier's mouths
. "... on the Volga Rock" (songs.)
What does the soldiers answer the order?
Answer commander
. "So exactly, commander!"
Answer to the order of the general
The answer to the order in the army
. "E" of our great-grandfather and great-grandmothers
The answer of the fighter to the order
Soldier's response to the order
Far past letters "E"
Soldier's answer
Army "understood"
The order understood
The letter that "asks to eat"
Letter Cyrillic (E)
. "... we have another business at home" (song)
Soldier "Yes!"
. "... on the Volga Rock" (song)
Answer Soldier Stashina
Feedback on order
Letter ancient Russia
Warrior response to order
Old letter "E"
. "All covered with greens, absolutely the whole, island of bad luck in the ocean ..."
Letter Cyrillic (E)
Letter of Staroslavlyansky Alphabet
old Russian letter "E"
Alternative descriptionsAz, beech, led, verb, ..., live (Cyrillic letter)
Shortened car
Military response
. "E" in Cyrillic
Letter Cyrillic
Army "will be done!"
How would an ancient Slav named the sixth in order of the letter?
. "Yes!" in military
Consent of the soldier
Answer soldier
. "Yes" in the language of soldiers
. "So exactly, the general!"
Komsomol replied party
. "Yes" soldier
Answer General
. "Komsomol replied ..."
. "Yes sir!"
A - az, b - beech, e - ...
. "Yes sir!" litters of fighter
Response soldier to order
The answer of subordinate in the army
. "... still powder in the Porokhnitsa"
Answer to the order of the commander
Cyrillic
The answer to the order
. "Will be done" in the mouth of the soldier
The answer of the soldier to the order of the commander
The same as "so exactly!"
Letter "E" in the old days
Cyrillic letter in soldier's mouths
. "... on the Volga Rock" (songs.)
What does the soldiers answer the order?
Answer commander
. "So exactly, commander!"
Answer to the order of the general
The answer to the order in the army
. "E" of our great-grandfather and great-grandmothers
The answer of the fighter to the order
Soldier's response to the order
Far past letters "E"
Soldier's answer
Army "understood"
The order understood
The letter that "asks to eat"
Letter Cyrillic (E)
. "... we have another business at home" (song)
Soldier "Yes!"
. "... on the Volga Rock" (song)
Answer Soldier Stashina
Feedback on order
Letter ancient Russia
Warrior response to order
Old letter "E"
. "All covered with greens, absolutely the whole, island of bad luck in the ocean ..."
Letter Cyrillic (E)
Letter of Staroslavlyansky Alphabet
What is old (expensive, pre-revolving) spelling?
This is the spelling of the Russian language, which was used from Petrovsky to the spelling reform of 1917-1918. For these 200 years, she, of course, also changed, and we will talk about spelling the end of the XIX - the beginning of the twentieth century - in the state in which he found the last re-form.
What is the old spelling differs from modern?
In the Russian alphabet to reform 1917-1918 there were more letters than this hour. In addition to 33 current letters, there were i ("and a decaratical" in the alphabet, read as "and"), ѣ (yat, read as "E", looks like in an appropriate style. ѣ ), ѳ (Fita, read as "f") and ѵ (Izhitsa, read as "and"). In addition, the letter "Kommersant" (EP, solid sign) is much more widely used. Most of the then-seen dorefomine spelling from now six are relevant to using these letters, but there are a number of other friends, such as the use of other grades in some cases and numbers.
How to use Kommersant (EP, solid sign)?
This is the easier rule. In the pre-reform spelling, a solid sign (he same EP) is written at the end of any word ending for consonants: table, Telephone, St Petersburg. This also applies to words with hissing consistency at the end: ball, I will marry unbearable. Exception - words, finishing on "and short": j. considered vowel. In the words where we now write on the end of a soft sign, in the pre-reform spell, he also needs: deer, mouse, sitting.
How to use i ("and decimally")?
It is also very simple. It needs to be written on the place of the current andif immediately after him there is another vowel letter (including - according to pre-revolutionary rules - j.): linіya, Friend, Prіѣkhal, Sine. The only word where writing і does not obey this rule - it mІR In the meaning of "Earth, Universe". Thus, in the pre-reform spelling of the creature-Valo anti-info peace (lack of war) and mІR (Universe), which disappeared together with the abolition of "and ten times".
How to use ѳ (fit)?
The letter "Fita" was used in a limited list of words of Greek occurrence (and this list was reduced over time) on the place of us f. - In those places where the letter "Teta" (θ) was in Greek: Aѳin, Aka-ѳist, Timoi, ѳom, Rim and others. Here is a list of words with Fitua:
Own names: Agāja, Anѳi, Aѳanasiy, Aѳina, Varѳoloma, Gasäѳ, Eväimіy, Marѳa, Matѳi, MeѳOdiy, Naza'an, Parѳenon, Pivor, Ruj, Savaoѳ, Timoj, Esѳir, Іudis, ѳyaddy, ѳEmid, ѳemyTokl, ѳEeodor , Ѳeodosіyi (ѳ ѳ ѳ ѳ ѳ ѳ ѳеодосія, ѳеодоль (ѳ ѳ дотъем), ѳuelofan (but Fofan), ѳеофил, ѳer-pont, ѳom, ѳominny.
Geographical names: Aѳin, Aѳon, Vizanіya, Wenza, Vѳѳinіya, Wimenem, Vѳsaida, Goggotima, Goggot, Karѳagen, Corinѳ, Mara-ѳon, Parѳіya, Parѳenon, Eѳіopіya, ѳavor, ѳEeodosiya, ѳERMOFILE, ѳES-Saliya, ѳsaloniki, ѳI, ѳRajia.
Peoples (and residents of cities): corinѳyan, Parѳyan, skins, eѳiops, ѳivan.
Nimes names: anaem, Akāyist, Aposeozoa, Aposegma, Arizometh, Diyramb, Euimons, Kaulicia (but catholic), kazeedra, Kaѳizma, Kiѳara, Levіѳan, Logarim, Maraѳon, Miѳ, Miñologia, Monojelitis, Orѳographer, Orѳeepiya, Paѳos (passion , but Paphos -isle), Rimes, Eѳir, ѳimіam, ѳit.
When to write ѵ (Izhitsa)?
Almost never. Izhitsa preserved only in the word mѵRO (Miro - church firs) and in some other church terms: ѵPodіakon, ѵPostas et al. This letter is also of Greek origin, corresponds to the Greek letter "Ipsylon".
What do you need to know about the end?
Adjectives in male and middle way having in the form of a nominative case of the only number of completion -Yo.y., in the parental case, fed on "Ago, -Igo.
"And the bobrenok sits, his eyes on the whole lady. Does not understand anything. Uncle gave him milk gave boiling " ("Uncle Gotor, Dong and Cot").
"He's [Sharik] Polya Floor bolshogo At home, and someone leaned out of the window and Mahal altogether, and he was even higher and a little bit, above the antennas and pigeons, and became the Ma Lenki Sovp ... "(" Denisian junction ").
Adjectives in female and middle way in the multiple number emancipate on -Yu, -Ya (but not -, -Ith, like now). Proponation of the third person of the female she Parentine has a form hRA, unlike the vinitive her (this hour everywhere her).
"So what? - Says Sharik. - Optionally large cow to buy. You buy a little. there is taiya. spetsian Cows for Ko-Tov. Goats are called "(" Uncle Gotor, Dong and Cot ").
"And I send money to you - one hundred rubles. If you have lached, Send back "(" Uncle Gotor, Dong and Cot ").
"At that time, Mom was vacation, and we stayed at hRA relatives, in one-nomed large collective farm "(" Denisian junction ").
What do you need to know about the consoles?
In the consoles ending on the consonants z. (from-,), it persists before the next from: distribution, Vosіyal, Fasteners. In consoles without- and alternatively finally z. Store always: sleepy, pitch.
The most difficult thing: how to write yat?
The rules of consumption of the letter "Yat" are so simple, alas, do not appear. It was the Yat who created a large number of problems to pre-revolutionary gymnasists who had to memorize long lists of words with this letter (about the same as the current schoolchildren teach "Words"). The mnemonic poem "Bѣ-like Body Blonde Bѣs" is widely known, although it was not the only one of its kind. The thing is that I stained with Yaten in the basic obeyed the etymological principle: in the earlier period of the history of the Russian language, the letter "Yat" corresponded to a separate sound (average between [and] and [e]), which later Most dialects merged in the production of sound [e]. The difference in the letter was maintained for several more centuries, while during the reform of 1917-1918, it was not widely replaced by the letter "E" (for some exceptions to which below).
Bully, blister, BѣD Bѣs
Used the hungry in Lѣs.
Lucky on LѣSU, BѣGal
Rube Castle
And for Gorkiy Tot Obѣd
Gave Obѣt to wear BѣD.
Went, brother, that cluck and cluck,
Rѣsheto, Roshetka, Skat,
Lying and burning
So and need to write.
OUR CHAIRs and Rasnitsa
Protect her eye
Vѣsi squeezing
At night, every man ...
V.Teter, broke,
Nѣmez Vynikov tied
Svѣsyl Vino at Promѣnѣ,
For two, the hryvnia sold VъNѣ.
DnѣPR and Dnѣstro, how to get used
Two rods in suits
Dulyet region them Bug
Rѣzheta Sѣver south.
Who is there glezhnyy swirls?
Crѣpko to meet so smoking?
Need peacefully dispute
And a friend to kill ...
Bird gnzzy grosh
Grѣh in vain HLѣB Sorry,
Having calibrated grxh
Out of the ugly bend ...
What to do the current amateur of pre-reform spelling, willing, let's comprehend all the subtleties of the spelling of the Jody? Do you need to go in the footsteps of the anthem-Zista of the Russian Empire and teach the poems about the poor demon? To the NAV-Stew, everything is not so hopeless. There are a number of patterns that, in total, cover a significant part of the Writing cases of the Jody - accordingly, their observance will avoid the most common mistakes. We increase these patterns in more detail: first we describe the cases where the Jody is not able to be, and then - writing where to be.
At first, It is not written on the spot e.which alternates with zero sound (that is, with a passing of vowels): lev (not * lѣv), cf. lion.; yassen (not * yasѣn), cf. clear etc.
Secondly, Yat is not written in place e.which is now alternate with e.as well as on the spot e.: spring (not * vѣsen), cf. visny; honey, Wed. möd.; Exceptions: starzda (cf. stars), gNSDO (cf. nocket) and some others.
Thirdly, It is not written in full-eyed combinations -er-, and in incomplete combinations - and - between consonants: wood, shore, pelona, time, tree, attract (an exception: plѣn). Also, as a rule, it is not written to yat in co-quenching - Before consonant: top, first, keep etc.
Fourthly It is not written in the roots of the words of obviously foreign-speaking (non-Slavic) origin, including its own names: newspaper, telephone, joke, address, mete_y etc.
As for the writing, where the yat should be, let's call two main rules.
The first, most general rule: If the word is now speaking e. before solid consonants and it does not alternate with zero sound or with e., with very painful probability on the site of this e. In pre-reform orphography you need to pi-serunen. Examples: tѣLO, OR), RѣДКій, PѣNa, Mѣstly, Lѣs, Mѣd, dѣ, ѣ ѣѣ and many others. It is important to take into account the above limitations associated with full-charts, incongstile, borrowed words, etc.
The second rule: Yat is written on the site of the current e. In most grams-ticure morpheme:
- in the case of indirect case of nouns and methods: on the table, to sister, in the hands, MNѣ, Tebѣ, Sea, Chѣm, the seasons, all, all, all (indirect cases - everything, except for the nominative and vibrant, in these two cases, not written: drowned in sea - the proposed fuck at sea - accusative);
- in the suffixes of the excellent and comparative degree of adjectives and adverch -E. (-ѣy.) I. -ѣy: fast, stronger, fast, strong, strong;
- in the basic imfix of verbs on -t and nouns formed from them: imitation, sitting, looking, imagine, Sidel, SMO-TRUN, IMNIA, Pokhlenіnі etc. (in nouns on -Ene, form-baths from other verbs, you need to write e.: somnvenі - cf. doubt; chTeli -cf. to read);
- At the end of most prepositions and adverbs: vmѣstѣ, chrome, near, post, Lightkѣ, Counting, Gdѣ, VNѣ;
- In the console nѣ-having a value of uncertainty: nѣtto, nѣshto, not, nѣkoty, n ѣ howled (Once). In this case, the denial prefix and particle is written with "E": unlikely, not for that, not the seas (no time).
Finally, There are two cases where you need to write in the end of the currently and: on and oNNѣ. - "They" and "alone" in relation to the noun a female kind, and in the case of oNNѣ. - and in indirect cases: one, odnѣm, one.
"Well, what. Let be a poodle. The bedroom dog is also needed, though on And the unwashed "(" Uncle Gotor, Dog and Kot ").
"See what your ball suits us. Now you have to buy a new table. It is also good that I removed all the dishes from the table. We would be left without plates! Back one Forks ("Uncle Gotor, Dog and Kot").
Besides, In the difficult struggle with the rules of use of the Jody can help know the knowledge of other Slavic languages. So, very often on the site of Jody in the correspondence of the Polish Word will be written by IA (WIATR - inter, Miasto - mѣst), and in the Ukrainian - І (dіl - dual, m_st - mѣst).
As we said above, following these rules will save from mistakes in most cases. However, given that in the rules of use of the jody, many nuances, exceptions, exceptions from exceptions, never interferes with checking on the directory writing if you doubt it. Authoritative pre-revolutionary directory - "Russian spelling" Yakova Grota, a comfortable modern online dictionary - www.dorev.ru.
Is there anything simpler?
There is. Here is the site "Slavs", where most words can be translated into old spelling automatically.
YatTo correctly write texts in old spelling, you need to know not only what
write from the letters denoting the same sound - both or i, f or ѳ, e or ѣ, - and be able to place the ETs in the ends of the word; But also know a bunch of different things. For example, to distinguish the words "her" and "HIY", "they" and "ONѣ"; ending dear, one, whom) and -Ago / -Gago ( predulnago, samago, sinyago); know when in graduation is written e ( callion and deaf), and when - I ( digger and prescription).
The correct use of the letter was available only to those who knew all such words by heart. Of course, there were all sorts of rules. For example: if the desired word put in a plural with an emphasis on E and get it, then it is not necessary to write to write (the paddle is melted, the broom - meters).
Know all words by heart, perhaps, it is impossible. Generally speaking, even the dictionary will not save the dictionary: there are words there in the initial form, and the letter E or ѣ can appear in the Word only in some tricky forms: the end is ends. Even if the orthogram is in the root, and the word-called word was found in the dictionary, do not forget that there are roots in which writing ѣ is not stable: odd, but clothes. In addition, the word can be written through E or ѣ, depending on the meaning: there is also ѣst, blue and blue.
To write correctly, you often need to understand his morphology.
I tried to make a certain "Checklist", which will allow you to quickly check
a significant part of the orthograms on E and ѣ, not referring to the dictionary.
Declination of nouns
It is easier to remember that in the endings of indirect cases of the nouns, the last letter always writes ѣ: Table - about the table.
If you approach the question formally, then ѣ is written:
- In the end of the proposed case of the nouns of the first decline: stump - about Monѣ, the custom - volume, the field - about the floor.
- In the endings of the privacy and proposed case of nouns of the second declination: Fish - fish - about fish.
do not write ѣ:
svidoy-bod-b, Zhn-Ec-K, Bochen-Enok, Ozon-Ek-Kommersant, letters-oh, unloma-ak-a, time-okk-oh, nickno-akWith this rule you need to be careful: not every suffix found in the noun is suffix noun:
Your Saint-EssentialOn the other hand, this rule applies not only to nouns, because these suffixes can be adjectives:
delight-born, Mash-ak-in
Adjective names
The subfixes of the adjectives, which are written by E: -Ev- (cherry), - -Enny (life, morning), -Evat- (reddish), -Okiy (Prosnenski).
Adjectives in magnifying, decreasing and laxing forms are ends on -Henek, -Shenek, -Onek,--Soshen, -Evy, -Inki; In these parts, it is not written: Small - Malekonek, wet - Mokresy.
Adjusted in a comparative degree ending on ѣ, ѣ, and in excellent - on the ѣishi, ѣ ", ѣ", Aishi:
body - Bully - BullyIf one sound is heard at the end of a comparative degree, then it is written by:
big biggerThe words of the type of bolt, menu used instead of full forms of Bolѣe, are excluded.
Adjectives on-one, -Ev, -yn, -in (and the same with the letter О instead of Kommersant) ends in the proposed case of the only number of male and medium kind on ѣ, when they are used in the meaning of the names of their own: Ivanov - Obanov, Tsaritsyno - Tsaritsynѣ.
Proponion
Ѣ written in the end of personal pronouns i, you, himself In the duty and proposed case:
mNѣ, Tebѣ, seAlso - written in the pronouns:
about me, about you, about se
- sun (and when declining: all ...);
- all, all - only in the articulated case: All (in the form of a female genus "All", even in the spiritual case, is written by E: All);
- tѣ (and when declining: Tѣh, TѣM ...);
- oNѣ (multiple number from she);
- tOT, then - in the appropriate case: TѣM;
- wHO, that, no one, nothing - only in the apparent case: Kѣm, Chѣm, Nicѣm, nothing (in contrast to the pet and duty cases: what, nothing, nothing);
- nѣkto, Nѣchto, Nѣki, Nѣkoty, HOW.
Pay attention to the first and second line in this list: "Sun" is "all", and "everything" is "all" (more about it - just below).
In the pronoun "whose" in all forms is written.
Verbs, communion
Before the end of an indefinite approach, it is written ѣ: see, hang. Exceptions: rub, strain, measure, start.
The verbs with such ѣ retain it in all forms generated from the basis of an indefinite inclination, including other parts of speech:
see, Vijl, Visit, Vijnaya, VijniIf this ѣ from an indefinable form persists in the 1st person of the present or future time, it remains in the other persons of the only one and the number, as well as in the imperative ignition:
grind - grѣu,If the previously pronounced self-consonant d or t in the severity of the past time is replaced with a zh or h, then suffix n joins with the help of vowel E:
grind, grins, grѣ
offensive - offended, spit -In the forms of verb, it is written by E: I AM; You are; He, she is, it is; We are the EU; You are (they, he is essence).
In the verb ѣst (in the sense there is food) is written ѣ: I ѣM; you ѣ ... He, she, it is ѣst; We ѣDim; You ѣ; They, he. The word is also written through ѣ.
Here it is seen that in the verb stroke - in the second person of the plural, it is written by E: You are reading, dependent, alone, one-th sm. The same thing is in the imperative lifestyle: read-in-th, they are alive.
The communion of the middle kind have the ending - it: reading it, a degree, it, having-it-smiling; reading it, her dual, one, Odzhvash-her-Sia. In the suffering form, the ending - it is: reading, OE, chitanne.
Numbered names
Ѣ Writing in numeral feminine: Two, Ob, one. At the same time, the letter ѣ is preserved when changing words by cases: Okih, one. Also: Two, two.
Ѣ and E.
In general, if when changing the word where I heard, it hears it, ѣ not written - this rule mentioned in his paragraph of Lebedev. From this rule of exceptions:
gnzhzda, ZVD, MEDUD, SѣL, SNOW, SMYTH, VYUZHO, VѣSH, OBRUE, CHAIR, POST, POSE, NADѣVAN, captured.I note, at the same time that the old rules in relation to the letter it were strictly modern, and they sounded like this: "Gdѣ hears it, it is heard to write E". In the case of the words "Sun" and "Everything", there was not even a discrepancies: in the Word, where I heard, the letter was written.
True, in the book in my hand, the letter 1901 of the letter Eh was still printed in the names of his own: Goethe, Curner.
Other vowel changes
In addition to checking on the occurrence of it in other forms, there are other checks.
Written e if when changing the word:
- the sound falls / appears: Father - Father, a merchant - merchant, take - take;
- the sound is reduced to B: sick - the patient, stroke - star;
- the sound is reduced to th: loan - loan, taiga - Taiga;
- the sound goes into and: shiny - to shine, die - die.
It is written ѣ if, when changing the word, the sound goes into a: lying - climb, please - sit down;
Alternation E and ѣ is observed in the following cases: Cancel - clothing, wear - hope, Narchie - is spent.
Consonants, after which they are in the root
After the consonants, k, x, w, h, sh, in roots Words are written by e: tin, wool. Exception - the word to hurt.
findings
If you systematize all the rules on the letter ѣ, then they cease to seem completely difficult. Some of these rules, for example, about the proposed endings of nouns or the degrees of comparison of adjectives, are extremely simple, and remembered from the first time.
Alphabet of the Old Slavonic language is a collection of written signs in a certain order expressing specific sounds. This system has developed quite independently in the territory of the peoples.
Brief historical certificate
At the end of 862, Prince Rostislav appealed to Mikhail (Byzantine Emperor) with a request to send to his principality (Great Moravia) of preachers in order to extend Christianity in the Slavic language. The fact is that it was read at that time on Latin, which was unfamiliar and incomprehensible to the people. Mikhail sent two Greeks - Konstantin (he will receive the name of Kirill later in 869 when making monastics) and Methodius (his older brother). This choice was not accidental. The brothers were from Soluni (guests in Greek), from the commander's family. Both got a good education. Konstantin was trained at the courtyard of Emperor Mikhail Third, well-owning various languages, including Arab, Jewish, Greek, Slavyansky. In addition, he taught philosophy for which he was called - Konstantin Philosopher. Methodius was first in military service, and then ruled several years of one of the areas in which Slavs lived. Subsequently, the elder brother went to the monastery. It was not the first of their trip - in the 860th year, the brothers made a campaign with a diplomatic and missionary goal to Khazar.
How was the written signs system created?
In order to preach on, it was necessary to translate the Holy Scripture. But no written signs at that time did not exist. Konstantin began to create an alphabet. Methodius actively helped him. As a result, in 863, the Old Slavonic ABC (the value of the letters from it will be shown below) was created. The system of written signs existed in two types: Glagolitsa and Cyrillic. To this day, scientists disagree in opinions, which of these options was created by Kirill. With the participation of Methodius, some Greek officials were translated. So the Slavs had the opportunity to write and read in his own language. In addition, the people received not only a written sign system. The Starrog Slavic Azbuchka became the basis for the literary vocabulary stock. Some words can now be found in Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian adveria.
The first characters - the first word
The first letters of the Staroslavyn Azbuchi - "AZ" and "Buki" - set up, in fact, the name. They corresponded to "a" and "b" and started the system of signs. How did the Old Slavonic ABC looked like? Graffiti pictures were first scarked right on the walls. The first signs appeared approximately in the 9th century, on the walls in the churches of Pereslavl. And in the 11th century, the Old Slavonic alphabet, the translation of some signs and their interpretation appeared in Kiev, in the new twist of writing development contributed the event that occurred in the 1574th year. Then the first printed "Old Slavonic ABC" appeared. The creator was Ivan Fedorov.
Communication of times and events
If you look back, you can not notice without interest that the Old Slavonic ABC was not just an ordered set of written characters. This system of signs opened a new man, leading to perfection the path of man on earth and to the new faith. Researchers, looking at the chronology of events, the difference between which is only 125 years old, suggest the immediate connection of the approval of Christianity with the creation of written characters. In one century, almost the people were able to eradicate the former archaic culture and adopt a new faith. Most historians have no doubt that the emergence of a new written system is directly related to the subsequent adoption and spread of Christianity. The Old Slavonic ABC, as already mentioned above, was created in the 863rd, and in the 988th Vladimir declared officially about the introduction of a new faith and the destruction of a primitive cult.
Mystery system of signs
Many scientists, studying the history of writing creation, come to the conclusion that the letters of the Old Slavonic ABC were some kind of secretion. She had not only a deep religious, but also a philosophical meaning. At the same time, the Old Slavonic letters constitute a complex logical and mathematical system. Comparing findings, researchers come to the conclusion that the first collection of written characters was created as a certain intent invention, and not as a structure that was formed by parts by adding new forms. Interesting signs from which the Old Slavonic ABC was. Most of them are characters-numbers. Cyrillic is based on a Greek uncial written system. In the old Slavonic alphabet there were 43 letters. 24 characters were borrowed from Greek Unzeala, 19 were new. The fact is that there were no some sounds that were at the time of the Slavs. Accordingly, their alphabetic inscription was also not. Therefore, part of the characters from the new, 19, was borrowed from other written systems, and the part was created by Constantine specifically.
"Higher" and "lower" part
If you look at the entire written system, it is possible to clearly distinguish the two parts of it, the root differ from each other. Conditionally the first part is called "Higher", and the second, respectively, "lower". The 1st group includes the letters A-F ("AZ" - "Fort"). They are a list of words characters. Their meaning was understood by any Slavist. The "low" part started "Sha" and finished "Izhitsa". These characters did not have a numerical value and carried a negative subtext in themselves. To understand the Tylineus, it is not enough just to view her running. It should be read into symbols - after all, in each of them, Konstantin invests a semantic core. What symbolized the signs from which the Old Slavonic ABC was?
The value of letters
"AZ", "Buki", "lead" - these three characters stood at the very beginning of the system of written signs. The first letter was "AZ". She was used in "I". But the indigenous meaning of this symbol is such words as "beginning", "start", "initially". In some letters, you can find "AZ", which denoted the number "one": "I will go az to Vladimir." Either this symbol was interpreted as "starting with Azov" (first). This letter, therefore, the Slavs denoted the philosophical meaning of their being, pointing out that there is no end without start, there is no light without darkness, no evil without good. At the same time, the main focus was put on the duality of the device of the world. But the Starrog Slavonic ABC itself, actually, is compiled by the same principle and divided into 2 parts, as it was already above, the "highest" (positive) and "low" (negative). "Az" corresponded to the figure "1", which, in turn, symbolized the beginning of all the excellent. Studying numerology of the people, the researchers say that all numbers were already divided by people to even and odd. Moreover, the first were associated with something negative, and the second symbolized something good, bright, positive.
"Buki"
This letter followed "AZ". "Buki" did not have a digital value. Nevertheless, the philosophical meaning of this symbol was no less deep. "Buki" is "to be", "will". As a rule, it was used in turnover in the future. So, for example, "Boudi" is "let it be", "the future" - "upcoming", "future". These Slavs expressed the inevitability of upcoming events. At the same time, they could be both terrible and gloomy and rainbow and good. It is not known exactly why the second letter Konstantin digital value did not give. Many researchers believe that this may be associated with the duality of the value of the letter itself.
"VIDU"
This symbol is of particular interest. "Ardients" corresponds to the figure 2. The symbol is translated, as "owning", "know", "lead". By investing this meaning in "Vedi", Konstantin meant knowledge - as the Divine Supreme Dar. And if you fold the first three signs, the phrase "I will know" will come out. This Konstantin wanted to show that a person who will open the alphabet will later receive knowledge. It should be said about the semantic load "lead". The figure "2" is a twice, the couple took part in various magical rituals, and in general pointed out the duality of the whole earthly and heavenly. "Two" in the Slavs marked the union of the Earth and the sky. In addition, this figure symbolized the duality of the person himself - the presence of good and evil in it. In other words, "2" is a constant confrontation of the parties. It should also be noted that the "Two" was considered the number of devil - they were attributed to many negative properties. It was believed that it was she who opened a number of negative numbers carrying the death of a person. In this regard, the emergence of twins on the light, for example, was considered a bad sign carrying the disease and misfortune to all. The bad admission was considered to swing the cradle together, wipe in one towel to two people, and even do something together. However, even with all the negative qualities of "Two", people recognized her magical properties. And in many rituals took part twins or were used the same items for the expulsion of evil spirits.
Symbols as a secret message to descendants
All Old Slavonic letters are capital. For the first time, two types of written characters - line and capital - were introduced by Peter first in the 1710th year. If you look at the Old Slavonic alphabet - the meaning of letters words, in particular, it can be understood that Konstantin did not simply compiled a written system, but tried to convey a special meaning to the descendants. For example, if you fold one or other characters, you can get the phrases of an outdate character:
"Lead the verb" - I do a teaching;
"Firmly oak" - strengthen the law;
"RCUs Word firmly" - say the words true, etc.
Order and style of drawing
Researchers engaged in the study of alphabet consider the order of the first, "highest" part from two positions. First of all, each symbol is folded followed by a meaningful phrase. This can be considered a non-random pattern, which was probably invented for easier and fast memorization of the alphabet. In addition, the system of written signs can be considered from the point of view of numerology. After all, the letters corresponded to the numbers that were arranged in ascending. So, "Az" - a - 1, b - 2, then g - 3, then d - 4 and then up to ten. Dozens started from "K". They listed were similar to the order of units: 10, 20, then 30, etc. Up to 100. Despite the fact that the old Slavonic letters with patterns were written, they were comfortable and simple. All characters were perfectly suitable for the rapid. As a rule, people did not have difficulty in the image of letters.
Development of the system of written signs
If you compare the Old Slavonic and modern alphabet, you can see that 16 letters are lost. Cyrillic and today meets the sound composition of Russian vocabulary. This is primarily due to such a sharp discrepancy between the very structure of Slavic and Russian languages. It is also important that when drafting Cyrillic Konstantin carefully considered a phonen (sound) composition of speech. In the old Greek written symbols, the seven Greek written characters were present, initially unnecessary to transfer the sounds of the Old Slavonic language: "Omega", "KSI", "Psi", "Fita", "Izhitsa". In addition, there were two signs in the system, to designate sound "and" and "z": for the second - "bearer" and "earth", for the first - "and" and "izh". Such a designation was somewhat superfluous. The inclusion of these letters into the composition of the alphabet was to provide the sounds of Greek speech in the words borrowed from it. But the sounds were uttered on the Old Russian Federation. Therefore, the need to use these written characters has disappeared over time. It was important to change the application and the values \u200b\u200bof the letters "EP" ("Kommersant) and" Er "(b). Initially, they were used to designate a weakened (reduced) deaf vowel: "Kommersant" - approximate to "O", "B" - approximate to "e". Over time, weak deaf vowels began to disappear (this process called the "deaf drop"), and the specified characters received other tasks.
Conclusion
Many thinkers saw in digital compliance with written symbols The principle of the triad, spiritual equilibrium, which a person reaches in his desire for truth, light, good. Studying the alphabet with its most basic, many researchers conclude that Konstantin left the descendants of invaluable creation, calling for self-improvement, wisdom and love, teachings, bypassing dark paths of hostility, envy, malice, evil.
