Presentation on the topic of the architecture of ancient Rome. Architecture of ancient Rome. Construction technique made of concrete was invented by a thousand years earlier in the Middle East, but the Romans expanded its scope. Architectural achievements of ancient Rome presents

Objective: to acquaint students with the architecture of ancient Rome, varieties of buildings and their appointment, continue to develop cognitive abilities of students, the ability to work with sources of information, allocate the main thing, to educate interest, feeling of respect and admiration for the ancient Roman construction equipment and architecture.

Equipment:

• multimedia projector,
• multimedia presentation. Attachment 1
• individual handouts,
• exhibition on the topic (reproductions, books)

New words: forum (the location of architectural structures in strict order on huge quadrangular areas); Aqueducts (water pipelines); Viaducts (stone bridges); pilasters (flat vertical protrusion on the wall surface); Cable (square recesses, which are separated by a semicfer ceiling of the arch), their (public baths).

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

The artistic culture of ancient Rome left humanity the richest heritage.

The topic of our lesson "Architectural achievements of ancient Rome". At the lesson, we will get acquainted with the architecture of ancient Rome, the varieties of buildings and their appointment, building material and innovations in architecture.

II. New topic

The architecture of ancient Rome as original art, formed by the time IV-I centuries. BC e. Monuments of the architecture of ancient Rome now, even in ruins conquer with their majesticity. The Romans marked the beginning of the new era of world architecture, in which the main place belonged to social structures.

In the development of artistic culture of ancient Rome, three main periods distinguish:

1. Art of Etruscans (7-4 centuries. BC)
2. Art of the Roman Republic (4-1 centners. BC)
3. Art of the Roman Empire (1-4 centuries. AD)

An important role in the formation of Roman statehood, culture belongs to Etruscs (tribes living in modern Tuscany). They were experienced farmers and skillful artisans. They built cities that had regular planning, cobbled streets), a good sewage system, many temples on stone foundations and palaces. Residential homes and palaces had a good, convenient layout: recreation rooms, for conversations, entertainment, domestic destination. Inside the house there were courtyards - gardens with benches and fountains, where the owner invited friends. Temples were built in honor of the gods, for sacrifices of gods and rulers. Etruscan created their warrant - majestic and monumental.

1. Roman forum.

From the 4th century BC. e. The Center for Business and Public Life Rome has become a forum.<Picture 1 >

Personal meetings were held here, the most important questions of the war and the world, the state management, trade transactions were concluded, legal proceedings were played, they were played by passion ... There were many buildings, monuments and statues. The most important countries of the state began from the forum, the main streets of the city converged. The forum served as a public life center, and from everyday communication of people evolved thematic communication, which is all signs that we call the forum today. The most wonderful monument on the forum was the 38-meter column of Trachana<Figure 2. \u003e. It is made of 20 blocks of Karars marble, has a height of 38 m (along with a pedestal) and a diameter of 4 m. Inside the column is a hollow: there is a screw staircase with 185 steps leading to the capitals. Weigh the monument about 40 tons. The barrel of the column is 23 times with a spiral of a ribbon of 190 m long with reliefs depicting the episodes of the war of Rome and Dakia. Initially was crowned with an eagle, later the statue of Trajan. In 1588, instead of her Sicst V installed the statue of the Apostle Peter, which is on the column to this day. At the base of the column there is a door leading to the hall where gold urns were placed with the ashes of Trianta and his wife Pompeii Dam.

2. Engineering facilities.

Roman architecture has always sought to satisfy the practical needs of a person. The Romans have built newly in the time of engineering facilities: water pipes (aqueducts) and huge stone bridges (Viaducts), inside which lead and clay pipes that feed water in the city were hidden. Causes admiration for road construction. Famous Appeiyeva Road - laid from Rome in the Poap, perfectly paved in large, tightly fitted stones<Figure 3. > .

3. Colosseum.

Among the architectural structures of ancient Rome, spectacular buildings are of particular interest. The largest of them from the Colosseum<Figure 4. \u003e. The Colosseum is the most ambitious of the old Roman structures that came to this day - the symbol of the glory of the eternal city, which surpasses with its size ever built in Rome Amphitherators. In his walls, an echo of gladiator battles was heard, and later, when the coliseum stones were cleared of the construction of medieval churches and palaces, he had to change the echo from the blows of Molotov. Today, although the dilapidated, the Walls of the Colosseum continue to stand, luring thousands of tourists to themselves. The Colosseum (the initial name - Amphitheater of Flaviev) was the brainchild of Emperor Vespasian (from the Flaviev family), which in 72 he decided to erect a monument in honor of the military triumph in the Middle East.

4. Pantheon.

After the romantic beauty of the ruins of the Forum and the Majestations of the Colosseum, the ancient grandeur of the Pantheon brightly draws the appearance of an ancient city. Pantheon<Figure 5. \u003e - The only preserved in Rome to this day almost intact, the greatest antique dome facility with a height of 43 m. Pantheon was built in 128. With Adrian on the site of a similar temple 27 BC, erected by Mark Agrippa (the inscription was preserved), But in 110 g. The lightning destroyed by a blow. Pantheonons from sixteen Corinth columns of ten meters high supporting roof with a triangular fronton. A double-roof portico serves as a passage to the central structure of the cylindrical shape, which is dissected by niches, where the statues of the gods were once stood. In the interior, as it were, the circle is inscribed, the diameter of which and the altitude is the same (43.3 meters). In the interior, the light penetrates through the holes in the dome.<Figure 6. >.

The architectural appearance of an ancient Rome cannot be represented without triumphal arches, erected in honor of the victories of Romans in military campaigns. Triumphal Arch is an architectural monument consisting of large porticors. Triumphal arches are arranged at the entrance to the city, at the end of the streets, at bridges, on large roads in honor of the winners or in memory of important events.<Figure 7. >.

Among the largest public buildings of ancient Rome, it is necessary to name the buildings of Term<Figure 8. \u003e. In Rome, they had a great set. They served as a place of rest and entertainment, their visit was part of the daily life of Romans.

III. Consolidation studied in class

And now let's repeat what you learned today at the lesson? What did you like? What is remembered? Tell me, what can be seen today from the elements of the Roman architecture (arches, vaults)

Output. Roman architecture left a rich heritage for descendants.

IV. Homework

GL 9., Art. 94-101. Questions and tasks.

Literature

1. Tutorial Danilova G.I. World Art. M., Drop, 2010.
2. Sokolov G.I.. Art of ancient Rome. M., 1996.
3. Roman art // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 tons and 4 extra.) - SPb, 1890-1907.
4. ru.wikipedia.org.
5. mystic-chel.ru.
6. uchportal. Ru

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when there were separate settlements on different hills, there was a word "Farats", that is, the place outside the residential center. After uniting the city to a single whole, the forum has become an ideal center (and almost a geographical rod) of Rome. From this point on, the trading activity began to move to other places, and along the entire forum, the densely built-in temples dedicated to the cult of major deities and famous deified Romans, basilists, places of lawsuits and trade transactions, the sacred road extended, Viya Sacra, on which on days The festivities moved a solemn procession and a victorious troops passed with the triumph. The forum is interesting for his comicone where the people were going to select judges, Kuyaki, in which the Senate began, as well as arches, trophies and columns in memory of outstanding events. Among the trophies there are special attention to the famous Rostridge of enemy ships, victims of defeat in the battle, decorated the tribune of Dei Rostri. From it when there were separate settlements on various hills, there was a word "Farats", that is, the place outside the residential center. After uniting the city to a single whole, the forum has become an ideal center (and almost a geographical rod) of Rome. From this point on, the trading activity began to move to other places, and along the entire forum, the densely built-in temples dedicated to the cult of major deities and famous deified Romans, basilists, places of lawsuits and trade transactions, the sacred road extended, Viya Sacra, on which on days The festivities moved a solemn procession and a victorious troops passed with the triumph. The forum is interesting for his comicone where the people were going to select judges, Kuyaki, in which the Senate began, as well as arches, trophies and columns in memory of outstanding events. Among the trophies there are special attention to the famous Rostridge of enemy ships, victims of defeat in the battle, decorated the tribune of Dei Rostri. From her

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Runs at the top of the sacred road, Viya Sacra, not far from exiting the forum. Erected after the death of the emperor of Titus, coming in 81 N.A., in the memory of the suppression of the Juda's uprising of the 66-70 years. Indeed, in the inscription on the arch Tit is called "Divus", as the Romans called the Kings and Emperors particularly distinguished during the lifetime, who, after the Arc Titasmerty, were built into the rank of demigods. An elegant one-time arch was built in the first century N.E. Rows in the top of the sacred road, Viya Sacra, not far from exiting the forum. Erected after the death of the emperor of Titus, coming in 81 N.A., in the memory of the suppression of the Juda's uprising of the 66-70 years. Indeed, in the inscription on the arch Tit is called "Divus", as the Romans called the Kings and Emperors particularly distinguished during the lifetime, who, after the Arc Titasmerty, were built into the rank of demigods. An elegant one-time arch was constructed in the first century N.E.

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The hill of the Palatin, limited by the small valleys of the Roman Forum and the ancient ristaling of Maximus, according to the legend, is obliged by his name "Palsy", the goddess of shepherds, in honor of which the "Palium" was held, the holidays of purification, comfortable since Rome's education. And if the Romans associated with a Palatin, where Romulus built a city, then everyone knows the fact that this hill is the cradle of Rome, since it found the most ancient in Rome settlements. In the epoch of the republic, there were temples and houses of noble Romans on this hill, and among them the abode of Crassa and Cicero, and during the empires there was a residence of emperors and the richest houses of antiquity were launched. The hill of the Palatin, limited by the small valleys of the Roman Forum and the ancient ristaling of Maximus, according to the legend, is obliged by his name "Palsy", the goddess of shepherds, in honor of which the "Palium" was held, the holidays of purification, comfortable since Rome's education. And if the Romans associated with a Palatin, where Romulus built a city, then everyone knows the fact that this hill is the cradle of Rome, since it found the most ancient in Rome settlements. In the epoch of the republic, there were temples and houses of noble Romans on this hill, and among them the abode of Crassa and Cicero, and during the empires there was a residence of emperors and the richest houses of antiquity were launched.

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"It was one of the most beautiful creations in the world," wrote the poet Marzial about this construction, whose name means "the house of the emperor". The first works were performed under domiciane (end of the I century AD), and then the house expanded and completed by other emperors who continued to live in it for several centuries. In the Middle Ages, the house became part of other structures, and later, in the 16th century, with the construction of Villa Dei Farnes and the deli Ory Farnesiani, Farnesian gardens, turned into an existing grandiose park. "It was one of the most beautiful creations in the world," wrote the poet Marzial about this construction, whose name means "the house of the emperor". The first works were performed under domiciane (end of the I century AD), and then the house expanded and completed by other emperors who continued to live in it for several centuries. In the Middle Ages, the house became part of other structures, and later, in the 16th century, with the construction of Villa Dei Farnes and the deli Ory Farnesiani, Farnesian gardens, turned into an existing grandiose park.

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The "House of Flaviev" was built for himself by Domitsian by the end of the I century N.E. The house included a large basilica with three nefams, the Royal Hall, Lararium and Lerist. In the center of the garden, a large fountain in the form of an octagonal labyrinth was arranged. The "House of Flaviev" was built for himself by Domitsian by the end of the I century N.E. The house included a large basilica with three nefams, the Royal Hall, Lararium and Lerist. In the center of the garden, a large fountain in the form of an octagonal labyrinth was arranged.

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Between the hills of Esquilin, the ace and Palatin, the Amphitheater of Flavia, called the Colosseum, the construction of which began under the emperor Vespasiana in 72 AD. In the place where an artificial lake of the magnificent Palace of Nero called "Golden House" was previously located. The legend states that the Romans were very satisfied with the construction of this new monumental structure, because they did not like the luxurious House of Tirana, who prevented the movement and was an obstacle to enter the forums. In addition, from the point of view of urban development and aesthetics, the Colosseum could be successfully complemented by the prospect of the forum and became, with his huge, the bindling link and the ideal place between the hills of Esquilin, the ace and the Palatin, the Amphitheater of Flavia, called the Colosseum, the construction of which began when Emperor Vespasiana in 72 AD. In the place where an artificial lake of the magnificent Palace of Nero called "Golden House" was previously located. The legend states that the Romans were very satisfied with the construction of this new monumental structure, because they did not like the luxurious House of Tirana, who prevented the movement and was an obstacle to enter the forums. In addition, from the point of view of urban development and aesthetics, the Colosseum as it is impossible to successfully complemented the prospect of the forum and became, with his own hute, the link and the perfect place

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In the future, the Roman family of Dei Frangipan and Deliannibaldi turned him into their fortress, until the order of Arrigo VII, the Colosseum did not become the property of the Romans. In the next century, the Colosseum began to decline; Huge boulders of travertine were removed and exported for the construction of other palaces: Palazzo Kancheney, Palazzo Venetsia and the same Cathedral of St. Peter. And finally, in 1750, the member of the XIV, proclaimed the Colosseum of the Holy Place, since it was, on the future, the point of death "For Christ" of the numerous Martyrs of the pagan Rome in the future, the Roman families of Dei Frangipan and Deliannibaldi turned him into their fortress, until As far as the orders of Arrigo VII, the Colosseum did not become the property of the Romans. In the next century, the Colosseum began to decline; Huge boulders of travertine were removed and exported for the construction of other palaces: Palazzo Kancheney, Palazzo Venetsia and the same Cathedral of St. Peter. And finally, in 1750, the member of the XIV, proclaimed the colosseum of the holy place, since it was, on the future, the point of death "for Christ" of numerous martyrs of the pagan Rome

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Inside - the amphitheater was accompanied by about 50,000-70.000 spectators who disappeared at its steps depending on the class of social affiliation. There were three categories of seats: "Podium", which falls into the first discharge, where the representatives of the highest class were sitting and where the emperor was located; The second category of places, in the center allotted for "Civilism", citizens belonging to the middle class and the third, the "amount", where the people were located. There was probably the fourth category of places allotted for women. Under the Arena, there was a whole system of cells, galleries, warehouses, changing and basements, which were now a gaze thanks to the excavations. We are talking about a number of rooms where various items and mechanisms were kept and where animals were kept before and after the spectacle, the main species of which were fighting gladiators ("Ludi") and "Venationes", animal hunting; But on the arena, there were also performances of magicians, sports competitions, horse tournaments and marine battles - Navamaichi. Games were conducted on the occasion of significant dates, annual holidays and emergency events. In some cases, this happened on the birthdays of the emperor and celebrating historical events, and in others - as a result of triumph or victory. It should be said that the funeral was also a reason for carrying out such games. Inside - the amphitheater was accompanied by about 50,000-70.000 spectators who disappeared at its steps depending on the class of social affiliation. There were three categories of seats: "Podium", which falls into the first discharge, where the representatives of the highest class were sitting and where the emperor was located; The second category of places, in the center allotted for "Civilism", citizens belonging to the middle class and the third, the "amount", where the people were located. There was probably the fourth category of places allotted for women. Under the Arena, there was a whole system of cells, galleries, warehouses, changing and basements, which were now a gaze thanks to the excavations. We are talking about a number of rooms where various items and mechanisms were kept and where animals were kept before and after the spectacle, the main species of which were fighting gladiators ("Ludi") and "Venationes", animal hunting; But on the arena, there were also performances of magicians, sports competitions, horse tournaments and marine battles - Navamaichi. Games were conducted on the occasion of significant dates, annual holidays and emergency events. In some cases, this happened on the birthdays of the emperor and celebrating historical events, and in others - as a result of triumph or victory. It should be said that the funeral was also a reason for carrying out such games.

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The legend states that Zirkus was built by Tarquintin Prisko in a place where the famous abduction of Sabinet Zirkus extends on an area over 600 meters in a hillion between the hills of Aventin and Palatin, once called the Murzia valley. Zircus was the largest in Rome, and on its sample all other similar structures were built. Zirkus was accompanied by about 200,000 spectators and was an ideal place for the contestants of the chariot and quadrig, which took place fifty times a year until 549, in which, with Totile, the latest competitions took place. The wall, longitudinally dividing Zirkus, was called "back", and two of her end - "Mete". Spin was decorated with architectural elements of various origin with the Egyptian Obelisk raised among them, the one currently stands on Piazza Del Popolo. At first, the stands were made of wood; After that, due to repeatedly flashing fires, they were replaced with stone. In 46 BC, Julius Caesar, in order to commemorate victories in Africa, organized a grand festival here, ended with the imitation of the battle, in which 1000 infantrymen, 600 riders and 40 elephants took part. The legend states that Zirkus was built by Tarquintin Prisko in a place where the famous abduction of Sabinet Zirkus extends on an area over 600 meters in a hillion between the hills of Aventin and Palatin, once called the Murzia valley. Zircus was the largest in Rome, and on its sample all other similar structures were built. Zirkus was accompanied by about 200,000 spectators and was an ideal place for the contestants of the chariot and quadrig, which took place fifty times a year until 549, in which, with Totile, the latest competitions took place. The wall, longitudinally dividing Zirkus, was called "back", and two of her end - "Mete". Spin was decorated with architectural elements of various origin with the Egyptian Obelisk raised among them, the one currently stands on Piazza Del Popolo. At first, the stands were made of wood; After that, due to repeatedly flashing fires, they were replaced with stone. In 46 BC, Julius Caesar, in order to commemorate victories in Africa, organized a grand festival here, ended with the imitation of the battle, in which 1000 infantrymen, 600 riders and 40 elephants took part.

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The first version of the pantheon was built in 27-25 Gg. BC e. Emperor Agrippoy. Pantheon Agrippa burned down during the 80th fire. In 125, the emperor Adrian built a new building of Pantheon, completely reconstructing it. Outside, the pantheon is a huge cylindrical volume to which a deep portico with sixteen Corinth columns of the twelve-meter length, squeezed out of Asuan granite. In the walls of the portico, niches were made designed for statues of gods or emperors. The fronton was once decorated with a bronze sculpture depicting titanium battle. In antiquity in Pantheon, they were through the triumphal arch standing on its square. Inside pantheonimets a bunk wall with columns and niches cut through vaulted arches. On the second, smaller and more flat tier is resting the dome. From the inside, there are five rows of promising caissons (square grooves), the above is ends with a nine-meter opening - oculus. The first version of the pantheon was built in 27-25 Gg. BC e. Emperor Agrippoy. Pantheon Agrippa burned down during the 80th fire. In 125, the emperor Adrian built a new building of Pantheon, completely reconstructing it. Outside, the pantheon is a huge cylindrical volume to which a deep portico with sixteen Corinth columns of the twelve-meter length, squeezed out of Asuan granite. In the walls of the portico, niches were made designed for statues of gods or emperors. The fronton was once decorated with a bronze sculpture depicting titanium battle. In antiquity in Pantheon, they were through the triumphal arch standing on its square. Inside pantheonimets a bunk wall with columns and niches cut through vaulted arches. On the second, smaller and more flat tier is resting the dome. From the inside, there are five rows of promising caissons (square grooves), the above is ends with a nine-meter opening - oculus.

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Pantheon proportions are carefully recovered. Its height is about 44 m, which is the diameter of the circle lying at the base. This means that Pantheon (without a portica) fits perfectly into the cube, you can also enter the sphere. The dome of the Pantheon is the largest dome of the antiquity and remained the largest in Europe, while in 1436. Architect Bruneland did not finish work on the dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence. The pantheon set weighs 5 thousand tons. Its thickness ranges from 6.4 m at a base to 1, 2 m around the eyepulus. The weight of the giant hemisphere is maintained by eight powerful support pillars of six-meter thickness. The inner surface of the dome symbolizes the sky, and the crown of its eyepulus is a symbol of the sun. Okulus is the only hole in the entire building that transmits sunlight. It also serves for air conditioning and ventilation. In 609, the Byzantine Emperor of Fock was consecrated by Pantheon, which since then began (and to this day) Christian temple. This is partly saved by Pantheon from oblivion and looting, which fate has suffered most of the ancient Roman architectural structures. Pantheon proportions are carefully recovered. Its height is about 44 m, which is the diameter of the circle lying at the base. This means that Pantheon (without a portica) fits perfectly into the cube, you can also enter the sphere. The dome of the Pantheon is the largest dome of the antiquity and remained the largest in Europe, while in 1436. Architect Bruneland did not finish work on the dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence. The pantheon set weighs 5 thousand tons. Its thickness ranges from 6.4 m at a base to 1, 2 m around the eyepulus. The weight of the giant hemisphere is maintained by eight powerful support pillars of six-meter thickness. The inner surface of the dome symbolizes the sky, and the crown of its eyepulus is a symbol of the sun. Okulus is the only hole in the entire building that transmits sunlight. It also serves for air conditioning and ventilation. In 609, the Byzantine Emperor of Fock was consecrated by Pantheon, which since then began (and to this day) Christian temple. This is partly saved by Pantheon from oblivion and looting, which fate has suffered most of the ancient Roman architectural structures.

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Since Renaissance, Pantheon was used as a tomb. Here are buried such famous personalities as Rafael, Annibal Karachchi and others. The outer marble facing of the pantheon is not preserved. Part of the capitals is currently in the British Museum in London. The marble lining of the interior is preserved to this day, as well as colossal bronze doors leading from the portico inside the temple. Once the doors were gilded, but over time the gilding extended. In the XVII century By order of Pope Urban VIII, the bronze ceiling of the portico was interposed on the gun. It was then that in Rome there was a saying: Quod Non Fecherunt Barbari, Fecherunt Barberini ("What did the barbarian failed to make, did Barberini" (Urban VIII wore the name Barberini). Pantheon, which remained better than all other monuments of the Ancient Roman architecture, has enormous influence on American and European Architects, starting with the Renaissance era and up to the XIX century. City Town Hall, Universities, Public Libraries and Other Buildings are carrying an imprint of his portico-dome structure. Among them, the reading room of the British Museum in London, Rotunda Jefferson at the University of Virginia, the State Library of Victoria In Melbourne, etc. Since the Renaissance, Pantheon was used as a tomb. Here such famous personalities like Rafael, Annibal Karachchi and others are buried. The outer marble facing of Pantheon has not been preserved. Part of the capitals is currently in the British Museum in London. To this day Reserved marble interior cladding, as well as colossal Blind bronze doors leading from the portico inside the temple. Once the doors were gilded, but over time the gilding extended. In the XVII century By order of Pope Urban VIII, the bronze ceiling of the portico was interposed on the gun. It was then that in Rome there was a saying: Quod Non Fecherunt Barbari, Fecherunt Barberini ("What did the barbarian failed to make, did Barberini" (Urban VIII wore the name Barberini). Pantheon, which remained better than all other monuments of the Ancient Roman architecture, has enormous influence on American and European Architects, starting with the Renaissance era and up to the XIX century. City Town Hall, Universities, Public Libraries and Other Buildings are carrying an imprint of his portico-dome structure. Among them, the reading room of the British Museum in London, Rotunda Jefferson at the University of Virginia, the State Library of Victoria in Melbourne, etc.

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The architecture of ancient Rome Roman construction was innovative. Although it used the achievements of Hellenistic architecture, all raarchitecture of ancient Rome
Roman construction was innovative. Although it
used the achievements of Hellenistic architecture,
Anyway, it lists its concept, with new
approach to space and architectural form. Progress
construction equipment walked quickly, especially regarding
specific tasks (water supply, cleaning facilities,
Support walls, military vehicles, camp).
Romans began to apply in
Construction concrete. In structures
Constructions used arches and dome.
In the late republic there is already a need
Decorate the city. Architecture was the leading art
Ancient Rome.

In Roman architecture, the main place was occupied
structures that embodied the ideas of power
Roman state, and later emperor,
aimed at gaining popularity
Free population cities: Forums,
Triumphal Arches, Amphitherators, Terms,
Basilica, engineering structures,
served by the city of the Roman power and
First of all, the Giant Metropolis Center,
City Rome.

Triumphal Arch Tita

Triumphal Arch Tita (Ita. Arco Di Tito) -
One-Pool Arch, located on the ancient
Sacred road (Via Sacra) southeast of
Roman forum. Built by emperor
Domitian shortly after the death of Tita in 82 N. e.
In memory of the capture of Jerusalem in the 70th year e.
Served as a model for many triumphal arches
New time.
The arch is widely known, first of all,
Bas-relief inside the span. On it is depicted
Procession with trophies captured in Jerusalem.

Triumphal Arch Tita 81

Construction equipment rises to a large height,
Engineering art develops
Achievements of Hellenistic Science. Created
Grand aqueducts that feed water for dozens
kilometers (Aqueduct Appia Claudia, 311 BC. er),
Roads (Via Appia, 312 BC e.;), bridges, waste canals
(Maxim Cloaca in Rome).

Fragment of the internal branch of the Aqua Claudia (Aqua Claudia) to the Sovr. Via Turachi.

Appeiyeva Road (Lat. Via Appia) is the most significant of Rome's antique public roads.

Appiyev road (lat. Via Appia) - the most
meaning of antique public roads
Rome.

Appeiyeva Road

The road laid in 312 BC. e. in censor
Claudia Tseki Appia, held from Rome to Kapa,
Later was held before the Broundia. Through it
Rome with Greece, Egypt has been established
And Malaya Asia.
Along the Appia Road are located
Monuments: the tombs and villas of the Republican and
imperial period, christian and judean
catacombs, medieval towers and fortifications,
Often built on Roman ruins
Monuments, Renaissance and baroque buildings.

The architect had a privileged position in Roman society, much higher than the place of sculptors and artists. Type of Roman Temple

The architect had a privileged position in Roman
society, much above the place of sculptors and artists. A type
The Roman Temple comes from Etruscan, later from Greek,
However, its form corresponds to a different ritual.

He had the nature of the public ceremony, where
Public authorities take part and
Population, occurs in the open sky -
so in front of the temple was done big
free space. The construction is placed on
high podium, which emphasizes the facade, on
The sky is a grandiose
Decoration.

The Roman Theater also depends on the ancient Greek, but the Romans did not use the natural slopes of the hill, and they built on an even place in the form of B

The Roman Theater also depends on the ancient Greek, but the Romans are not
used the natural slopes of the hill, and built on the smooth
Place in the form of a large stone ring. Orhestra gradually
Loses its meaning, turning into VIP-spaces. Rear Wall
(Skena) becomes an architectural structure. Love to
Gladiator's battles led to the emergence of amphitheatres
Round and oval shape by combining two mirror
Hemisphere.

Intensive urban planning of the Roman influenced urban development. Forums are a special type of construction. Specific architectural appearance

Intensive urban planning of the Roman influenced
City building. Forums are a special type of construction.
Specific architectural appearance acquired and large
City artery. Separate arches have become typical
Element of urban decoration - an ancient goal function
Translated here into net decorative language.

The architecture is experiencing a rise during the reign of the Flaviev dynasty (69 - 96. N. E.). One of the peaks of Roman architecture is an amphitheater

Architecture is experiencing a rise during the reign of the Flaviev dynasty
(69 - 96 N. e.). One of the peaks of Roman architecture is
Amphitheater of Flaviev, or Colosseum (75 - 82, N. e.). Amphitheater Flaviev -
Colosseum, became a symbol of the city. This is a huge construction accomplished.
about 50,000 spectators, intended for gladiator fights and
Hanging animals. The dimensions of the arena allowed to produce up to 3000 pairs
Gladiators simultaneously. The amphitheater was carefully thought out,
Transport and pedestrian streams are separated. Colosseum dominated
Over the landscape, completed the monumental perspective of the city.

Emperor Adrian, a lover of Greece gave the culture of his time a pronounced classic character. The main schemes of the Roman architecture

Emperor Adrian, Amateur Greece gave culture
Its time is a pronounced classic character.
The main schemes of Roman architecture are processed,
But with strict observance of the established form.
Pantheon - the temple of all the gods (about 125), one of
Wonderful architectural monuments. Restoring
Pantheon, started by Agrippa and burnt, Adrian clearly
Planned the perfect round church.

Pantheon

The height of the cup-shaped dome is visually
increased due to caissons and complusion,
Through which light is evenly spread.
The viewer entered the temple is inside
Grand bribing space.
Giant construction sizes (temple height -
42.7 m, the inner diameter of the dome - 43,5m) in
compound with harmonic proportions and
Noble beauty of architectural forms
Create an impression of exceptional strength.

"Roman law" - to the first one belonged to the ground, slaves, working cattle. Both political and civil full-distance were the property of men. The seller could restrict himself with silence, which was considered a sign of consent. Roman lawyers were given the definition of ownership. Roman law. Manzipation was performed as follows.

"Ancient Roman art" - Octavian August from Prima Port. Statue of Mark Aurelia - Bronze Ancient Roman statue. Figure of a man of mature age. Guy Julius Caesar. In the fresco paintings, landscape sketches are increasingly found. In 4-5 centuries. Roman immimira has happened. Bronze statue of Avula Metella from Florence Museum. Fine art of ancient Rome.

"The Philosophy of Ancient Rome" - to acquaint listeners with ancient Roman literature and philosophy. Yes, I remembered, even without sin, two verses from the aneida. Purpose. Stoicism. Juvenal deserved the glory of one of the irreconcilable and harsh satirists. The bright representative of Stoicism became Seneca. So, the ancient Rome made a huge contribution to the development of literature and philosophy.

"Rome gods" - 1. What is freedom? Through the ministry of people (MK.12,39-41). 9. Freedom of Christ makes a person able to enjoy God. 4. Why does God exempt a person? A free Christian is connected by the word of God, the knowledge of the truth, increasing in Christ, etc. The word giving life! 8. Freedom of Christ gives the eternal life!

"Education in ancient Rome" - educational centers. Studying programs. School canon. Child's education. Grammar school. Education system in ancient Rome. Training programs in ritics schools. Traditions of Greek culture. Romans. Practical orientation. Private paid schools. Roman civilization. Educational process.

"The Art of Ancient Rome" - here kept the most valuable - urban treasury. 497 BC. Rome. The Ionian Orders colonnade remained best. Within a few centuries, the forum has repeatedly rebuilt. Column trayana. Architecture of ancient Rome. Roman forum -. With 4 in. BC. Center for the business and public life of the city.

Total in the subject of 19 presentations

The culture of Etruscans brilliant era of ancient Rome was preceded by the original culture of Etruscov (VIIIV centuries BC) of the ancient tribes that inhabited north-western lands of the Apennine Peninsula (modern Tuscany). Etruscan mastered the art of processing stone, metal, terracotta, perfectly mastered the technique of bronze casting and jewelry art. Based on the Greek samples by Etruscs, the type of church standing on the podium was developed (a high pedestal, foot), with a deep front portion. In such temples, the so-called Tuscan order appeared, which represented a type of Doric.

The architecture of the Period of the Roman Republic in the era of the Roman Republic has developed the main types of architectural structures: public buildings, basilica and temples, roads, bridges and aquedels. Cities were peculiar to regular layout. Architectural structures were strict on huge quadrangular areas, or forums, wide streets designated the beginning of a new era in urban planning.

"All roads lead to Rome" with the VI century. BC e. The center of the business and public life of the city became the famous Roman Forum. Personal meetings were held here, the most important questions of the war and the world, the government's management was solved, trade transactions were concluded, legal proceedings were played, they were played by passions ... There were many buildings, obeliszov and statues on the territory of the forum. The most important countries of the state began from the forum, the main streets of the city converged.

"The forum cannot be described, and nothing like the mortal can create more." In the era of the Roman Empire, at the beginning of II century. n. e. The most grandiose forum about which was the only construction on Earth, which even godses came to amazement were built by Mark Ulweit.

Triana's column The most wonderful monument on the forum was the 38-meter column of Trajan, erected by the order of the emperor at the place of the hill of the same height and omiluted with a cubic pedestal. From above, the doniz of the column is spirally covered with reliefs, talking about the military campaigns of the trayan against the Sudenha People of Ducks (modern Romania). Relief tape length reaches 200 m.

Triatan Column This majestic structure was intended to glorify not only the emperor himself, but also the power of the whole state. Later, the column served as a gravestone trayan's gravestone, and indeed, in its foundation there is a room with a golden urn where the emperor's dust is stored. Inside the column is a spiral staircase in 185 steps leading to its vertex. Previously, the top decorated the statue of Trian, but it was lost, and in the XVI century. Pope Sikst V gave an indication to replace it with the Statue of St. Peter.

Roman roads causes admiration for the construction of roads that served as a means of communication and association of people living on the huge spaces of the Roman Empire. At the same time, the roads carried out an important strategic role during numerous military campaigns. The famous appiyev road paved by rubble and concrete plates with the addition of volcanic ashes for the strength is well preserved to our time. It was laid from Rome in the race. Start of construction 312 BC. e. Named by the name of his builder Czensor Appia Claudia Tseska.

The spectacular buildings of the Colosseum. Pantomimes were played here, there were fights of gladiators, the taming of wild animals. Colosseum (Lat. Collot-Seus is colossal) is a huge oval bowl (188 x 156 m). In the center of the Colosseum there is an Arena, surrounded by stepped benches for the audience, the number of which reached 56 thousand. So the famous slogan "bread and spectacle" did not happen by chance

Pantheon Pantheon in Rome "The Temple of All Gods", the construction of which was completed in 125. Reconstructedly reconstructed, it has no analogues in ancient Roman architecture. The main attraction is a grand domestic overlap, reaching in diameter of 43.2 m.
Pantheon otherwise looks in-room with its complex and rich finish. The floor is posted marble plates. The walls are divided into two tiers: the bottom decorate the deep niches with Corinthian columns, where the statues of the gods are once located, and the upper decorated with false windows and pilasters (flat vertical protrusions on the wall surface) from color marble.

Pantheon The hemispherical ceiling of the arch is separated by deep caissons (square deepening), thanks to which the feeling of the extraordinary height and unity of the internal space is created. Light pours through a spherical window with a diameter of 9 m ("Pantheon's eye"), moving in accordance with the movement of the Sun.

The triumphal arch of Emperor Titus The Arca of Emperor of Tita marked his victory over the rebels Jews. A high pedestal, which costs a 20-meter arch, and four slim half colonges with elegant capitals on the facades emphasize the greatness of the monument. The arch has never been used as a gate, through it they had the right to pass in the chariots only who won the warlords.

The terms among the largest public buildings of ancient Rome need to be called the Term buildings (public baths), which are an integral part of any city. So, in Rome there were a great set: 12 large imperial term and hundreds of private baths. The terms served as a place of recreation and entertainment, their visit was part of the daily life of Romans.