What is wood carving? Presentation on the topic: "The history of woodcarving in Russia. Woodcarving is one of the oldest forms of art. Woodcarving has existed in ancient times. Enough." Download for free and without registration History of rez

Folk crafts. Woodcarving: the history of origin and development The history of woodcarving goes back to the time of the emergence of techniques and methods of woodworking in human society, as the simplest and most common material, as well as the appearance of wooden architecture. Our distant ancestors knew that wood has very valuable qualities: water resistance, thermal insulation, low density, rich variety of texture patterns. In addition, wood is convenient to handle and harvest. In this regard, wood was widely used in everyday life - almost everywhere from the construction of defensive fortifications to kitchen utensils and agricultural tools. Since the appearance of Homo sapiens, a striving for beauty has been embedded in the mind and heart of people. This desire resulted in the amazing ability of people to make a real work of art from natural material. It is unlikely that there is such a people who would not decorate their home and household items. However, the history of the development of carving in each country is special and is associated with the level of culture, skill and worldview in society. This is probably why, in each country, the art of wood carving has its own unique characteristics, techniques and styles. The most ancient is the geometric flat-relief carving. She not only decorated household utensils and buildings, but also had a semantic, ceremonial load. All elements of such carving carried symbols of the elements and phenomena. By applying them to objects that decorate the house, people hoped to protect themselves from the influence of evil forces and attract light forces: life, fertility and longevity. Amulets were also carved from wood - small figurines of gods, which were the keepers of the hearth. The Shigir idol is considered the oldest find carved from wood. This is a wooden sculpture made of larch, which experts attribute to the Mesolithic period, that is, to the VIII millennium BC. The item was found on the territory of our country, not far from Yekaterinburg, during excavations on the eastern slope of the Middle Urals. It is interesting that the body of the idol is covered on all sides with geometric ornamental carvings, and something like a face (mask) is carved on the wider parts of it. After studying the images, scientists have identified characters that are associated with the heavenly (upper) and underground (lower) worlds, apparently embodying the animal world and the plant world, the feminine and masculine. Gradually, with the development of mankind, woodcarving lost its mystical and ritual meaning and became a way to decorate household items. New techniques appeared in carving, its technique was enriched by the use of new tools. Starting from the 16th century, large carving workshops and artels began to be created. Wood carving has become a ubiquitous national craft. Skilled folk carvers decorated royal palaces, cathedrals and temples, houses and estates of rich and noble people with original carvings. The life of people in Russia was inextricably linked with a tree. The craftsmen used not only the wood itself, but also birch bark, thin pine and spruce roots, bast, burl, kapo-root. These materials have been used in various types of artistic woodworking. For example, the kapo root, which was a growth on the trunk and roots of a birch, had an irregular structure, an intricate plexus of fibers and a very high density. These properties make the burl or kapo-root, similar to the Karelian birch, from which elegant decorative objects were made: exquisite furniture, snuff boxes, caskets. Folk carvers made excellent crockery out of moisture resistant kapo root. From time immemorial in Russia, all traditional household items made of wood had an expressive decorative form and were decorated with rich carved ornaments or artistic painting. In the carved decoration of spinning wheels, ladles, spindles, salt licks, seamstresses, rollers, dishes and spoons, people's observation of the living nature around them was reflected. Great importance in Russia was attached to the decoration with carvings of architectural structures made of wood. In the 19th century, a whole trend arose in carved folk art - house carving. Peasant houses, decorated with openwork carved carvings with a beautiful ridge on the roof, resembled fairytale chambers. The perfection of carved ornaments and images delights even the most sophisticated connoisseur. Rhythmic floral patterns, geometric lace, graceful curls, intricate rosettes, figurines of lions, coastal mermaids, magical birds and animals - all this put the carved decor of the Russian hut in one glad with the masterpieces of world architecture. A more complex technique was used in house carving than in the design of simple household items. The three-edged, contoured and geometric carvings were replaced by blind relief, slotted and sculptural carvings. Deaf carving with a characteristic solid background was used to decorate the gables of houses, platbands, end boards, helping to keep the wood from decay. Slotted or openwork carving, which is very similar to lace, was used to decorate entrances above doors, platbands, porch cornice, piers, towels, stair railings. Openwork or saw cut carving was the hallmark of the masters of the Russian North: Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Kostroma regions, as well as the Urals, the Volga region and Siberia.

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Wood carving is a broad concept that encompasses any type of work associated with transforming a piece of wood into an aesthetic object using a special tool. Woodcarving is almost always aesthetic and rarely has any functional value, although it can be functional in some cases, such as in the case of handmade furniture, special fixtures or cladding panels. Wood carving has a history of thousands of years, and traces of this art can be found in almost every corner of our planet.

Compared to other types of art, such as stone sculptures, ancient examples of wood carving are not so widely represented as over time, wood deteriorates and decays much faster. Some interesting specimens appeared in ancient Egypt. These are, for example, beautiful decorative wood panels with carved drawings and inscriptions, or the famous sarcophagi of mummies found in various tombs. A particularly interesting example of carpentry, about 6,000 years old, was found in Egypt. It is a sarcophagus that was made of sycamore wood and decorated with bronze, ebony, rock crystal and quartz.

Christianity contributed to a new round in the development of woodcarving, and samples of this time are well preserved to this day, and their bulk falls on the period 500 - 1500 BC. Examples of carvings from this era often illustrate Christ and images of other saints. In those days, wooden decorative panels with beautiful carvings were made for churches, telling about the life and death of Christ. Around the same time, in Japan, Buddhism was experiencing its rise and gave rise to woodcarving. Special cutting styles were developed, which led to the creation of many varied wooden sculptures of the Buddha.

One of the simplest forms of wood carving is planing, which involves removing excess parts of a piece of wood with a simple knife. Most often, soft types of wood are used for planing. a regular knife may not be able to handle hardwood cutting. As a rule, shaving is a kind of hobby, passion, but it can take more serious forms and produce beautiful objects of art. Some planers make very beautiful wooden objects. Canes and various wooden toys and trinkets work especially well. The main difference between planing and other forms of wood carving is that it uses a regular knife and not a chisel or any other professional tool.

There are many different tools that can be used in wood carving, and craftsmen take their chisels and chisels with great awe. Each type of tool has its own size and shape, allowing the woodworker to do his job with great precision. The mallet is used to increase the force of the impact of the cutting tool on hard wood species, and for rigid fixation of the workpiece being processed, a special vice is installed on the workbench. The basic set of tools includes: a chisel, which is a powerful blade with a straight edge and is used to mark and level flat areas on a piece of wood; a semicircular chisel in the shape of a curved blade and used for making rounds and cutting depressions; triangular chisel, which is essentially a chisel for deeper cutting; V-shaped blade for contouring; and a knife for cutting wood, used in small jobs of various kinds.

Wood carving history is many thousands of years old. Since the appearance of wooden architecture, which is one of the oldest ways of building housing, it has been counting history of threading on wood. The eternal human desire for the beauty and decoration of their homes and household items has resulted in an amazing ability to make any piece of wood a unique work of art. Door and window frames, wooden spoons and other dishes, musical instruments and many more items were decorated with woodcarving. Using the woodcarving method, craftsmen could make a fairly reliable and very ingenious wooden lock. Some of these handicrafts have survived to this day; they can be seen in local history and historical museums.

The history of the development of wood carving is inextricably linked with the history of the development of culture and the worldview of society, which is why woodcarving is completely different in each country, there are different techniques and styles. The most ancient type of carving - geometric carving - has been used since time immemorial not only to decorate household utensils, but also to compose magical amulets and protective spells, since each element of the carving symbolized phenomena, objects or elements from which a person wanted to be protected or to which, on the contrary , resorted to for help. Amulets were carved from wood - protective symbols that were supposed to bring good luck and protect from harm. Such amulets were covered with special carvings and for many years became the keepers of the house.

In a later period, the decoration of the house and household items with woodcarving lost its mystical meaning and became purely decorative. In the 16th-18th centuries, woodcarving became a nationwide craft, large carving workshops and artels were created, many woodcarving masters decorated the palace ensembles of St. Petersburg and Moscow with their art. However, already in the 19th century, carving was completely forgotten, since the development of the Rezchitsa craft was no longer supported by the state.

But the history of wood carving did not end there - in our time, ancient craftsmanship is being revived, whole schools and groups of arts and crafts appear. Wood carving is becoming a popular form of folk art and is gaining an increasing number of admirers.

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Wood carving

Modern carving

It does not have a strict classification, since different types of thread can be combined in the same product.

The types of thread can be conventionally distinguished:

1. through thread (this includes saw and cut threads)
2. blind thread (all subspecies of embossed and flat groove threads)
3. sculptural carving
4. house carving (this is a separate direction, since it can combine all three of the above types).
5. Chainsaw carving (Performs predominantly sculptural carving with only a chainsaw.)

The conditional classification of thread types is as follows:

Through thread

Walnut

Through thread is classified into proper cross-cutting and waybill, has two subspecies:

• Slotted thread - (through sections are cut with chisels and cutters)
• Sawing carving (actually the same, but such areas are cut with a saw or jigsaw).

Slotted or saw-cut thread with embossed ornament is called openwork.

Flat-faced thread

Flat-faced carving is characterized by the fact that it is based on a flat background, and the carving elements go deeper into it, that is, the lower level of the carved elements lies below the background level. There are several subspecies of such a thread:

• contour thread - the simplest, its only element is a groove. These grooves create a pattern on a flat background. Depending on the selected chisel, the groove can be semicircular or triangular. A semicircular chisel is cut with a semicircular chisel, and a triangular chisel is cut with a corner chisel, an angle chisel or an ordinary knife in two steps.
• staple (nail) thread - the main element is a bracket (it looks like a trace left by a nail when pressing on any soft material, hence the name nail-like) - a semicircular notch on a flat background. Such a notch is made with a semicircular chisel in two steps: first, the chisel is deepened into the tree perpendicular to the surface, and then at an angle at some distance from the first notch. The result is a so-called parenthesis. A lot of such brackets of different sizes and directions and creates a picture or its individual elements.
• geometric (triangular, triangular beveled) thread - has two main elements: a peg and a pyramid (a triangular pyramid recessed inside). Carving is carried out in two stages: piercing and trimming. First, the sectors that need to be cut are punctured (outlined) with a cutter, and then they are cut. All elements are performed with a jamb knife. Repeated use of pyramids and a peg at different distances and at different angles gives a great variety of geometric shapes, among which are distinguished: rhombuses, whites, honeycombs, chains, lights, etc.
• black-glazed carving - the background is a flat surface covered with black varnish or paint. As in a contour thread, grooves are cut in the background, from which the drawing is built. the different depths of the grooves and their different profiles give an interesting play of light and shade and contrast between the black background and light cut grooves.

Embossed carving

Relief carving is characterized by the fact that the elements of the carving are above the background or at the same level with it. As a rule, all carved panels are performed using this technique. There are several subspecies of such a thread:

• flat-relief thread with a pillow background - can be compared with contour carving, but all the edges of the grooves are stuck, and sometimes with varying degrees of steepness (from the side of the drawing, more sharply, from the side of the background, gradually, sloping). Due to such valeted contours, the background seems to be made of pillows, hence the name. The background is flush with the pattern.
• flat-relief thread with the selected background - the same thread, but only the background is selected with chisels one level below. The contours of the drawing are also stuck.
• abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving (Kudrinskaya) - originated in the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow, in the village of Kudrino. The author is considered to be Vasily Vornoskov. The carving is distinguished by a characteristic "curly" ornament - curly garlands of petals and flowers. The same characteristic images of birds and animals are often used. As well as flat-relief, it happens with a pillow and a selected background.
• thread "Tatyanka" - this type of carving appeared in the 90s of the XX century. The author (Shamil Sasykov) named this formed style after his wife and patented it. As a rule, such carving contains floral designs. A characteristic feature is the absence of a background as such - one carved element gradually passes into another or is superimposed on it, thus filling the entire space.

Sculptural carving

Below are the sections of the artistic woodcarving of the Guide to Russian Crafts.

Wood

Wood is one of the most widely used materials for the manufacture of many items that a person needs in his daily life.

Possessing universal qualities, this material allows making large-sized structures, such as a peasant house or a multi-domed temple in Kizhi, using the smallest pieces of it, roots and birch bark to create various household utensils, dishes, toys.

Carving as an early form of wood processing

As an earlier type of woodworking, carving received, because it is closely related to the process of forming the structure of any thing, be it a chest, bench, cradle for a child or a casket.

Such and similar objects are not always decorated with carved ornaments, but the aesthetic properties of the thing appeared in the very shape of the product, its proportions, silhouette. for example, a hollowed-out bowl or a ladle carved from a monolithic piece of wood in soy plastic already represented an example of a sculptural solution made by means of carving. However, in most cases, wood art objects are decorated with carvings. Its types and techniques provide the master with a large selection of tools for decorating a utilitarian item.

Thread types

It does not have a strict classification, since different types of thread can be combined in the same product.

The types of thread can be conventionally distinguished:

1. through thread (this includes saw and cut threads)
2. blind thread (all subspecies of embossed and flat grooved threads)
3. sculptural carving
4. house carving (it is a separate direction, since it can combine all three of the above types)
5. chainsaw thread (predominantly sculptural carving using only a chainsaw)

The conditional classification of thread types is as follows:

Through thread

Through thread is divided into proper through and waybill, has two subspecies:

• Slotted thread - (through sections are cut with chisels and cutters)
• Cutting thread (actually the same, but such areas are cut with a saw or jigsaw).

Slotted or saw-cut thread with embossed ornament is called openwork.

Flat-faced thread

Flat-faced carving is characterized by the fact that it is based on a flat background, and the carving elements go deeper into it, that is, the lower level of the carved elements lies below the background level. There are several subspecies of such a thread:

• contour thread - the simplest, its only element is a groove. These grooves create a pattern on a flat background. Depending on the selected chisel, the groove can be semicircular or triangular. A semicircular chisel is cut with a semicircular chisel, and a triangular chisel - with a corner chisel, an angle chisel or a knife in two steps.
• brace (nail) thread - the main element is a bracket (it looks like a trace left by a nail when pressing on any soft material, hence the name nail-like) - a semicircular notch on a flat background. Such a notch is made with a semicircular chisel in two steps: first, the chisel is deepened into the tree perpendicular to the surface, and then at an angle at some distance from the first notch. The result is a so-called parenthesis. A lot of such brackets of different sizes and directions and creates a picture or its individual elements.
• geometric thread:
  • triangular beveled thread
  • double facet thread
  • quadrangle thread
• black-glazed carving - the background is a flat surface covered with black varnish or paint. As in contour carving, grooves are cut in the background, from which the pattern is built. The different depths of the grooves and their different profiles give an interesting play of light and shade and contrast between the black background and the light cut grooves.

Embossed carving

Embossed carving characterized by the fact that the thread elements are above the background or at the same level with it. As a rule, all carved panels are performed using this technique. There are several subspecies of such a thread:

• flat-relief thread with a pillow background - can be compared with contour carving, but all the edges of the grooves are stuck, and sometimes with varying degrees of steepness (from the side of the drawing, more sharply, from the side of the background, gradually, sloping). Due to such overwhelmed contours, the background seems to be made of pillows, hence the name. The background is flush with the pattern. Plane thread with selected background - the same thread, but only the background is selected with chisels one level below. The contours of the drawing are also stuck.
• abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving (Kudrinskaya) - originated in the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow, in the village of Kudrino. The author is considered to be Vasily Vornoskov. The carving is distinguished by a characteristic "curly" ornament - curly garlands of petals and flowers. The same characteristic images of birds and animals are often used. As well as flat-relief, it happens with a pillow and a selected background.

Sculptural carving

A distinctive feature is the presence of sculpture - images of individual figures (or groups of figures) of people, animals, birds or other objects. In fact, it is the most difficult type of carving, since it requires a three-dimensional vision of the figure from the carver, a sense of perspective, and maintaining proportions. It is considered a separate subspecies bogorodskaya carving.

Chainsaw thread

Also, the art of chainsaw carving can be considered a type of sculptural carving, which is becoming increasingly popular both among carvers and connoisseurs of beauty. Popularity is easy to explain.

Chainsaw carving is, first of all, an action, a performance, a show. Increasingly, festivals, competitions, demonstration performances of the masters of chainsaw carving at public events, presentations, exhibitions began to be held. Unlike other genres of woodcarving, the viewer not only sees the end result of the painstaking and long work of the master, but also visually participates in the process of creating the sculpture.

Milling machines

Recently, the creation of sculptures on various copy-milling machines has also become increasingly popular, the most affordable of which is the Duplikarver.

Range of funds

Thus, the master has a wide range of tools at his disposal: from the simplest lines and forms of geometric ornament to complex delicate miniatures depicting human figures, architecture and landscape elements.

Certain techniques of carving and motifs of images, the type and nature of the ornament over time have become a hallmark of the art of individual centers and even entire regions. For example, in the Russian villages of the European North, it was typical to finish the roof of a house with an ochlup - the image of a horse's head cut with an ax. In the rural dwelling of the peoples of the Caucasus, the top of the pillar-column holding the ceiling was decorated with thin flat-relief carvings.

The windows of rural and urban houses in many regions of Russia are still decorated with patterned platbands with saw cut, invoice, volumetric thread. The unique architectural monuments of antiquity preserve the amazing carving of iconostases, palace furniture, ritual and secular sculpture.

If we consider that all these works were and are being performed now with a simple tool (ax, saw, chisels and knives of various types), it becomes clear that the craft here manifests itself at the level of truly artistic creativity.

History of carving in Russia

Name

In Russia, woodcarving was called carving. The drawing is a sign, the words were also used: vorochie, ornamental.

Early carving

Carving on a flat surface in the form of braids and straight lines, teeth, gorods and icon cases, grooves, stars, poppies, fungi, gags, etc. A sample of this ancient carving is a royal place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

At the end of the 15th century. the monk of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Ambrose, combined Eastern, Western and traditional Russian ornament in his works and had a great influence on the development of carving in the 15th-16th centuries.

Byzantine style

Ancient images of herbal designs are in the Byzantine style. Not earlier than the XVI century. Fryazhina (Fryazh herbs) appears - herbal decorations borrowed from Italy.

German carving

In the second half of the 17th century. in Russia appeared German carving, figured, with Gothic motives. In 1660, this carving was used to decorate the royal dining room, designed by the German architect Deckenpin.

New tools and German names and terms have appeared: gzimzumb, scherhebel, sharkheben, foundhteble, etc. Cornices, gzimzy, shlengeri, krakshtyns (bracket), transoms, chapters, spring herbs, fruits, etc. appeared in carvings and furniture.

Craftsmen began to make carvings according to German master's face books - that is, according to samples and drawings.

The rezis were painted with bright colors, sometimes covered with gold leaf.