External factors affecting the development of tourism. tourism factors. Key Factors Affecting Tourism Demand

The presence of favorable factors leads to the leadership of individual regions and countries in world tourism, and undesirable factors reduce the tourist flow.

The main factors influencing the development of tourism are divided into two groups:

§ static, which have a constant value over time. This group primarily includes the recreational and resource potential of the territory, expressed in the quantity and quality of natural and cultural and historical resources;

§ dynamic- political, socio-demographic, financial and economic, material and technical. It should also be noted that the stereotype of a person's life has changed from static to dynamic, and this phenomenon is widespread.

Natural and climatic factors - tourists are attracted by rich and diverse natural and recreational resources, indented coastline and the presence of a large number of bays, gulfs, inland seas, kilometers of sea beaches, a dense river network, mosaic landscapes and a combination of coastal and mountain landscapes in neighboring territories.

Cultural and historical factors are a variety of historical and architectural monuments, a high level of spiritual and material culture, a mosaic of national and confessional composition of the population, a high level of education, long-standing traditions of cultural and other ties both within the region and with other major regions of the world.

The attractiveness of recreation areas is determined primarily by these factors. It is no coincidence that warmer climates in the south have positive tourism/travel balances, while all northern countries, even the wealthy countries of Scandinavia, have negative balances. The value of historical and cultural resources increases with the growth of the level of education and the cognitive needs of people.

Geographic factor acts in all its varieties: physical and geographical position, on which the set of natural and recreational resources depends; economic and geographical position, especially in relation to the main tourist markets; transport and geographical position, the convenience of which is extremely attractive for tourists, geopolitical position, since the proximity to the hotbeds of international tension, and even more so of military conflicts, is perhaps the main “frightening” reason for tourists.

Political the situation in the country determines all other dynamic factors. Crises, political instability, militarization of the economy, tightening tourist formalities, currency fluctuations, etc. These are the consequences of government policy.

An important political factor is the policy pursued by the state in the field of interstate and intergovernmental agreements on cooperation in the field of tourism and other international economic relations.

Special Policy state in relation to tourism is manifested in the establishment of norms for tourism activities, planning, advertising, control over tourism through administrative bodies.

Tourism policy is closely related to the political regime of the country and defines three levels of state intervention:

§ complete intervention - establish states of a totalitarian type, where there are no democratic freedoms, the initiative of the private sector is not shown. The state monopolizes all functions of tourism activities;

§ partial intervention - observed in most democratic countries characterized by active economic activity.

The state, through organizational structures, intervenes to a greater or lesser extent in the implementation of tourism activities and controls it, leaving the private sector the freedom to create enterprises in the service sector based on a market economy; small intervention - typical for political regimes that practically do not interfere in tourism activities, giving the initiative in this area to the private sector operating in a competitive market.

Socio-demographic factors- these are indicators such as age, employment, the presence of single people, childless couples, age-related tendencies towards marriage, retirement age, the expansion of the social composition of tourists, the level of education, culture, aesthetic requirements of the population, an increase in the duration of paid leave, the ratio of material and spiritual needs in society, urbanization, etc.

Financial and economic factors - is the economic situation in the country, financial stability, the level of income of the population, the share of funds allocated by society for tourism expenses, prices for goods, etc.

Logistical factors characterize the state and possibilities of the base of the tourism industry - accommodation, food, transport, recreation, trade, etc.

A specific feature of transport links is their integration character, as they turn the world into a single space. For international tourism, it is most important to provide links between multi-level means of transportation so that tourist travel does not have stops and breaks in transport communication. The most important characteristics of the transport infrastructure are the speed of movement, the level of safety of vehicles.

A special place in the tourism industry is occupied by accommodation and catering enterprises. The attractiveness of the region for tourists largely depends on the level of hotel and restaurant service. But the tourism industry, especially accommodation and catering enterprises, is subject to fluctuations in demand for tourist services during the year (seasonality), which leads to an increase in the cost of maintaining accommodation and catering enterprises and an increase in the cost of their services.

Based on these factors and analyzing the statistical data of the World Tourism Organization, it is possible to make a forecast for the further development of tourism.

The development of tourism by region will be uneven: the highest rates are expected in Asia and the Pacific, in Europe and North America they will be lower than the global ones.

8) Russian tourism is gradually gaining its rightful place in the global tourism market. In the UNWTO1 ranking in 2012, Russia entered the top ten world leaders in terms of tourist arrivals, ranking 9th, outperforming all countries in the top ten in annual growth rates (12-14%) However, outstripping growth rates in tourist arrivals have become characteristic of our country only last years (Fig. 8.1.1). The restrained growth of foreign tourist flow to Russia in the previous period was the result of an increase in prices for transport services, an increase in the cost of a tourist product with a low level of quality of services in Russian destinations, inadequate security, visa formalities, etc. Another key indicator that determines the country's place in the international people's tourism market - income (receipts) from international tourism. This indicator reflects relative productivity in tourism, but also depends on the number of tourists attracted, the length of their stay, travel costs, accommodation costs and currency fluctuations. As can be seen from the table, according to this indicator, Russia is not among the top ten countries and, although the growth in tourism revenue in 2012 was 22%, it is only in the third ten countries with an indicator of $11.2 billion. tourism are: USA, Spain, France, China. If Russia's share in the European tourism market in terms of arrivals is 4.8% (7th place), then in terms of tourism income it is only 2.4% (shares 13th place with Poland and Portugal). However, among the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, according to the same indicators, the Russian Federation (together with Poland) ranks first. It is obvious that for Russia, with its tourism potential no less than in countries successfully making money on tourism, this is a very modest place. Germany is the leader in the number of tourist trips to Russia. The second position, ahead of the United States, is occupied by China. Moreover, China shows the largest growth in tourist flow in the world market and in Russia in particular. The top ten includes Great Britain, Finland, Italy, Turkey, France, Israel. However, in general, in the EU countries there has been only a slight increase in the tourist flow to Russia in the last decade. A large increase in the tourist flow in Russia gives Israel. The number of tourists from countries such as Sweden, Australia, Spain is also increasing. The tourist flow from Australia is the most stable due to transit tourists. There is a positive trend of visiting Russia by tourists from Japan. The most representative geography of Russia's popularity in the world market is reflected by the tourist flow intensity coefficient, calculated as the ratio of the number of trips to the number of residents of the country of departure. According to this indicator, Finland is the leader, 1 URL: 251 Estonia, Latvia and Israel (over 10 trips/thousand inhabitants)1 . However, it should be noted that over the past decade Finland and Estonia have almost halved the number of tourists entering Russia. A similar decrease in the influx of tourists, starting from 2008, was observed from Latvia. The top twenty countries in terms of the intensity of tourist flow to Russia (over 2 trips/thousand inhabitants) are mainly Russia's neighbors (Lithuania, Ukraine, Norway) and EU countries (Germany, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands, Italy, Great Britain and etc.). The most stable growth in the flow of foreign tourists to Russia in the last decade is characterized by Israel, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands and a number of other countries. The largest drop in the flow of tourists to Russia (more than 30 times) during this period was characterized by Poland, the greatest instability of the flow - Ukraine and Lithuania. According to UNWTO estimates, with an appropriate level of infrastructure development, Russia's potential allows it to receive up to 40 million foreign tourists. However, today the number of foreign guests coming to Russia for business, tourism and private purposes does not correspond to its potential. One of the features of modern Russian tourism is its focus mainly on outbound tourism, despite the fact that in world practice the most profitable in terms of economic income are domestic and inbound tourism. According to experts, for the balanced development of the national market, the proportion is optimal: one inbound tourist - one outbound tourist - four domestic ones. For the domestic domestic market, the development of a reverse trend is typical. The growth rate of inbound tourism lags far behind outbound tourism, and as a result, there is a trend towards a decrease in the share of inbound tourism in Russia's total tourist flows. The sources of such a typical imbalance for Russia are both historical reasons (the long-term deficit of outbound tourism in the USSR created an increased demand for an external tourism product that is affordable), and a low level of quality of service and ensuring the safety of tourists in our country, perceived by foreigners. as risk factors. Tourists coming from far-abroad countries still perceive Russia as a mysterious and dangerous destination, and Moscow and St. Petersburg as the most expensive tourist centers. Not unimportant circumstance contributing to the outstripping development of outbound tourism is the preference of this type of tourist activity for attracting foreign guests to Russia by many tour operators. It should also be noted that a foreign tourist product for middle-income consumers is more affordable than a domestic one. Among other things, in the field domestic tourism the cost of services in the field of air and land transport, accommodation in accommodation facilities, visits to museums and exhibitions are most significantly becoming more expensive. Türkiye has been the leader in receiving Russian tourists for many years. The growth of tourist trips to Turkey has been observed since 2002 (690.1 thousand trips) and reached 2 million 516 thousand trips in 2012. Egypt occupies the second place in terms of popularity of Russian tourists. There is also an increase in the tourist flow throughout almost the entire period under review, while the maximum was reached in 2010 (2 million 198.3 thousand trips). But in 2012, this figure dropped sharply and amounted to only 1 million 906.6 thousand trips. The main reason for this decline was the political situation in the country, but the tourist market in Egypt is gradually recovering. The third place in terms of receiving Russian tourists is occupied by China, with the largest number of trips (2 million 59.3 thousand) made in 2008 (Beijing Olympics), in 2012 the number of trips amounted to 1 million 328.8 thousand. The fourth place in terms of receiving Russians is Finland. In 2011, the number of visits by Russian tourists to this country reached 912.1 thousand trips 253 , and is likely to exceed 1 million in the near future. The reduction in air travel prices has made the countries of Southeast Asia more accessible to residents of the western part of Russia. First of all, this concerns Thailand, which came in fifth place in 2011. During this period, it has risen from 20th place, and the number of received Russian tourists has almost doubled since 2002 (up to 780.2 thousand trips) . The top ten most popular countries for Russian tourists are Germany, Spain, Greece, Italy and the United Arab Emirates. In the first half of 2012, flows to Germany and Italy declined markedly (the season for Italy was overshadowed by two earthquakes in the central part of the country and the bankruptcy of the WindJet airline), while Spain moved up two positions. The tourist flow of Russians to the Scandinavian countries (Norway, Sweden) is growing. This is a direction of active tourism, involving visits to the Norwegian fjords and ski resorts. As for Norway, the unprecedentedly high figure is the result, first of all, of reasonable advertising in Russia for holidays in Norway. The opening of a ferry service between St. Petersburg and Stockholm played a significant role in increasing travel to Sweden. In the last decade, trips to the Czech Republic have become more popular. The number of tourists entering Estonia has noticeably increased. The Pskov region also shows a high flow of tourists to this country. According to the results summer season In 2012, Greece became the most popular holiday destination for Russians. According to the popularity rating of destinations prepared by the BANKO Service as a result of the 2012 summer season, Greece accounted for 22.9% of the flow of Russian tourists. Further, in order of decreasing tourist flow, followed by Turkey, Spain, Egypt and Italy. A rather interesting picture is given by the relative indicators of outbound tourism of Russians. Thus, the ratio of the intensity of the flow of Russian tourists (trips/population of host countries) in 2011 turned out to be the highest for Cyprus, Finland and Montenegro (over 150 trips/1 thousand inhabitants); The second three are created by the United Arab Emirates, Greece and Malta (more than 50 trips/1,000 inhabitants), followed by Bulgaria, Latvia, the Czech Republic, Turkey, Israel, Croatia and Austria (over 20 trips/1,000 inhabitants). ). Also, a high ratio (more than 10 trips/1,000 inhabitants) characterizes the other two Baltic countries, as well as popular resort countries for Russians: Switzerland, Egypt, Spain, Tunisia, Thailand, and the Dominican Republic. The flow of Russians vacationing in Cuba and the Dominican Republic is growing, which can be explained by the instability of the political situation in Egypt. At the same time, natural disasters and accidents at Japanese nuclear power plants reduced the number of Russian citizens wishing to visit this country by half at once. An analysis of the outbound flow shows that the tourist preferences of Russian citizens are expanding: along with the traditional interest in countries with warm seas, Russians are becoming more and more popular with countries where beach holidays can be combined with an interesting cultural and educational program, as well as with treatment. Bus tours to Europe are of great interest, Asian destinations and exotic resorts have become popular. One of the fastest growing sectors of the Russian tourism industry is medical tourism. The preferred destinations for such tourists are the countries of the Middle East (58% of the market) and Europe (37% of the market). UNWTO forecast estimates indicate the development of the next situation in the world tourism market and the role of Russia in international tourism. The number of international tourist arrivals worldwide is expected to increase by an average of 3.3% per annum through 2030. The growth rate will gradually decrease over time, from 3.8% in 2012 to 2.9% in 2030. In absolute figures, the tourist flow by 2020. will amount to 1.4 billion and by 2030 - 1.8 billion people. International tourist arrivals in emerging economies (Destinations Asia, Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe, Eastern Mediterranean Europe, the Middle East and Africa) will grow twice as fast (4.4% per year) than in developed countries (2, 2% per year). In the regional aspect, the largest growth is expected in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (up to 535 million in 2030), the Middle East (149 million) and Africa (134 million). Entrance flows to the countries of Europe (744 million) and America (248 million) will grow more slowly. As a result, the share of the Asia-Pacific region will grow from 22% to 30%, the Middle East from 6% to 8%, Africa from 5% to 7%, and the share of the North and Western Europe and North America will shrink. The growth of the Russian direction by 2020, according to experts, will amount to 47.1 million. At the same time, according to expert estimates, the growth potential of the Russian direction is huge, since the capacity of Russia's tourist resources can reach 100 million people a year with an average stay of 6 days. Naturally, due to its geographical position, Russia cannot become a place of mass summer beach holiday. Nevertheless, the country has what in the next ten years will be in the greatest demand among travelers - unique historical and cultural sights and natural values, extremeness and unique originality. As can be noted, the formation of international tourist flows is influenced by many natural, cultural, social, political and economic factors. As international tourism develops, it becomes more and more relevant to study the complex patterns of its dynamics and territorial structure, to study the features of the formation of interregional tourist flows, and, consequently, the importance of research in the field of tourism geography, based on related areas of geographical science, increases.

9) The tourist cluster is a set of tourist and recreational special economic zones created by the decision of the government of the Russian Federation and located in one or more areas of the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities determined by the government of the Russian Federation. The management company of a tourism cluster is a legal entity in the form of an open joint-stock company, established on the basis of the principles of public-private partnership, to which, by decision of the government of the Russian Federation, certain powers can be transferred to manage tourist and recreational SEZs included in the tourism cluster.
The draft law also states that at the time of the creation of a tourist and recreational SEZ, which is part of the tourism cluster, the land plots that form this zone may be owned, used or at the disposal of citizens or legal entities. The period of existence of the tourist and recreational SEZ, which is part of the tourism cluster, can be extended by decision of the Russian government for no more than 29 years.
At the time of the creation of the tourist and recreational SEZ, which is part of the tourist cluster, the land plots that form this zone may be owned, used or at the disposal of citizens or legal entities.
The draft law proposes to extend the current simplified migration regime for highly qualified foreign specialists recruited to work in the cluster.
The purpose of creating a tourism cluster is to increase the competitiveness of the territory in the tourism market through a synergistic effect, including:
improving the efficiency of enterprises and organizations included in the cluster,
stimulating innovation,
stimulating the development of new directions.
The creation of a tourist (or tourist-recreational) cluster actually determines the positioning of the territory and influences the formation of the image of the region.
Initially, the cluster approach was applied to industrial production, and its founders were A. Marshall and B.S. Yastremsky, but the popularizer of the idea of ​​industry clusters to increase regional competitiveness was Michael Porter, a professor at Harvard Business School.
“The objective prerequisites for the emergence of a cluster were summarized by M. Porter into the famous “rhombus of competition”. In addition to traditional factors - the competitive environment, demand conditions and the availability of supporting industries - in a particular territory, such specialized factors as qualified personnel, infrastructure and capital should be created (and not inherited!) Creating these specialized factors requires a long-term and sustainable investment that is difficult to replicate. This creates a cluster competitive advantage which is difficult to copy.
We consider the following as the main characteristics of tourist clusters:
- the presence of cooperation between the subjects of the tourist cluster (business structures, authorities and state institutions, public organizations), operating in the tourism industry and related industries (in the form of public-private partnerships, associations, unions, etc.):
- joint use by the subjects of the tourist cluster of tourist resources of the territory on which tourist attractors are located, which has an established tourist infrastructure (tourist cluster object):
- the presence of vertical (within the food chain of the tourism industry) and horizontal relationships (between the structures involved in the production of the tour product) between the participants of the tourism cluster:
- the presence of a single goal of the functioning of the tourist cluster, which consists in increasing the competitiveness of objects and subjects of the cluster, as well as meeting recreational needs through the formation, promotion and implementation of the tourist product of the region.
Cluster types:
By stage life cycle distinguish: pre-clusters, nascent clusters, developing clusters, mature clusters, fading.
According to the types of tourist attractors, there are: museum clusters, entertainment clusters, sports clusters, ecological clusters, ethnographic clusters, sanatorium-resort and other types of clusters. As a rule, several tourist attractors are combined in one tourist cluster.
According to the types of tourist resources, there are: water (sea, river, lake) clusters, forest clusters, mountain clusters, mixed clusters.
The scale distinguishes: local, regional clusters, national clusters, transnational clusters.
According to the form of management, we propose to distinguish the following types of clusters: managed by business structures, managed by a public authority, managed on the basis of public-private partnership.
According to the method of formation, target and historically established ones are distinguished.
The benefit from the formation of a recreational cluster lies in the following main aspects:
- business structures coming from other industries accelerate their development, stimulating the introduction of innovations and attracting investment resources to introduce new strategies in the recreational cluster;
- there is a free exchange of information, which leads to the rapid spread of innovations through the channels of resource providers or consumers of recreational services interacting with competitors;
- interconnections within the recreational cluster lead to the emergence of new ways in competition and create new opportunities for its development;
- there are new combinations of labor resources and entrepreneurial ideas;
- the recreational cluster dynamically responds to changes external environment(depending on market conditions and other environmental influences, it can expand, and under unfavorable conditions - shrink).
The configuration of the tourist cluster, according to S. Nordin, is (Fig. 1):
- a complex of tourist resources that attract non-indigenous residents of the territory;
- concentration of companies aimed at meeting tourist demand: restaurants, accommodation sector, transport services, crafts and travel agencies, etc.;
- sectors and industries aimed at supporting tourism services;
- environmentally friendly and cheap infrastructure (roads, fuel, sewerage, medical care);
- companies and institutions that provide the necessary qualifications for personnel, information support and financial capital;
- internal agencies organizing and implementing the cluster concept;
- state bodies regulating and coordinating structures influencing cluster formations.
In order for the cluster to take place as a viable, self-sufficient, successful and effective organization, according to Professor M. P. Voynarenko, five conditions are necessary - “5I”:
1. initiative;
2. innovation;
3. information - accessibility, openness, knowledge sharing, creation of databases and web pages,
4. integration -
5. interest

10) Russia is represented in the List by 16 cultural and 10 natural sites. In terms of the number of natural objects, Russia is in 4th place, after China, America and Australia. 32 Russian protected areas have the status of a World Heritage site, including 12 state nature reserves and 5 state natural national parks.

At present, the status of a World Natural Heritage Site in Russia has:

· Virgin forests of Komi;

· Lake Baikal;

· Volcanoes of Kamchatka;

· Golden Mountains of Altai;

· Western Caucasus;

· Central Sikhote-Alin;

· Ubsunur hollow;

· Wrangel Island;

· Putorana Plateau;

· Lena Pillars.

national park curonian spit included in the List as part of the Russian-Lithuanian property according to criterion C(v) ("cultural landscape").

At the 24th session of the World Heritage Committee, a decision was made on the mandatory submission of Tentative Lists of natural properties from the States Parties to the Convention, starting from 2003. Nominations of natural properties can be accepted for consideration by the World Heritage Center only if they are applied in the preliminary list . The Tentative List designates natural complexes that are promising for nomination, while the State Party does not bear any obligation to further submit them to the World Heritage List.

To form a balanced preliminary list of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia proposed the following natural objects, the nominations of which are under preparation:

· Magadan Reserve;

· Commander Islands;

· Steppes of Dauria;

· Big Vasyugan swamp;

· Krasnoyarsk pillars;

· Ilmensky mountains;

· Bikin river valley;

· Bashkir Urals;

· Reserved Kenozerye.

The choice of these objects was made on the basis of an analysis of their natural significance, carried out by scientific and public organizations, and approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia. For all these territories, the executive authorities of the respective subjects of the Russian Federation sent proposals to the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia for their inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Also in 1996, a natural and cultural object was included in the preliminary list of the Russian Federation Valaam archipelago.

Work is underway to include the following natural objects in the List: Volga Delta, Lena Delta,Green Belt of Fennoscandia, Kurile Islands, Valdai - Great Watershed, Western Sayan, Beringia And Solovetsky Islands.

Russia, of course, is rich in unique and, which is very important, natural complexes not affected by economic activity. According to rough estimates of scientists, there are about 20 territories in our country worthy of the status of a World Natural Heritage Site. The list of the most promising territories was determined during the joint project of UNESCO and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) on boreal forests.

11) Tourist and recreational zone (TRZ) - a type of special economic zone created for the development and provision of services in the field of tourism.

Objectives of tourist and recreational zones:

increasing the competitiveness of tourism activities,

development of medical and health resorts,

Development of activities for the organization of treatment and prevention of diseases.

By decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, seven special economic zones of the tourist and recreational type were created:

1) in the Kaliningrad region - "Curonian Spit" (Decree of the Government of Russia of February 3, 2007 N 73);

3) in the Stavropol Territory - "Caucasian Mineral water"(Decree of the Government of Russia of February 3, 2007 N 71);

4) in the Altai Territory - "Turquoise Katun" (Decree of the Government of Russia of February 3, 2007 N 69)

5) in the Republic of Altai - "Altai Valley" (Decree of the Government of Russia dated February 3, 2007 N 67);

6) in the Republic of Buryatia - "Baikal Harbor" (Decree of the Government of Russia dated February 3, 2007 N 68);

7) in the Irkutsk region - a SEZ on the territory of Listvyanka (Decree of the Government of Russia dated February 3, 2007 N 72).

By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 31, 2010 No. 201, a tourist and recreational special economic zone was created on the territory of Russky Island in Primorsky Krai. In 2012, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit will be held here.

The creation of tourist and recreational zones helps to ensure a favorable investment climate in Russia, the emergence of a competitive tourism product, and the transfer of the leisure and travel industry to an innovative development path.

In tourist and recreational areas, the development of deposits of mineral waters, therapeutic mud and other natural healing resources can be carried out.

Differences of tourist and recreational zones from economic zones:

Can be created on one or several sites of the territory of municipalities;

At the time of their creation, they may contain land plots that are in the use of citizens and legal entities;

In tourist and recreational zones, infrastructure, housing stock and other objects located in various forms property, including private;

Land plots may be classified as specially protected areas.

Of particular interest are tourist and recreational zones, in contrast to industrial production and technology development zones, will be of particular interest to small and medium-sized businesses, since all business here is associated with the service sector.

For organizations that have the status of a resident of a tourist and recreational zone, tax benefits are established:

Removal of 30% restrictions on the transfer of losses to subsequent tax periods.

The ability to apply a special coefficient to the basic depreciation rate in relation to own fixed assets.

A reduced income tax rate may be established.

According to the Ministry economic development and trade, until 2026 the federal budget will spend 44.5 billion rubles on tourist and recreational zones, business will invest more than 270 billion rubles in them, and tax revenues will reach almost 260 billion rubles. The flow of tourists to these territories will grow from 3 million to 9.7 million people. And the contribution of tourism to GDP by 2016 will increase from almost zero to 2%, and taking into account the multiplier effect - up to 9%.

After the mechanism for creating tourist zones is fully developed, another competition will be announced for the creation of tourist-type economic zones. However, according to the minister, this will happen no earlier than in 2 years.

12) A tourist center is an area that attracts tourists due to the presence of specific recreational resources, the convenience of the transport and geographical position and information about it available to the tourist.

three groups of factors in the formation of tourist centers:

Generating (associated with the need),

Implementing (related to resources),

Localizing (associated with public awareness).

In practice, it is localizing information factors that have had the maximum impact on the formation of the geography of tourist centers in recent decades. This explains the rapid dynamics of the development of world tourism, the emergence of new world tourist centers on the periphery of the tourist space (Southeast Asia, Mexico, Oceania, Turkey, etc.).

According to the functional structure, tourist centers can be classified as follows:

Climate centers offering sunbathing are cold beaches (North, Baltic Seas) and hot beaches (Mediterranean, caribbean);

Balneological - with mineral springs;

Natural - with national parks, untouched nature;

Sports - for traditional sports (swimming, winter sports, golf) and sports and adventure centers (safari, fishing, Olympic Games);

Historical, with architectural monuments (Egyptian pyramids, Louvre, Hermitage museums);

Religious, reflecting various religious events and being symbols of faith (Jerusalem, Mecca, Lourdes);

Folklore, based on national art, holidays, fairs, music;

Cultural, offering visits to exhibitions, concerts, seasons of opera, theater, cinema, conferences, congresses;

Business and trade, offering visits to fairs, various exhibitions, organization of business meetings;

Centers for congresses, seminars, symposiums offering these scientific and political forums;

Amusement centers - zoological parks, casinos, amusement parks, etc.

A tourist region is a territory that has a commonality of various tourist resources (route, ethnic, historical, religious, architectural). This is an intra-national category, within a specific country, part of a subject of the Federation, an area that covers several events (subjects, federations, for example, the Golden Ring, the Baikal region).

A tourist uses a set of services that are provided to him in a certain place in the region where the tourist event (event) takes place. This place, due to its attractive factors, becomes a center of tourism. Tourist places differ in the reasons for which the subject of tourism (tourist) lingers in them.

When determining the content of the tourist region, the motivation of tourists should be put at the forefront. Depending on this, tourist places of a wide and narrow profile are distinguished. Finding a person in a tourist place of a wide profile is most often accidental, since the reason for the trip is not the place itself. Tourist places of a wide profile are educational centers, industrial and administrative complexes, as well as transport systems. Unlike general tourist destinations, visiting narrow profile tourist destinations is an end in itself. This includes areas with various tourist attractions, which ultimately attract tourists to the region. All of the above allows us to present the tourist region as a kind of system, a set of interconnected tourist centers.

For tourist centers operating in the region, the most important factor is their accessibility to destinations. The actual time spent by tourists traveling to and from their destination is a waste of time.

Tourism promotion activities are complex and multifaceted activities. They are necessary for the successful development of tourist centers. It should be noted that the tourist center, being the purpose of a tourist trip, is not itself directly part of the tourist product. As a rule, entry to the tourist center and its use as such are free services. Tourists usually do not pay directly for the use of factors and attractions such as climate, landscape, culture, etc. In other words, tourist centers provide the tourist with a set of components from which he can make his own product, i.e. the tourist can use these resources to meet their individual travel needs. Another feature is that the concept of "tourist center" can include various geographical levels: from a small area, a resort to a whole geographical region.

It should be noted that individual tourist centers in the tourist market can be promoted by various organizations, at various levels, and each of them has its own priorities. For example, entrepreneurs who are direct producers of tourism products are primarily interested in attracting tourists only to themselves. However, their capabilities are not sufficient to promote the tourist center as such, and without the general promotion of the region as a whole and individual tourist centers in the tourist market, it is impossible to successfully promote your business at the proper level.

14) Tourism Center- a city, locality or object where a complex of tourist and excursion services has been created on the basis of tourist resources. tourist center- an area that attracts tourists due to the presence of tourist resources, the convenience of the transport and geographical position and information available to the tourist about it.

Special literature offers a detailed typology of tourist centers depending on which cycle recreational activities can be implemented in them: cultural-historical; pilgrimage; resort; seaside; active and health-improving; Alpine; commercial and business; ecological; festival and congress; water; sports; climbing; adventure; exotic; hunting and fishing; ethnographic; entertaining. Based on this typology, it can be seen that the cycles of recreational activities can also be combined.

The typology of tourist centers reflects the great diversity of tourist activities, behind which are the diverse needs of people. On the other hand, it is associated with the presence of tourism resources in a particular place, without which tourism activities cannot exist in principle. Thus, the typology of tourist centers correlates the availability of tourist resources and the tourist motivation of the population.

I. V. Zorin distinguishes three groups of factors in the formation of tourist centers: generating (need-related) implementing (related to resources) and localizing (associated with public awareness). It is localizing information factors in recent decades that have had the maximum impact on the formation of the geography of tourist centers both in the world and in our country.

In urban planning literature, the concept of "tourist center" is usually associated with the settlement system. It is more appropriate to link this concept with any geographical area of ​​interest to traveling people. Tourist centers can be: any settlement or tourist service center, river, lake, sea, mountain range, unique and typical landscapes, specially protected natural areas, etc. Tourist centers are both point objects and landscapes of different levels, which necessitates the development of an appropriate taxonomy.

15) Life cycle

During the product introduction stage, sales grow slowly because there is not enough information about the benefits of the product to overcome consumer inertia. Therefore, manufacturers begin an active campaign to promote the product through advertising, public relations and the creation of an effective sales network. At this stage, product offerings are concentrated in the hands of a few organizations that have a monopoly position in the market. The price of the product at this stage is high.

The growth stage is accompanied by market expansion and a relative increase in sales due to customer familiarity with the product and recognition of its consumer qualities. At this stage, the profit is higher than at the previous one, due to the higher level of production standardization and cost reduction. Manufacturers of the product have competitors both domestically and abroad. At the stage of maturity, the introduction of a product into potential markets generates an increase in subsidies, higher standardization, an increase in the competitive value of the price factor, a stabilization of profits or its fall. This stage is characterized by a high level of repeat purchases and a stable level of sales. Internationally, there is a decrease in the export of the product from the country and the development of production in other countries with low production costs.

At the final stage of the life cycle, the production of a product declines. Consumers in the country where the product was first produced lose interest in it. Sales are declining and fewer consumers are making repeat purchases. The production of the product is concentrated in another country, and the country that has implemented the innovation becomes the country that imports the product.

Any tourist center has an evolution similar to the life cycle of a product. The introduction stage begins with the journeys of small groups of pioneer travelers who yearn to enjoy the beauty of the wild untouched nature. During this period, tourism does not affect the area and the local population, actively contacts travelers and begins to attract them by offering them accommodation facilities. Further growth in the number of tourists stimulates local authorities to develop infrastructure, as happened, for example, on the small islands of the Caribbean and in the Pacific region.

This is followed by the stage of development of the tourist center, when the number of tourists is growing rapidly, especially during the "high" season, and may even exceed the number of the local population. Control over the development of tourism passes from the hands of the local administration to the hands of external companies, which begin to develop infrastructure at a faster pace, thereby changing the appearance of the tourist center. However, the rapid development of such centers also has a negative side, as the load on life support places increases.

At the stage of maturity of the tourist center, the growth of foreign visitor arrivals first slows down, although the total number of arrivals is still growing and exceeding the local population. The center of tourism becomes famous, and large transnational companies create their hotels in it. hotel organizations. Further, the development of this tourist center reaches its peak, then the fashion for it falls, and it continues to function only due to repeated arrivals, the organization of which is worth a lot of effort for this resort.

At the final stage of the life cycle, the tourist center becomes unattractive for most tourists and highly dependent on rare and small groups of tourists. Local authorities are trying to revive the former glory of the center in various ways to attract customers, use new sales and promotion channels, expand the range of services offered; repositioning of the tourist center. This happened, for example, with the famous American resort of Atlantic City, which, at the stage of decline, was transformed into a gambling center.

16) Tourism flow statistics is the first, very important section in tourism statistics.

Analysis of tourist flows between regions is the most important technique that allows you to compare databases of inbound, outbound and domestic tourism.

Tourist flow is a form of interaction between a destination, where there is an offer (for example, tourist attraction or attractiveness), and a place of departure, where there is a demand or shortage of such services and goods. In fact, it is quite possible to build objective models of tourist flows, since they do not arise spontaneously, but are subject to certain rules. In addition, they are influenced by primary and secondary factors.

Primary factors are primarily related to the stage of economic development of the place of departure and include categories such as the level of well-being of the population, its mobility and the right to rest.

Secondary factors are accessibility, attractions, and amenities provided at destinations. The cost of the trip is just as important as the marketing and promotional activities of the host country.

Tourist flows are a rather complex phenomenon, which is influenced by interrelated factors. Attempts have been made to identify the factors that affect tourist flows and to establish rules governing the amount of flows between countries. Thus, in 1970, 14 countries were selected that had a relatively stable flow of tourists for several years and which accounted for the bulk of world tourism activity (Williams and Zelinski). Scientists have identified a number of factors that helped explain the stability of these flows: the distance between countries (the greater the distance, the smaller the volume of flow), the intensity of international contacts (business, cultural ties between countries), the attractive advantages of one country for the inhabitants of another.

The next attempt to explain the regularity of tourist flows was to build the so-called gravity model, which includes two main elements. One of them is the primary and secondary factors that explain the origin of these flows. The gravity model shows that the more regions there are that give impetus to the formation of primary and secondary factors, the more numerous are the flows of tourists between them. Another element (restraint) is the distance between the origin and destination. At the same time, the duration and cost of the trip significantly affect the volume of flows. As distance and cost increase, the number of tourists visiting a given place decreases.

In recent years, the volume of flows has increased significantly, so governments and international organizations have introduced a system for measuring the flows of both international and domestic tourism. Back in 1981, Medlik identified three main reasons for the importance of measuring tourist flows. Firstly, statistics are needed in order to determine the magnitude of tourist flows and track any changes in it. This helps in forecasting and identifying market trends. Secondly, statistics are the main tool that allows tourism planners and tourism development professionals to most effectively achieve their goals. Third, statistics are used by both the public and private sectors as a basis for marketing activities.

Statistics for measuring tourist flows can be classified as follows.

The first category is statistics on the size of tourist flows, on the number of tourists leaving a given region or visiting a given destination in a given period. Such information is the basis for determining the scope of tourism activities. Statistical data also includes information on the length of stay of tourists in holiday destinations.

The number of arrivals (departures) and length of stay are the most important indicators of tourist flows. The number of arrivals (departures) is determined by the number of registered tourists who arrived in (or left) a particular country in a certain period, usually a calendar year.

Due to the fact that a tourist can visit several countries not only within one year, but also during one trip, the actual number of tourists is less than the number of arrivals.

Arrival statistics quantify global tourist flows. It shows that the volume of these flows is steadily increasing, despite short-term fluctuations and recessions in individual years.

Another important indicator of tourist flow statistics is the length of stay in the place (country) of destination. An overnight stay, or a tourist day, is taken as a unit of accounting for the duration of stay - one day spent by one visitor in a given area or country (destination). The duration of stay of all visitors during a certain time, i.e. the total number of tour days (7), calculated by the formula

T=A+L, where A is the number of arrivals, people;

L is the average length of stay of one tourist in the country, days.

The statistics use the following scale of overnight stays recommended by the WTO.

1. 1-3 nights.

1.1. 1 night.

1.2. 2-night.

2. 4-7 nights.

3. 8-28 nights.

3.1. 8-14 nights.

3.2. 15-21 nights.

3.3. 22-28 nights.

4. 29-91 nights.

4.1. 29-42 nights.

4.2. 43-56 nights.

4.3. 57-70 nights.

4.4. 71-91 nights.

5. 92-365 nights.

5.1. 92-182 nights.

5.2. 183-365 nights.

Short-term trips (1-3 nights) are undertaken mainly for recreation and entertainment on weekends and holidays as well as for business purposes. The second group (4-7 nights) includes trips that have different motives and are carried out mainly during additional holidays. This segment of the tourist market is developing at a faster pace. In Western countries, people prefer to travel for a short time, but relatively often. In the specialized literature, this phenomenon is called "journey with intervals".

Medium-term trips (8-28 nights) are made by visitors while on extended vacation, mainly for recreation.

Most of the long-term trips (29-91 nights and 92-365 nights) are related to international tourism. Some people, mostly economically inactive, undertake them for entertainment, recreation and recreation, others for business and professional purposes (equipment installation, study abroad, etc.).

Statistical data on overnight stays are grouped by calendar months, type and category of accommodation facilities, countries. The length of visitor's stay varies depending on the destination. The existing differences are due to the tourist specialization of the host country (business tourism or travel for the purpose of entertainment and recreation), the level of prices in its domestic market, the nature of tourist flows (transit and final) and other factors.

Unlike arrival statistics, which provide a general idea of ​​the volume of tourist flows, overnight stay statistics provide a quantitative and qualitative description of tourist travel. Statistical information on transit and final trips is used to study the demand of different groups of tourists for accommodation services.

composition of tourist flows, this category provides qualitative information about tourists (gender, age, socio-economic affiliation, etc.) and their behavior patterns (category of trip and relation to destination). Very often statistics of the first and second categories are collected simultaneously.

Third category- statistical data on financial receipts and expenditures (discussed in section 11.6). Tourist flows are not just the movement of people, but a process that is of great economic importance for tourist origins, destinations and the transport system involved in transporting tourists. It is quite understandable that tourism is accompanied by flows of money that are earned in one place and spent in another.

There are a number of methods for measuring tourist flows. Their number is determined at the entrance or exit from certain place, and immigration authorities can provide this kind of information. Naturally, all these data relate to international tourism, but do not take into account the flows of domestic tourism. At destinations, quantitative records of tourists are kept in hotels and other accommodation facilities by filling in registration cards by tourists. Unfortunately, this method is not quite effective, as it does not allow to take into account tourists who stay with their friends or relatives.

Despite the variety of available methods for collecting statistical data on tourist flows, these data are not “always sufficiently accurate. (The methods of statistical accounting in international tourism will be discussed in more detail later.) First of all, this is due to the very concept of “tourist”. Although there is a clearly defined and internationally agreed definition of this term, not all countries use it.The problem lies in the fact that survey methods are not the same not only in different countries, but also within one country (they change from year to year).

Survey statistics are events, not people, so a tourist who visits the same country twice a year will not be counted as one person visiting the same country twice, but as two people visiting the same country. given country for a given period. The weakening of border controls, especially in the Schengen countries, exacerbates the problem of tourist statistics.

Tourist flow statistics are not limited to collecting information about the movement of tourists around the world. Of great importance is the grouping of arrival data by region and country. In addition, arrival statistics are grouped by purpose of travel, modes of transport used, months of arrival, regions and countries of origin of tourists.

In accordance with the methodology of statistical accounting, the WTO identifies five, somewhat different in composition from those adopted in domestic geography, the main tourist macro-regions.

1. European, which includes the countries of Western, Northern, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including all the former republics of the USSR, as well as the states of the Eastern Mediterranean (Israel, Cyprus, Turkey);

2. American, including the countries of North, South, Central America, and island states and the Caribbean;

3. Asia-Pacific - countries of East, Southeast and South Asia, Australia and Oceania (Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong (former Hong Kong), Thailand, Macau, Indonesia, Republic of Korea);

4. African - African countries, except for Egypt and Libya;

5. Middle East - West and Southwest Asia, Egypt and Libya.

17) T Uristian formalities in inbound tourism.

Formality - established by the Legislative condition or action required in the performance of a particular type of activity.

VISA REGIME

For citizens of the states that are members of the CIS and have signed an agreement on a visa-free regime, entry is free. To obtain a visa, you must submit to the Russian consulate a passport, an invitation (if it was not sent by telex), 3-4 passport photographs standard sizes and fill out the form. The above requirements are common to all Russian consular offices, and each consulate may make changes and additions to these requirements without any prior notice.

Most Russian consulates require you to present your original passport in order to apply for a visa. An invitation, according to which a visa to enter Russia is issued, is issued exclusively by the Consular Service of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Only those Russian firms that are registered with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs have the right to issue invitations. If you plan to visit Moscow, it is better not to use invitations issued by regional companies - it will not be easy to register such a visa at the Moscow branch of the Visa and Registration Office.

Children under 16 do not need to apply for a separate visa if their names are included in the visas and passports of their accompanying parents or guardians. Persons intending to stay in Russia for a period of more than 90 days must present a certificate of the absence of HIV infection, valid at the time of its presentation, to obtain a visa (the certificate is valid for 30 days from the date of issue).

A tourist visa is issued as a single entry visa for a period not exceeding 25 days. To obtain a private visa, you will need the original invitation ("notice"), which can be obtained from the regional Department of Visas and Registration (OVIR) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The notification procedure takes 45 days. Private visas are issued only for single trips to Russia and are valid only at the place of issue of the notice.

In addition to single-entry tourist visas, a business visa is also issued (single, double and multiple entry, issued first). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issues multiple entry visas within up to 21 business days. The names of children are not included in the multiple-entry visa, and visas for them must be issued separately. Accompanying family members may also receive a multiple entry business visa. Multiple entry visas for periods from 3 to 12 months are the most convenient for multiple trips to Russia.

A foreign passport is an official document certifying the citizenship and identity of a person traveling abroad. It is issued by the competent authorities of the state and serves as confirmation that its owner is a citizen of this state (a citizen if this state is a republic or a subject if this state is a monarchy).

It should be noted that from the very beginning and up to the present time, the issuance of foreign passports primarily pursued the goal of controlling the departure of citizens of a given country abroad. Regulatory government documents stated that no one was allowed to leave the country without a passport. This is still the main function of the passport.

In accordance with Art. 7 of the Federal Law "On the procedure for leaving the Russian Federation and entering Russian Federation» dated August 15, 1996, 114-FZ, the main identity documents of a citizen of the Russian Federation, according to which citizens of the Russian Federation exit the Russian Federation and enter the Russian Federation are recognized:

diplomatic passport;

service passport.

In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the creation of a nationwide automated system for the production of registration and control of passport and visa documents of new samples" dated August 10, 1993, the Russian Foreign Ministry began the phased introduction of new visa coupons developed on the basis of international standards, as well as arrival cards - departures of foreign citizens for border statistical control. The card is filled in in block letters in Russian upon arrival at the point of entry/exit and presented to the checkpoint staff.

When settling in a hotel or other accommodation facility, each foreign citizen fills out an appropriate special form where he indicates his installation data (last name, first name, middle name, date of birth, citizenship, address of permanent residence, purpose of arrival, period of stay, etc.). As a rule, the basic rules of residence and the mode of the hotel, including fire safety rules, are also given here. The tourist's signature is evidence that he is familiar with the rules for prices for accommodation and services. Then the data from the form is entered into the customer registration log at the hotel, which is a kind of registration (registration). The journal and card forms are controlled by immigration police and other government agencies.

18) It occupies vast territories of the European part, conditionally located from the 57th parallel N.

It is distinguished by the richness and diversity of natural resources and cultural heritage.

The southwestern part is densely populated, the rest of the territory has a low population density.

The territory is divided into 3 districts:

· Leningradsky (Leningrad region) - a developed resort area on the Gulf of Finland and a network of recreational facilities in the vicinity of Luga. The main specialization is educational and health-improving tourism.

· Kola - Karelian (Murmansk region and the Republic of Karelia) - moderately developed, with a specialization in sports and ecological tourism.

· The Russian North (Arkhangelsk, Vologda regions and the Komi Republic) is underdeveloped, with a specialization in educational, sports and ecological tourism.

The main tourist centers of this zone: St. Petersburg, Petrozavodsk, Vologda, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk.

Natural and recreational resources

· Recreational resources in this zone are excessive in relation to the recreational needs of the local population.

· The landscapes of this zone have great functionality.

The European north of Russia has rich water resources.

It is washed by 4 seas, has the highest lake content (Ladoga, Onega lakes), is characterized by increased watering (Neva, Svir, Northern Dvina, Pechora, connected by the Volga-Baltic and Belomoro-Baltic shipping canals)

Watering is the ratio of the length of a water body to the area of ​​the territory.

The European North is located in several natural zones - Tundra and Taiga, rich in biological resources. High ornithological diversity. And a variety of furry animals. Rich opportunities for the development of licensed hunting. The zone includes several specially protected natural areas: Kivach, Kostamokshky and Kandalakshsky. reserves, National parks, out of 5 - Pasvik International Park, Paanajärvi, Vodlozersky. Natural park - Valaam archipelago. And various monuments of nature - the Ladoga and Onega skerries. The Kivach waterfall, the highest in Russia, is located in the Kivach nature reserve.

19) It is included in the second recreational zone and covers the most densely populated territories of the Russian Non-Black Earth Region. Here is a significant part of the economic potential and population of the country - the largest urban agglomerations.

The central region is located in the very center of the European part of Russia and includes: Tver, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Ryazan, Tula, Kaluga, Smolensk. These regions directly border on Moscow, and their main cities are located at a distance of 160 - 230 km from Moscow.

Tourism and recreation in the Central region are often associated with rivers, lakes and reservoirs. On the banks of the main rivers Volga, Oka, Dnieper and their tributaries - Tvertsa, Moscow, Klyazma, Protva - a large number of recreation centers and sanatoriums were built. On the warmest days, water in rivers and lakes warms up to +20 ... +24 °С.

This area is sometimes called the "land of origins", it is here that the largest rivers of the Russian Plain originate: the Dnieper, Don, Oka, Western Dvina and, of course, the Volga.

More than a thousand relatively large lakes are located in the Central region. Many of them have long been mastered by tourists. However, none can compare in beauty, wealth and popularity with the pearl lake - Seliger.

The central region is extremely rich in historical and cultural monuments. The center of Russia is famous for its famous "family nests" - estates associated with the names of famous Russian people, and medieval architectural structures, and monuments of the heroic history of the Russian people.

The "Golden Fund" of the cultural and historical heritage of Russia is made up of numerous monuments of world significance located in the ancient cities of the "Golden Ring of Russia": Vladimir, Suzdal, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Rostov, Uglich, Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Sergiev Posad.

Tourism development factors

Before analyzing the development of tourism in any country, it is necessary to highlight certain positions that affect tourism in general and hinder its development in all countries.

All experts in the field of tourism the following factors affecting the growth of tourist flow:

political;

economic;

socio-demographic;

cultural;

political factors. One of the most important factors in the development of the tourism business in the country is a stable political environment. Also, for the development of tourism in a particular country, the established international relations with other states are important; the state of the trade and balance of payments of the country and its partners; international relations in the world or in a particular region.

Economic forces. Income growth in economically developed countries allows the population of these countries to spend more money on travel. An analysis of the incomes of tourists from a number of European countries revealed that in the tourist flow of almost all countries, according to their financial situation, representatives of the middle class predominate, and the category of people with high incomes is also widely represented, forming a demand for highly comfortable accommodation and service conditions.

The development of tourism is significantly influenced by the foreign economic activity of states, the processes of integration and globalization taking place in all sectors of the world economy. This contributes to the emergence of various new types of business tourism.

However, such phenomena in the economy as the tightening of customs formalities, financial instability, economic strikes, can significantly hinder the activities of organizations in the tourism industry.

Socio-demographic factors. The development of tourism is influenced by the growth of the population, especially the urban one. The urban lifestyle, according to psychologists, is distinguished by stress, anonymity of life, lack of contact with people, separation from nature. In this regard, tourism for urban residents is a search for peace of mind.

For many countries of the world, there is a tendency to change the ratio of working and free time. With the increase in free time in people's lives, two main trends have emerged - the fragmentation of the vacation period and the growth of short trips, i.e. tourist trips are becoming shorter, but more frequent.

Among other changes related to tourism, one should highlight the widespread involvement of women in the sphere of social work. Many of them aspire to make a career. Accordingly, this leads to the fact that women later began to marry and give birth to children. Due to the desire to gain financial independence, the number of women traveling for business purposes is increasing at a rapid pace.

cultural factors. These include the satisfaction of cultural, educational and aesthetic needs, which contributes to the development of people's desire for knowledge, study of the life, traditions, culture and history of other countries and peoples. Adherence to one or another type of organization of recreation and, accordingly, the satisfaction of one's cultural needs vary greatly from country to country.

Scientific and technical progress. At present, thanks to scientific and technological progress, the travel time is decreasing when traveling over long distances; improved service in transport, which becomes more comfortable for passengers; there are new direct flights, high-speed routes (roads, railways), etc.

The development of tourism significantly depends on the awareness of tourists about places of rest and various trips. The rapid development of the media has enabled tourism organizations to promote both tourism in general and individual tourism products or services.

Summing up, we can single out that all the factors influencing the development of the tourism industry can be divided into two groups:

1) external factors that operate regardless of the functioning of the organizations of the tourism industry (political, economic, socio-demographic and cultural);

2) internal factors contributing to the development of tourism, actively used by tourism organizations in their functioning.

When serving tourists, modern computer management technologies are used, the capabilities of global computer networks, which allow creating a tourist product for a client in a short period of time, taking into account various tariffs and reward systems for regular customers.

Further development of tourism is impossible without the construction of new and reconstruction of existing tourism facilities, taking into account the latest achievements of science and technology; improving the culture and quality of service on the basis of industrialization, technologization and computerization of the tourism industry; rational use of available material resources; application of modern technologies of tourist service.

The structure of the international tourism market

Segmentation of the tourism market

Factors affecting the tourism market

The concept and scheme of the tourism market

Lecture 2. International tourism market

Plan:

Recently, tourism has received significant development and has become a massive socio-economic phenomenon of international scale. Its rapid development is facilitated by the expansion of political, economic, scientific and cultural ties between the states and peoples of the world. The mass development of tourism allows millions of people to expand their knowledge of the history of their Fatherland and other countries, to get acquainted with the sights, culture, and traditions of a particular country.

From an economic point of view, tourism is a special type of consumption of material goods, services and goods by tourists, which stands out as a separate branch of the economy that provides the tourist with everything necessary: ​​vehicles, food, accommodation, cultural and community services, entertainment events.

A market is a place where demand meets supply. this is not a specific place, but actually a meeting of supply and demand, at which the following questions are decided: a) what to buy? b) what to sell and at what price?

The market is the sphere of exchange of goods between producers and consumers, which has developed on the basis of the division of labor.

The tourism market is a system of relations (economic, social, legal) connecting producers of a tour product and consumers who are interested in a certain type of tour product, who have the opportunity to sell and buy.

The tourist market can be considered as:

Sets of buyers and sellers of a tourist product;

A tool for coordinating the interests of buyers and sellers of a tourist product;

Spheres of realization of the tourist product;

Spheres of manifestation of economic relations between buyers and sellers of a tourist product.

The tourist market performs the following functions:

Realization of the value and use value contained in the tourist product;

Organization of the process of bringing the tourist product to the consumer (tourist);

Types of tourist markets: national and international.

The subjects of the tourism market are consumers and producers of the tourism product, intermediaries, the government, etc.

The tourist market is characterized by capacity, the level of balance between supply and demand, the conditions for the implementation of the tourist product.

The capacity of the tourist market is its ability to "absorb" a certain amount of a tourist product, that is, the possible volume of sales of individual tours, tourism services and tourist and souvenir goods at existing prices and supply

The tourist market is an economic system of interaction of four main elements: tourist demand, supply, price, competition.

Tourist demand is a confirmation of the solvency of the recreational needs of people, expressed in a certain amount of a tourist product and services that consumers can purchase at certain prices for a tourist product.

Demand is an indicator that reflects the sales volume of a certain tour product in a selected market segment.

Demand can be: inelastic, stable (regardless of price fluctuations), elastic (changing in one direction or another, depending on changing prices).

The demand may be:

negative (most of the market underestimates etc., and agrees to additional costs to avoid it),

absent (consumers ignore the offered product),

open (consumers feel the need for a tour destination or something that the market cannot offer for some reason),

falling (loss of consumer interest in a certain etc.),

irregular (seasonal, daily, up to hourly fluctuations),

full-fledged (tourist enterprise - the seller is satisfied with his trade turnover),

irrational (unhealthy or immoral goods and services).

The basis of tourist demand is a person's need for rest, knowledge, communication, which encourages him to travel.

Being an element of the tourist market, demand is formed on the basis of many factors of an objective and subjective nature.

Dynamic development due to the action of a complex of demographic, natural-geographical, socio-economic, scientific and technical factors.

Along with them, a group of subjective factors is distinguished, including tastes, preferences, and national traditions.

A tourism product supply is the quantity of a tourism product or service that is placed on the market at a given price level. If demand reflects the estimated capacity of the market, then supply is the actual volume of tourist and excursion services that are offered to the consumer in the market.

The relationship between supply and demand depends on many factors, one of which is the price. Excessive prices lead, with the exception of isolated cases, to a drop in demand, and underpricing leads to loss of profit and unprofitability of the enterprise.

Price is a measure and regulator of the balance between supply and demand in the tourist market, this is the main criterion for choosing a tourist product for most consumers, and therefore, first of all, it affects sales.

Factors that can affect the price level:

Prices for the services of tour service providers (hotels, transport)

Prices for services provided by competitors in the market

fluctuations in demand

seasonality

Psychological factors related to fashion, prestige, etc.

There are three pricing methods:

Price setting based on market demand

Setting the price depending on the price level of competitors

Calculation of prices at the cost of the tour product (services / goods)

In tourism, differentiated prices are used, which vary depending on:

Time (season, off-season, congresses, Olympics)

Market segment

Forms of payment (preliminary at a discount or at a minimum time).

Competition is the mutual struggle of enterprises for a monopoly position in the tourism market.

The interaction of market elements leads to its cyclicity. If the supply of a tourist product is greater than the demand for it, then prices fall, which causes a decrease in entrepreneurial activity in the production of this particular tourist product; if on the contrary, then prices rise and this situation stimulates the production of this product on the market. After a certain fluctuation in prices, a period of equilibrium between supply and demand begins. During this period, the market comes to an equilibrium state.

The tourism market is a service market. It has specific features that must be taken into account when organizing a tourism business.

The tourism market largely depends on various factors:

Natural and environmental factors:

Good climate and comfortable natural conditions

Presence of beautiful landscapes and natural attractions

Presence of rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water

Cleanliness and tidiness

Socio-economic factors:

The standard of living of the bulk of the population

Social freedom and rights that enable citizens to move within and outside the state

Foreign economic relations of the state

Political factors:

Political stability

Peaceful relations between states

Availability of intergovernmental agreements in the field of tourism

Demographic factors:

Population growth

Increased life expectancy

Ethnic tourist flows

The influx of young people into tourism

Increasing family travel trend

Tourist demand is highly seasonal, with peaks at certain times of the year and declines during the rest of the year. In the countries of the northern hemisphere with a temperate climate, the main tourist seasons are summer (July-August) and winter (January-March), there is also an off-season (April-June, September), and the so-called dead season (October-December).

The seasonal nature of demand is manifested in the uneven loading of enterprises in the tourism industry. Seasonal fluctuations in demand are due to the influence of various factors: natural and climatic, economic, social, psychological.

Hi all! Keep children, cats, and other pets away from screens. Now you will be presented with a boring article containing a lot of letters, diluted with my photos! Happy reading everyone! =)

Tourism is an economic, political, social and geographical phenomenon characterized by the movement of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens, as well as stateless persons from a permanent place of residence to a temporary one. The main tourist goals are health, sports, religious and educational. In the course of such a transfer, citizens do not conduct work activities and are not involved in the intentional receipt of financial profit.

The tourism economy is a special system of relations that arises in the tourism field in the course of production, redistribution, exchange and consumption of the fruits of tourism activities. From the point of view of economic science, tourism is nothing more than a system object of study, which makes it possible to study in more detail its internal structure and factors of interaction with the external environment.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM

The development of the tourism area and the achievement of a high quality of service for tourists are additional source revenues of the regional and federal budgets, which allows us to talk about the significant role of the economic development of tourism for the country as a whole.

The essence of this development can be traced by studying the system of specific economic indicators that reflect the quantity and quality of tourism services, the economic indicators of the production and service activities of objects engaged in the tourism industry.

The scorecard consists of the following components:

• the size of the tourist flow;
• the quality of the material and technical base;
• financial and economic stability of existing travel companies;
• degree of development of international tourism.

The economic development of tourism, as well as its beneficial effect on the economy of a particular region, is manifested, first of all, in how fully the funds spent by tourists on the purchase of certain types of services are involved in the industrial, agricultural and manufacturing sectors of the economy. Such involvement is possible provided that the money spent by tourists on the purchase of services and products of tourism production will fall into the state budget.

The state and development of the international tourism industry deserves special attention, the positive side of which is determined based on:

• the number of tourists traveling abroad;
• the number of days spent by foreign tourists in the territory of the state;
• the total amount of money spent by tourists during a tourist trip.

The development of economic tourism has its advantages related to:

1. Ascending cash flows expressed primarily in foreign currency.
2. GDP growth;
3. Creation of new jobs;
4. Reconstruction of the recreation structure, giving it a form suitable for use not only by tourists, but also by local residents;
5. Attracting fresh foreign capital.

Along with the listed positive aspects, economic tourism can also have negative consequences, the essence of which is as follows:

1. In a developed tourist region, prices for consumer goods, services, resources and housing are much higher, which is not always acceptable for local residents.
2. Tourist imports increase the outflow of money from the country.
3. The creation of tourism industry facilities worsens the ecological and social situation, negatively affects the lives of the local population.

An example of the negative impact of the economic development of tourism is the loss by the local population of its inherent cultural traditions and familiarization with values ​​imposed from outside under the influence of benefits.

ECONOMIC FACTORS OF TOURISM

The economic development of the state and the volume of national incomes have a direct impact on the well-being of citizens living in its territory. Economic studies of recent years have shown that the largest number of tourists come from countries with a stable and well-developed economy. There are also a number of economic factors that have a direct impact on the development of tourism, namely:

1. inflation;
2. increase in interest rates on loans;
3. fluctuations in the exchange rate.

It is noted that a change in the rate of buying and selling foreign currency in relation to the local one, and vice versa, leads to the fact that tourists begin to use the services of travel companies with caution, or even refuse to travel at all. Potential tourists prefer to spend time in the country until the economic situation changes for the better. The same effect should be expected with the growth of inflationary processes and the growth of interest on the payment of loans taken. An increase in the cost of a tourist voucher by only 5% leads to a drop in demand for it by at least 8-10%.

The tourism business reacts extremely negatively to the economic downturn, which is characteristic of both the national and global economies. For example, the result of the events that took place in the late 80s of the last century was a reduction in the internal tourist flow in the territory of the post-Soviet states, which negatively affected the tourism industry as a whole.

ECONOMIC FACTORS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

The development of the economy affects the standard of living of the population, which is a kind of incentive for increasing tourist mobility. The economic development of the tourism sector is determined on the basis of the following factors:

• political and social status;
• national political interests;
• the level of interethnic relations;
• involvement in the international tourism business;
• the level of state financing of the tourism area;
• the availability of a material basis for the creation of a developed tourist region;
• the possibility of creating an attractive tourism product suitable for investment;
• financial accessibility;
• the possibility of including the local tourism business in the international one;
• demography and social level of development of the population;
• the ability to maintain the required level of security;
• attraction of specialists of the required level;
• other kinds of economic factors.

Factors influencing the development of economic tourism are also natural disasters, cataclysms of natural and man-made origin.

ECONOMIC TOURISM IN RUSSIA

Tourism is a specific branch of the national economy, focused on the use of natural resources without significant transformation. The result of the presence of the tourism industry is the movement of consumers to the location of resources, the quantity and quality of which remains unchanged over the years of its existence.

All of the above is quite fair and applicable to tourist sites located on the territory of foreign countries. As for the level of development of economic tourism in Russia, the situation here is somewhat different. The tourism industry of the country is underdeveloped, as a result of which the demand for the provision of tourism services is satisfied at the expense of the territory of foreign countries, which allows us to speak about the predominance of outbound tourism.

Russians who want to have a good rest, improve their health, spend a memorable honeymoon or vacation, are forced to go abroad, as the local tourism business does not allow them to count on receiving the range of services that can be claimed on the territory of a foreign state.

As a result of the outflow of tourists, not only the reputation of the state suffers, but, above all, significant financial resources are lost that go to the budget of foreign states. In order to change the current situation, it is necessary to turn national tourism into an investment-attractive industry, which is impossible without creating a system for accounting, planning and using existing tourist facilities. Until the above is fulfilled, it is too early to talk about any development of the Russian tourism sector for the better. Thus, the cost of obtaining tourist services in Russia is at the same level as in the territory of such modern tourism centers as Turkey, Egypt, Cyprus and Greece, while the level of provision of these services is an order of magnitude lower. The situation was somewhat stabilized and changed for the better after the annexation of the territory of Crimea to Russia and the introduction by foreign states of certain sanctions that prevent the mass departure of Russians abroad. And yet, it is impossible to talk about a significant jump in the level of economic development of tourism in Russia.

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM

Economic theory proceeds from the fact that tourism is able to have both direct and indirect impact on the economy of the state.

The direct impact of economic tourism is a consequence of the tourist's expenses for the purchase of services and goods of a tourist orientation. Travel expenses are calculated as the total amount of funds spent during a visit to a foreign country. According to the WTO, the following types of cash spending can be attributed to tourism expenses:

• payment for a tourist voucher, tour;
• hotel payment;
• buying food;
• payment of transport costs;
• buying tickets for visiting entertainment and cultural events;
• shopping;
• payment for medical services;
• purchase of insurance;
• other expenses.

Direct influence is manifested in the form of obtaining a result from the money spent by tourists by investing them in the development of the tourism business, encouraging the persons involved in it, and creating new jobs. Money. received from tourists are a significant investment in the local budget.

The indirect impact of economic tourism, or the multiplier effect, manifests itself in the form of a cycle of tourists' expenses in a particular region, region, state. Tourist spending triggers a cyclical chain reaction, as a result of which almost all sectors of the economy are involved in the process of circulation of tourist funds. The magnitude of the multiplier effect is directly related to the amount of revenue received from the tourism industry.

By calculating the direct and indirect impact of spending in the tourism sector, it is possible to determine the degree of impact of tourism on the economy of the state, which manifests itself in the form of the impact of tourism on the solvency, employment and development of individual business entities and the population. In addition, the tourism industry has an indirect impact on the balance of payments, which is expressed in the presence of a difference between the costs incurred by foreign tourists on the territory of the state and the costs of the local population outside of it.

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF TOURISM

To ensure sustainable tourism flow rates, it is necessary to create suitable economic conditions, allowing to provide high-quality tourist services to a large number of both foreign and local citizens.

The conditions are made up of the following indicators:

1. Creation of a network of hotels and hostels, the services of which could be used by tourists with different levels of financial security.
2. Creating a large number of affordable in terms of price and quality, eateries in which tourists could have a good time, leave some money, but not become poorer.
3. Creation of extensive tourist areas, including entertainment, cultural, historical and social complexes.
4. Development of a general tourism concept, the basis of which should be a certain idea.

No tourist will come to a country where there is nowhere to sleep, nothing to eat, the proper level of security is not maintained, and there are no means to achieve the necessary level of comfort for them.

ECONOMIC ROLE OF TOURISM

The importance of the tourism industry for the economy is undeniable. Modern tourism affects almost all areas of economic activity, as well as:

• takes on an industrial form;
• acts as both a tourist product and a service that is not subject to transportation and accumulation;
• contributes to lowering the unemployment rate;
• contributes to the development and foundation of new sectors of the national economy;
• contributes to the redistribution of income between countries for which tourism is the main source of replenishment of the state budget;

Thus, the role of economic tourism is undeniable. Thanks to the development of the tourism sector, the necessary financial resources that can be directed to economic, social and humanitarian needs. I am very glad that you have read the article to the end, I hope you found a lot of useful information in it. Ask your questions in the comments, good luck everyone! =)

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1. Tourism factors can be divided into static and dynamic. Static factors are a combination of natural and geographical factors. They have an enduring, unchanging value. Recreational resources that adapt to tourist consumption change slowly. Relief, climate, mineral waters (and other natural resources) are those factors of tourism that are more permanent than others. Cultural and historical resources (monuments of architecture, history, etc.) can also be largely attributed to static factors.

Dynamic factors include demographic, socio-economic, logistical and political factors. They can have a different assessment, meaning, changing in time and space.

2. Factors affecting tourism are divided into external (exogenous) and internal (endogenous). External factors affect regional tourism through natural, social and economic changes. This group of factors includes: the age of the region's population; increase in the number of working women, change in income per family; an increase in the proportion of single people; tendencies towards later marriage and family formation; an increase in the number of childless couples in the population of the region; reducing immigration restrictions; increased paid travel and more flexible working hours; earlier retirement, increased awareness of tourism opportunities.

Almost all of the above indicators, to one degree or another, affect the structure of the population's free time, which creates objective socio-demographic conditions for the development of tourism.

Among the external factors affecting regional tourism are economic and financial factors: improvement (deterioration) of the economic situation, increase (decrease) in personal income: higher (lower) tourist activity depending on the part of income allocated for recreation, increase (decrease) shares of publicly allocated funds to cover the costs of tourism and travel.

The socio-economic factors influencing the increase in the scale of regional tourism include an increase in the level of education, culture, and the aesthetic needs of the population. As an element of aesthetic needs, one can consider the desire of people to get acquainted with the way of life, history, culture, living conditions in different countries.

In addition, to external factors include changes in political and legal regulation; technological changes: the development of transport infrastructure and trade, as well as changes in the conditions of travel safety.

Internal (endogenous) factors are factors affecting directly in the field of regional tourism. These include logistical factors that are essential for the development of tourism in the region. The main ones are related to the development of accommodation facilities, transport, enterprises Catering, recreational sphere, retail trade, etc. Internal factors also include factors of the tourist market:

• - processes of demand, supply and distribution of tourism products (as a feature of modern market factors, one can single out, for example, the transformation of demand for tourism products into constant demand, as well as the growth of individual tourism);
• - an increase in the role of market segmentation (the emergence of new intra-regional tourist segments, an increase in travel distances, a variety of forms of vacations, an increase in short-term stays, an increase in the diversification of tourism development in an established tourist space, etc.);
• - an increase in the role of coordination of activities in tourism and monopolization processes (strengthening of horizontal integration, i.e., the growth of partnerships between large firms with medium and small businesses, vertical integration through the creation of strategic tourism unions, etc.);
• -increasing role of the media and public relations in the promotion, advertising and sale of developed tourism products;
• - an increase in the role of personnel in tourism (an increase in the number of employees, the development of a professional qualification structure, an increase in the importance vocational training, improving the organization of labor, etc.);
• - an increase in the role of private tourism business (creation of conditions under which a limited number of large transnational operators and a significant number of small enterprises operate on the market, an effective implementation of a tourist product based on professional marketing is carried out, which creates a need for staff development).
• 3. Tourism development factors can be classified into natural (physico-geographical) and socio-economic.

natural factors. The nature of natural conditions has a great influence on the choice of route or travel area by tourists. Tourists take into account the climatic and landscape features, the richness and uniqueness of the flora and fauna, natural opportunities for active rest. As a rule, the desire to relax, to change the situation is combined in many people with the desire to get acquainted with the exotic. Exotic natural objects are one of the most important tourist resources. The most widely used to attract tourists is the unique nature and its attractions.

The geographic location of a region or country plays a very important role for tourism, first of all, it should be noted the proximity to the sea, to mountains and forests, the nature of the coastline, the position of the country in relation to the main suppliers of tourists, the location of the region on important transit routes, etc. d.

In an effort to have a good rest, tourists prefer routes and seasons characterized by favorable weather conditions. The frequent vagaries of nature inherent in areas with an unstable climate, as well as natural disasters, contribute to a decrease in the number of guests in such places.

Taking into account the requirements of tourists for weather and climatic conditions, the main tourist regions are located in the temperate climate zones of both hemispheres, as well as on the islands of the hot zone, where heat air is compensated by sea winds. However, in recent decades, the interest of tourists in exotic corners of the globe has increased, which contributes to the expansion of the zone of international tourism. The presence of sea and ocean coasts in the country favors the development of tourist regions. In a comfortable climate, well warmed off the coast sea ​​water and the availability of convenient beaches, seaside resorts can be formed. Sea coasts provide convenient communication, the possibility of cruise trips, and are a magnificent natural decoration of the landscape.

Rivers and lakes are also important recreational resources. They decorate the landscape, form a favorable microclimate, provide tourists with the opportunity to relax on the water, engage in water sports, and provide tourist centers with water. Currently, lakeside resorts and recreation areas in Finland, Poland, Hungary, Switzerland and other countries are popular tourism areas.

Recreational resources also include forests, thanks to which an environment is created in places of recreation that allows one to “isolate” from the outside world and “civilization”. The forest has a very great health value, reduces the noise level in recreation areas.

For most tourists, the nature of the animal world of the visited area does not play any role, however, in a number of places, great attention is paid to their interest in exotic animals to attract guests. Many national parks, reserves and areas open for hunting have become real tourist centers.

In some regions, an important recreational resource is mineral water and mud, which have healing properties. Resorts on mineral waters attract fairly steady streams of tourists (Caucasian Mineralnye Vody, Belokurikha).

It should be noted that the greater the number of various natural resources suitable for recreation, a certain area has, the more opportunities it has to attract tourists.

Socio-economic factors occupy a special place in the development of tourism. N.S. Mironenko and M. Bochvarova conditionally divide the factors into two large groups: generating the need for organizing recreational activities and realizing, i.e., providing the possibility of organizing recreation. It is necessary to distinguish between the influence of these factors on the organization of recreational activities in general and on the territorial localization of recreation systems in particular.

Attempts to systematize socio-economic factors have been made by many researchers. Among the leading factors, first of all, the development of the country's productive forces, the increase in material well-being and the cultural level of the population were named.

The development of the productive forces affects the growth of the total budget for non-working and free time. The decrease in the time spent on labor activity and the increase in the time spent on rest dramatically change the sphere of service and tourism. In addition, one should take into account the free time of pensioners and students and their percentage. It should be borne in mind that the budget for free time is extremely heterogeneous. It includes holidays and holidays, weekends and holidays, free time on workdays, time before school and after retirement.

The development of productive forces and their territorial concentration is also reflected in the increase in urbanization. Since about half of the world's population lives in cities, such a congestion of people in cities, and especially in large agglomerations, where the air is heavily polluted, the microclimate is changed, very noisy, there is little sun and greenery, affects their health negatively. Due to the irreversible process of urbanization, the recreational needs of the population are increasing. In countries experiencing a trend towards urban life, the role of recreation in nature is increasing.

The age structure of the population has a significant impact on the development of recreational activities, in particular on the functional diversity and location of recreational systems. For example, tourists aged 20-45 prefer sea holidays. On the other hand, observations show that a number of other types of recreational activities (cottage holidays, hiking in the mountains) are more popular among the population over the age of 45. Between the ages of about 45 and 65, there is the most noticeable increase in income, and more expensive types of recreation may be associated with this. Balneological resorts are more likely to be visited by older people when the mobility of people is reduced.

The ratio of individual age groups affects the total amount of recreational needs and the functional diversity of recreation systems.

Recreational activity is influenced by the occupational structure of the population. It is believed that, first of all, workers and employees need recreation due to relatively more intensive work, followed by students, and in last place - employed in agricultural production and pensioners. Depending on regional differences, in the ratio between these professional groups of the population, new recreational systems should be predicted and designed.

It is very important that the standard of living of the population cross the threshold above which the structure of consumption is stable and little subject to change. In Russia, in recent years, the majority of the population did not have the necessary income to normally maintain their physical condition. The development of tourism went at the expense of rich people. And a large gap between the very rich and the poor cannot lead to sustainable tourism development.

It is necessary to take into account differences in the dynamics of socio-economic factors. Motorization and educational attainment, for example, are more dynamic than income levels and the age structure of the population.

A significant factor is the ratio between foreign tourists and vacationing residents of the country. Moreover, foreign tourists often use the country for transit or visit the most advertised or equipped areas for tourism. To assess the volume of needs of foreign tourists, the indicator of the duration of the trip is important.

Socio-economic factors realizing recreational needs. Most authors are unanimous in determining the main socio-economic factors that determine the implementation of needs in recreational activities: transport accessibility; the presence of recreational enterprises in an amount that satisfies demand and the peak season; the development of infrastructure focused on spending free time; availability of labor resources, etc. The recreational service network, on the one hand, acts as one of the main realizing socio-economic factors, and on the other hand, is the result of the combined impact of all other factors.

Optimal transport accessibility of recreation areas is one of the important factors. For example, in Altai, most tourists visit well-accessible areas through which the Chuisky tract passes. The main number of hotels and tourist complexes is concentrated here.

Cultural and historical factors are also referred to socio-economic factors. Museums and art galleries, exhibitions, architectural monuments and historical sites attract tourists. Interest in the history, culture, life and traditions of other nations is the most important catalyst for the development of tourism. In this regard, cultural and historical factors are closely intertwined with ethnic factors.

Socio-ethnic prerequisites for the development of tourism are that our planet is inhabited by a large number of different peoples, each of which has its own history, culture, traditions, customs, religion. Many people, due to the growth of the educational and cultural level, strive to get acquainted with life different peoples to the fullest extent.

Economic and geographical factors are an object that favors tourism, in the sense that the economies of different countries and regions are quite different from each other in terms of the structure and level of all sectors of the economy, their territorial distribution and combinations, specifics technological processes etc., which is of interest to representatives of business and industry. The growing needs of the world economy entail the growth of international contacts. Often, the travel program of businessmen and industrialists includes visiting scientific centers and manufacturing enterprises in order to get acquainted with the results of the achievements of the region in the scientific and technical field, study experience, technologies, improve professional level and qualifications.

Economic and geographical factors as a means of promoting the development of tourism are determined by the growth of tourism infrastructure and accommodation funds, the development of international and domestic communications, and the improvement of vehicles.

The most important role in the development of tourism belongs to transport. In recent decades, as a result of scientific and technological progress, transport has become faster, safer, more capacious and comfortable.

4. Tourism development factors can be divided into those that promote development and those that hinder development (limiting factors). The problem of such a classification is that the same factor can both promote and limit the development of tourism in the region.

Let us dwell in more detail on the factors contributing to the development of tourism. The study of tourism development trends throughout the 20th century. allows us to talk about the great importance of the overall socio-economic development of countries for tourism. An increasing role is played by the activation of economic ties between states on the basis of the international division of labor. The expansion of international trade and the improvement of vehicles were an important material prerequisite for the development of tourism.

The growth of social wealth. In the 20th century in developed countries there has been a significant increase in social wealth. Gross domestic product growth in Germany, Japan, USA and other countries.

The growth of free time. The expansion of the social composition of tourists has a positive impact on the development of tourism, which became possible due to the improvement of wage conditions, an increase in the duration of paid leave, the provision of workers and employees with various social guarantees and benefits at the expense of enterprises and trade unions.

The ongoing reduction of working time is accompanied by an increase in the intensity of labor, as a result, stress develops, and a person needs a change of scenery, rest.

In the 1970s, there was a tendency in the industrialized countries to divide the vacation into two parts, which makes it possible to make two trips during the year - one in winter and one in summer.

The development of tourism is also facilitated by the lowering of the age threshold for retirement, which (taking into account the increase in life expectancy) has led to the emergence of the so-called “third age” tourism. Young people also take part in travel, which contributes to the activation of teenage and youthful tourism.

Development of transport and increasing mobility of people. Material and technical factors have a great influence on the growth of tourism and the expansion of its social base. The main ones are related to the development of means of transport, accommodation, communications, catering, retail, and service.

A specific feature of transport links is their integration character, as they turn the world into a single space, unite individual countries and continents into a single whole. For tourism, it is most important to ensure links between local, national and international means of transportation so that tourist travel does not have gaps in transport links. Along with these requirements, the importance of qualitative indicators also increases - speed, technical safety of vehicles, which turn into factors of decisive importance in the choice of a particular means of transportation by tourists. The main types of transport in tourism are aviation, buses and cars, sea and river vessels, trains. The material base intended for the accommodation of tourists occupies one of the main places in the formation of tourist infrastructure. We are talking about hotels, motels, boarding houses, campsites, tourist villages, private apartments. Fast development tourism in the second half of the 20th century. led to the accelerated construction of accommodation facilities in many regions.

During tourist trips, catering for tourists plays an equally important role as accommodation conditions. That is why, along with the expansion of the accommodation fund, a wide network of catering enterprises was created in all tourism centers. When catering for tourists, there are serious problems generated by the seasonal nature of tourist travel. Usually, the most massive flow of tourists occurs during the summer months, which requires the preliminary accumulation and storage of certain types of products. This requires specialized refrigeration units. Modern technology makes it possible to preserve, freeze, package many foodstuffs, which to a certain extent solves the problem of tourists' nutrition.

Demographic factors also have a significant impact on the development of international tourism. As a result of the growth of the world's population, the world tourism potential is increasing, new human resources are being drawn into tourism activities. Demographic factors also include: the ever-growing mutual interest of peoples in different countries that have a common or related language, or are connected by a common history and culture (ethnic tourism); increased demand for participation in specialized trips of persons of one profession or public function (specialized tourism). In addition, the development of tourism is facilitated by the growing number of single adults, the increase in the number of working women, the trend towards later marriages, and the increase in the number of childless families.

urbanization process. In most developed countries, a significant part of the population lives in cities. Such a society experiences stress due to separation from the natural environment. Tourism allows you to return to your natural roots, to find a natural, healthy life.

The socio-economic group of prerequisites for the development of tourism can also include an increase in the cultural level, the desire of people for knowledge, for familiarization with the life, culture, history of other countries and peoples.

The development of foreign economic relations, the desire to use the best practices of other countries in the creation of material and spiritual values ​​is manifested in the expansion of scientific and business contacts, the expression of which is the development of new types of international tourism relations - scientific (congress) and business tourism.

In the second half of the 20th century the very stereotype of human life has changed. The one that could be described as static, when the bulk of the population did not leave their homes for years, is being replaced by a new, dynamic stereotype of life. The change of scenery becomes modern conditions hectic urban rhythm of life is essential. The larger the city, the more clearly this need is felt, since rest at the place of residence does not restore strength.

With the current pace of work and life, spending on leisure, especially related to travel, is quickly becoming necessary. In recent years there have been shifts in the structure of society's spiritual values.

Groups of political factors can actively contribute to the expansion of international tourism links. One of the main factors is the internal political stability of the host country. In addition, peaceful, friendly, good neighborly relations between states play an important role.

A serious political factor is the presence of interstate and intergovernmental agreements on cooperation in the field of economy, trade, scientific, technical and cultural relations, tourism and exchanges.

In the 90s of the 20th century. several very important events influenced the development of tourism in Europe: democratic processes in the countries of Eastern Europe, the unification of Germany, the collapse of the USSR, the events in Yugoslavia and the military conflict in the Persian Gulf. All these factors caused serious changes in world politics and largely contributed to the reorientation of tourist flows.

Restraining (problematic factors, main limiting) factors of tourism development. These factors are the main problems of tourism development. Moreover, an essential feature of the situation in Russia is that the crisis has arisen mainly in domestic tourism, while outbound tourism continues to develop. In conditions of imbalance between these types of tourism, foreign currency is exported from the country, which could be invested in the development of the material and technical base of domestic tourism. Urgent measures are needed to overcome the factors that Negative influence for the development of tourism at the moment.

The limiting factors negatively affecting the development of regional tourism include: crises; political instability; rising prices for commodities; unemployment; lack of good neighborly relations between states; military conflicts; strikes; criminogenic situation; financial instability (inflation); reduction in personal consumption; unfavorable ecological situation; bankruptcy of travel companies; tightening of tourist formalities; non-fulfillment by travel agencies of their obligations, etc.

The seasonality factor occupies a special place among the factors influencing the development of tourism. Depending on the season of the year, the volume of tourist activity can have large fluctuations. The seasonality in international tourism is influenced by both climatic and social factors (for example, climatic factors are primarily caused by the fact that in most parts of the world the weather conditions favorable for tourism and recreation are not the same for months, so people tend to get holidays during the most comfortable time of the year).

Most of all, tourism develops in summer, but there are categories of tourists who prefer winter sports, they are suitable winter months. In some areas, autumn and spring are quite suitable for recreation. However, during the summer months, there is an intensity of tourist flows and a decrease in them in winter and in the off-season.

"Season" for a particular tourist area is considered to be the period of the year when the monthly number of arriving tourists exceeds their average monthly number for the year. In the case of the existence of two seasons (for example, summer and winter), “off-season periods” flow between them. With a higher arrival in the year, the term "hot season" is used; a period of almost complete absence of tourists, which for many areas is due exclusively to adverse weather conditions, is commonly called the "dead season". Clear phenomena of the seasonality of tourism have now been identified in almost all tourist countries and regions. For Russia, with its characteristic geographical position, the problems of seasonality are clearly manifested. Particularly unfavorable conditions for winter tourism are observed in Asian Russia. Thus, low temperatures on some days in Altai (-35 0C) limit the opportunities for development winter views tourism.

Seasonality creates serious problems in serving tourists. In the "hot" season, there may be difficulties with transport, accommodation, catering, excursions for numerous tourists. The negative consequences of seasonality include the fact that during most of the year the bulk of the places in hotels at tourist complexes and resorts practically remain unclaimed. Altai travel agencies have an opinion that in most tourist complexes the "season" lasts only 2 months a year, and the rest of the time they are half empty or completely closed. Another peak season is the New Year, when most tourist complexes are overcrowded. There are examples of sanatoriums in the resort of Belokurikha, when on New Year's Eve they freed up all possible utility rooms for tourists.

To attract tourists out of season or to develop tourism in winter, travel companies are forced to pursue a flexible pricing policy, reduce prices for accommodation and transport services, and invest heavily in winter travel advertising.

The expansion of the tourist season is also facilitated by the activation of business tourism, expressed in the holding of international exhibitions, conferences, symposiums, etc. As a rule, they try to hold all these events in winter, spring or autumn.

The development of mountain winter resorts, such as the Alps in Austria and Switzerland, the Tatras in Poland, the Caucasus in Russia and others, also contributes to the expansion of the tourist season. For the Altai-Sayan region, a positive example is the development of ski tourism in Gornaya Shoria.

Political factors have great importance for the successful development of the tourism industry both in a single region and internationally. These include the domestic policy pursued by the state; international relations that develop between countries; military conflicts (for example, military events in the Persian Gulf in 1990-1991, 2003), acts of terrorism (in Egypt, Turkey, the USA - September 2001, Thailand, etc.); terrorist actions in the Republic of Chechnya. All this significantly affects the development of tourism both in a particular region and on an international scale: tourist flows are reduced, which leads to the ruin of companies serving tourists.

Economic factors also play an important role in the development of tourism. As a rule, the better developed the country's economy, the better developed tourism (both domestic and international), since, on the one hand, the country has a well-developed material and technical base (transport, accommodation and food for tourists, infrastructure, modern technologies), on the other hand, the level of well-being of the population is quite high.

The negative impact of natural factors is considered in connection with various natural deviations. For example, a rainy summer at a seaside resort or a snowless winter at a ski resort can greatly affect tourism activity. Winter season 2006-2007 was the warmest on record. As a result, many European ski resorts were closed for most of the season. The most significant damage to the development of tourism is caused by natural disasters: floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, hurricane winds, fires, etc. All this not only destroys the infrastructure, but also disrupts the ecology of the area, which can lead it out of the region of tourist activity for a long time. Various industrial accidents also impede the development of tourism, as they violate the ecology of the region (for example, a shipwreck that spilled a large amount of fuel). Currently, ecology plays an important role in the development of international tourism. In addition to the considered global factors, there are many other restrictions that are derived from these factors and also negatively affect the production activity of tourism industry enterprises, hindering the increase in the efficiency of their functioning. These restrictions can be classified as follows:

• - restrictions in tourist demand: any organization offering its goods and services to tourists is limited in its production activity to meet customer demand, since this demand is associated with the economic opportunities of tourists to purchase goods;
• - restrictions in the tourist offer: they are associated with the availability of the necessary tourist resources. Natural resources are perhaps the most important of all resources. This is easy to see when examining the geographical distribution of regions as a whole. Obviously, some tourist regions are more attractive to tourists than others;
• - environmental restrictions: these are usually associated with environmental pollution. This applies to certain regions where there are many tourists who harm the environment (camping in prohibited places, making fires, leaving garbage, etc.). In this regard, a restriction may be introduced on visiting this destination;
• - time restrictions: the free time that is at the disposal of each tourist automatically creates certain restrictions on what he can fill it with. A relatively short period of tourist activity has a negative impact on the production activity of a tourist company and, therefore, reduces the possibility of increasing profits. It also reduces the volume of tourist turnover received by the state from the use of the country's natural resources;
• - legal restrictions: for example, laws on environmental protection, on construction, laws defining different areas for tourism development, etc.;
• - limitations due to lack of knowledge: many activities in tourism are limited, due to the lack of specific knowledge of businessmen in the field of tourism. They are reluctant to take risks in an area that is unfamiliar to them. Exactly the same situation arises in the activities of the state in relation to tourism, when it is necessary to solve a particular problem, and the knowledge of the decision makers is not enough;
• - limitations due to lack of resources: limitations exist not only in relation to natural resources, but also in relation to the resources on which the activity of the tourism industry is based. Such resources include, for example, money capital, specialized personnel, hotels, restaurants, transport, etc. The limitation of such resources reduces the ability to meet the needs and wishes of tourists.

Without a doubt, it can be said that in addition to the above factors, there are many less significant limitations. It should be emphasized that various limiting factors can combine with each other and create new complexes of restrictions in tourism.

In addition to the above factors affecting the development of tourism, many scientists agree that extremely importance have factors of entrepreneurship and informatics. The first defines the properties of the person himself. The entrepreneur is characterized by two important features: innovation and risk.

Second, the informational factor modern society in many ways is decisive when choosing a place of rest. A huge flow of information (only one advertisement) falls on a person in our time. As a result, the information that a person receives not only allows him to judge the recreational resources of a particular region, but also determines the choice of a person. Ultimately, its success will depend on the optimal information flow about the tourist region in the donor countries. For the sustainable development of tourism, an optimal combination of basic and additional factors is necessary.