Dwellings of the peoples of the world: booth, wigwam, Russian hut, igloo, mud hut, saklya. Dwellings of different peoples What peoples built

Tatyana Zaseeva
Synopsis of direct educational activities"Dwellings of different peoples"

Dwellings of different peoples.

Abstract compiled by the teacher of GBOU secondary school No. 684 "Bereginya" Moskovsky district of St. Petersburg Zaseeva Tatyana Mikhailovna.

Acquaintance with the environment:

Purpose of the lesson: to cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people of other nationalities.

Tasks:

to acquaint children with the fact that people live on our planet different nationalities, and with the fact that these people live in differently;

introduce children to certain types dwellings of different peoples;

introduce children to some of the facts of the history of their people;

introduce children to some of the materials from which you can build dwellings;

show the differences and similarities of people living on different territories;

to cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people living in other conditions.

Class equipment:

illustrations apartment building, wooden hut, tent, needle, wigwam;

illustrations of a city and country dweller, an Indian, an inhabitant of the Far North and a desert;

illustrations of bricks, logs, snow bars;

sticks, scarf;

5 tables with different tablecloths: one tablecloth with depicting streets and intersections, two green tablecloths, one white and one yellow.

Lesson progress:

1. Discuss with children where they are live: live in the city of St. Petersburg, there is a house in the city, there is an apartment in the house in which their family lives. Each apartment has rooms, bathroom, kitchen, bedroom, etc.

2. Show an illustration of an apartment building.

Does this house look like the one you live in? What is similar? What is the difference?

What is in this house?

3. Show illustration wooden house. - Where did you see such houses?

What are their names?

In the huts the people of our country lived when they still did not know how to build large houses with many apartments. Now there are such huts only in villages and dachas, but before, almost all people lived in them.

What is in the hut?

IN wooden houses there is always a stove and a chimney.

What are they needed for?

Previously, people did not know how to make batteries. Each hut was heated by a stove. People prepared a lot of firewood so that they could heat the stove all winter.

How is the hut different from the house in which you live now? (among other things, bring the children to the fact that one family lives in a village hut, and many in a city house). - In which house is it more convenient to live now? Why?

4. On our big planet there is different countries. In some you went on vacation to the sea.

What countries do you know?

IN different countries different people live and these people live in a completely different houses. In the south, in Africa, it is very hot, there is a lot of sand, which is called the desert. It rains very rarely in the desert, only a few times a year, and there is no snow at all. And in the wilderness people live in a house called a tent. (Show tent illustration).

What does a tent look like?

The tent is made from a large piece of cloth. It does not protect against cold or rain.

And what can a tent protect people from?

It is very difficult to live in the desert. People have to constantly move from place to place to look for food and water. The tent is convenient because, since it is made of a piece of fabric, when folded, it takes up very little space and is easy to transport. It is also convenient that it can be very quickly collect and"build" again.

5. (show illustration of igloo).

What is this house made of?

Where are such houses built, in the south or in the north? Why?

This house is called an igloo. It is really built by people who live in the north, where almost all year round there is snow. There are no windows in the igloo to keep warm water out, and a hearth is always lit inside to keep warm. And, oddly enough, but in a house made of snow it is really warm enough.

6. In the country of America there are people who are called Indians.

What do you know about Indians?

Indians live in wigwams. (Show an illustration of the wigwam).

What does a wigwam look like?

In the country where people live in such houses, is it warm or cold? Why?

7. Let's put the houses in their places.

Consider tables. Where should the apartment building be located?

How did you guess?

Where are wooden houses built?

How did you guess?

Where are the tents set up? What does the yellow tablecloth on this table look like?

Where is the igloo built? What does the white tablecloth look like?

Where are wigwams built? What kind of tablecloth is on this table? Why?

8. We have houses, and people live in every house. Let's see what kind of people live in each of these houses.

Consider this woman. What house does she live in?

How did you guess? What is she wearing? What is in her hands?

People living in the village work hard. They grow their own vegetables and fruits, which they eat, put things in order in their gardens.

Consider this man. What house does he live in?

How did you guess? What is he wearing?

What is the Indian wearing?

Now I will tell you why he is wearing feathers. The Indians fought a lot. Those Indians who performed feats were given a feather of the most noble and strong bird - an eagle. We give medals for feats (show an illustration, and feathers for the Indians.

This Indian accomplished many feats? How did you guess?

(Show illustration of inhabitants of the Far North).

Where do these people live?

How did you guess? What are these people wearing?

What do they have in their hands?

There is a lot of snow and people in the North, but very little food. People in the North catch a lot of fish because sometimes it's the only thing they can eat.

(Show picture of African).

Where does this person live?

How did you guess? What is he wearing?

If it's hot in there, why did he cover his face and body almost completely?

9. What can houses be built from?

(Show brick illustration).

What is this?

What kind of house is built of brick? What is it called? (brick).

(Show illustration of logs).

What is this? What kind of house is built from logs? What is it called (log, wooden).

(Show an illustration of snow bars).

What is this? What kind of house is built from this material? Why from him?

(show sticks).

What kind of house is built from such sticks?

(Show cloth handkerchief).

What kind of house is made of cloth?

What does the fabric protect against?

What is used to strengthen the tent?

10. We have examined many houses today.

What are the names of the houses we saw today?

There are a lot of people on our planet. They all live in different and even in different houses. For some, life is easier, for others it is much more difficult. And we need to help each other so that everyone can live well.

Artistic and applied creation:

Purpose of the lesson: teach children to cut paper with scissors in a straight line.

Tasks:

introduce children to scissors and safety rules when working with them;

teach children to hold scissors correctly and cut paper with them in a straight line;

develop spatial thinking of children;

learn to be careful when working with glue;

consolidate knowledge of names and materials dwellings of various peoples of the world;

cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people of different nationalities.

Class equipment:

illustrations of an apartment building, a wooden hut, a tent, a wigwam, an igloo;

sample of finished work;

paper details for application at home for each child;

scissors and glue for each child.

Lesson progress:

1. We learned that on our planet they live completely different people who build their own houses.

What are these houses called? (Show illustrations).

What are they made of?

Whose houses are these?

What do you know about the inhabitants of the south, the north, about the Indians?

2. Consider this picture (show application sample) .

What do you think, what kind of house will we make today?

How did you guess?

Who lives in this house?

What are these houses made of?

What will we make this house from?

What details does this house have?

What parts of the house are not visible here?

3. Today we need scissors.

What do scissors have?

Scissors are a dangerous item.

Why are scissors dangerous?

The scissors are very sharp, so do not touch them with your fingers on the blades. Scissors are taken only by the rings. Do not wave scissors, as you can injure yourself or your neighbor. Scissors should be kept on the table when not in use. directly to work.

Scissors are taken by inserting fingers into the rings. The thumb is inserted into one ring, the index and middle fingers into the other. The thumb ring should be on top. The sheet of paper to be cut is held on weight with the left hand, while making sure that the fingers of the left hand do not fall under the scissors in any case. The scissors are opened as much as possible with the fingers of the right hand and, in the open state, are placed on the line, observing the direction given by the line. When the line and the blades of the scissors match, you need to check that the fingers of the left hand do not fall on the line. When everything is prepared, the fingers of the right hand should bring the scissors together. If the line is not cut to the end, you need to spread the scissors again, move them all the way along the line and bring them together again.

4. When all the details are ready, assemble the house on a piece of paper.

What details should your house have? Start gluing the details.

Which side of the paper should be glued?

Where is the part placed to smear it?

What needs to be glued?

How should the pieces be glued?

5. When your house is ready, you need to wash your hands with soap and water after glue. Then you can paint to make the inhabitants of your house more comfortable, the sun, grass, or anything else you want.

Show me your houses. Tell who lives in your house. Which house do you like the most?

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A home for every person is not just a place of solitude and relaxation, but a real fortress that protects from bad weather, makes you feel comfortable and confident. Any hardships and long journeys are always easier to endure when you know that there is a place in the world where you can hide and where you are expected and loved. People have always strived to make their home as strong and comfortable as possible, even in those times when it was extremely difficult to achieve this. Now the ancient traditional dwellings of this or that people seem dilapidated and unreliable, but at one time they faithfully served their owners, protecting their peace and leisure.

Dwellings of the peoples of the north

The most famous dwellings of the peoples of the north are chum, booth, yaranga and igloo. They still retain their relevance, as they meet all the requirements of the difficult conditions of the north.

This dwelling is perfectly adapted to nomadic conditions and is used by peoples who are engaged in reindeer herding. These include Komi, Nenets, Khanty, Enets. Contrary to popular belief, the Chukchi do not live in tents, but build yarangas.

The chum is a cone-shaped tent, which consists of high poles, covered with sacking in the summer, and skins in the winter. The entrance to the dwelling is also hung with burlap. The conical shape of the plague allows snow to slide over its surface and not accumulate on the structure, and, in addition, makes it more resistant to wind. In the center of the dwelling there is a hearth, which serves for heating and cooking. Thanks to high temperature hearth, precipitation seeping through the top of the cone quickly evaporates. To prevent wind and snow from falling under the lower edge of the plague, snow is raked up to its base from the outside. The temperature inside the chum ranges from +13 to +20°C.

The whole family, including children, is involved in the installation of the plague. Skins and mats are laid on the floor of the dwelling, and pillows, featherbeds and sheepskin sleeping bags are used for sleeping.

Yakuts lived in it winter period time. The booth is a rectangular building made of logs with a sloping roof. Building it was pretty easy and fast. To do this, they took several main logs and placed them vertically, and then connected them with many logs of a smaller diameter. Unusual for Russian dwellings was that the logs were placed vertically, slightly at an angle. After installation, the walls were covered with clay, and the roof was covered first with bark, and then with earth. This was done in order to maximize the insulation of the home. The floor inside the booth was trampled down sand, even in severe frosts its temperature did not fall below -5 ° C.

The walls of the booth consisted of a large number of windows, which were covered with ice before severe cold, and in summer - with the afterbirth of a calf or mica.

To the right of the entrance to the dwelling there was a hearth, which was a pipe coated with clay and going out through the roof. The owners of the house slept on bunks located to the right (for men) and to the left (for women) of the hearth.

This snow dwelling was built by the Eskimos. They did not live well and, unlike the Chukchi, they did not have the opportunity to build a full-fledged dwelling.

The igloo was a structure made of ice blocks. It had a domed shape and was about 3 meters in diameter. In the case when the snow was shallow, the door and the corridor were attached directly to the wall, and if the snow was deep, then the entrance was located in the floor and a small corridor led out from it.

When building an igloo prerequisite was finding the entrance below the floor level. This was done in order to improve the flow of oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. In addition, such an arrangement of the entrance made it possible to retain heat as much as possible.

The light in the dwelling penetrated through the ice blocks, and the heat was provided by fat bowls. An interesting point was that the igloos did not melt from the heat of the walls, but simply melted, which helped maintain a comfortable temperature inside the dwelling. Even in forty-degree frost, the temperature in the igloo was +20°C. Ice blocks also absorbed excess moisture, which allowed the room to remain dry.

Nomad dwellings

The yurt has always been the home of nomads. Now it continues to be a traditional home in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Altai. A yurt is a round dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on wooden poles placed in the form of lattices. In the upper part of the dome there is a special hole for the exit of smoke from the hearth.

Things inside the yurt are located along the edges, and in the center there is a hearth, stones for which they always carry with them. The floor is usually covered with skins or boards.

This home is very mobile. It can be assembled in 2 hours and also quickly disassembled. Thanks to the felt that covers its walls, heat is retained inside, and heat or extreme cold practically does not change the climate inside the room. The round shape of this building gives it stability, which is necessary in case of strong steppe winds.

Dwellings of the peoples of Russia

This building is one of the oldest insulated dwellings of the peoples of Russia.

The wall and floor of the dugout were a square hole dug in the ground at a depth of 1.5 meters. The roof was made of tessel and covered with a thick layer of straw and earth. The walls were also reinforced with logs and sprinkled with earth outside, and the floor was coated with clay.

The disadvantage of such housing was that the smoke from the hearth could only escape through the door, and the proximity of groundwater made the room very damp. However, the dugout had much more advantages. These include:

Safety. The dugout is not afraid of hurricanes and fires.
Constant temperature. It is preserved both in severe frosts and in the heat.
Keeps out loud sounds and noise.
Practically does not demand repair.
A dugout can be built even on uneven terrain.

The traditional Russian hut was built from logs, while the main tool was an ax. With its help, a small depression was made at the end of each log, into which the next log was fixed. Thus, the walls were gradually built. The roof was usually made gable, which made it possible to save material. In order to keep the hut warm, forest moss was placed between the logs. When settling at home, he became dense and closed all the cracks. The foundation was not made in those days and the first logs were placed on the compacted earth.

The roof was covered with straw on top, as it served a good remedy protection from snow and rain. The outside walls were plastered with clay mixed with straw and cow dung. This was done for the purpose of insulation. The main role in maintaining heat in the hut was played by the stove, the smoke from which came out through the window, and from the beginning of the 17th century - through the chimney.

Dwellings of the European part of our continent

The most famous and historically valuable dwellings of the European part of our continent are: mud hut, saklya, trullo, rondavel, palyaso. Many of them still exist.

It is an old traditional dwelling of Ukraine. The hut, in contrast to the hut, was intended for areas with a milder and warmer climate, and its structural features were explained by the small area of ​​​​forests.

The hut was built on a wooden frame, and the walls consisted of thin tree branches, which were covered with white clay outside and inside. The roof was usually made of straw or reeds. The floor was earth or plank. To insulate the dwelling, its walls were coated from the inside with clay mixed with reeds and straw. Despite the fact that the huts had no foundation and were poorly protected from moisture, they could stand for up to 100 years.

This stone building is a traditional dwelling of the inhabitants of the Caucasus. The very first saklis were one-roomed with an earthen floor and had no windows. The roof was flat and there was a hole in it for the smoke to escape. In mountainous areas, sakli adjoin each other in the form of terraces. At the same time, the roof of one dwelling is the floor for another. Such a construction was due not only to convenience, but also served as additional protection from enemies.

This type of dwelling is common in the southern and central regions of the Italian region of Puglia. Trullo is different in that it was created using the technology of dry masonry, that is, the stones were laid on top of each other without the use of cement or clay. This was done so that by pulling out one stone, it would be possible to destroy the whole house. The fact is that in this area of ​​​​Italy it was forbidden to build dwellings, so if an official came with a check, the trullo quickly collapsed.

The walls of the house were made very thick so that they protected from extreme heat and saved from the cold. Trullos were most often one-room and had two windows. The roof was cone-shaped. Sometimes, boards were laid on the beams located at the base of the roof, and thus a second floor was formed.

This is a common dwelling in Spanish Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). Pallazo was built in the mountainous part of Spain, so the main building material was a stone. Dwellings had round shape with a conical roof. The roof frame was wooden, and on top it was covered with straw and reeds. There were no windows in the pallazo, and the exit was located on the east side.

Due to the peculiarities of its structure, pallazo protected from cold winters and rainy summers.

Indian dwellings

This is the dwelling of the Indians of the north and northeast of North America. Currently, wigwams are used for various ceremonies. This dwelling is dome-shaped and consists of flexible curved trunks connected by elm bark and covered with mats, corn leaves, bark or skins. At the top of the wigwam is a hole for the exit of smoke. The entrance to the dwelling is usually covered with a curtain. Inside there was a hearth and places for sleeping and resting, food was cooked outside the wigwam.

The Indians associated this dwelling with the Great Spirit and personified the world, and the person who came out of it into the light left everything unclean behind him. It was believed that the chimney helps to establish a connection with heaven and opens the entrance to spiritual power.

Tipis were inhabited by the Indians of the Great Plains. The dwelling has the shape of a cone and reaches a height of 8 meters. Its frame was made up of pine or juniper poles. From above they were covered with the skin of bison or deer and strengthened at the bottom with pegs. Inside the dwelling, a special belt descended from the junction of the poles, which was attached to the ground with a peg and protected the tipi from destruction in strong winds. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, and along the edges - places for rest and utensils.

The tipi combined all the qualities that the Indians of the Great Plains needed. This dwelling was quickly dismantled and assembled, easily transported, protected from rain and wind.

Ancient dwellings of other nations

This is the traditional dwelling of the peoples of southern Africa. It has a round base and a cone-shaped roof, the walls are made of stones held together by sand and dung. From the inside they are coated with clay. Such walls perfectly protect their owners from extreme heat and bad weather. The basis of the roof is made up of round beams or poles made of branches. From above it is covered with reeds.

Minka

The traditional dwelling in Japan is the minka. The main material and frame of the house is made of wood and filled with woven branches, reeds, bamboo, grass, covered with clay. Inside, the main part of the Japanese house is one large room, divided into zones by movable partitions or screens. There is almost no furniture in a Japanese house.

The traditional dwelling of different peoples is the heritage of their ancestors, which shares experience, keeps history and reminds people of their roots. There is much in them worthy of admiration and reverence. Knowing their characteristics and fate, one can understand how difficult it was for a person to build durable housing and protect it from bad weather, and how invariably age-old wisdom and natural intuition helped him in this.

Man at all times strived for warmth and comfort, for inner peace. Even the most inveterate adventurers, who are always beckoned by horizons, sooner or later return to their home. People of different nationalities and religions have always created a home for themselves, taking into account the beauty and convenience that they could imagine, being in certain natural conditions. Amazing forms of buildings, materials from which the dwelling was built and interior decoration can tell a lot about its owners.

The human dwelling is a pure reflection of nature. Initially, the form of the house appears from an organic feeling. She has an inner necessity, like a bird's nest, Bee hive or clam shell. Every feature of the forms of existence and customs, family and marriage life, in addition, the tribal routine - all this is reflected in the main premises and the plan of the house - in the upper room, entrance hall, atrium, megaron, kemenate, courtyard, gynecee.

BORDEY


Bordei is a traditional semi-dugout in Romania and Moldova, covered with a thick layer of straw or reed. Such a dwelling saved from significant temperature fluctuations during the day, as well as from strong wind. There was a hearth on the clay floor, but the bordey was heated in black: the smoke came out through a small door. This is one of the oldest types of housing in this part of Europe.

AIL "WOODEN YURT"


Ail (“wooden yurt”) is the traditional dwelling of the Telengits, the people of the Southern Altai. Timbered hexagonal structure with an earthen floor and a high roof covered with birch bark or larch bark. There is a hearth in the middle of the earthen floor.

BALAGAN


Balagan is the winter dwelling of the Yakuts. Inclined walls made of thin poles coated with clay were strengthened on a log frame. The low sloping roof was covered with bark and earth. Pieces of ice were inserted into small windows. The entrance is oriented to the east and covered with a canopy. On the western side, a cattle shed was attached to the booth.

VALKARAN


Valkaran (“house of whale jaws” in Chukchi) is a dwelling near the peoples of the coast of the Bering Sea (Eskimos, Aleuts and Chukchi). Semi-dugout with a frame made of large bones whale, covered with earth and turf. It had two entrances: summer - through a hole in the roof, winter - through a long semi-underground corridor.

WIGWAM


wigwam - common name dwellings of the forest Indians of North America. Most often it is a dome-shaped hut with a hole for smoke to escape. The frame of the wigwam was made of curved thin trunks and covered with bark, reed mats, skins or pieces of cloth. Outside, the coating was additionally pressed with poles. Teepees can be either round in plan or elongated and have several smoke holes (such designs are called "long houses"). Tepees are often erroneously referred to as the cone-shaped dwellings of the Great Plains Indians - "teepee". The dwelling was not intended to be moved, however, if necessary, it was easily assembled and then erected in a new place.

ISLU


A truly amazing invention. Invented by the Eskimos of Alaska. You understand that not everything is good with building materials in Alaska, but people have always used what they have at hand and in large quantities. And in Alaska, ice is always at hand. That is why the Eskimos began to build domed houses from ice slabs. Inside, everything was covered with skins for warmth. This idea was very liked by the inhabitants of Finland - a northern country, where there is also plenty of snow. There are restaurants built on the principle of an igloo and even competitions are held, in which participants assemble an igloo from ice blocks at speed.

CAJUN


Kazhun is a stone structure traditional for Istria (a peninsula in the Adriatic Sea, in the northern part of Croatia). Cylindrical cajun with a conical roof. No windows. The construction was carried out using the dry laying method (without the use of a binding solution). Initially served as a dwelling, but later began to play the role of an outbuilding.

MINCA


Minka is the traditional dwelling of Japanese peasants, artisans and merchants. Minka was built from readily available materials: bamboo, clay, grass and straw. Instead of internal walls sliding partitions or screens were used. This allowed the inhabitants of the house to change the location of the rooms at their discretion. The roofs were made very high so that the snow and rain immediately rolled off, and the straw did not have time to get wet.
Since many Japanese of simple origin were engaged in the cultivation of silkworms, when building a dwelling, it was taken into account that the main place in the room was allocated for silk spinning.

KLOCHAN


Klochan is a domed stone hut common in the southwest of Ireland. Very thick, up to one and a half meters, the walls were laid out "dry", without a binder solution. Narrow gaps were left - windows, an entrance and a chimney. Such uncomplicated huts were built for themselves by monks leading an ascetic lifestyle, so one should not expect much comfort inside.

PALLASO


Pallazo is a type of dwelling in Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). In a circle with a diameter of 10-20 meters laid out stone wall leaving openings for front door and small windows. A cone-shaped straw roof was placed on top of a wooden frame. Sometimes two rooms were arranged in large pallazos: one for living, the second for livestock. Pallazos were used as housing in Galicia until the 1970s.

IKUQUANE


Ikukwane is a large domed thatched house of the Zulus (South Africa). It was built from long thin rods, tall grass, reeds. All this was intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance to the hut was closed with a special shield. Travelers find that Ikukwane fits perfectly into the surrounding landscape.

RONDAVEL


Rondavel - the round house of the Bántu peoples (southern Africa). The walls were made of stone. The cementing composition consisted of sand, earth and manure. The roof was poles made of branches, to which bundles of reeds were tied with grassy ropes.

KUREN


Kuren (from the word "smoke", which means "to smoke") - the dwelling of the Cossacks, "free troops" of the Russian kingdom in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Don, Yaik, Volga. The first Cossack settlements arose in floodplains (river reed thickets). The houses stood on piles, the walls were made of wattle, filled with earth and plastered with clay, the roof was reed with a hole for smoke to escape. The features of these first Cossack dwellings can be traced in modern kurens.

Saklya


Stone dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders. It is built of clay and ceramic bricks, the roof is flat, narrow windows, similar to loopholes. It was both a dwelling and a kind of fortress. It could be multi-storey, or it could be built of clay and not have windows. An earthen floor and a hearth in the middle are the modest decoration of such a house.

PUEBLITO


Pueblito is a small fortified house in the northwest of the US state of New Mexico. 300 years ago they were built, as expected, by the Navajo and Pueblo tribes, who were defending themselves from the Spaniards, as well as from the Ute and Comanche tribes. The walls are made of boulders and cobblestones and held together with clay. Interior spaces also covered with earthenware. The ceilings are made of pine or juniper beams, over which rods are laid. The pueblitos were located in high places within sight of each other to allow long-distance communication.

TRULLO


Trullo - original house with a conical roof in the Italian region of Apulia. Trullo walls are very thick, so it is cool in hot weather and not so cold in winter. The trullo is a two-tiered one, the second floor was reached by a ladder. Trulli often had several cone roofs, each with a separate room.


Italian dwelling, classified in our time as a monument. The house is notable for the fact that it was built using the “dry masonry” method, that is, simply from stones. This was not done by accident. Such a building was not very reliable. If one stone was pulled out, it could completely fall apart. And all because in certain areas houses were built illegally and, with any claims from the authorities, could easily be liquidated.

LEPA - LEPA


Lepa-lepa is the boat-house of the Bajao, the people of Southeast Asia. The Bajao, "Sea Gypsies" as they are called, spend their entire lives in boats in the Coral Triangle of the Pacific - between Borneo, the Philippines and the Solomon Islands. In one part of the boat they prepare food and store gear, and in the other they sleep. They go on land only to sell fish, buy rice, water and fishing gear, and bury the dead.

TIPI


Native American dwellings. This building was portable and was built from poles, which were covered with deer skins on top. In the center there was a hearth, around which sleeping places were concentrated. There must be a hole in the roof for smoke. It is hard to believe, but even now people who support the traditions of the indigenous population of America still live in such huts.

DIAOLOU


Diaolou is a fortified high-rise building in Guangdong province in southern China. The first diaolou were built during the Ming Dynasty, when gangs of robbers were operating in southern China. In later and relatively safe times, such fortress houses were built simply following tradition.

HOGAN


Hogan is an ancient home of the Navajo Indians, one of the largest Indian peoples in North America. A frame of poles placed at an angle of 45° to the ground was intertwined with branches and thickly coated with clay. Often, a "hallway" was attached to this simple design. The entrance was covered with a blanket. After the first Railway, Hogan's design has changed: the Indians found it very convenient to build their houses from sleepers.

YURT


Dwelling for nomads - Mongols, Kazakhs, Kirghiz. Why is it convenient in the conditions of steppes and deserts? Assembling and disassembling such a house is a matter of a couple of hours. The base is built of poles, covered with mats on top. Until now, shepherds use such buildings. Probably, many years of experience suggests that they are not looking for good from good.

SLAVIC hut


Log house, the construction of the Slavs. The hut was assembled from logs (the so-called log house), the logs were stacked according to a certain principle. The oven was laid out in the house. The hut was heated in black. The pipe on the roof was put up later, and then the smoke was already removed from the house through it. Log cabins could be dismantled, sold and laid out again, erecting new house from an old log house. Until now, this method is used by summer residents.

NORTH RUSSIAN hut


The hut in the Russian North was built on two floors. The upper floor is residential, the lower (“basement”) is economic. Servants, children, yard workers lived in the basement, there were also rooms for livestock and storage of supplies. The basement was built with blank walls, without windows and doors. An external staircase led directly to the second floor. This saved us from being covered with snow: in the North there are snowdrifts of several meters! A covered courtyard was attached to such a hut. Long cold winters forced to combine residential and outbuildings into a single whole.

WARDO


Vardo is a gypsy wagon, a real one-room mobile home. It has a door and windows, an oven for cooking and heating, a bed, boxes for things. Behind, under the tailgate, there is a box for storing kitchen utensils. Below, between the wheels - luggage, removable steps and even a chicken coop! The whole wagon is light enough that one horse could carry it. Vardo was finished with skillful carvings and painted with bright colors. The heyday of vardo came at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century.

YAODONG


Yaodong is the home-cave of the Loess Plateau in the northern provinces of China. Loess is a soft, easy-to-work rock. Local residents discovered this long ago and from time immemorial dug out their dwellings right in the hillside. Inside such a house is comfortable in any weather.

BONGU TRADITIONAL HOUSING

TURF HOUSE


The sod house has been a traditional building in Iceland since the days of the Vikings. Its design was determined by the harsh climate and the scarcity of wood. Large flat stones were laid out on the site of the future house. placed on them wooden frame, which was covered with turf in several layers. In one half of such a house they lived, in the other they kept livestock.

No matter how ridiculous the building may seem, it is a home for the one who built it. People lived in these strange buildings: they loved, created a family, suffered and died. Through the houses of these people flowed life, history with all its peculiarities, events and miracles.

The main issue for young families is housing. If you approach this matter with imagination, then it will not be necessary to take a mortgage. This is how different peoples of the world solve their housing problem.

Yurt

Ancient portable dwelling of nomads. It is convenient because it takes several hours to assemble and install it, you can stop at any convenient location. Such a house is easily transported on a horse. felt cover, reliable protection from cold, rain and wind.

These amazing domed dwellings modern design can be found in northeast Asia, in Greenland, on the Canadian island of Baffin Island. Housing is made of snow blocks. To enter, they break through a special tunnel in the snow. Nearby igloos are interconnected by separate snowy corridors so that you can visit without going out into the cold.

house in a cave

In the south of Tunisia there are quarries with sandy rocks. These deposits of sand are not one thousand years old. Over the years, it has become strong enough to cut through these sands almost entire hotels for tourists. The walls of such caves protect from the incredible heat and sandstorms.

Rondavel means round house. Such stone houses are built in southern Africa. Instead of cement, a mixture of earth, sand and manure is used in the construction of walls. The floor of the dwelling is also leveled with manure and dried. The round shape of the house and the thatched roof give it a slightly fairytale look. These buildings were conceived as hunting lodges, but now they are increasingly being used for permanent housing.

Houses on stilts

These exotic and practical dwellings can be found in Southeast Asia,. In the local climate, where rainy days prevail, the locals came up with the idea of ​​building houses on stilts. Do not be surprised that the piles are so high. At this height, the house becomes inaccessible to snakes and mosquitoes.

Tiny houses in the USA

In Oregon, there was a fashion for such tiny houses. Their main advantage is the presence of wheels. The construction of such inexpensive and original housing was the beginning of a whole direction.

houses underground

Underground houses in - this is not a whim of the jaded rich. This is an urgent need to protect yourself from the daily heat, up to 45 ° C, from sandstorms. Due to such difficult weather conditions, a good half of the town of Coober Pedy moved into apartments dug underground. Now this city is famous not only for opals, but also for a network of underground living quarters.

Houses made of adobe bricks

Saman is essentially clay concrete. It is from these blocks that the Indians from the Acoma Pueblo reservation in the US state of New Mexico have been building houses for many centuries. Saman is a mixture of clay, water, sand and chopped straw. Lime and manure are also added there.

Colored houses on the island of Martha's Vineyard

It seems that the inhabitants of this American island are very fond of gingerbread houses. For the first time such houses different colors construction began at the end of the 19th century.

house in a boat

Remember, as in the classic - "He was seized by the desire to change places." If the same thing happened to you, come to London. A certain number of the British were tired of land dwelling, and they moved to live in boats. On the water channel, 14 kilometers long, there are parking lots for small yachts and boats. The restless part of English society lives on them. However, one "small" feature should be taken into account. Each boat has the right to stay in one parking place for no more than 14 hours. So, enjoy your swim.