The largest part of the pelvic bone. Pelvic bone: human anatomy. Building without details

The pelvic bone is the largest bone structure in the human body.

In addition to the function performed by the pelvis, determined by the property of the connection with the lower limbs, it is entrusted with the performance of many functional tasks. Since one of the functions is to maintain normal support, the pelvic girdle is designed in such a way that in the female and male skeletal structure it is characterized by the difference in the functional features assigned to it.

Anatomy of the human pelvis

The anatomy of the human pelvis has clearly demarcated structures that interact with each other in various ways (from adjacent touch, to direct dependence on one another). For each bone tissue a certain function is predetermined, which must be successfully reproduced in order to exclude the failure of the entire skeletal system, soft tissues, tendons and muscles.

The hip bone plays a significant role in the functioning of both legs, the part close to the pelvis is articulated and surrounded by the hip joint. Since the anatomy of the structure of the skeletal column and adjacent bone structures of the female and male body are different, it is necessary to thoroughly understand the natural location and structure of the pelvis.

Pelvic bones

The pelvic bones of the human skeletal column are formed under the fusion of two components: two innominate hip bones and the sacrum. Their strengthening occurs due to the ligamentous apparatus and the joint, which is characterized by low mobility. The exit and inlet openings of the pelvic bone tissue are covered muscle tissue. This is pretty important feature structure, allowing the normal passage of the natural process of childbirth. Pass through multiple lumens of the pelvic bone nerve fibers and vessels.

The structure of the pelvic bones is such that its anterior and lateral zones end with innominate bones. The posterior zone is limited by the sacrum and coccyx, which is the final structure of the spinal column.

Unnamed bones

The nameless bones of the human pelvis are located somewhat apart, they have three bone formations in their structure. IN early age until the age of 16, bone tissues are endowed with articular properties, subsequently the lower branch is connected by the acetabulum. The pelvis is strengthened by muscle tissue and ligaments. The natural location of the innominate bone implies the union of the ilium, pubic, ischial hard tissues.

The iliac is located in the region of the acetabulum, has a wing. Its inner surface is represented by a concave shape; intestinal loops are located in the space adjacent to it. A little lower, the innominate border overlaps the opening of the small pelvis. In the female body, this place is important for medical diagnosis during pregnancy.

The outer surface is dotted with three lines to which the gluteal muscles are attached. The edge is presented in the form of a scallop, which ends with natural structures. The wings of the ilium, characterized by the presence of inner and outer layers, play an important role in the structure of the skeleton. Starting from the lower, ending with the iliac, bone structures are important anatomical landmarks in medical practice.

Differences between the female and male pelvis

Distinctive features the pelvic region is the difference in the structure of the skeleton of the female and male body. Since the female pelvis involves the reproduction of offspring, it is the main participant in childbirth. Medical practice highlights special meaning not only clinical, but also X-ray anatomy.

Functions

The human pelvis is equipped with massive strong joints, provides the main function - the support. That is why the strength of the pelvic bone tissue is quite important, which allows it to withstand an increased load. The part of the pelvic bone tissue that follows the pelvis consists of the thigh, kneecaps, shins and feet.

The pelvic girdle suggests the following functions of this part of the skeleton:

• support and movement (the entire weight of the mass of the upper body of a person is superimposed on the pelvis);
• protective function involves protection internal organs hip belt.

Support and movement

The anatomical structure of a person implies the presence of a high-strength element in which the individual ones merge together, forming a strong massive bone. In its central part on the outer surface there is a depression called the acetabulum, which is articulated with the femoral head. This place is the main point that takes on the pressure of the body weight, as well as the epicenter of the motor activity of the upper part of the human body.

Hence the conclusion follows: the pelvic bone must have an optimally strong structure, a large diameter, have sufficient depth and a sheer edge. In it, the pelvic bones grow together during growing up (sciatic, iliac, pubic).

The human pelvis also performs the functions of movement in space. This function provides upright posture of a person. Thanks to the bones of the pelvis, the axis of the skeleton and the competent distribution of the load of body weight on the lower limbs are maintained.

Since the function of support and movement allows a person to carry out physical activity, with diseases of the musculoskeletal system, it loses its effectiveness.

Protection

Since there are many vital organs in the human body, the protective function is of great importance for their normal functioning. Thanks to the protection, the preservation of the spine, anterior abdominal wall, and other internal structures, consisting of soft tissues, cartilage, tendons, and muscles, is ensured.

The pelvic bone is one of the largest and most powerful bones in the human body. It performs a lot of functions, since it connects the trunk with the lower limbs. It has a peculiar, atypical structure, as it performs the most important function of the pelvis - the support. Also, thanks to the pelvic bone, a person is able to move, walk and sit. The bones of the pelvis make up the so-called pelvic girdle, which consists of their upper part (large pelvis) and lower part (small pelvis).

The structure and functions of the pelvic bone

The anatomical structure of the pelvic bone is due to its important role. What is it? First of all, it should be noted that the sacrum, together with the pelvic bone, forms the bone pelvis, which is the most massive joint, without which a person simply could not exist.

An individual feature of this anatomical region is the fact that approximately up to adolescence The pelvis is made up of three bones that are separated from each other. And as they grow older, these bones fuse together, forming one whole joint.

Thus, the pelvic bone has the following structure:

• ilium;
• pubic;
• ischium.

Ilium

It is a massive body with a large depression. It is this bone that contributes to the attachment of the pelvic bone to the head of the femur.

Pubic

Consists of three elements and connects the ilium to the ischium.

Ischial

Connecting bone that attaches to the pubic bone and forms a closing opening with it.

As a result of such a powerful anatomical design, a person moves with ease and does not experience any difficulties when walking. The unique structure of the pelvic bone causes a person to walk straight (in a vertical position), while maintaining balance during walking and distributing the load on all joints. After all, no one saw that a person would fall to the right, left, forward or backward when walking. Upright walking is the uniqueness of the human body; none of the animals possesses it. Also, the pelvic bone is a support for the spine, as it keeps it in a straight position.

All these bones are interconnected by one cartilage. The structure of the pelvic bone has gender differences. For example, the pelvic bone in women looks different than in men. It is wide and low, since its direct purpose is the reproductive function. The so-called iliac wings and ischial processes in women are strongly deployed to the sides, and the most massive and important muscles of the body are connected to the pelvic bones.

The pelvic bone performs the following functions:

1. reference. Thanks to the bones of the pelvis, a person stands firmly on his feet, since the entire weight of the body falls on him. The probability of fractures depends on its strength and strength.
2. Protective. This massive bone prevents damage to the internal organs that are located in the lower abdomen from direct mechanical impact.
3. Motor. The bones are so mobile that they allow you to move, run and sit comfortably.

Pelvic injury

Most often, pelvic injuries occur due to:

• car accidents;
• falling from a great height;
• increased bone fragility in the elderly (in the presence of osteopenia and osteoporosis).

The most common injuries occur due to car accidents and traffic accidents.

Falls from a height most often occur in everyday life (for example, when harvesting apples, plums or pears, people fall from trees) in construction, injuries often occur when builders fall out of the windows of a multi-storey building, fall from scaffolding. When squeezing the pelvis during collapses and falls of massive objects.

Pelvic fractures in the elderly are caused by thinning and fragility of the bones. In this case, even the most minor injuries lead to damage to the pelvic bones.

The most severe injuries of the pelvis are those in which the internal organs are injured. Usually damaged:

• bladder;
• female organs;
• lower intestine.

Symptoms of a pelvic fracture

Symptoms of a pelvic fracture are divided into two main groups:

• local manifestations;
• general manifestations.

local signs

These include the following symptoms:

• sharp pain;
• deformation of the pelvic bones;
• hematoma;
• edema;
• bone crepitus (sound phenomenon);
• shortening of the limbs (with displacement of bone fragments).

Symptoms depend on which part of the pelvis is damaged.

General symptoms

These include:

• traumatic shock;
• massive bleeding;
• compression of nerve endings;
• tachycardia (rapid heart rate);
• drop in blood pressure (blood pressure);
• loss of consciousness.

As a result of severe blood loss, traumatic shock develops. Shock is accompanied by sticky sweat and pallor of the skin. Sometimes a fracture of the pelvic bone is accompanied by damage to the internal organs. IN abdominal cavity a hematoma may form. If the urethra (urethra) is damaged, bleeding from the canal and urinary retention are observed. Gap Bladder manifested by the presence of blood in the urine (hematuria). Pelvic injuries are classified as follows:

1. Fractures of certain bones. Such fractures quickly grow together and are quite stable. The recovery period is short, however, only on condition that the patient observes bed rest.
2. Unstable fractures, in which the displacement of the pelvic bones occurs horizontally.
3. Fracture of the acetabulum. Traumatization of the bottom or its edges occurs.
4. Fractures accompanied by dislocations.
5. Bilateral and unilateral fractures.

Treatment of pelvic fractures

Paramount in the treatment of pelvic fractures is immobilization. It is especially relevant in the context of first aid. For this, the patient should be laid on his back, legs should be taken slightly to the sides, and bent at the knees. For the convenience of the patient, it is advisable to put a roller or pillow under the knees. This position of the patient is called the “frog posture”.

In some cases, with a fracture of a certain part of the pelvis, this position is strictly prohibited. Since even the slightest dilution of the legs causes the patient severe pain and could result in repeated displacement of debris and additional injury. As a rule, in such situations, the patient is placed on a stretcher and a pillow is placed under his feet. You can also bandage your legs to each other.

Currently, modern ambulances are equipped with vacuum immobilizing mattress stretchers and compression pneumosuits. Vacuum mattresses are filled with air, after which they take the form of the human body, which makes its transportation much more comfortable and less painful.

Compressive suits are used for extensive bleeding. Such a suit provides hemostasis and directs blood from the peripheral vessels to the central ones, which improves the filling of the heart and blood with blood. In the absence of such a suit, a bandage can be applied to the pelvis to reduce bleeding.

In the hospital, immobilization of the pelvic bones is created, and they are also fixed in the correct physiological position. Then anesthesia is carried out with anesthesia. Then they conduct an examination, and the patient is diagnosed.

Rehabilitation after such a complex injury can take a long time, ranging from six months to a year. Therefore, it is better to avoid situations that can cause such extensive damage that requires complex treatment and long rehabilitation.

One of the largest and most massive bones in the human body is the pelvic. It performs many functions, thanks to which a person can walk, and indeed move. But not every person thought about its structure.
Content:

The structure of the pelvic bone

First of all, it is worth noting that the pelvic bone and the sacrum together form a bone pelvis, without which a person simply could not exist.

Until about the age of 16, this human bone consists of three separate bones, which, after some time, will gradually grow together until one whole bone is obtained.

So, the pelvic bone consists of:

• Iliac. This is the largest bone in the entire pelvis, which is a massive body with a large cavity. Thanks to this bone, the pelvic bone and the femoral head are attached.
• Pubic. This bone consists of three parts and is a kind of connector
• Ischial. This is the trailing bone, which connects to the pubis, and forms with it the obturator foramen

Thanks to such a powerful structure of the pelvic bone, a person does not experience any difficulties in moving.

• The pelvis performs several important functions, including:
• Support. It is thanks to this bone that a person stands exactly in place. All the weight, all the weight is on her. Therefore, the likelihood of fractures and other injuries depends on how strong the pelvic bone is.
• Protection. This bone protects many organs that are located in the lower abdomen from direct external influences.
• Movement. The bones are connected so neatly that a person can safely walk without falling or waddling from side to side.

The structure of the pelvic bone is very unusual. But all its features can be noticed only when it has not yet grown together into a single whole, that is, up to 16 years.

Causes of pelvic pain

Often, people complain of unpleasant and painful sensations that occur in the pelvic area. There are many reasons why they may appear. The main ones are considered to be:

• High load during training, as well as during simple sports. This happens when a person does a lot of squats and also lifts too much weight.
• Tumors of various nature. As a rule, tumors block the path for normal blood circulation, and also affect the nerve endings, thereby provoking the appearance of unpleasant sensations.
• Bone problems, which may show up as brittle, brittle, etc.
• Reception medicines, as well as hormones that have a direct effect on the entire human body
• Congenital disorders in the structure of the pelvic bone
• Diseases of the circulatory system
• Diseases of the genitourinary and reproductive system
• Long stay in the same position. This usually happens with those people who are forced to lie down due to health problems.
• Pregnancy
• fractures

Quite often, discomfort in the pelvic area is provoked by an infection in the body, as well as a slight destruction of the cartilage. It should be noted that if even a slight, but unpleasant sensation appears, it is necessary to consult a doctor in order to find out the true cause of the discomfort, and, if necessary, begin treatment.

Pregnancy and pain

This is the most beautiful period in the life of any woman. But in most cases, it is overshadowed by various painful sensations. The most common complaint of expectant mothers is pelvic pain.

It must be said right away that these pains do not indicate the presence of some kind of defect, they only indicate that the woman's body is gradually preparing for childbirth.
Painful sensations appear because every day the uterus increases in size, and it needs more and more space.

That is why the ligaments begin to stretch. But, as a rule, not all ligaments and tendons are designed to be stretched. Yes, and rapid growth always brings discomfort.

Many women note that such pain appeared only in the third trimester. They begin to appear especially strongly a few days before childbirth, when, as doctors say, "the bones begin to diverge."

In this case, you don’t need to do anything, you just have to wait and endure, since this is a completely normal physiological process. The only thing you can do is try to avoid sudden movements.

In the event that a person suddenly began to be disturbed by unpleasant and painful sensations in the pelvic area, then an urgent need to visit a doctor. You should contact either a gynecologist or a traumatologist.

The pelvic bone is one of those bones that experiences a tremendous load every day. That is why, it is necessary to carefully monitor your own, since any injury to the pelvic bone can lead, at best, to temporary immobility.

As a whole bone is available in adults. Until the age of 14-16, this bone consists of three separate bones connected by cartilage: the ilium, pubic and ischium. The bodies of these bones on their outer surface form the acetabulum, which is the articular fossa for the femoral head. The acetabulum is deep, limited in circumference by a high edge, which is interrupted on its medial side by a notch of the acetabulum. For articulation with the head of the femur in the acetabulum there is a lunate surface, which occupies the peripheral part of the acetabulum. The center of the acetabulum - the fossa of the acetabulum - is rough and somewhat indented.

Ilium consists of two sections: the lower thickened section - the body of the ilium is involved in the formation of the acetabulum; the upper, expanded section is the wing of the ilium. The iliac wing is a wide curved plate, thinned in the center. Towards the periphery, the bone plate thickens, fan-shaped expanding upward, and ends with a convex edge - the iliac crest. On the iliac crest, three rough lines for the attachment of the broad abdominal muscles emerge well: the outer lip, the inner lip and the intermediate line. The iliac crest in front and behind has bony protrusions - the upper and lower iliac spines. In front is the superior anterior iliac spine. Below it, separated by a notch, is the lower anterior iliac spine.

At the posterior end of the crest, a protrusion is visible - the superior posterior iliac spine, and slightly below it - the inferior posterior iliac spine.

On the outer surface of the iliac wing, weakly expressed three rough lines are visible. Of these, the anterior gluteal line is better visible. It is the longest, starts from the superior anterior iliac spine, goes in an arcuate direction towards the greater ischial notch of the ischium. The posterior gluteal line is much shorter, located below the previous one and oriented almost vertically. The lower gluteal line is shorter than the other lines, starts between the superior and anterior inferior iliac spines and runs in a gentle arc above the acetabulum to the greater ischial notch.

On the inner concave smooth surface of the iliac wing there is a gentle depression - the iliac fossa. The lower border of the iliac fossa is an arcuate line. The beginning of this line is the ear-shaped surface, its anterior edge. This surface serves for articulation with the same surface of the sacrum. The arcuate line continues anteriorly into the iliopubic eminence. Above the ear-shaped surface is the iliac tuberosity for attaching the interosseous ligaments.

Pubic bone has an extended part - a body and two branches. The body of the pubic bone forms the anterior part of the acetabulum. From it, the superior branch of the pubic bone is directed forward, bearing the iliac-pubic eminence, located along the line of fusion of the pubic bone with the ilium. The anterior part of the superior ramus curves sharply downwards and is regarded as the inferior ramus of the pubis. In the place where the upper branch passes into the lower, in the region of the medial edge there is an oval symphysial surface, which serves to connect with the pubic bone of the opposite side. On the upper branch of the pubic bone, departing from the medial end by about 2 cm, there is a pubic tubercle, from which the pubic crest is directed laterally along the posterior edge of the upper branch, continuing further posteriorly into the iliopubic eminence on the lower surface of the upper branch of the pubic bone. In the direction from back to front and medially passes the obturator groove for the vessels and nerve of the same name.

Ischium has a thickened body, which complements the bottom of the acetabulum and passes into the branch of the ischium. The body of the ischium forms an anterior angle with the branch. In the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe angle, the bone forms a thickening - the ischial tuberosity. Above this tubercle, the sciatic spine extends from the posterior edge of the body, which separates two notches: the lower one is the lesser sciatic notch and the greater sciatic notch, located at the level of the upper edge of the acetabulum. The branch of the ischium is connected to the lower branch of the pubic bone, thus closing the oval obturator foramen, the pelvic bone, from below.

Pelvic girdle consists of two pelvic bones. It provides strong and stable support to the lower limbs, which bear the weight of the body. The pelvic bones are connected to each other in front at the pubic symphysis (a disk of fibrocartilage). With the sacrum and coccyx, the two pelvic bones form a medical tray-like structure called the pelvis. After a person is born, each pelvic bone is made up of three separate bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. These separate bones eventually fuse into one pelvic bone, the junction being a deep hemispherical socket called the acetabulum (this socket connects to the head of the femur). Although the pelvic bone is a single bone, it is usually described as having three parts.

Ilium

Ilium is a large, expanding bone that forms the largest and upper part of the pelvic bone. When a person puts his hands on his hips, the iliac spines are palpated. Each spine terminates anteriorly as the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS); and posteriorly as the posterior iliac spine (PSIS) (this spine is difficult to feel, but its position is indicated by a skin depression in the sacral region, approximately at the level of the second sacral foramen).

Ischium

Ischium is the lower, back part of the pelvic bone, resembling an arc in shape. At the base of the ischium, there are rough and thickened ischial tuberosities (sometimes referred to as "sitting bones" because in a sitting position, a person's weight is transferred entirely to the ischial tuberosities).

Pubic bone

Pubic bone is the anterior and inferior part of the pelvic bone.