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What is it - the panel of the future?

It is generally accepted that panel houses are the cheapest and lowest quality housing. However, technologies do not stand still, and new series of panel houses are often not inferior in quality and appearance to monolithic buildings. The editors of www.irn.ru decided to debunk the most common myths about panel houses, as well as find out what they are - panel houses of the future.

Trapped in stereotypes

IRN.RU recently held an online poll in which readers were asked to note the positive characteristics of panel houses. It is not surprising that the leading answers were the high construction speed (45.8%) and its low cost (40.5%). The rest of the advantages (for example, a variety of layouts, architectural forms, etc.), according to the readers of www.irn.ru, are not inherent in panel houses - in total, they received less than 15% of the votes.

Most often, panel houses are credited with such shortcomings as uniformity, unattractive appearance, uniformity of planning solutions and low quality characteristics, for example, in noise and heat insulation. As experts note, this is far from the case. "All these myths are associated with panel houses of the old series and have nothing to do with modern housing construction," says Stanislav Shmelev, General Director of ZAO Patriot Engineering (part of the Inteko Group, manages the house-building factories of the Patriot Group). “Despite this, indeed, many continue to live in the grip of stereotypes and attribute irrelevant shortcomings to the new industrial housing.”

At the behest of the authorities

From September 1, the Moscow authorities will order only new progressive series houses for construction. In commercial development, the city administration hopes that progressive series should also replace old ones. The Moscow region and other regions are also striving for this. Among the requirements for new series are the possibility of quarterly planning of microdistricts, a variety of facades and architectural forms, variability of apartments, energy efficiency, accessibility for low-mobility groups

According to Irina Dobrokhotova, Chairman of the Board of Directors of BEST-Novostroy, about 10 house-building factories have already submitted new panel series for approval to the authorities. Some of them have already passed the approval of the Moscow Architectural Council. Among them are Inteko, Glavmosstroy, DSK No. 1, DSK Grad and GVSU-Center, notes Maria Litinetskaya, General Director of Metrium Group.

The first swallows

According to experts, even among the series of panel houses that have been existing on the market for a long time, there are quite progressive ones. According to Maria Litinetskaya, these include P-44T / K, P-3M / MK, I-155MK, EuroPa. "Panel houses of the improved series in the Central quarter of the residential complex" New Vatutinki "for us are produced by DSK-3, one of the leaders of the capital's housing construction, - says Alexander Zubets, General Director of LLC" New Vatutinki ". - In the first and second phases of the "Central" microdistrict in the "New Vatutinki" residential complex, houses of the P-3M series were built, which differ in the characteristic rounded shape of balconies and the presence dark rooms in three and four-room apartments. And in the third stage of the microdistrict, other series are already being built - P-44T and P-111M. "

Microdistrict Central in the residential complex "New Vatutinki", series P-3M. Source: LLC "New Vatutinki"

However, the newest series will be even more progressive. Among them, for example, the new DOMMOS panel house building system, which was recently launched into production by the Center GVSU. The residential complex "Gosudarev House" (developer - "Granel"), as well as a new project in Mitino, which GVSU "Center" is implementing jointly with Capital Group, is being built from such houses.

“At our Moscow house-building plant (“ DSK-№ 7 ”) we plan to work according to the industrial system, which was developed architectural bureaus BRT RUS (part of INTECO Group of Companies) and approved at a meeting of the Moscow Architectural Council, says Stanislav Shmelev. - This system meets the modern requirements of the urban environment and allows you to build any buildings according to the Lego principle, including social infrastructure facilities - kindergartens, schools, etc. "

Panel houses "DSK-№ 7". Source: GC "Inteko"

Among the most interesting innovations, one can also single out a new series from the SU-155 GC, which will be presented in the Sky City residential complex, and the Grad-1M and Block Supreme series - they are produced by Morton GC at its new plant DSK Grad ”, built last year together with RUSNANO. “The houses developed by the plant have already been approved by the Moscow Architectural Council, and in the near future, on the recommendation of the Minister of Construction and Housing and Communal Services Mikhail Men, a number of standard projects for the Grad DSK will be sent to Glavgosexpertiza and the collection-library of standard projects of the Ministry of Construction,” says Igor Sibrenkov General Director of Morton-Invest. The company has already begun to erect the first new buildings from DSK products in the Vostochnoe Butovo microdistrict and in the third phase of construction in Mortongrad Butovo, as well as in the new Zhemchuzhina Zelenograd microdistrict.

Architectural diversity

From the point of view of appearance, people in old panel houses are not satisfied with the architectural monotony and unaesthetic seams in the smudges of rust. However, new technologies make it possible to get rid of these disadvantages. “The method of installation has changed, products today are mounted not by welding, but by bolted or monolithic connections,” says Stanislav Shmelev, so the seams, according to the expert, look much better than in old panel houses.

The easiest way to achieve architectural diversity is to change the facades. In recent years, external painting of walls, which will require renovation in 10 years, is practically not used; instead, either tiles or panels are used, or concrete painting in bulk. “Adding paint directly to the concrete makes the color of the facade much more resistant to external influences and improves the performance of the building. The use of such colored concrete, when the paint is added immediately in production, eliminates the need to paint the facade regularly and, in turn, reduces the cost of home renovations, ”explains Igor Sibrenkov.

Panel houses DSK "GRAD". Source: GC "Morton"

Using this technology, you can achieve a variety of, but calm shades. Brighter colors can be obtained with veneering. “The modern series“ EuroPa ”with a ventilated facade made it possible to fully realize our idea - each of the three buildings of the first stage of the RC“ River Park ”has a mosaic color (terracotta-olive, terracotta-blue, terracotta-yellow), - says Larisa Shvetsova. General Director of LLC River Park. - As a result, panel buildings do not differ from monolithic houses in appearance. Ivan Lubennikov, a Russian monumental artist, member of the Of the Russian Academy arts ". The facades in River Park are finished with mineral insulation and Finnish Sembrit cladding panels.

Houses of the "EuroPa" series in "River Park". Source: LLC "River Park"

In addition, a variety of facades can be achieved thanks to the new technology for placing balconies - this allows you to actually "paint" with balconies. "The adopted structural scheme of the building within the framework of the" DOMMOS "system allows balconies and loggias to be located in any premises of residential apartments, which in turn provides the possibility of using various architectural compositional techniques on the external surfaces of buildings horizontally and vertically in combination with various types of modern exterior decoration... Taken together, this makes it possible to give a residential building individual architectural expressiveness and attractiveness, "notes Igor Nikitchenko, head of the group of chief architects of the GVSU Center holding company. And in the houses of the EuroPa series in River Park, LSR has designed a non-standard model of buildings in which the first non-residential floor is being erected using a monolithic technology with a ceiling height of 4 meters and with panoramic glazing, which also gives the houses an unusual look.

Panel houses "DOMMOS". Source: GVSU "Center"

Free layout panel

Panel houses, which offer a standard set of apartments, are also a thing of the past. For example, for the new universal system "DOMMOS" seven types of block-sections with a different set of apartments, as well as twenty-seven modifications to them, have been developed. A series of "EuroPa" provides the developer with the opportunity to choose from 25 options for apartments, among which there are compact studios with an area of \u200b\u200b25-28 sq. m. Studios are also possible in the houses "DOMMOS" and in new series from DSK "GRAD".

System "Dommos" due to the increased pitch of internal transverse load-bearing wallsnew panels up to 6.6 m, and longitudinal - up to 6.2 m suggests even the possibility of creating duplex apartments and housing with free planning. “The area of \u200b\u200bthe residential module is 40.9 sq. m. As a rule, this module is located in residential apartments in the living room and kitchen area. In this module, load-bearing walls are located along the perimeter. There are no supporting structures inside the residential module, ”explains Igor Nikitchenko.

Quality at the level

The quality indicators in the new panel series have also improved significantly in comparison with the Soviet industrial buildings. Even the familiar P-44T series meets world standards for capitalism and fire resistance (1st class). “At the same time, three-layer external panels create thermal insulation like brick walls 90 cm thick,” emphasizes Irina Dobrokhotova. - The houses are equipped with reinforced window blocks of improved design (double-glazed windows are filled with argon for better thermal protection and sound insulation). "

The service life of most modern panel houses is 100 years. “And the use of modern solutions of assembly units, for example, can increase the service life of a building up to 150 years, - says Igor Sibrenkov. - The benefits of living in such houses for the consumer are also obvious. Reducing energy costs for new homes by 25%, compared to standard indicators, will allow residents to save up to a quarter of their heating costs. "

Issue price

The release of the most modern series requires a comprehensive modernization of production. “It is impossible to install one or two new machines and expect that this will lead to some kind of qualitative changes,” says Stanislav Shmelev. - It is necessary to install new automated equipment, use advanced modern technologies, retrain personnel, expand the range of products. Comprehensive modernization will require about 2-4 billion rubles. " According to Irina Dobrokhotova, the process of modernization of production took about a year and a half from the GVSU Center holding and cost more than 1 billion rubles. At the same time, the company plans to reach positive profit in 2018.

However, demand dictates its terms. In the opinion of Grigory Vaulin, General Director of Ferro-Stroy, the majority of enterprises should switch to the production of new series: “Otherwise, the market in Moscow and the Moscow region will be closed for them”.

At the same time, in the context of economic instability, the speed of construction plays a decisive role for buyers, since it reduces risks. If the quality and comfort of panel houses increases at the same time, in budgetary segments they may be even preferable to monolithic ones, according to the specialists of the IRN.RU Real Estate Market Indicators analytical center.

Panel cottages sometimes seem like newcomers from the past, they strongly remind everyone of boring "panels", in which it was considered not the best option. However, today, precast panels are often used for private construction. And precisely because they have a number of huge advantages over other types of structures. But before building a house from such panels, it is necessary to understand the features that panel houses have, and to solve the main issue for many developers - how to determine the load-bearing walls.

Material device and its characteristics

To determine the difference between an ordinary brick house and a precast concrete structure, you need to figure out what kind of material is offered on the market. Reinforced concrete products differ from standard concrete by the presence of internal steel structure... The casting process is associated with the introduction of a reinforcing cage into the "body" of the slab, which increases the resistance to loads, the ability to resist bending and significantly increases the strength of the product. Such quality characteristics allowed manufacturers to produce ready-made block elements suitable for the construction of multi-storey buildings according to the most modern projects.

Advantages and disadvantages

Despite the fact that panel houses are on everyone's lips, repeating the pros and cons can be helpful. So, first about the shortcomings:

1. Poor thermal insulation;
2. Low noise insulation;
3. The coldness and massiveness of the wall panels.

It was this typicality that became the main argument that the opponents of precast concrete slabs took as a basis. These shortcomings were relevant 20-25 years ago, today's reinforced concrete is composite materials with a polymer base. Due to the presence of polymers in the composition, the boards retain all the unique parameters of strength and practicality, but at the same time they weigh little. The surface of the elements is always covered special composition, repelling water, due to this, high energy efficiency is maintained and the permeability of sounds is reduced. But these are not all the advantages of the material:

• Speed. A house from concrete goods is being built literally every minute. Big sizes elements allow you to build a house in just a matter of weeks.
• The strength and durability of the material has also been known for a long time. As experts joke, a precast concrete house is able to withstand even a small explosion, not to mention hurricane winds, showers and snowfalls.
• All-season construction.
• Variability of building shapes.
• Excellent fire safety.
• Possibility of finishing with any available material.
• Inexpensive product cost compared to other building materials.

Concrete goods have a lot of advantages. That is why, assuming to build and wanting to reduce not only time, but also financial costs, you should definitely consider reinforced concrete slabs as the main building material.

Private construction of houses from reinforced concrete panels: stages and technology

Considering how panel houses are built, it is worth initially determining that this is a process associated with the use of special equipment. Even the lightweight panels require lifters.

Important! In a panel house, all walls over 140 mm are considered load-bearing! Wall thickness is measured without plaster and wallpaper layers. The inner walls are slightly thinner, 80-120 mm. If the bearing wall comes from the manufacturer with a thickness of 120 mm, see the project - such values \u200b\u200bare also allowed, but with engineering calculations and justifications.

So, the stages of construction.

1. Design. An important stage at which the process of working out the estimate documentation takes place, the dimensions and filling of the house are determined, including not only the outer walls, but also internal partitions, ceilings, openings, etc.

Important! A correctly drawn up project will save the owner from overspending of materials. Here it is impossible to write off "overruns", since the panels are brought in strictly limited quantities. And remember that it is not necessary to choose a standard project - the variety of material formats allows literally any developer's fantasies to be realized.

1. The foundation. The weight of the panels requires a solid foundation. The base can be tape, but very well buried. IN concrete pouring be sure to build in a frame made of reinforcement. The height of the supporting base is on average 160-180 cm, of which at least 140 cm are located underground. The width of the foundation is from 40 cm. It is imperative to lay a sand cushion in the trench, which acts as a drainage. The bearing base is cast from a cement grade of at least M250. The ventilation holes are laid during the casting of the concrete base. Most often these are strangles located slightly above ground level.

Advice! The all-season nature of the construction of the foundation is known, but in the rain it is better not to pour the base of the house. In the heat, for uniform drying of the mixture, it is recommended to water the top of the supporting base with water to prevent cracking.

1. Installation of wall panels and floors... Alone, the construction of panel private houses is not carried out, this is not a brick. Here you need a technique, so you should first prepare the foundation, bring up a certain amount of materials, and only then hire a lift. Construction is proceeding quickly, so you don't need to hire a crane for a long time.

Advice! It is not very convenient to bring all the materials to the construction site - bulky panels will literally fill the site, and it will be difficult to move around it to complete the construction process

1. Installation of walls. Everything is simple here, just look at the photos of projects and work sites. You will need a truck crane, concrete mixer and a welding machine. The first will lift the panels, the mixer will prepare a solution that will be useful for sealing the joints, and the apparatus will help to tie the elements of the structure into a single whole. Thanks to the accelerated process, the financial costs are really low, even if the developer hires a team of professional craftsmen.
2. Roof erectionas well as slabs will not be difficult if you follow the project exactly. A strong foundation will withstand any floors, which must also be solid. Rafter system is selected depending on the type of roof, and here there are no restrictions - see photos of houses from concrete panels and choose any roof. The advantage of buildings is that almost any material is acceptable: from soft rolled sheets to iron.
3. Warming, finishing... Any house needs to be insulated. But it all depends on the type of plates. If ordinary reinforced concrete products are selected, a layer of insulation, waterproofing and final coating will not interfere. And, for example, if you use European slab elements, then they represent a kind of layered "cake" with the presence of insulation inside. First, reinforced concrete, then a layer of insulation and plaster finishes. At the same time, the owner does not have to pay extra for the interior decoration of the wall panels - it is already there! Seams will be enough and you can live.

Advice! This "pie" technology is well suited for arranging floors. Such structures are lightweight, which will reduce the load on the foundation, high heat-saving and noise-absorbing qualities.

As for the facade of the building, its decoration is in the hands of the owner. Very often, reinforced concrete houses are left in their real form. But if you want, you can use any materials - both paint and plaster, tiles, stone and other materials are applied to the plates. An important part construction works is also the fact that the cottages, built from reinforced concrete slabs, do not require preliminary finishing or filling. They are ready to be decorated in any stylistic way immediately after construction.

Representatives of the BRT RUS design organization (customer: ZAO Patriot-Engineering (Inteko Group of Companies)) noted the advantages of the updated series of RBTA residential buildings as flexible apartment design, which allows building an almost addressable set of apartments; a variety of facade solutions, which makes it easy to navigate in a residential yard; universal types of residential sections, from which you can assemble almost any type of urban planning; modern factory and construction technologies that allow you to implement almost any architectural solution.

Three sections are formed from the presented modern type quarter with sizes from 80 to 100 meters. The first is formed by towers, the second has an internal area and the third is an open quarter, which demonstrates the possibilities of turning and corner sections. All ground floors along the streets are made public. A single level is provided inside the courtyard to eliminate obstacles for people with limited mobility.

Already today, the plant is producing original details that make it possible to make the facades more diverse - these are any types of gratings, reliefs, drawings in combination with architectural concrete, etc.

According to Evgenia Murinets, head of the Archcouncil Department, BRT RUS projects meet almost all modern criteria, except for the point concerning the variety of facade plastics within one section. According to the designers, this is assumed only in the series of housing "comfort", where the façade itself and the loggias can be shifted relative to each other much wider.

A matrix of various apartments with a wide floor pitch from 6 to 8 meters allows you to change the apartment layout every year in accordance with the needs of the population, creating the most in-demand housing. Latitudinal sections include all possible variety of planning solutions, meridional sections are slightly less flexible, but they also provide options such as, for example, studio apartments. Also, a swivel and universal corner section has been created, which can be used both in conventional and in "mirror" design.

Three types of quarters were taken as the basis for urban planning solutions - the tower type, the Barcelona quarter with a cut-off corner that allows the formation of an inner area, and an open-ended quarter with mid-rise open buildings and an inner courtyard space. The yard is designed on one level, without additional ramps and stairs, which greatly facilitates the movement of people with limited mobility. All ground floors, varying in height from 4 to 5.5 meters, are occupied by public functions.

Residential house series TA-714-001

The design organization "TERRA AURI", working with the company "Glavmosstroy", presented a project for the perimeter building of the site with offset sections with a height of 6-17 floors. Residential sections have a meridian and latitudinal orientation. Most of the apartments have two-sided orientation or are corner. The entrances to public premises are located from the side of the streets of district significance and boulevards. Stained-glass glazing of the first floors in the first floor is provided. On the basis of one engineering scheme, the variability of the flooring solutions is provided.

Facade options using architectural concrete with different color solutions, as well as the placement of groups of balconies of different colors in different places of the facade allows for very individual architectural solutions. In addition, the panel-frame series assumes a complete lack of load-bearing structures inside the apartment.

It is proposed to use architectural concrete for finishing different colors and different kinds tiles. All this, together with the beaten rhythm of the windows, the changing pattern of the walls and specially provided vertical niches under the decorative lattice, where the air conditioners will be hidden, creates an attractive housing that bears little resemblance to a panel one.

“For many years, one of the main aesthetic and functional claims of the owners and potential buyers of typical housing was the inconvenient layout of apartments, which is often not amenable to change, low ceilings, a significant loss of usable space by interroom corridors, the monotony of houses and the lack of infrastructure necessary for life within walking distance. We have taken into account and eliminated these shortcomings in the new series of residential buildings TA-714-001. Various facade solutions, free layout of apartments, high ceilings - 2.75 m, the possibility of organizing social and commercial premises on the ground floors - these are just the main advantages of our proposed new prefabricated panel-frame series of reusable apartment buildings., - said Irina Rimashevskaya, head of the architectural studio "Terra Auri".

The technology of panel housing construction will be in demand for many years to come, since it is constantly being modernized, which means it meets the requirements of the Russian real estate market in one way or another. Of course, for such a large city as Moscow, where the main building resources are concentrated, this is not such an obvious statement, but if we consider it on a national scale, it is difficult to satisfy the need for housing only by individual monolithic and brick houses, which are significantly behind in terms of construction and more expensive than a typical panel.

For example, the north of Russia is in great need of new series industrial buildings. There are entire cities from the houses of the Soviet series, completely obsolete morally and physically. Raw materials, including oil companies, who need to provide their employees with housing, will show interest in new housing construction technologies. It is important to note here that climatic conditions impose practically no restrictions on the operation of new generation houses. Except for the requirements for special planning of buildings for areas with high seismicity.

Thus, with the help of a modernized panel house building, which is based on ensuring greater freedom for architectural planning solutions, improving the quality of the construct, reducing the cost of building and operating buildings, it is possible to solve not only the problem of lack of housing stock, but also to give a new impetus to the development of commercial real estate.

On the initiative of the capital's government, working group Moskomarkhitektury for the development of projects for standard panel houses of the new generation. Among its participants are major market players in Moscow and the Moscow region - DSK-1, DSK-2, DSK-3, Glavmosstroy, some of them even managed to present truly revolutionary ideas in the field of industrial housing construction, which will be able to compare economic housing in the near future. class with business class. The difference will remain only in the footage of apartments and the location of the building.

The unconditional advantage of panel housing construction is the optimal ratio of price and quality, as well as the ability to quickly and in large volumes to build residential buildings. First of all, this is due to the fact that prefabricated structures for panel houses are manufactured at the factory, on a highly mechanized and automated production, which makes it possible to minimize the "wet processes" at the construction site, and therefore the influence of the "human factor" on the decrease in the quality of construction. As a result, the construction time and the cost of such houses are significantly reduced in comparison with monolithic-frame and brick ones.

From a practical point of view, the leading industry organizations are actively creating technological lines for prefabricated structures, which make it possible to build high-quality residential buildings of different heights and planning forms with individual architecture.

Moreover, modern technological and construction solutions make it possible to design in advance the first floors for commercial infrastructure and place an underground parking in a panel building.

As for the shortcomings of panel housing of the Soviet and post-perestroika periods, it makes no sense to list them - we all know about them firsthand. For example, for a long time, among the minuses one could note poor sound insulation, thermal insulation and interpanel seams. However, seamless facade finishing technologies are already being used today. Thanks to them, there are no interpanel seams on the houses, which, in turn, has a positive effect not only on the heat and energy saving of the object, eliminating leaks and freezing of the joints of the outer walls, but also improves its aesthetic characteristics through the use of a variety of color and architectural solutions.

If we draw an analogy between new panel housing with standard series of twenty years ago, then they differ significantly in their characteristics. Firstly, apartments in buildings built using modern industrial technology have a large area, ceiling heights and an improved layout. Moreover, the quality of the surface finish is so improved.

Secondly, transformations in panel housing construction took place in the appearance of buildings: the choice of finishing techniques in the design of facades has significantly expanded. Thirdly, such houses meet modern safety, energy efficiency and durability requirements. To radically reduce heat and electricity losses in buildings, an integrated approach is used, including: insulation of facades and roofs, installation of modern electrical networks, in-house wiring, metering sensors, apartment metering systems for heat energy and water consumption, plastic structures with sealed glass units, collectors.

Particular attention should be paid to the “smart home” system, which implies the use of automation to control all engineering systems - heating, ventilation and lighting in public places.

Among the latest innovations is the use of a ventilation system with a heat recuperator, which significantly reduces the cost of heat and power supply to the building. Including contributes to energy saving modern windowsreducing heat losses by 15-20%.

Fourth, the allocation of the first floors of houses for non-residential (commercial) premises, in particular, for shops, pharmacies, fitness clubs and banks. Here, as a mandatory requirement for all residential buildings, there is a landscaped open area with playgrounds and sports grounds. And also the creation of comfortable living conditions for people with disabilities, for example, the elevator zone is located on the same level with the lobby, which allows people in wheelchairs to get to any floor of the house without any difficulties.

An important role is also given to the aesthetic characteristics of residential buildings: they must be multifunctional, harmonious and have their own image. In short, diversity should be a key topic in industrial housing construction.

A series of residential buildings "RIK" and "NAD"

DSK No. 1 OJSC and Ricardo Bofill's bureau (Spain) presented a revised series of residential buildings "RIK" and "NAD". Last time, the comments to these series from the Arch Council concerned the variability of facade solutions in terms of plastic. Series "RIK" and "NAD" presuppose combinations of different options for finishing facades and blocking sections, taking into account the possibility of displacing them relative to each other. Variety is achieved by using colors and patterns of tiles, changing the color of window joinery. Facade plastic can also be changed by adding hinged balconies.

However, speaking about the parsimony of expressive means in these series, Sergey Kuznetsov noted - "There is some rigidity here, but this is the author's move, this certain lapidarity of decisions is the architect's choice"... The designers were advised to attach to the materials a palette of possible colors in the decoration of the facades. Stimmann admitted that he was deeply sympathetic to this project, but with the obvious variable number of storeys, not using roofs for arranging terraces seemed irrational to the architect. Vladimir Plotkin was upset that wall panels with the same type of window were used, which limited the architectural possibilities. Alexander Kudryavtsev called this project the most ascetic among all the presented ones.

According to Evgenia Murinets, this project does not fully implement the principle of flexible planning within the section. But the authors of this particular version, according to the member of the Archcouncil Andrey Bokov, are “the first team that set the planning task and coped with it,” presenting both the internal and external space of the streets.

Ricardo Bofill designed the RIK series (named after him). The architect proposed 120 facade colors. At the same time, the building is characterized by straight forms, it is easy to install, since the panels have increased in size - one step is 7.2 meters. In addition, windows and other architectural attributes have been updated. We have already completed the installation of the experimental house in the 11th quarter of Nekrasovka.

We developed the NAD series with Alexander Valentinovich Nadysev, a famous Russian architect, head of workshop No. 1 of MNIITEP OJSC. The house of this series, in my opinion, is more commercial, there are two bathrooms in apartments, in "treshki" and "kopeck piece" - a new layout, a large hall.

The main difference between these houses lies in their appearance: the classic, somewhat ascetic facade of "RIK" and more saturated with architectural elements "NAD".

Structural and planning solutions of the new series do not imply great flexibility within the sections. There are strict restrictions on the placement of bathrooms, kitchens, adjoining the staircase and elevator nodes. Flexibility within the sections can only be achieved by changing the set of apartments at different levels. This is achieved through different types block sections - latitudinal, rotary, meridional, end, with different apartmentography.

A series of residential buildings DSK "Grad"

DSK Grad and the design organization Morton presented to the Archcouncil the revised project “Block Supreme”. The project meets all of the above criteria, in particular, it implements the principles of "correct" first floors: a two-sided lobby group, the possibility of bringing the garbage chute to the external or courtyard facade, free layout and variable height of non-residential premises.

The technology, according to the designers, makes it possible to implement not just variants of painted facades, but a truly artistic approach to the formation of the development of streets, courtyard spaces and the creation of a highly informative environment.

The designers also tried to abandon the "thermometers" - monotonous columns of glazed loggias and replaced them with a variety of window openings and glazing, which can be shifted relative to each other by floor.

Particular attention in the project is paid to the first non-residential floors, which are intended for public use and vary in height. Their entrance groups are oriented both towards the street and the courtyard. Car parks are organized along the main buildings and in the gaps between block blocks. The movement of cars in the yard is prohibited.

"We chose the European, German path, this is a complete rejection of the concept of a series and a transition to simply repeating projects", - the authors noted in their speech. The technology allows us to satisfy any architectural delights and wishes of developers, and the main task of the plant is the production of individual products. In addition to the project under consideration, five project proposals are already being developed, which are different versions of the new residential building, each of which has a façade solution made using painted concrete, tiles, glass and other materials. Various building structures are also possible - reinforced concrete, frame, transom system, etc.

The presented work seemed to Andrey Gnezdilov quite finished, finished project, in which it will be difficult to change something. At the same time, certain planning solutions raise questions and clearly need to be improved. The authors explained that in any case, changes to the project will still be made, and all comments will be taken into account. Andrey Bokov, on the contrary, highlighted the presented work: "This is the only team that clearly set the planning task and coped with it"... Hans Stimmann did not like the air conditioning solution, which he says resembles a "skin disease". But this is an individual aesthetic perception, but as for specific shortcomings, here it is worth paying attention to the fact that the planning solution does not allow a person to get straight from his car into the entrance. This, Stimmann is sure, is strategically wrong and is only suitable for a small village development, but not for the capital.

A series of residential buildings "DOMMOS"

Design solutions were developed for the own technological lines of two plants of the HC "GVSU-Center". The designers presented about seven block sections - three ordinary and four corner ones for 6-9-storey buildings. Here, the possibility of variability in the layout of apartments is provided through the use of an increased pitch of internal load-bearing wall panels up to 6.6 meters, as well as the possibility of a different set of apartments on standard floors within seven block sections.

DOMMOS panel houses are produced on modern and fully robotized equipment of the German company SOMMER using automatic lines for the production of welded mesh and volumetric frames from EVG (Austria) and AWM (Italy).

In the basic version, the wall slabs are clad with high-quality clinker tiles of the German company "ABC-Keramik". The production process is fully robotized. The output is a panel with the exact geometry of the elements, with permissible errors in the parameters of no more than 1 mm. The high quality of the surface of the product (class A2-A3) allows finishing work at the end of installation, excluding wet processes. From the outside of the building, an ideal surface of the future facade of the building is formed with a gap at the junction of the panels of no more than 1 cm; there are no irregularities and other defects caused by the risks of manual production. The technology makes it possible to change the color and size of the applied clinker tiles in the order corresponding to the architectural concept. The automated production process of panels allows you to implement any design solutions for the decoration of facades, significantly reducing the time for facade work.

High manufacturability of panel production with minimal use manual labor ensures high quality of each element of the system, creating conditions for high rates of installation of structures at the construction site. Construction of panel houses DOMMOS, depending on the number of storeys, will take from 6 to 12 months.

In order to diversify the plasticity of the facades, various compositional methods of dividing the surfaces of the volumes of the building horizontally and vertically were used in combination with various types of external finishing. The textured concrete surface is used in combination with clinker tiles of various colors. Coloring of concrete surfaces in bulk is combined with an imitation of surface jointing in volumes in order to visually escape from the uniformity of typical elements of external enclosing surfaces.

Provided urban planning flexibility of building planning due to the displacement of the block sections relative to each other.

Andrey Gnezdilov, discussing the project, noticed that the roof fencing in the form of wall panels looks like a temporary, intermediate proposal, understandable only at the construction stage, but not in the finished house. Gnezdilov also saw flaws in the layouts of the apartments - for example, a bathroom located at the entrance to the apartment, and not next to the bedroom, which does not meet modern standards. It was also noted that on numerous protruding elements of the facade in winter time snow and water will accumulate. The authors replied that the submitted decision is not final and will still be refined.

The whole truth about panel houses! Is it possible that everything that we knew about "panels" - residential buildings of the most affordable segment, does not correspond to reality when it comes to modern buildings? The gray quarters of panel houses are gradually becoming a thing of the past, transforming into comfortable, but nevertheless so attractively affordable real estate. We decided to figure out what exactly developers offer to buyers of apartments in panel houses today and turned to specific quality indicators.

Currently, in almost all cities, most of the houses are panel high-rise buildings of different years of construction. They became a real salvation in the era of total urbanization, when it was necessary to solve the housing problem at a record pace. At the same time, it was important to achieve simultaneously high strength of all structures, speed and maximum savings during construction. The demand for apartments in "panels" remains today, modern developers are implementing more and more new projects.

Panel house building technologies are constantly being improved, the comfort of living in such houses is increasing, but nevertheless, such high-rise buildings, with all their advantages, retain many disadvantages.

Advantages of "panel architecture": what are the advantages of panel houses?

Panel houses are built quickly, in less than a year, which means that if apartments in them are bought at the excavation stage for subsequent resale or lease, the payback period for such an investment project will be much shorter. And you can move into a panel house from a reliable developer much faster than into a brick house, which is a great advantage for those who are forced to rent a house while waiting for their own apartment.

Most basic structural elements such as walls and floor slabs are manufactured in specialized factories.where all processes are mechanized and even automated, which minimizes waste or errors caused by the notorious human factor. Thus, the main difference between the construction of "panels" from monolithic and brick construction is that most of the preparation of the components is carried out in workshops using proven technologies and with well-established quality control.

It turns out that an almost finished house is brought to the construction site, but only disassembled. For example, ceilings and interior wall panels “arrive” at the site with ready-made channels for electrical wiring... And the outer slabs already have window openings.

The factories supply structures with the required design strength.Further, the already responsible task is assigned to the builders, who are obliged to correctly assemble the structure. Since the elements are large enough, it is easier to control the build quality.

In addition, panel technology allows you to carry out a significant part of work during frost periods., which makes it possible not to stop construction depending on weather conditions.

Apartments in houses assembled from reinforced concrete slabs are sometimes sold already finished, which means that you can move into them immediately and live for some time without expensive repairs.

• Among the advantages of panel high-rise buildings is the fact that they give a uniform drawdown, which allows you to start finishing work (interior and front) almost immediately.

Openings for doors and windows in the "panels" are always standard, which makes it easier to choose ready-made doors and windows, savings are ensured by the absence of the need to order atypical models.

If we talk about the design life of panel houses, it reaches half a century, although the actual service life can be one and a half to two times longer.

But the main advantage of panel houses is, of course, the lower cost of apartments. compared to the same living space in brick or monolithic houses. This is a very important factor, both for many investors and for those looking for the most affordable housing.

Obvious disadvantages of technology: heat and sound insulation

One of the main drawbacks of "panels" is known to everyone who has lived in a panel house at least for some time. This is an insufficient level of soundproofing, and in some old houses it is so useless that you can hear the conversations of neighbors behind the wall.... If repairs are made in one of the apartments of such a house, residents of three to four floors above and below suffer from noise.

Of course, modern technologies presuppose the use of panels of optimal thickness and the use of innovative soundproofing materials, but still the problem remains. The fact is that concrete itself does not have sufficient sound absorption qualities, and this has to be taken into account. If a tenor settles nearby, starting the morning with a chant, or a child constantly mastering scales, all neighbors are guaranteed a forced musical education. And this, if you look at it, is not even the worst option.

• The heat storage capacity of panel structures is low, the walls are rapidly cooling down at subzero temperatures, therefore, in fact, the owners are forced to pay partly to “warm up the street”. In addition, concrete walls warm up perfectly and transfer heat in summer, which makes the apartments stuffy.
• Another potential problem lies in the presence of mandatory interpanel seams, which require high-quality sealing. If any gaps begin to appear at the joints of the seams and in the corners, moisture can enter the living quarters.and the sound and thermal insulation is getting worse.
• It is no coincidence that the "panels" are also called "boxes" by the people: here really difficult to overclock with architectural delights or individual layouts. You can't get away from the stereotyped architectural and planning solutions. Yes, and there are a maximum of four rooms in such an apartment, but basically, these are standard "odnushki", "kopeck pieces" and "treshki".

If these are buildings of previous years, the layout of apartments in most cases leaves much to be desired, and reconstruction requires justification and has limitations. In modern homes, these problems are much less.

Modern panel houses: what has changed for the better

The overwhelming majority of panel houses in terms of quality indicators are difficult even to compare with high-rise buildings of the late Soviet period, not to mention, for example, "Khrushchev" buildings. For example, the P-44T series has quite good indicators, which, moreover, is distinguished by high aesthetic parameters.

If we talk about the layout of slab buildings, the revolutionary breakthrough was that the spacing of the load-bearing walls increased from 3.3 meters (in old high-rise buildings) up to 4.2 meters in many houses recent years... The rooms eventually became more spacious and more perfect in configuration. New design approaches have also made it possible to increase the ceiling height up to three meters.

On the other hand, these houses are not suitable for those who prefer free layouts - there is not much to change.

Many developers have started to give preference to the new three-layer panels with excellent thermal insulation. All joints are qualitatively sealed, insulated and plastered. As a result, the seams are practically invisible, which improves the external aesthetics, and important quality indicators, and the overall life of the high-rise building.

The use of modern double-glazed windows, the latest technologies insulation, as well as high-quality split systems, allows you to solve problems related to thermal insulation, even in old houses, and in new buildings, the solution to many problems to improve comfort is already laid down at the design stage.

An important advantage is the color variety of modern panels., which makes it possible to select interesting combinations and create very interesting facades, strikingly different from the boring gray "panels" of the Soviet period. Looking at the current new buildings, a layman will not even be able to tell right away which of the technologies was used in the construction of a particular house.

Among the "insurmountable" disadvantages of panel housing construction, many potential buyers call the impossibility of placing the same underground parking, which can be provided for by projects of monolithic housing construction. Experts talk about the need for frequent tidying of painted facades and the urgent need for a responsible management company.

Varieties of panel houses

Speaking about houses made of ready-made slabs, most often they mean not only standard panel high-rise buildings, which, in fact, were discussed above, but also panel-brick buildings.

When it comes to panel-brick houses, it is worth noting that there are many more projects for this technology than in the case of classic "panels". Various materials are used to build walls between apartments. (the best way, perhaps it's a brick), which improves noise insulation, and the facades are erected from modern three-layer panels, which provide better thermal insulation of the premises. For floors, reinforced concrete slabs are also used. A rather significant disadvantage of such houses is a slight increase in the construction time and limited opportunities to create an individual layout.

Conclusion

If, when buying a home, it is important to get absolutely acceptable quality at the most affordable price, options for apartments in new panel buildings should be considered without fail. But if this is a purchase at the excavation stage for the sake of subsequent profit after the sale, delayed for several years, you should definitely take into account the fact that prices square meters in "panels" grow much more slowly than in monolithic houses.

However, pricing largely depends on the location, infrastructure and development prospects of the territory. If, for example, there is a metro station nearby, then an apartment in a "panel" may seem more preferable than housing in a brick house, which is located at a considerable distance from the central part of the city.

Igor Vasilenko

The construction of a multi-storey residential building today is the main option for solving the housing problem for many developers. The advantage of the technology is that not one, but several families are settled in the house, even if the construction is being carried out on a small plot of land. Several types of construction are popular: panel, brick, monolithic, monolithic-brick. The choice of the type of building is carried out in accordance with the soil readings, seismological conditions, climatic characteristics, the availability of materials, funds and capabilities. Land development with multi-storey buildings is a responsible work, which does not allow ignorance or mistakes and requires strict adherence to all nuances.

Panel construction

The technology has received rapid development at the end of the last century due to the efficiency of all stages of work. The presence of ready-made elements allows you to put houses at home without much delay, the process resembles the assembly of a designer, the elements are manufactured in a factory manner.

The conditions for using panel construction have their own characteristics:

1. The requirement to carry out mass development in a limited area;
2. Sale of finished housing at a price that covers the cost of work;
3. The presence of a powerful base of resources and equipment used.

Advice! The construction of a panel high-rise building is impossible without the use of lifting mechanisms and providing energy resources.

The scope of application of the technology extends not only for the construction of multi-storey buildings for public settlement, but also for private housing construction, where it is required to erect a building of 2-4 floors. The technology involves the use of two types of residential buildings: frame, frameless.

Frameworks also have two options for building: full frame or internal. The former are a spatial frame, in the formation of which external supports and ribbed panels participate, and the frame is formed by transverse and longitudinal elements. The second option is a structure without supporting column panels. The load-bearing columns are the internal columns, which take the entire load upon themselves. The optimal span in this case is 500-600 cm. The longitudinal part of the frame is represented by columns, the pitch of which is no more than 300 cm. The permissible storey height is 280 cm, the girders and column elements are combined and connected by means of welded seams. The column is covered with I-steel consoles. Height frame structures calculated depending on the purpose of the building.

The main stages of construction

Panel construction stages:

1. Foundation work. The choice of the base depends on the number of storeys of the building, the type of soil and other nuances. When working with lightweight panels (SIP), lightweight foundations are preferable; when working with heavy reinforced concrete panels, the base is chosen powerful and recessed.
2. Foundation waterproofing, protective treatment of wooden and metal parts, installation of the lower beam.
3. Arrangement of the basement, laying the floor of the first floor.
4. Arrangement of the frame or installation of the first floor by erecting panel elements, fastening parts by welding.
5. Installation of floor slabs along the perimeter of the floor.
6. Thermal insulation, waterproofing of the building.

Important! The construction of all subsequent floors is carried out in the same way as the installation of the first. If it is assumed that there are large rooms, the structure is reinforced with a high-strength bar.

1. Roofing. The work is carried out taking into account the weight load on the panels.
2. Installation of windows, doors, roofing.
3. Finishing work.

This technology has its advantages and disadvantages, the advantages of a panel multi-storey building are as follows:

• Increased building assembly speed;
• The possibility of reducing the size of the construction site due to the work "from wheels", that is, the material is transported from the manufacturer and immediately mounted on the object, without cluttering the construction site;
• The minimum set of instruments and equipment for the assembly of prefabricated structures.

Disadvantages of panel housing:

• Low thermal performance in comparison with other materials;
• Insufficient sound insulation;
• The slightest deviations in the technology of joining joints will lead to the formation of cracks;
• Reduced seismic resistance of panel-type high-rise buildings;
• The dependence of the layout on the manufactured panel elements (this applies only to large-panel houses).

Construction of brick houses

The technology of building from bricks became known for a long time, even before our era, people built houses from burnt pieces of clay, giving them almost the correct size. The technology is simple, reliable, does not require any special equipment, except for lifts, however, it is complex in execution and rather laborious. Wherein brick building it is impossible without the experience, knowledge and application of the labor of highly qualified workers. Minimal masonry errors will lead to irreparable loss of appearance, therefore, brick construction of a multi-storey building should either be carried out under constant supervision, or only by the hands of professionals.

Today there are 2 types of bricks used:

1. Ceramic piece product has strength, heat resistance, seismic resistance, moisture resistance. At the same time, the brick is easy to manufacture
2. Silicate is made from a mixture of lime and sand, has a cheaper price and its characteristics are more modest: it does not tolerate moisture, high-temperature conditions.

Advice! Manufacturers offer a good alternative: hollow (slotted, porous) brick. Due to the voids in the mass, the products have a higher heat capacity and provide better thermal insulation.

Stages of building a brick house:

1. Foundation. A strong, solid and well-buried foundation is required, since the brickwork is massive.
2. Foundation waterproofing.
3. The first row of masonry on a "dry" basis, then the following rows of masonry are performed, and the choice of the option for installing bricks is carried out depending on the features of the project, the height of the house and the customer's preferences;
4. Reinforcing elements of masonry or "bundle" must be present in every 2-4 rows;
5. Interfloor floors are laid using a slab method;
6. Each subsequent floor is laid out, like the first, one should not forget about the bundle and strengthening of the wall panels.
7. Building insulation and waterproofing;
8. The roof is mounted roughly, mostly flat. Finishing roofing is done only after the structure has shrunk.
9. Installation of windows, doors.
10. Final finishing works.

Brick construction of a multi-storey building has a lot of nuances: from the choice of the type of masonry to the variability of the bond. However, despite the difficulties, the numerous advantages of the final result atone for all the technological inconveniences:

1. Highest thermal performance;
2. The best soundproofing performance;
3. Maintaining a comfortable microclimate inside the house;
4. Variability of building formats;
5. Undemanding facade finishing due to the good aesthetic appearance of exposed bricks.

There are several disadvantages:

1. Mandatory use of qualified labor;
2. High price bar for construction work;
3. Slow construction of the house;
4. Time requirement for shrinkage;
5. Limited number of storeys of buildings;
6. Compulsory availability of a large warehouse for material at the construction site.

Monolithic construction

One of the newest technologies is the monolithic construction of a residential building. The type of development is based on pouring concrete into the building directly at the construction site. The cost of work is high, labor costs are also high, therefore, monolithic-panel construction is most often used, where construction is carried out using ready-made monolithic reinforced concrete slabs manufactured in a factory manner. Considering the monolithic technology, it is worth clarifying that all processes are carried out only in seasons with warm temperatures, in case of precipitation, work stops. A detailed plan of the work to be carried out is imperative, since any deviation from the process, delay or incorrect choice of the cement brand threatens to violate the technology, as a result of which the developer will receive a fragile house that requires constant finishing work.

Construction stages:

1. Site preparation, arrangement of a buried type foundation;
2. Installation of the reinforcement cage;
3. Installation of formwork;
4. Pouring concrete mix;
5. Heating up concrete for better setting in case of a drop in ambient temperature;
6. Dismantling of formwork;
7. Arrangement of interfloor ceilings;
8. Roof installation;
9. External finishing.

Important! Concrete compositions are distinguished by high levels of insulation, energy consumption, so the structure will not require additional work for laying hydro, heat, sound insulation. There is no need to additionally level the wall panels, that is, all work is reduced to finishing.

Advantages of monolithic construction:

• Free layout;
• Individual building configuration;
• The smoothness of all wall and ceiling panels, due to which the finishing stage is reduced to a minimum;
• Increased seismic resistance of buildings.

Disadvantages of monolithic construction:

• The use of highly skilled labor;
• High cost of building construction;
• Little use of technology.

Important! It should be noted that the technology of monolithic construction is of little demand in today's market, however, numerous advantages make it possible to use the type of housing construction on a wide variety of soils. And if you use the panel-monolithic version, the buildings meet the highest demands and requirements of the owners, differing in strength, practicality, long service life and excellent heat and power indicators.

Monolithic brick construction

Frame- monolithic technology development has become widespread. Being the most modern option, the type of building is reliable, it allows you to combine all indicators of heat and soundproof brick wall with the variability of the planning solutions of the building with the use of monolithic reinforced concrete floors. The price level of buildings lies between inexpensive large-panel technology and expensive brick houses.

Construction stages are similar to other technologies:

1. Arrangement of a powerful foundation;
2. Installation of the frame of the house with concrete pouring, after which the formwork is removed and the process is repeated until the building reaches the desired height;
3. Installation of interfloor ceilings;
4. Construction of the next floors;
5. Arrangement of a draft type roof, and after shrinkage of the structure, installation of a final roof;
6. Finishing work.

Advantages of monolithic-brick construction:

• The most modern technology that allows you to quickly erect buildings of different heights, shapes, formats;
• Free layout;
• High heat capacity and sound insulation: such a high-rise building combines all the unique qualities of brick and concrete;
• Minimum requirements for the alignment of walls and ceilings, which means lightweight finishing work.

The disadvantage of a multi-apartment monolithic-brick house will have one - the mandatory observance of the building technology, and, consequently, the use of labor of highly qualified workers.

Monolithic ventilation facades

Strictly speaking, this is not a construction technology, but rather a type of finishing work. The systems are characterized by the following indicators:

1. The presence of an air gap between the wall surface and the finish;
2. Possibility of using cladding panels of different types;
3. Giving aesthetic appearance to the facade and minimizing the threat of condensation in the house;
4. Significant reduction in heating costs due to increased heat capacity of the entire building.

This technology is used for many multi-storey buildings for various purposes. At the same time, the materials used for the installation of ventilation facades are produced in a huge variety: aluminum, vinyl panels or panel elements made of composite materials are distinguished by their durability and strength.

Choosing a suitable technology for the construction of multi-storey buildings, it is necessary to take into account not only all the economic aspects, but also the presence of a powerful base of special equipment, resources and professional builders. It is difficult to cope with a house alone, even with 2-3 floors, it is better to entrust this matter to specialists.