Characteristic features of the traditional Russian dwelling in various regions of the country. The history of human dwellings Houses of different peoples of the world drawing

The housing stock of modern Russian villages has evolved over a long period of time. In individual villages and hamlets, there are still dwellings built at the end and even in the middle of the 19th century; Many buildings erected at the beginning of the 20th century have been preserved. In general, in most Russian villages, houses built before the Great October Revolution make up a relatively small percentage. In order to understand the current changes in the development of traditional forms of housing, as well as the process of the formation of new features of housing construction, it is necessary to give an idea of ​​the main features of Russian rural housing, traced in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Characteristic features of the traditional Russian dwelling in various regions of the country

The diverse nature of Russia, various social, economic and historical conditions contributed to the creation different types Russian dwellings, fixed in a particular territory by a certain local ethnic tradition. Along with common features characteristic of all Russian houses, in different areas of Russian settlement there were features that manifested themselves in the position of the house in relation to the street, in building material, in the covering, in the height and internal layout of the building, in the forms of building the yard. Many local features of the dwelling were formed in feudal era and reflect the cultural characteristics of certain ethnographic groups.

In the middle of the XIX century. on the vast territory of the settlement of Russians, large areas stood out, distinguished by the peculiarities of rural residential buildings. There were also smaller areas with a less significant originality of dwellings, as well as zones of distribution of mixed forms of dwelling.

In the northern villages of Russia - in Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Olonets, as well as in the northern counties of Tver, Yaroslavl provinces - large log buildings were erected, which included living and utility rooms in one piece, set with a narrow end facade perpendicular to the street. characteristic feature the northern dwelling had a large height of the entire building. Due to the harsh northern climate, the floor of the living quarters was raised above the ground to a considerable height. The cuts (beams) of the floor were cut into the sixth or tenth crown, depending on the thickness of the logs. The space under the floor was called the podklet, or podyzbitsa; it reached a significant (1.5-3 m) height and was used for various economic needs: maintenance of poultry and young livestock, storage of vegetables, products, various utensils. Often the basement was made residential. Directly adjacent to the living quarters was a courtyard, covered with the same roof and constituting a single whole with housing (“house - yard”). In the covered courtyard, all utility rooms were united into one unit under a common roof and closely adjoined to housing. The spread of the covered courtyard in the northern and central non-chernozem provinces of Russia was due to the harsh climate and long snowy winters, which forced the residential and outbuildings to be combined into one whole.

Covered courtyards in the north, as well as living quarters, were built high and arranged in two floors. On the lower floor there were cattle sheds, and on the upper floor (poveti) they kept fodder for livestock, household equipment, vehicles, various household items; small unheated log cabins were also built there - cages (gorenki), in which the household property of the family was stored, and in the summer couples lived. Outside, an inclined log flooring was attached to the story - an entrance (import). The covered courtyard closely adjoined the rear wall of the house, and the entire building was extended perpendicular to the street, in one line, making up a “single-row connection”, or “single-row building type”. In the northern buildings there was also a type of "two-row" building, in which the house and the covered courtyard were placed parallel close to each other. In Zaonezhie, the so-called purse house was widespread, in which the courtyard, attached to the side, was wider than the hut and was covered with one of the elongated slopes of its roof. There were also "verb-like" buildings, when a courtyard was attached to the back and side walls of the house, set perpendicular to the street, as if covering the house from two sides.

On a vast territory that included all the northern, western, eastern and Central Russian provinces of the European part of Russia, as well as in the Russian villages of Siberia, housing was covered gable roof. The roofing material "of the roof depended on local possibilities. In the northern forest provinces, the huts were covered with boards, shreds, and at the beginning of the 20th century also with wood chips.

The most ancient and characteristic construction of a gable roof, which was preserved for a particularly long time in the north, was the male one (roof with a cut, notch, on bulls, on males). In the construction of such a roof, chickens served an important practical purpose - naturally bent rhizomes of spruce, supporting streams, or water outlets, i.e. gutters, against which the ends of the roof clefts abutted. An important constructive role was played by brackets (falls, help, passes), arranged from the releases of the upper logs of the longitudinal walls and supporting the corners of the roof, as well as ohlupen (gielom) - a massive log that oppresses the roof with its weight. All these details gave a peculiar beauty and picturesqueness to the peasant building, due to which in a number of places their construction was caused not only by practical, but also by decorative considerations. At the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX century. the design of the male roof is replaced by a rafter.

On the facade of high log huts in the northern villages, several windows were cut through; the building was enlivened by a porch at the entrance to the house, a balcony on a chopped pediment and a gallery, often encircling the whole house at the level of windows. With the help of a knife and an ax, plastic sculptural forms of animals, birds and various geometric shapes; especially characteristic was the image of a horse's head.

The architectural appearance of the northern hut is unusually beautiful and picturesque. Flat plank surfaces of window frames, piers (boards used to sew up the protruding ends of the roof), valances (boards running along the eaves), towels (boards covering the roof joint), porches, balcony] gratings were decorated with flat geometric carvings (with a low relief) or slot. The intricate alternation of all kinds of cutouts with straight and circular lines, rhythmically following one another, made the carved boards of the northern huts look either like lace or like the ends of a towel made in the Russian folk style. The plank surfaces of the northern building were often painted with paints.

Dwellings were built much lower and smaller in size in the Upper and Middle Volga regions, in the Moscow province, the southern part of Novgorod, the northern counties of the Ryazan and Penza provinces, and partly in the Smolensk and Kaluga provinces. These areas are characterized by a log house on a medium or low basement. In the northern and central parts of this zone, floor cuts were cut mainly into the fourth, sixth, and even seventh crown; in the south of the Moscow province. and in the Middle Volga region, a low basement prevailed in the dwelling: cuts for the floor were cut into the second or fourth crown. In some houses of the Middle Volga region in the second half of the XIX century. it was possible to meet an earthen floor, which, in all likelihood, was a consequence of the influence of the housing construction of the peoples of the Volga region, for whom underground dwellings were typical in the past. In the villages of the Nizhny Novgorod province. rich peasants built semi-houses - wooden houses on high brick basements, which were used as a pantry, shop or workshop.

In Central Russian villages, houses were placed mainly perpendicular to the street, two, three, and sometimes more windows were cut through on the front facade. Tes, shingles, and straw served as the covering material for the gable roof. Directly to the house, as well as in the North, a covered courtyard was attached, but it was lower than the house, consisted of one floor and did not form a single whole with the house. In the northern regions of the Upper Volga region, especially in the Trans-Volga region, higher courtyards were also built, located on the same level as the house.

In Central Russian trees, courtyards were attached to the back of the house according to the type of single-row building; in rich farms, verb-shaped buildings were often found; especially characteristic of the Upper and Middle Volga region was a two-row type of building. At the end of the XIX century. the two-row type of connection was gradually replaced by a more rational single-row one. This was due to the inconvenience and bulkiness of two-row courtyards; due to the accumulation of moisture at the junction of the house with outbuildings, these yards were damp. In more southern regions, in the Volga-Kama interfluve, in the Middle Volga region, in the Penza province. the so-called "quiet courtyard" was widespread. The resting building consists of two parallel rows of buildings - a house with outbuildings attached behind it, and opposite it a row of outbuildings, which in the back of the courtyard were bent at a right angle and joined with the buildings of the first row. In such a courtyard there is considerable open space; this type of development refers to the "open" or "semi-closed" type of courtyard 1 .

Semi-closed courtyards constitute, as it were, a transition zone from an indoor courtyard to an open one (a significant part of the Moscow, Vladimir, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga provinces, the Middle Volga region). To the south of this zone, an open courtyard dominated.

The architectural appearance of Central Russian huts is also characterized by the richness and variety of decorations. As in the north, the rounded ends of streams, hens, okhlupnya were processed with sculptural carving, but it did not have that bizarre artistic variety, as in the northern huts, and was less common. The decoration of the roof of the peasant hut in the Yaroslavl, Kostroma and partly Nizhny Novgorod provinces was peculiar. two sculptural skates, turned muzzles in different directions. The facades of Central Russian huts were decorated with flat trihedral-notched carvings with a pattern of rosettes or individual parts of a circle, which were usually accompanied by patterns of parallel elongated grooves. If in the north the main attention was paid to decorating the roof, then in middle lane First of all, the windows were decorated. In the regions adjacent to the Volga (Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Simbirsk provinces), in the second half of the 19th century. a more complex carving with high relief and a convex juicy pattern of a pattern (ship carving, deaf, or chisel carving) became widespread. The relief carving was dominated by floral patterns, as well as images of animals and fantastic creatures. Carved patterns were concentrated on the pediment of the hut; they also decorated window shutters, the ends of protruding corner logs, and gates. At the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. time-consuming embossed and flat carvings were supplanted by sawing threads that were easier to perform, which spread along with a new tool - a jigsaw, which allows you to easily and quickly cut out a variety of through patterns. The motifs of sawn carving ornament were very diverse.

In the north-east of Russia, in the Perm and Vyatka provinces, the dwelling had many features similar to the North Russian and Central Russian buildings, which is explained as the settlement of these areas by immigrants from Novgorod land and the close ties of the north-east with the Volga region and the central provinces in the XIV-XVII centuries ., and similar conditions for the development of these areas. At the same time, some specific features can be traced in the northeastern dwelling. The chopped dwelling of the Vyatka-Perm Territory stood mostly perpendicular to the street and was covered with a plank gable, less often hipped roof(in more developed houses according to their plan). In the northwestern counties of the region, taller and larger houses were built on a high basement, and the floor cuts were cut into the seventh crown; in the southern regions of the region, the height of the underground was lowered and floor cuts were more often cut into the fourth or fifth crowns. For the dwellings of the Vyatka and Perm provinces, the most characteristic was a kind of rest-like building of the yard. These yards were closed when free space the yard was covered pitched roof, semi-closed and open. In some areas of the Perm province. they arranged a quiet courtyard, called “for three horses”, in which the house, the open space of the courtyard and the next row of courtyard buildings were covered with three parallel gable roofs. The outer facades of the northeastern dwelling were decorated relatively poorly.

In the western provinces of Russia - in Smolensk, Vitebsk, in the southern districts of Pskov, in the southwestern districts of Novgorod province - log huts were placed on a low (Smolensk, Vitebsk province) or middle (Pskov province) basement and were covered with double-pitched thatched, less often shed roofs. Distinctive feature appearance of the Western Russian hut was the presence of only one window on the front facade of the house, located perpendicular to the street, and a poor decoration front facade of the hut. Carved decorations were more common in the northwestern regions (Pskovskaya, northern districts of the Novgorod province.), Where the huts were taller and larger in size. In the western regions (Pskov and Vitebsk provinces), a peculiar type of three-row building of the estate was widespread, which can be simultaneously attributed to the covered and open type of the courtyard. In a three-row building, a covered courtyard closely adjoined the blind side wall of the house (similar to the type of two-row communication), on the other side of the house, at some distance from it (6-8 m), a number of outbuildings were built parallel to the house. The open space between the house and outbuildings was fenced off with a log fence. In the dwellings of the western provinces, there are features similar to the dwellings of the Belarusians and the peoples of the eastern regions of the Baltic states (planizba, the presence of a hanging boiler near the stove, the construction of a log house from beams, terminology, etc.), which was a consequence of the ancient historical and ethno-cultural ties of the population of these areas with their western neighbors . For almost four centuries (XIV-XVII centuries) Smolensk lands were ruled by Lithuania, and then by the Commonwealth.

A peculiar type of Russian housing has developed in the southern black earth provinces - Kaluga, Oryol, Kursk, Voronezh, Tambov, Tula, in the southern districts of Ryazan and Penza provinces. Small log huts were built here, often covered with clay on the outside, and later adobe, round-beam and brick low huts without a basement with a wooden, and more often adobe or earthen floor. The houses were placed with their long side along the street and covered with a hipped thatched roof. roof structure. The low southern Russian huts were less picturesque and poorer in architectural decoration. One or two windows were cut through on the front facade of the hut. To protect against the summer heat and strong steppe winds, shutters were almost always arranged at the windows. brick houses often decorated with complex bright patterns of painted different colors bricks, as well as relief patterns laid out of chiseled bricks.

In the southern provinces of Russia, an open type of courtyard was common. Yard buildings were located behind the house and constituted a closed, open space in the center. In the Ryazan, Penza, Tula, a significant part of the Oryol, Kursk, Voronezh, and also in the Smolensk provinces. a closed “round” courtyard was common, which differed from the resting one mainly in the longitudinal position of the house to the street. In the southern part of the steppe zone - in the southern districts of Kursk, Voronezh, and partially Saratov provinces, as well as in the region of the Don Cossacks, in the Kuban and Terek regions, in the Stavropol provinces, among the Russians of Central Asia - an open open courtyard was common. The open space in this courtyard occupied a significant area, on which, in no particular order, not always adjoining each other, separately from the house, various outbuildings were located. The entire space of the yard was usually enclosed with a fence. The characteristic features of the dwelling - low underground huts, free development of residential and outbuildings, an abundance of straw as a building material and a much lower value of wood - arose in the conditions of the forest-steppe and steppe belt with dry soils and a relatively warm climate.

A sharp contrast to the low southern Russian dwelling was the residential buildings of the prosperous grassroots Don Cossacks. Already in the middle of the 19th century. two-story multi-room houses on a high basement were common here. At the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX century. two types of houses were built there - a “round house” (close to a square in plan), multi-room under a four-slope roof, and an “outhouse” - a rectangular house under a gable roof. The houses were cut from tetrahedral beams, sheathed on the outside with plank and covered with iron or plank roofs. Cossack houses were characterized by a large number of large windows with paneled shutters and a variety of architectural details. Open galleries, porches, balconies and terraces, decorated with openwork sawn carving, gave the buildings a specific southern flavor. In the same villages, most of the out-of-town population and the poorest layers of the Cossacks lived in small oblong adobe and round-beam houses under hipped thatched or reed roofs.

The Kuban and Terek Cossacks and the peasants of Stavropol in the middle of the XIX century. buildings reminiscent of low Ukrainian huts predominated - adobe and turluch, whitewashed on the outside, oblong in plan, without basement, with adobe floors, under a four-pitched thatched or reed roof. A similar type of dwelling, brought to the Kuban at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. immigrants from Ukraine, had an impact on the entire national construction of the Kuban, Terek and Stavropol. At the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. in the eastern and, to a lesser extent, in the western regions of the Kuban, wealthy Cossack households also began to build "round", multi-room houses, which were slightly lower and fewer houses lower Cossacks. The spread of a more perfect type of dwelling took place both under the influence of developing capitalism and under the direct influence of the Don traditions, since the eastern regions of the Kuban were populated to a large extent by the Don Cossacks. The dwelling of the Terek Cossacks developed under a certain influence of the neighboring mountain peoples, for example, in the Cossack estates, "mountain sakli" - huts were erected; in the living quarters there were carpets, felts and other items of mountain household utensils.

One can say about the national types of housing of the peoples of the world with the words of a song - they were molded from what was: the peoples of the north - from snow, the Slavs - from logs, the Indians - from corn stalks. National dwellings certainly became a reflection of the lifestyle and way of life of their inhabitants. Some national dwellings have long ceased to be built, some are being built only for demonstration to tourists, but wooden houses are still very popular.

1. Igloo

People - American Eskimos
Material: ice, snow, seal skins and intestines

If you build an igloo correctly, then there will always be fresh air, warm and dry. The American Eskimos build them from blocks of ice and hard-packed snow stacked in a spiral. The sizes of the blocks vary so that the dwelling tapers upwards - the domed igloo is more spacious and better resists the wind. The entrance to the igloo is located below the floor level, due to which the heavier carbon dioxide is forced out of the dwelling, making room for oxygen, while warm air is retained. Therefore, a rather comfortable atmosphere is maintained inside the igloo. The walls of the dwelling adsorb excess moisture, so it is always dry in it. As lighting in the needle, bowls with whale or seal oil were used. From their heat, the walls only slightly melt, but do not melt, since they are actively cooled from the outside by frosty air. The ice walls are transparent and allow light from outside, but usually to keep the igloo warm, they are hung with skins, and where necessary, the Eskimos make windows from seal intestines and pure ice.
Between neighboring igloos, residents dug tunnels in the snow. This is what the snow village used to look like. Now, the ability to properly build an ice house is more important for military or extreme tourists, because a shelter built in an hour can save the life of a lost traveler.

2. Dugout

The people are Slavs
Material: wood, straw, earth

More than a thousand years ago, the ancestors of modern Slavs did not live in huts, but in their predecessors - dugouts. It was arranged as follows: a hole was dug in the ground with a depth of half or the full height of the walls, then 3-4 log crowns were placed on its bottom, and inside a hearth was made of stones and clay. From above, a rolling of logs was made, covered with turf or straw. Instead of a door, there is a manhole no more than a meter high, covered by a pair of halves of logs tied together and a canopy. In the dugout, the floor was also earthen - the soil was plentifully watered, and when it dried out, they swept it.
Having exhausted the resources of the earth, the ancient Slavs migrated to a new place. There they dug out a new dugout, and the old one was dismantled into logs, which were floated along the river to the new parking lot. Over time, the life of the Slavs became more sedentary, and the houses became capital, which no longer went deep into the ground. To release the smoke, they began to breathe first in the walls, and then in the roof.

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3. Dobo

The people are Indonesians
Material: wood, foliage

In the distant past, the Korowai tribe and other tribes of Polynesia and Indonesia hunted for heads, including each other. Therefore, they built their houses at a height of 30-50m in the middle of the forest, fleeing from predators, cannibal neighbors and white demons with fire-breathing sticks that came from nowhere. Scientists first visited the Karavai tribe in the 1970s, and until then, the latter had no idea about big world. Even now, only a few of this people have mastered the letter.
Korowai dobos make their dwellings high above the ground, and thin tree trunks serve as piles. A square platform of thin poles and leaves is erected above them, and then walls of the same material. The roof is covered with leaves. To stay in the house of a cow, you have to climb a tree trunk. Many whites cannot do this, but the locals can easily cope with this task, even for pregnant women or women with babies, this does not cause difficulties. Upstairs, the Korowai even learned how to make a fire.

4. Tepee and Tipi

People - North American Indians
Material: tree trunks, elm and birch bark, reeds, reeds, grass, corn leaves, fabric, skins

The Indians of North America had different dwellings- the more famous wigwams and the lesser-known teepee, which have a lot in common. But if the wigwam was intended for 25-30 people, then the tipi was for one family.
Tipi is more like a small cone-shaped tent, it was used mainly by tribes that roamed the Great Plains. In the upper part of the cone there was a hole for the exit of smoke, and the Indians made the tipi frame from juniper or pine poles, which were covered with rawhide on top, and after the advent of Europeans, they were often replaced with canvas. Sometimes the skins were decorated with traditional tribal patterns, hanging amulets, hunting or military trophies.
The wigwams were inhabited by Indians from the forests of northern North America. On its frame were flexible thin trunks, which were covered with elm or birch bark, mats woven from grass, reeds, reeds or corn leaves, as well as pieces of cloth and skins. Modern wigwams serve only for ritual purposes.

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5. Trullas, Pallazos and Nuraghi

People - Spaniards, Italians
Material: wood, stone, straw

Even in the Bronze Age, the Etruscans built nuraghi - high stone cone-shaped towers with a circular cross section. It is not established whether they served as housing, maybe only the local nobility lived there or temples were located. It is known for certain that they were built without a binder solution, using the dry masonry method. Much later, in the Middle Ages, the Italians learned to build stone houses with conical roofs - trulli. They were also built without mortar, with the intent that they could be demolished quickly when the estate tax collector approached.
The ancient dwellings in neighboring Spain looked about the same. They were built in Galicia, located in the northeast of the country. The Galicians called them pallazo or pallosa. The frame of the building was made of wood, the walls were made of stone, and the roof was thatched. The latter often descended to the very ground, which made a house with the only noticeable opening - the entrance, similar to the fabulous dwelling of the gnomes. Pallazo had a diameter of 10-20 meters, and inside there was usually one room, less often a corral for cattle was separated.

6. Yurt

People - Mongolian and Turkic nomads
Material: poles and felt

The oldest depiction of a yurt is about 1,500 years old, but it is believed that their mass construction began in the 13th century. A yurt can be called a large, comfortable folding tent, where a hearth is arranged in the center, and the smoke comes out through a hole in the roof, which also serves as lighting. In bad weather or just at night, this hole was covered with a piece of felt, simply by pulling on the lasso. wooden frame yurts were made of lattices, folding in the manner of an accordion, the axes of which were long poles converging in a dome. On top of the frame, it was completely covered with felt felt, thanks to which it was always warm in the yurt and there were no drafts, and in the heat the side felt was removed. The floor in the yurt was covered with carpets.
The room was divided into a large male half, located on the eastern side, and a smaller female half, which were separated by a curtain. In the men's part of the wall, talismans, weapons and horse harness were decorated. In the women's section, one could see utensils, provisions, bed linen and clothes for women and children. At the entrance they put a cupboard for dishes and a mortar in which they whipped koumiss, all this symbolized the prosperity of the family. Many Mongols still live in yurts, and in neighboring Kazakhstan they are installed for national holidays or especially for tourists.

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7. Saklya

The people are Georgians
Material: wood, stone, clay

Georgians have long been accustomed to building their sakli monumentally - from stone. Often they had several floors and numerous loopholes, since they served both for housing and as a shelter in case of attack.
Sakli was also built in the Crimea, but there they looked different - small houses from clay, wood, air-dried adobe brick (loam mixed with straw or other fillers), with flat roof. Sakli were usually built on the slopes of mountains in terraces closely adjacent to each other, so the roof of the lower sakli served as a floor or courtyard for the sakli located one level higher. The oldest Crimean saklis consisted of a single room with an earthen floor, no windows, and a hearth in the middle, the smoke from which escaped through a hole in the ceiling.

8. Sod house

The people are Icelanders
Material: wood, stones, turf

The construction of Icelandic turf houses resembled a dugout. They were built for centuries on this island with a harsh climate, on which there was little wood that well protected from the cold. Icelanders lived in such houses from the 9th to the middle of the last century. They were built like this: on a flat area of ​​large flat stones, a floor was laid out, on which a wooden frame was erected, capable of withstanding the weight of the turf. The frame included window and doorways, and outside it was covered with turf in several layers.
The house was divided into several rooms, the largest of which had a hearth. The livestock room was located a little lower, due to which its heat also participated in heating the house. From the 14th century instead big houses they began to build several smaller ones from turf, but interconnected. They were half buried in the ground. Unfortunately, there was too much moisture in them.

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9. Ikukwane

People - South African Zulus tribes
Material: cane

A large domed house made of reeds was called Ikukwane by the Zulus. It was built from thin long rods, reeds and tall grass, which were intertwined and tied with ropes. The entrance to the house was blocked by a special shield. Travelers noticed that this national dwelling was unusually in harmony with the surrounding landscape. There were no windows in the ikukvane, only the fire of the hearth gave light.
The house was built by men and women, but the former were only responsible for the supply of building materials. Having brought materials and outlining the boundaries of the future home, the man considered his work done, and then only women worked. The floor there was a mixture of sand from a termite mound with manure, which, after boiling, lost its characteristic smell, and the thermite component added strength.

10. Felige

The people are Bedouins
Material: wood, skins of sheep, goats and camels

The tent of the Arab nomadic Bedouins is called felij. Its frame of interwoven thin poles was covered with cloth obtained from goat or camel hair. It was so dense that it did not let the moisture of the rain through. During the day, the cover was raised for ventilation, and in a strong wind or at night it returned to its place. In the Sahara, the nights are very cold, so after sunset, the Bedouins tightly batten down all the windows and the entrance.
The felig has a male and female section separated by a patterned curtain. There are foci in both halves. Mats lay on the floor. The dwelling is mobile - it is easily disassembled and assembled, which is necessary for a nomadic tribe.

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A dwelling is a building or structure in which people live. It serves for shelter from the weather, for protection from the enemy, for sleeping, resting, raising offspring, and storing food. The local population in different regions The world has developed its own types of traditional dwellings. For example, among nomads these are yurts, tents, wigwams, tents. In the highlands they built pallasso, chalets, and on the plains - huts, huts and huts. The national types of dwellings of the peoples of the world will be discussed in the article. In addition, from the article you will learn which buildings remain relevant at the present time and what functions they continue to perform.

Ancient traditional dwellings of the peoples of the world

People began to use housing since the time of the primitive communal system. At first it was caves, grottoes, earthen fortifications. But climate change forced them to actively develop the skill of building and strengthening their homes. In the modern sense, "dwellings" most likely arose during the Neolithic, and in the 9th century BC, stone houses appeared.

People sought to make their homes stronger and more comfortable. Now many ancient dwellings of this or that people seem completely fragile and dilapidated, but at one time they served faithfully to their owners.

So, about the dwellings of the peoples of the world and their features in more detail.

Dwellings of the peoples of the north

The conditions of the harsh northern climate influenced the features of the national structures of the peoples who lived in these conditions. The most famous dwellings of the northern peoples are the booth, chum, igloo and yaranga. They are still relevant and fully meet the requirements of the completely difficult conditions of the north.

This dwelling is remarkably adapted to harsh climatic conditions and a nomadic lifestyle. They are inhabited by peoples engaged mainly in reindeer herding: Nenets, Komi, Enets, Khanty. Many believe that the Chukchi live in the plague, but this is a delusion, they build yarangas.

Chum is a tent in the form of a cone, which is formed by high poles. This type of structure is more resistant to gusts of wind, and the conical shape of the walls allows snow to slide over their surface in winter and not accumulate.

They are covered with burlap in summer and animal skins in winter. The entrance to the chum is hung with burlap. So that neither snow nor wind gets under the lower edge of the building, snow is raked up to the base of its walls from the outside.

In the center of it, a hearth is always burning, which is used for heating the room and cooking. The temperature in the room is approximately 15 to 20 ºС. Animal skins are laid on the floor. Pillows, feather beds and blankets are sewn from sheepskins.

Chum is traditionally installed by all family members, from young to old.

• Balagan.

The traditional dwelling of the Yakuts is a booth, it is a rectangular structure made of logs with a sloping roof. It was built quite easily: they took the main logs and installed them vertically, but at an angle, and then attached many other logs of a smaller diameter. After the walls were smeared with clay. The roof was first covered with bark, and a layer of earth was poured over it.

The floor inside the dwelling was trampled sand, the temperature of which never dropped below 5 ºС.

The walls consisted of a huge number of windows, they were covered with ice before the onset of severe frosts, and in summer - with mica.

The hearth was always located to the right of the entrance, it was smeared with clay. Everyone slept on bunks, which were installed to the right of the hearth for men and to the left for women.

• Needle.

This is the housing of the Eskimos, who did not live very well, unlike the Chukchi, so they did not have the opportunity and materials to build a full-fledged dwelling. They built their houses from snow or ice blocks. The building was domed.

The main feature of the igloo device was that the entrance had to be below the floor level. This was done so that oxygen could enter the dwelling and carbon dioxide would escape, in addition, such an arrangement of the entrance made it possible to keep warm.

The walls of the igloo did not melt, but melted, and this made it possible to maintain a constant temperature in the room of about +20 ºС even in severe frosts.

• Valcaran.

This is the home of the peoples living near the coast of the Bering Sea (Aleuts, Eskimos, Chukchi). This is a semi-dugout, the frame of which consists of whale bones. Its roof is covered with earth. An interesting feature dwelling is that it has two entrances: winter - through a multi-meter underground corridor, summer - through the roof.

• Yaranga.

This is the home of the Chukchi, Evens, Koryaks, Yukaghirs. It is portable. Tripods made of poles were installed in a circle, inclined wooden poles were tied to them, and a dome was attached on top. The whole structure was covered with walrus or deer skins.

Several poles were placed in the middle of the room to support the ceiling. Yaranga with the help of canopies was divided into several rooms. Sometimes a small house covered with skins was placed inside it.

Dwellings of nomadic peoples

The nomadic way of life has formed a special type of dwellings of the peoples of the world who do not live settled. Here are examples of some of them.

• Yurt.

This is a typical type of building among nomads. It continues to be a traditional home in Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Altai.

This is a domed dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on large poles, which are installed in the form of lattices. There is always a hole on the roof of the dome for smoke to escape from the hearth. The dome shape gives it maximum stability, and the felt retains its constant microclimate inside the room, not allowing heat or frost to penetrate there.

In the center of the building is a hearth, the stones for which are always carried with them. The floor is laid with skins or boards.

Housing can be assembled or dismantled in 2 hours

The Kazakhs call a camping yurt an abylaisha. They were used in military campaigns under the Kazakh Khan Abylai, hence the name came from.

• Vardo.

This is a gypsy wagon, in fact, it is a one-room house, which is installed on wheels. There is a door, windows, a stove, a bed, drawers for linen. At the bottom of the wagon there is a luggage compartment and even a chicken coop. The wagon is very light, so one horse could handle it. Vardo received mass distribution at the end of the 19th century.

• Felij.

This is the tent of the Bedouins (Arab nomads). The frame consists of long poles intertwined with each other, it was covered with a cloth woven from camel wool, it was very dense and did not let moisture through during rain. The room was divided into male and female parts, each of them had its own hearth.

Dwellings of the peoples of our country

Russia is a multinational country, on the territory of which more than 290 peoples live. Each has its own culture, customs, and traditional forms of dwellings. Here are the brightest ones:

• Dugout.

This is one of the oldest dwellings of the peoples of our country. This is a pit dug to a depth of about 1.5 meters, the roof of which was tes, straw and a layer of earth. The wall inside was reinforced with logs, the floor was coated with clay mortar.

The disadvantages of this room were that the smoke could only escape through the door, and the room was very damp due to the proximity of groundwater. Therefore, living in a dugout was not easy. But there were also advantages, for example, it fully provided security; in it one could not be afraid of either hurricanes or fires; it maintained a constant temperature; she did not miss loud sounds; practically did not require repair and additional care; it was easy to build. It was thanks to all these advantages that the dugouts were very widely used as shelters during the Great Patriotic War.

• Hut.

The Russian hut was traditionally built from logs, with the help of an axe. The roof was double pitched. To insulate the walls, moss was placed between the logs, over time it became dense and covered all the large gaps. The walls outside were coated with clay, which was mixed with cow dung and straw. This solution insulated the walls. A stove was always installed in a Russian hut, the smoke from it came out through the window, and only starting from the 17th century did they begin to build chimneys.

• Kuren.

The name comes from the word "smoke", which means "smoke". Kuren was the traditional dwelling of the Cossacks. Their first settlements arose in floodplains (river reed thickets). The houses were built on piles, the walls were made of wattle covered with clay, the roof was made of reeds, a hole was left in it for smoke to escape.

This is the home of the Telengits (the people of Altai). It is a hexagonal structure made of logs with a high roof covered with larch bark. In villages there was always an earthen floor, and in the center - a hearth.

• Kava.

The indigenous people of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Orochs, built a kava dwelling, which looked like a gable hut. The side walls and the roof were covered with spruce bark. The entrance to the dwelling has always been from the side of the river. The place for the hearth was laid out with pebbles and fenced wooden beams which were coated with clay. Wooden bunks were erected against the walls.

• Cave.

This type of dwelling was built in a mountainous area composed of soft rocks (limestone, loess, tuff). In them, people cut down caves and equipped comfortable dwellings. In this way, entire cities appeared, for example, in the Crimea, the cities of Eski-Kermen, Tepe-Kermen and others. Hearths were equipped in the rooms, chimneys, niches for dishes and water, windows and doors were cut through.

Dwellings of the peoples of Ukraine

The most historically valuable and famous dwellings of the peoples of Ukraine are: mud hut, Transcarpathian hut, hut. Many of them still exist.

• Mazanka.

This is an old traditional dwelling of Ukraine, unlike the hut, it was intended for living in areas with a mild and warm climate. It was built from a wooden frame, the walls consisted of thin branches, outside they were smeared with white clay, and inside with a solution of clay mixed with reeds and straw. The roof consisted of reeds or straw. The hut house had no foundation and was not protected from moisture in any way, but served its owners for 100 years or more.

• Kolyba.

In the mountainous regions of the Carpathians, shepherds and lumberjacks built temporary summer dwellings, which were called "kolyba". This is a log cabin that had no windows. The roof was gable, and covered with flat chips. Wooden loungers and shelves for things were installed along the walls inside. There was a hearth in the middle of the dwelling.

• Hut.

This is a traditional type of dwelling among Belarusians, Ukrainians, southern Russian peoples and Poles. The roof was hipped, made of reeds or straw. The walls were built of semi-logs, coated with a mixture of horse manure and clay. The hut was whitened both outside and inside. There were shutters on the windows. The house was surrounded by a mound (a wide bench filled with clay). The hut was divided into 2 parts, separated by passages: residential and household.

Dwellings of the peoples of the Caucasus

For the peoples of the Caucasus, the traditional dwelling is the saklya. It is a one-room stone building with dirt floors and no windows. The roof was flat with a hole for smoke to escape. Sakli in the mountainous area formed entire terraces, adjoining each other, that is, the roof of one building was the floor for another. This type of structure served a defensive function.

Dwellings of the peoples of Europe

The most famous dwellings of European peoples are: trullo, palyaso, bordey, vezha, konak, kulla, chalet. Many of them still exist.

• Trullo.

This is a type of dwelling of the peoples of central and southern Italy. They were created by dry laying, that is, the stones were laid without cement or clay. And if you pull out one stone, the structure collapsed. This type of building was due to the fact that it was forbidden to build dwellings in these areas, and if inspectors came, the building could easily be destroyed.

Trullos were one-room with two windows. The roof of the building was conical.

• Pallazo.

These dwellings are characteristic of the peoples who lived in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. They were built in the highlands of Spain. They were round buildings with a cone-shaped roof. The top of the roof was covered with straw or reeds. The exit was always on the east side, the building had no windows.

• Bordei.

This is a semi-dugout of the peoples of Moldova and Romania, which was covered with a thick layer of reed or straw. This is the oldest type of housing in this part of the continent.

• Klochan.

The dwelling of the Irish, which looks like a domed hut built of stone. The masonry was used dry, without any solutions. The windows looked like narrow slits. Basically, such dwellings were built by monks who led an ascetic lifestyle.

• Vezha.

This is the traditional dwelling of the Saami (Finno-Ugric people of northern Europe). The structure was made of logs in the form of a pyramid, in which a smoke hole was left. A stone hearth was built in the center of the vezha, the floor was covered with deer skins. Nearby they built a shed on poles, which was called nili.

• Konak.

A two-story stone house built in Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia. This building in plan resembles the Russian letter G; it was covered with a tiled roof. The house had a huge number of rooms, so there was no need for outbuildings for such houses.

• Kula.

It is a fortified tower built of stone with small windows. They can be found in Albania, the Caucasus, Sardinia, Ireland, Corsica.

• Chalet.

This is a country house in the Alps. It is distinguished by protruding cornice overhangs, wooden walls, the lower part of which was plastered and lined with stone.

Indian dwellings

The most famous Indian dwelling is the wigwam. But there are also such buildings as tipi, wikiap.

• Indian wigwam.

This is the dwelling of the Indians living in the north and northeast of North America. Today, no one lives in them, but they continue to be used for various kinds of rites and initiations. It has a domed shape, consists of curved and flexible trunks. In the upper part there is a hole - for the exit of smoke. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, along the edges - places for rest and sleep. The entrance to the dwelling was covered with a curtain. Food was cooked outside.

• Tipi.

Home of the Indians of the Great Plains. It has a cone-shaped shape up to 8 meters high, its frame consisted of pines, it was covered with bison skins from above and strengthened at the bottom with pegs. This structure was easily assembled, disassembled and transported.

• Wikipedia.

The dwelling of the Apaches and other tribes living in the southwestern United States and California. This is a small hut covered with branches, straw, bushes. Considered a type of wigwam.

Dwellings of the peoples of Africa

The most famous dwellings of the peoples of Africa are the Rondavel and the Ikukwane.

• Rondavel.

This is the home of the Bantu people. It has a round base, a cone-shaped roof, stone walls, which are fastened with a mixture of sand and manure. Inside the walls were coated with clay. The top of the roof was covered with thatch.

• Ikukwane.

This is a huge domed thatched house, which is traditional for the Zulus. Long rods, reeds, tall grass were intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance was closed with special shields.

Dwellings of the peoples of Asia

The most famous dwellings in China are diaolou and tulou, in Japan - minka, in Korea - hanok.

• Diaolo.

These are multi-storey fortified houses-fortresses that have been built in southern China since the Ming Dynasty. In those days, there was an urgent need for such buildings, as gangs of bandits were operating in the territories. In a later and calmer time, such structures were built simply according to tradition.

• Tulou.

This is also a house-fortress, which was built in the form of a circle or a square. Narrow openings for loopholes were left on the upper floors. Inside such a fortress there were living quarters and a well. Up to 500-600 people could live in these fortifications.

• Minka.

This is the dwelling of Japanese peasants, which was built from improvised materials: clay, bamboo, straw, grass. The functions of the internal partitions were performed by screens. The roofs were very high so that snow or rain rolled down faster and the straw did not have time to get wet.

• Hanok.

This is a traditional Korean home. Clay walls and tiled roof. Pipes were laid under the floor, through which hot air from the hearth went throughout the house.

A home for every person is not just a place of solitude and relaxation, but a real fortress that protects from bad weather, makes you feel comfortable and confident. Any hardships and long journeys are always easier to endure when you know that there is a place in the world where you can hide and where you are expected and loved. People have always strived to make their home as strong and comfortable as possible, even in those times when it was extremely difficult to achieve this. Now the ancient traditional dwellings of this or that people seem dilapidated and unreliable, but at one time they faithfully served their owners, protecting their peace and leisure.

Dwellings of the peoples of the north

The most famous dwellings of the peoples of the north are chum, booth, yaranga and igloo. They still retain their relevance, as they meet all the requirements of the difficult conditions of the north.

This dwelling is perfectly adapted to nomadic conditions and is used by peoples who are engaged in reindeer herding. These include Komi, Nenets, Khanty, Enets. Contrary to popular belief, the Chukchi do not live in tents, but build yarangas.

The chum is a cone-shaped tent, which consists of high poles, covered with sacking in the summer, and skins in the winter. The entrance to the dwelling is also hung with burlap. The conical shape of the plague allows snow to slide over its surface and not accumulate on the structure, and, in addition, makes it more resistant to wind. In the center of the dwelling there is a hearth, which serves for heating and cooking. Thanks to high temperature hearth, precipitation seeping through the top of the cone quickly evaporates. To prevent wind and snow from falling under the lower edge of the plague, snow is raked up to its base from the outside. The temperature inside the chum ranges from +13 to +20°C.

The whole family, including children, is involved in the installation of the plague. Skins and mats are laid on the floor of the dwelling, and pillows, featherbeds and sheepskin sleeping bags are used for sleeping.

Yakuts lived in it winter period time. The booth is a rectangular building made of logs with a sloping roof. Building it was pretty easy and fast. To do this, they took several main logs and placed them vertically, and then connected them with many logs of a smaller diameter. Unusual for Russian dwellings was that the logs were placed vertically, slightly at an angle. After installation, the walls were covered with clay, and the roof was covered first with bark, and then with earth. This was done in order to maximize the insulation of the home. The floor inside the booth was trampled down sand, even in severe frosts its temperature did not fall below -5 ° C.

The walls of the booth consisted of a large number of windows, which were covered with ice before severe cold, and in summer - with the afterbirth of a calf or mica.

To the right of the entrance to the dwelling there was a hearth, which was a pipe coated with clay and going out through the roof. The owners of the house slept on bunks located to the right (for men) and to the left (for women) of the hearth.

This snow dwelling was built by the Eskimos. They did not live well and, unlike the Chukchi, they did not have the opportunity to build a full-fledged dwelling.

The igloo was a structure made of ice blocks. It had a domed shape and was about 3 meters in diameter. In the case when the snow was shallow, the door and the corridor were attached directly to the wall, and if the snow was deep, then the entrance was located in the floor and a small corridor led out from it.

When building an igloo prerequisite was finding the entrance below the floor level. This was done in order to improve the flow of oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. In addition, such an arrangement of the entrance made it possible to retain heat as much as possible.

The light in the dwelling penetrated through the ice blocks, and the heat was provided by fat bowls. An interesting point was that the igloos did not melt from the heat of the walls, but simply melted, which helped maintain a comfortable temperature inside the dwelling. Even in forty-degree frost, the temperature in the igloo was +20°C. Ice blocks also absorbed excess moisture, which allowed the room to remain dry.

Nomad dwellings

The yurt has always been the home of nomads. Now it continues to be a traditional home in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Altai. A yurt is a round dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on wooden poles placed in the form of lattices. In the upper part of the dome there is a special hole for the exit of smoke from the hearth.

Things inside the yurt are located along the edges, and in the center there is a hearth, stones for which they always carry with them. The floor is usually covered with skins or boards.

This home is very mobile. It can be assembled in 2 hours and also quickly disassembled. Thanks to the felt that covers its walls, heat is retained inside, and heat or extreme cold practically does not change the climate inside the room. The round shape of this building gives it stability, which is necessary in case of strong steppe winds.

Dwellings of the peoples of Russia

This building is one of the oldest insulated dwellings of the peoples of Russia.

The wall and floor of the dugout were a square hole dug in the ground at a depth of 1.5 meters. The roof was made of tessel and covered with a thick layer of straw and earth. The walls were also reinforced with logs and sprinkled with earth outside, and the floor was coated with clay.

The disadvantage of such housing was that the smoke from the hearth could only escape through the door, and the proximity of groundwater made the room very damp. However, the dugout had much more advantages. These include:

Safety. The dugout is not afraid of hurricanes and fires.
Constant temperature. It is preserved both in severe frosts and in the heat.
Keeps out loud sounds and noise.
Practically does not demand repair.
A dugout can be built even on uneven terrain.

The traditional Russian hut was built from logs, while the main tool was an ax. With its help, a small depression was made at the end of each log, into which the next log was fixed. Thus, the walls were gradually built. The roof was usually made gable, which made it possible to save material. In order to keep the hut warm, forest moss was placed between the logs. When settling at home, he became dense and closed all the cracks. The foundation was not made in those days and the first logs were placed on the compacted earth.

The roof was covered with straw on top, as it served a good remedy protection from snow and rain. The outside walls were plastered with clay mixed with straw and cow dung. This was done for the purpose of insulation. The main role in maintaining heat in the hut was played by the stove, the smoke from which came out through the window, and from the beginning of the 17th century - through the chimney.

Dwellings of the European part of our continent

The most famous and historically valuable dwellings of the European part of our continent are: mud hut, saklya, trullo, rondavel, palyaso. Many of them still exist.

It is an old traditional dwelling of Ukraine. The hut, in contrast to the hut, was intended for areas with a milder and warmer climate, and its structural features were explained by the small area of ​​​​forests.

The hut was built on a wooden frame, and the walls consisted of thin tree branches, which were covered with white clay outside and inside. The roof was usually made of straw or reeds. The floor was earth or plank. To insulate the dwelling, its walls were coated from the inside with clay mixed with reeds and straw. Despite the fact that the huts had no foundation and were poorly protected from moisture, they could stand for up to 100 years.

This stone building is a traditional dwelling of the inhabitants of the Caucasus. The very first saklis were one-roomed with an earthen floor and had no windows. The roof was flat and there was a hole in it for the smoke to escape. In mountainous areas, sakli adjoin each other in the form of terraces. At the same time, the roof of one dwelling is the floor for another. Such a construction was due not only to convenience, but also served as additional protection from enemies.

This type of dwelling is common in the southern and central regions of the Italian region of Puglia. Trullo is different in that it was created using the technology of dry masonry, that is, the stones were laid on top of each other without the use of cement or clay. This was done so that by pulling out one stone, it would be possible to destroy the whole house. The fact is that in this area of ​​​​Italy it was forbidden to build dwellings, so if an official came with a check, the trullo quickly collapsed.

The walls of the house were made very thick so that they protected from extreme heat and saved from the cold. Trullos were most often one-room and had two windows. The roof was cone-shaped. Sometimes, boards were laid on the beams located at the base of the roof, and thus a second floor was formed.

This is a common dwelling in Spanish Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). Pallazo was built in the mountainous part of Spain, so stone was the main building material. Dwellings had round shape with a conical roof. The roof frame was wooden, and on top it was covered with straw and reeds. There were no windows in the pallazo, and the exit was located on the east side.

Due to the peculiarities of its structure, pallazo protected from cold winters and rainy summers.

Indian dwellings

This is the dwelling of the Indians of the north and northeast of North America. Currently, wigwams are used for various ceremonies. This dwelling is dome-shaped and consists of flexible curved trunks connected by elm bark and covered with mats, corn leaves, bark or skins. At the top of the wigwam is a hole for the exit of smoke. The entrance to the dwelling is usually covered with a curtain. Inside there was a hearth and places for sleeping and resting, food was cooked outside the wigwam.

The Indians associated this dwelling with the Great Spirit and personified the world, and the person who came out of it into the light left everything unclean behind him. It was believed that the chimney helps to establish a connection with heaven and opens the entrance to spiritual power.

Tipis were inhabited by the Indians of the Great Plains. The dwelling has the shape of a cone and reaches a height of 8 meters. Its frame was made up of pine or juniper poles. From above they were covered with the skin of bison or deer and strengthened at the bottom with pegs. Inside the dwelling, a special belt descended from the junction of the poles, which was attached to the ground with a peg and protected the tipi from destruction during strong wind. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, and along the edges - places for rest and utensils.

The tipi combined all the qualities that the Indians of the Great Plains needed. This dwelling was quickly dismantled and assembled, easily transported, protected from rain and wind.

Ancient dwellings of other nations

This is the traditional dwelling of the peoples of southern Africa. It has a round base and a cone-shaped roof, the walls are made of stones held together by sand and dung. From the inside they are coated with clay. Such walls perfectly protect their owners from extreme heat and bad weather. The basis of the roof is made up of round beams or poles made of branches. From above it is covered with reeds.

Minka

The traditional dwelling in Japan is the minka. The main material and frame of the house is made of wood and filled with woven branches, reeds, bamboo, grass, covered with clay. Inside, the main part of the Japanese house is one large room, divided into zones by movable partitions or screens. There is almost no furniture in a Japanese house.

The traditional dwelling of different peoples is the heritage of their ancestors, which shares experience, keeps history and reminds people of their roots. There is much in them worthy of admiration and reverence. Knowing their characteristics and fate, one can understand how difficult it was for a person to build durable housing and protect it from bad weather, and how invariably age-old wisdom and natural intuition helped him in this.

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The house is the beginning of beginnings, in it we are born and go through our life path. Native dwelling gives a feeling of comfort and warmth, protects from bad weather and troubles. It is through him that the character of the people, its culture and features of life are revealed. Appearance dwellings, building materials and method of construction depend on the environment, climatic conditions, customs, religion and the occupation of the people who create it. But no matter what housing is built from and no matter how it looks, among all peoples it is considered the center around which the rest of the world is located. Let's get acquainted with the dwellings of different peoples inhabiting our planet.

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Izba is a traditional dwelling of Russians. Previously, the hut was made of pine or spruce logs. The roofs were covered with silver aspen plowshares. A four-walled frame, or cage, was the basis of any wooden building. It consisted of rows of logs stacked on top of each other. The house was without a foundation: repeatedly sorted and well-dried cages were placed directly on the ground, and boulders were rolled to them from the corners. The grooves were laid with moss, so that dampness was not felt in the house. The top had the form of a high gable roof, a tent, an onion, a barrel or a cube - all this is still used in the Volga and northern villages. In the hut, they necessarily arranged a red corner, where there was a goddess and a table (a place of honor for the elders, especially for guests), a woman's corner, or kut, a male corner, or a horse, and a zakut - behind the stove. Furnaces were given a central place in the entire space of the dwelling. A live fire was maintained in it, food was cooked and slept here. Above the entrance, under the ceiling, between two adjacent walls and the stove, a floor was laid. They slept on them, kept household utensils.

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An igloo is an Eskimo dwelling built from blocks of snow, which, due to its porous structure, is a good heat insulator. For the construction of such a house, only the snow is suitable, on which a clear imprint of a person's foot remains. Large knives cut blocks in the thickness of the snow cover different sizes and stack them in a spiral. The building is given a domed character, due to which it retains heat in the room. They enter the igloo through a hole in the floor, to which a corridor dug in the snow below the floor level leads. If the snow is shallow, a hole is made in the wall, and a corridor of snow slabs is built in front of it. Thus, cold winds do not penetrate inside the dwelling, heat does not go outside, and the gradual icing of the surface makes the building very durable. Inside the hemispherical igloo, a canopy of reindeer skins is hung, separating the residential part from the snowy walls and ceiling. The Eskimos build an igloo for two or three people in half an hour. Home of the Eskimos of Alaska. Incision.

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Saklya (Georgian sakhli - “house”) is the dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders, which is often built right on the rocks. To protect such a house from the wind, the lee side of the mountain slope is chosen for construction. Saklu is made of stone or clay. Its roof is flat; with a terraced arrangement of buildings on a mountain slope, the roof of the lower house can serve as a courtyard for the upper one. One or two small windows and one or two doors are cut into each sakla. Inside the rooms they arrange a small fireplace with a clay chimney. Outside the house, near the doors, there is a kind of gallery with fireplaces, floors covered with clay and covered with carpets. Here, in the summer, women prepare food.

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Stilt houses are built in hot, damp places. Such houses are found in Africa, Indonesia, Oceania. Two- or three-meter piles, on which houses are erected, provide the room with coolness and dryness even during the rainy season or during a storm. The walls are made from woven bamboo mats. As a rule, there are no windows; light penetrates through the cracks in the walls or through the door. The roof is covered with palm branches. In interior spaces usually lead steps decorated with carvings. The doorways are decorated in the same way.

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Wigwams are built by North American Indians. Long poles are stuck into the ground, the tops of which are tied. The structure is covered from above with branches, tree bark, and reeds. And if the skin of a bison or a deer is pulled over the frame, then the dwelling is called a tipi. A smoke hole is left at the top of the cone, covered with two special blades. There are also domed wigwams, when tree trunks dug into the ground are bent into a vault. The skeleton is also covered with branches, bark, mats.

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Dwellings on trees in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - at six or seven meters above the ground. The building is erected on a site prepared in advance tied to the branches of poles. A structure balancing on the branches cannot be overloaded, but it must withstand a large gable roof crowning the building. Such a house is arranged with two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which there is a hearth for cooking, and the upper floor, made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near the reservoir. They get into the hut along long stairs connected from poles.

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Felij - a tent that serves as a home for the Bedouins - representatives of the nomadic Tuareg people (uninhabited areas of the Sahara desert). The tent consists of a blanket woven from camel or goat hair, and poles supporting the structure. Such a dwelling successfully resists the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as burning Samoum or Sirocco are not afraid of nomads who have taken refuge in tents. Each dwelling is divided into parts. Its left half is intended for women and is separated by a canopy. The wealth of a Bedouin is judged by the number of poles in the tent, which sometimes reaches eighteen.

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From time immemorial, a Japanese house in the Land of the Rising Sun has been built from three main materials: bamboo, mats and paper. Such a dwelling is most secure during the frequent earthquakes in Japan. The walls do not serve as a support, so they can be moved apart or even removed, they also serve as a window (shoji). In the warm season, the walls are a lattice structure, pasted over with translucent paper that transmits light. And in the cold season they are covered with wooden panels. Internal walls(fushima) are also movable frame-shaped shields covered with paper or silk and help to divide a large room into several small rooms. An obligatory element of the interior is a small niche (tokonoma), where there is a scroll with poems or paintings and ikebana. The floor is covered with mats (tatami), on which they walk without shoes. A tiled or thatched roof has large canopies that protect the paper walls of the house from rain and the scorching sun.

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Yurts are a special type of dwelling used by nomadic peoples (Mongols, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Buryats, Kirghiz). Round, without corners and straight walls, a portable structure, perfectly adapted to the way of life of these peoples. Yurt protects from the steppe climate - strong winds and temperature fluctuations. The wooden frame is assembled within a few hours, it is convenient to transport it. In summer, the yurt is placed directly on the ground, and in winter, on a wooden platform. Having chosen a place for parking, first of all they put stones under the future hearth, and then they set up the yurt according to the routine - the entrance to the south (for some peoples - to the east). The skeleton is covered with felt from the outside, and a door is made from it. Felt coverings keep the hearth warm in summer and keep it warm in winter. From above, the yurt is tied up with belts or ropes, and some peoples - with colorful belts. The floor is covered with animal skins, and the walls inside are covered with cloth. Light enters through the smoke hole at the top. Since there are no windows in the dwelling, in order to find out what is happening outside the house, you need to carefully listen to the sounds outside.

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Yaranga is the home of the Chukchi. The camps of the nomadic Chukchi numbered up to 10 yarangas and were stretched from west to east. The first from the west was the yaranga of the head of the camp. Yaranga - a tent in the form of a truncated cone with a height in the center of 3.5 to 4.7 meters and a diameter of 5.7 to 7-8 meters. The wooden frame was covered with reindeer skins, usually sewn into two panels with straps, the ends of the straps in the lower part were tied to sleds or heavy stones for immobility. The hearth was located in the center of the yaranga, under the smoke hole. Opposite the entrance, at the rear wall of the yaranga, a sleeping room (canopy) was made of skins in the form of a parallelepiped. The average size canopy - 1.5 meters high, 2.5 meters wide and about 4 meters long. The floor was covered with mats, on top of them - with thick skins. The bed headboard - two oblong bags stuffed with scraps of skins - was located at the exit. In winter, during periods of frequent migrations, the canopy was made from the thickest skins with fur inside. They covered themselves with a blanket sewn from several deer skins. To illuminate their dwellings, the coastal Chukchi used whale and seal fat, while the tundra Chukchi used fat melted from crushed deer bones that burned odorless and soot in stone oil lamps. Behind the canopy, at the back wall of the tent, things were kept; at the side, on both sides of the hearth, - products.