Not everyone in a well or well in the country has water suitable for drinking “immediately”, from a bucket or tap. And even if it is clean, then on the way to the place of “distribution” there are a lot of places where it can be contaminated, chemical and bacteriological. These are old pipes, and storage tanks, and receivers ... Once they get there, bacteria and microbes feel great. In general, it is advisable to filter the water that is inside, in any case, and it is better - immediately before use.

If the water in the water supply is under pressure, at least a little, it is best to install an additional tap, especially for drinking water, and insert a stationary filter with a large cartridge into the system (usually an activated carbon cartridge). For washing dishes and other technical purposes, they use an ordinary tap, and the water that is used for cooking is poured from an additional tap with drinking water.

Worse for those who do not have running water in the house or it is summer. Then, with the onset of persistent frosts and cold weather, there is a problem with water supply. Plumbing in garden partnerships drain water in the truest sense of the word. Summer residents during this period usually begin to bring it with them in large plastic bottles and canisters. Water is "extracted" at home, in shops, at standpipes in settlements on the way to the dacha, and its reserves are created. But long-term storage of water in the open state does not contribute to its refreshment, so the problem of filtration remains. And there is practically only one way out - to filter it in "desktop" pitcher-type filters with a built-in cartridge (again, with activated carbon).

Pitcher-type drinking water filters are relatively inexpensive, relatively convenient, and popular. But they have some disadvantages. Firstly, they have a small capacity, 2-3 liters at most. And this is just daily allowance water consumption per person. A family of 3-5 people will not be very satisfied with such a filter (in a single copy). Secondly, they are quite inconvenient to use. Since it is arranged as a container above the container, separated by a filter cartridge, then pouring water into the upper container, we will have to wait until almost all of it is filtered down. Otherwise, you cannot tilt the jug and drain clean water. Thirdly, by purchasing such a filter jug, you are "attached" to a certain type of cartridge. There are no universal cartridges, each manufacturer is interested in getting you hooked on their own “needle”. And fourthly, the resource of such a cartridge is very small, and they need to be changed more often. And they are not cheap...

I also had a similar problem, so I decided to do homemade filter for drinking water. Since my water supply is still summer and the water from the water tank had to be drained.

A homemade water filter had to be devoid of the above disadvantages, so I decided to make a filter as follows. A plastic canister (made of food-grade polyethylene) with a capacity of 20 liters served as a receiving container. Almost at its very bottom, with the help of hot glue, I glued a small collapsible faucet, which I took from packaged wine. (Well, you know, probably, table wine is sold in 3-liter bags. There is a special tap in the bag. Press it - it flows, let it go - it closes). As an initial container, I took a "standard" plastic 10-liter bottle from bottled drinking water. Just cut a filler hole in its bottom. And the neck of the bottle miraculously almost coincided in diameter with the neck of the canister. It fits so tightly that it doesn't need to be fixed with anything. It remains to solve the problem with the filter element.

Generally speaking, it is possible to install a standard filter element for a filter that cuts into a water pipe. It can be installed inside the top bottle, as it will not fit into the neck of the canister. And you can press it to the neck of the bottle with a pair of washers and a threaded stud. The bottom washer must be perforated (you will need to drill a few holes in it). I already decided to do just that, but then a segment caught my eye polypropylene pipe 40 mm in diameter. And .. Oh, a miracle! This pipe is also perfect, with a slight interference fit, to the inner diameter of the neck of the bottle! And I decided to make a homemade filter cartridge. It won’t work, I thought, I’ll put an industrial one ...

In the self-made cartridge, the bottom turned out to be the most confusing part ... I managed to pick up a plastic bottle from under some kind of medicine. I drilled several holes in the bottom of the vial, stuffed the vial with several napkins made of non-woven material. Then he pulled it onto the tube. For reliability and clearing my conscience, I also dripped a little hot glue. The pipe (30 centimeters) was filled with crushed charcoal. This is sold in bags with the inscription "Charcoal for the grill." Industrial cartridges use charcoal from coconut shells. I don't think it's any better than ours. Just in this way, the poor "coconut" republics somehow utilize the shell of coconuts for their own benefit, after they have stripped all the copra from them on mattresses, the pulp on the "bounty", and make Malibu rum out of coconut milk. Well, in any case, there were never coconuts in our forests, and when my stomach was swollen in childhood, my grandmother gave me a piece of “native” birch coal and always helped ...

To prevent the charcoal from floating out of the cartridge, I also pushed a few crumpled non-woven cloths from the other end of the tube and fixed them with a few drops of hot melt adhesive. In general, the cartridge was made. It remains to insert it into the neck of the bottle, and put it on the canister itself. Here is a filter for drinking water.

After pouring the first batch of water (5 liters) into a bottle, I immediately poured the result into the sink. No, not because it didn't work out. It’s just that this is a standard operation for “running in” the carbon filter itself. The smallest (microscopic) pieces of coal are washed out of it. In principle, they are completely harmless to humans and this operation can be skipped.

The filter capacity was about 2-3 liters per hour. But the most convenient thing is that in the evening you pour a full bottle of water from the well, in the morning you get the purest water ready. And you can pour the next large portion. You can disassemble the water "when necessary", and not when it is filtered. Thus, the house always has a sufficient supply of clean drinking water of 10-15 liters. Not a lot and not a little. It does not stagnate and in sufficient quantity for a reasonable consumption. And the cartridge is almost “free”. A 10 kg bag of coal costs only 300 rubles. Enough for many years.

Russia, Moscow region, Moscow +79041000555

How to make a water filter with your own hands: manufacturing features, tips for choosing a container

It takes ~6 minutes to read

Recently, the problem of clean water has been of great interest to the population of the entire planet. The demand for wastewater treatment plants is growing every year. Moreover, the most popular means is the usual household filter. If earlier only residents of cities needed it, now residents of villages and towns also actively use it. Not everyone can afford to purchase new filters on a regular basis (which are not cheap), so the question of how to make water filters with your own hands is extremely relevant.

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Features of homemade filters

At first glance, tap water appears clean. In fact, it contains a lot of dissolved compounds. The water filter is designed to “retain” these substances in itself: chlorine compounds, iron compounds, etc. Their excess can lead to the development of various diseases, as well as affect the general condition of the body.

What about well water? Many believe that it does not require cleaning, and they will be wrong. It may contain nitrates, a large number of bacteria, pesticides (seep through the treated soil). Also, the design of the well may be subject to corrosion. All this affects the taste and useful qualities water.

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It is not necessary to buy expensive store devices - a homemade water filter is capable of good cleaning.

Of course, if you want crystal clear water, it is better to purchase modern system after some time. This is due not so much to the wear of parts, but to a lower absorbent and cleaning ability in relation to bacteria.

IN makeshift designs there is no function to select the appropriate mineral composition for the equipment. And this must be taken into account to ensure the sterility of water. For this reason, the filtrate should be boiled after each filtration process.

Water pressure also plays a huge role in cleaning. Improper pressure intensity in relation to the filter system reduces performance.

How to choose a container and filter media

When choosing a container for the filter, you need to consider that there will be several layers of filler in it. The tank material must be resistant to external aggressive influences. If you need a home household filter for drinking water, then you need to choose high-quality polymer materials suitable for storing food for a long time.

Combinations of some of the following media are used to create a filter mix:

• cotton wool;
• coal (activated, wood);
• sand (river, quartz);
• cellulose napkins;
• fabric made from natural material;
• lutrasil, spunbond;
• gravel, zeolite.

All of the above fillers have slightly different properties, so they are located at different levels in the filter when combined. However, you can choose and use only one of them. Next, we analyze the properties of the most suitable materials.

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River or quartz sand

Let's figure out how quartz sand differs from river sand:

1. Quartz has a more homogeneous composition.
2. He is able to hold more particles, due to the optimal porosity in the space between the "grains".

However, river sand has a significant advantage as a filtration media - the high strength of the sand grains. That is, it is more durable.

Sand is used in the filtration stage heavy metals and small particles. Most often, the choice towards quartz is made when constructing a pool filter, because quartz sand is able to filter a sufficiently large water reservoir.

It is not difficult to build such a unit, because it has a simple device. The savings compared to an industrial filter is approximately 50%.

The fraction of quartz sand should be in the range of 0.4 to 0.8 mm. You can make a multilayer version, where the layers are arranged according to the size of the fraction - from larger to smaller, or where each layer is any other filler. It is important to find the golden mean here. A sand fraction that is too fine will clog the mesh and the system will stop working, while a sand fraction that is too coarse will adversely affect the quality of cleaning.

Charcoal or coconut shell charcoal

Coconut shell charcoal (activated) is obtained as a result of thermal and chemical processing original raw materials. Sold in 3 types: pressed, loose and granulated. For the water treatment system, it is the latter that is purchased. Pressed and loose types of active carbon are not suitable as an adsorbent. The particles of the first are too large, so they do not provide optimal cleaning, and the particles of the second will fall into the water.

Most industrial filters are made on the basis of activated carbon. In order not to overpay, you can make a carbon water filter with your own hands. Of the costs, only the periodic purchase of fresh coal will remain. Due to the water passing through the filler (charcoal) many times, it changes consistency and looks more like black thick slime. This substance is a favorable environment for the reproduction of bacteria.

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In industrial products, silver ions, known for their antibacterial properties, are usually added to help prolong the life of the carbon filter. It is clear that when assembling a homemade filter, no one will engage in silver ionization. You need to remember this and change the filter with sufficient frequency - as soon as it becomes noticeable that the water is being filtered more slowly.

When making charcoal on your own, you need to carefully calculate the degree of "roasting". If this degree is strong, then coal will quickly lose its ability. Deciduous trees are most suitable, especially birch. Conifers - not the best option, since the resin can give the water an appropriate flavor.

The production of charcoal is extremely simple. All that needs to be done is to place the tree in a metal container and heat it over an open fire or in an oven until red. After that, the material is removed and cooled in air.

Lutrasil and spunbond

These synthetic materials consist of polypropylene fibers. In fact, it is agrofibre. It is often used in crop production to cover the soil in the fight against weeds, due to its ability to pass water and air well through itself. Lutrasil and spunbond differ in color and density. Lutrasil is slightly thinner than spunbond, has White color, and spunbond, on the contrary, is a black and denser fabric.

To create filters, lutrasil is more often chosen, since it is easier to determine the degree of filter contamination by it, and it also passes water through itself faster due to its lower density, which is especially important if there is more than one layer in the filter.

Making a carbon water filter with your own hands

We remind you that this is more of a "camping option" and is not quite suitable for daily use, as it requires frequent replacement. However, for those who do not have the opportunity to regularly buy a cartridge, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the production method homemade device. It can be used in the country, as it does not require plumbing (filtration as in a jug mechanism).

1. We choose a plastic tank as a container for finished water. If the system is going to be used in the long term, then the plastic must be of high quality to avoid entering the water. harmful substances(common PET will not work).
2. A container that will act as a cartridge (tank with untreated water) can be made from any plastic bottle. The bottom is cut off.
3. To connect 2 containers, in the lid of the bucket we make a hole equal to the diameter of the neck of the bottle. If the neck does not fit into the hole, the diameter of the cut must be increased. If, on the contrary, you went too far with the cut diameter, you need to wrap the neck with something that does not allow moisture to pass through. It can be rubber, or some kind of dense synthetic fabric.
4. As a basis, gauze is usually put in several layers. Next, activated granular carbon is poured. Coal layers can be diluted, for example, with washed river sand, quartz.

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A do-it-yourself water filter does not have to be small. At home, it is quite possible to make a system of a relatively large volume. For example, let's take a plastic barrel with a volume of 10 liters as a loading tank. It has a wide mouth, so the filler easily wakes up. In this case, the cartridge is made differently.

1. From one end plastic pipe with a diameter of 4 cm we make a tight stuffing of gauze.
2. On the other side of the pipe we lay Activated carbon and in the same way we make stuffing from gauze.

It remains to insert the filter cartridge into the neck of the upper container (into which we fill in untreated water). We chose a pipe of 4 cm, because this diameter is ideal for a standard 10 l barrel, additional sealing is not needed.

The service life and features of the operation of a home-made carbon filter

The more dissolved substances in the water, the less the device will last (this applies to both home-made and purchased filters). As already mentioned, soaked coal is a breeding ground for bacteria. Thus, the service life of this material is not long in any case. On average, you need to fill up a new portion every 3 days. But this is only if the water quality has not deteriorated.

An important point: when using charcoal, the water must be drained after the first filtration. If coconut shell charcoal is taken as a filler, this is not necessary - it is completely safe.

Conclusion

There is nothing special about purchased water purifiers - you can get the same, or even better, results using improvised means. The question is different - will it be convenient to change the filler every 3-4 days? If yes, then you can safely apply a homemade filter, if not, then the best choice- an industrial product.

You have an urgent need to filter the liquid, then you can make a filter for water purification with your own hands. Most often, drinking water filtration is needed in the field, one of the simple options is presented in the video. It is also not uncommon for cases when you need to make a home-made filter unit for purifying water from the water supply system.

Why you need to purify water

Water from open sources characterized by the following physico-chemical parameters:

1. Taste - sour, salty, sweet, bitter. It comes from dissolved impurities and gases.
2. The smell is hydrogen sulfide, marsh, putrefactive, fishy, ​​silty, etc. Its source is substances found in sewage or introduced into the liquid naturally.
3. Turbidity and color - come from organic constituents, particles of clay and silt, microorganisms.

To make the simplest homemade filter, you can use the Aquaphor cartridge. The price of such a filter is about 400 rubles, for this cost you can filter about 200 liters of water.

In addition, water that has not passed at least a simple water filter contains industrial and domestic effluents, combustion products of various types of fuel, harmful chemical elements, particles of dolomite, lime, gypsum, and sand.

The Aquaphor filter is great for hiking and traveling. With this filter you can filter river or rain water. To be safe, boil water before drinking.

All this can cause:

• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
• intoxication of the body;
• the accumulation of salts in it, which lead to joint diseases, Bladder, the formation of stones in the gall and kidneys, allergic reactions, the development of iron bacteria.

In these cases, water purification even with homemade filters dramatically reduces the likelihood of negative consequences for humans.

How to choose a filter media

This water filtration is the most elementary, and as we know: “Everything ingenious is simple!”

To weed out solid particles suspended in liquids, salts, excess iron, and also adsorb odors, different materials are used as filter element fillers:

1. Cotton wool, linen fabric, cotton will do to assemble a fabric filter for water purification.
2. You can make a charcoal version of the device for cleaning - use a product that is produced for cooking barbecue.
3. For short-lived appliances take paper napkins. They well eliminate suspensions that are not able to dissolve.
4. A high-quality sorbent is a natural mineral of volcanic origin - zeolite. It absorbs odors, mold, toxins.
5. After washing and disinfection in the oven or on fire, gravel, quartz sand or stones of medium and fine fractions are used to filter the water.
6. Mechanical cleaning can be organized using lutrasil, a non-woven fabric made of polypropylene, which is common in agriculture.
7. At the molecular level, silver has a disinfecting effect. You can use any suitable items made of this metal.

Activated carbon device for dirty water treatment

Coal will help remove pollution of organic and inorganic origin, as well as ozonize and eliminate water chlorination products.

As a filler in a homemade carbon-based filter, a product washed with alkalis or acids (activated) or regenerated is used.

If you purchase coal with a silver coating, you will get a product with bactericidal properties. Without such treatment, microorganisms and bacteria are able to penetrate the filter device.

Used coal can be restored 3-4 times as follows:

• Rinse running water 2-3 times, placing it in an enamel bowl;
• 2-3 hours to let stand;
• dissolve soda (3% bicarbonate) in 3 liters of water and pour the regenerated product with the composition;
• boil the mixture for half an hour;
• strain after draining and rinsing.

In the manufacture of a cleaning system, you need to consider:

• water pressure;
• liquid temperature (do not filter boiling water);
• the absence of nearby sources of heating, which can lead to the loss of sorbent properties.

Activated carbon is characterized by a porous structure, due to which purification occurs. For this, both powder material and granular material are suitable.

The quality of the resulting water depends on the thickness of the layer. The rate of passage of the liquid through the filter is selected so as to provide the required time for the contact of the liquid with coal for cleaning. 100g of product can reliably neutralize 200ml of water in 1 minute.

Small-sized varieties of marching type

A small filter for water purification from toxic substances and mineral formations, which you can take with you when going out into nature, hunting or fishing, is easy to make. The product will remove the consequences of the vital activity of microorganisms, relieve the liquid from bad smell and taste, will give the drink transparency.

It is important to choose the right structure of the mineral. A good level of cleaning in a portable device will provide medium-sized granules - large ones will let dirt through, and small powder particles will seep into the liquid.

Make a hole in a cigar case and fill it with filter elements. We fill the case like this: at the very bottom two cm of cotton, then a layer of ground activated carbon eight cm, after a layer of cotton 2 cm. All layers are clamped with a plate of permeable porous plastic, which is used in industrial water filters.

For homemade devices, it is better to take coal from birch and other trees. hardwood. The needles can give the water a specific smell. It is easy to prepare the material yourself. It is required to glow red-hot in an oven or on fire in a metal bowl pieces of wood and cool.

If the need for filtration arose unexpectedly, then the remaining coals and ash from the fire will be suitable as a filler. The combustion products are loaded into a plastic bottle or any other suitable container and liquid is passed through them.

Making a carbon water purifier

A carbon water filter can be assembled in a more suitable housing.

For this you need to prepare:

1. Cartridge, the basis of which is made from several food containers or plastic bottles.
2. A suitable tool is a screwdriver or an awl, a knife, scissors.
3. The filler is charcoal, cooked by yourself or bought in advance.
4. Granulates that can further improve the quality of drinking liquids are gravel, quartz sand.
5. Plugs or covers made of plastic.
6. Gauze, bandage or cloth to make the initial rough cleaning of large debris.

The joints of the device are strengthened with electrical tape or silicone glue. For ease of use homemade device can be hung by threading a cord or wire through holes made in a plastic bottle with a cut off bottom. A lid is suitable as a tap, which can be unscrewed a few turns so that water flows.

To facilitate the subsequent replacement of the filler, a fabric cover is often used. Then the filter layers are laid. Gravel, pebbles are placed last. First, coal and sand. At the neck, you can lay cotton wool as a fine filter.

The main disadvantage of such systems is the slow filtration process.

Useful homemade PVC pipe

Homemade water filters that can compete with industrial products can be made to country house or cottages. If water is supplied from a lake, pond, river, a well is drilled or a shaft well is made, the installation of filtering devices is necessary.

Cleaning devices are made using improvised means. Will need:

• 2 containers;
• part of a plastic water pipe - 50-80 cm;
• caps from plastic bottles;
• cotton wool;
• filler;
• tools.

How to make a water filter from PVC pipes.

1. A lid is glued into a PVC pipe, in which several holes are made. It will act as a mesh substrate when laying cotton wool and gauze as the primary layers of the filter.
2. A layer of synthetic winterizer is placed and another cover is laid without glue.
3. The neck, cut off from the bottle, is attached to the pipe with the thread outward. Wrap with tape.
4. At the other end, a cover with a fabric gasket is fixed.
5. The tube is filled with activated carbon.
6. The segments are connected with a thread and plastic bottles are placed on both sides.

Aquarium water filter

A flow device to purify water in aquariums is made independently at home.

The body can be constructed from 2 syringes or take a plastic tube desired diameter. To fix the device to the wall, you need a suction cup. Instrument assembly:

1. Remove the moving part from the syringes and remove. Cut off the noses of the remaining parts and connect the tubes with hot glue to each other.
2. Use a soldering iron or a heated nail to make holes on the surface of one of the syringes.
3. Place the zeolite and the atomizer inside the product.

Sand option for the pool

Before you make a water filter with your own hands, you need to decide on the volume of liquid that you want to clean. If the displacement is small, then the devices will do homemade filled with sand.

The functions of the cartridge can perform any capacity right size. Fluid inlet and outlet pipes are brought into it and sand or other filler is laid. To turn the pipe, a PVC corner is useful.

For effective cleaning several containers can be connected together using an M10 threaded sleeve. A compressor is connected to the system, the power of which is calculated depending on the volume of the pool.

Homemade water filter

The water filter is independently made from 3 containers in series. It will only function under pressure.

A 1/4" adapter nipple is suitable for connecting glass or plastic containers together. When assembling, follow the guides indicated on the parts.

Seal the joints of the product with synthetics. For threading, you can use Teflon tape.

The filter elements are connected to the water supply system in series through a tee. Activated carbon is used as a filler.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

Homemade water filters are a good remedy to protect the human body from harmful minerals, as well as from debris and scale - household appliances - washing machines and teapots.

In most cases, making a device at home is cheaper than buying a factory one. To fill the device, improvised materials are used.

Charcoal, gauze, or coffee filters are good for improving water quality, and it’s easy to make them yourself.

The principles underlying the water purification technology can be used in the manufacture of homemade filters. This is especially true when the quality of water leaves much to be desired, and the purchase of factory products for some reason is impossible. As part of this giant article, we will try to consider various approaches to making water filters with our own hands.

Cleaning methods and filter types

Water treatment technologies differ depending on the initial and required water quality. The goal is to remove contaminants from the water that pose a threat to humans and domestic animals. In the table below, we reviewed the main approaches used in modern water purification filters.

Filtration technologies that can be used in homemade filters

Water purification method*	What is removed	Features of the cleaning process
Mechanical	Solid impurities of various sizes responsible for visible fluid contamination	Filter material: insoluble in water, does not bind chemicals contained in it. Sand, gravel, slats different sizes cells, cloth, containers with holes, etc. – all this can act as a mechanical filter
Physico-chemical	Organic substances, chlorine and its derivatives - everything that causes an unpleasant taste, smell and color of water	Bright representative- activated carbon, which has a large surface area. Purification is carried out by two mechanisms: adsorption (removal of organic matter) and catalytic oxidation (removal of chlorine)
Ion exchange	Iron, manganese, calcium and magnesium (hardness salts) - substances responsible for the characteristic metallic taste and scale formation in water heating equipment	The main material is ion-exchange resins, passing through which iron, manganese, calcium and magnesium ions bind to the resin complex, replacing sodium ions in it (instead of one we get another). The process is reversible, which makes it possible to restore the properties of the ion-exchange resin by passing a saturated sodium chloride solution through it.
Reverse osmosis	Everything except water and the air dissolved in it	The heart of the installation is a reverse osmosis membrane, which has the property of semi-permeability. However, for its operation, a pressure of 2 atmospheres is required.

(*) - the option of ozone cleaning was not considered as too costly and difficult to implement at home

Having set out to make a filter with your own hands, you will probably bet on the first two types of cleaning. They are the simplest, and for their manufacture there is no need to purchase expensive Supplies.

Simple water filter device

The efficiency of any water treatment system depends on how correctly the sequence of using certain materials for water treatment is chosen. Traditionally, the scheme shown in the figure below is used. It provides stepwise cleaning, first from large debris, then from suspended particles, organic inclusions and salts.

Most available options- sand or carbon filter, in which the main role is played by the materials of the same name:

• sand. Use coarse quartz sand or rinse thoroughly with river sand so that it does not contain particles of silt. For greater confidence in the safety of using sand, it can be ignited for several minutes - this will kill all the organic matter that inhabits the material. Only dry sand is suitable for backfilling;
• coal. In the ideal case, use the possibilities of pharmacy activated charcoal. If it is not available, use coal from the fire. Not for softwood charcoal!

Ion exchange resin is used to purify water from iron, calcium and magnesium and is sold in large bags, so it would be more rational to buy a cartridge for iron removal or Aragon-2. A similar function, only more complete cleaning, is performed by a reverse osmosis membrane in a reverse osmosis system. It will also have to be purchased separately - in this case, it is better to immediately buy a ready-made water treatment system.

Filter for a summer residence or a hike

Before proceeding with the assembly of homemade products, you need to be aware that such simple filters carry out only selective water purification. One way or another, worm eggs, viruses and bacteria can remain in it, the content of hardness salts and iron is exceeded. Such water must be additionally boiled, and as disinfectants, you can use a solution of iodine (add 5 drops of a 5% alcohol solution to 1 liter of water), potassium permanganate (tint the water to barely Pink colour), hydroperite (0.5 tablets per 1 liter of water).

One of the homemade devices for primary water purification can be made literally from improvised materials. Often it is used on a hike to remove mechanical impurities and toxins. After the filter, the liquid must be boiled without fail. Instructions for making a filter for a summer residence or some extreme conditions look something like this:

• take a large plastic bottle, cut off the bottom of it;
• using the bottle as a funnel, place it in another container, such as glass jar or a piece of another bottle (in the form of a glass);
• lay out the first filter layer with a clean cloth, gauze, cotton or other available material. This layer will be responsible for the fine purification of water from mechanical impurities. If conditions permit, boil the fabric before laying;
• fill the bottle with charcoal about a third of the volume. It is better to use activated charcoal, but in the absence of it, charcoal from a fireplace is quite suitable. But at the same time, conifers cannot be used. The larger the layer of coal, the better, because. it is responsible not only for mechanical cleaning, but also for adsorption organic matter, which include components that cause an unpleasant taste and smell of water. In addition, coal absorbs toxic impurities;
• the top layer of an improvised filter will be represented by river sand. Rinse it first, and then bake it on a fire. Sand is responsible for removing large mechanical impurities from the water. So that it does not mix with coal, an intermediate jumper from a thin layer of fabric can be laid between them

Everything, our simplest treatment plant is ready! It is better not to use the first portions of water, because. first, coal dust with ash will be released from the coal.

One of the simplest options involves making some kind of filter jug. But for this you will need to purchase a cartridge, with your own hands for the water filter you will only need to make a suitable container. In our case, we use plastic bottle.

Remove the cartridge from the packaging, clean the plastic bottle as much as possible from contamination. Prepare a sharp knife or scissors for work.

Cut the bottle at its widest point, where the cone ends. The operation must be carried out so that the resulting funnel, when placed in the second part of the bottle, does not fall into it.

Place the cartridge in the funnel and use a marker to mark the line that marks the bottom of the cartridge. Next, you need to cut off the neck, and insert the cartridge into the resulting hole so that it fits snugly against the funnel. This is a very important step, because otherwise, part of the water will enter the collector in an untreated form.

Place the funnel with the cartridge in the rest of the bottle - congratulations, you have made a filter for the dacha with your own hands! The main advantage of this design is its simplicity and compactness. In fact, for its manufacture, only a factory cartridge is needed, because. Finding a plastic bottle is not a problem.

A good flow system can be assembled from syringes, various parts of plastic bottles, as well as PVC or silicone rubber medical tubing. Cotton wool and crushed activated carbon can be used as filter layers. A set of tools and materials for its manufacture is as follows:

• 3 syringes. Choose the largest volume, such that the diameter of the syringe is equal to the diameter of the hole in the whole bottle;
• 5 plastic bottles. Only for two is the volume important (preferably 1.5 or 2 liters), the rest are needed as sources of spare parts (plugs and necks);
• a small piece of hose with a diameter matching the diameter of the bottle cap;
• two plastic tubes. Through them, water will be supplied to the filter and removed from it;
• with a dozen tablets of activated charcoal. We will make a filter layer from it with our own hands, responsible for the removal of organic matter;
• cotton wool It will be used for cleaning from mechanical impurities;
• beeswax, sugar or gypsum with egg white. It will serve as an adhesive that can be used when working with food utensils;
• sandpaper;
• sharp knife or scissors

We will use two identical syringes as a body. First, remove the piston and use a knife to remove the stops protruding from the body. To make the parts stick together well, sand the area as shown in the picture above. So, you have two halves of the filter housing - how to connect them?

For fastening, we will use the threaded connection of the bottle. Cut off the neck of the bottle in the place where the expansion of the container begins. Unscrew the lid, but do not throw it away - we will still need it. Such operations must be carried out with two bottles. As a result, we get a pair of traffic jams and necks. Everything else can be thrown away. Products for fastening to a part from a syringe must be sanded from the inside. Why, it will become clear later.

Our next task is to glue the parts of the filter housing. There is one caveat: for this you can not use the moment, super glue and other compounds. After all, our filter will be in contact with water for food purposes. Therefore, we will use a caramelized sugar solution as glue. To prepare it, take a couple of tablespoons of sugar and slowly heat them over low heat. Apply the resulting adhesive with a thin layer on the sanded surfaces and immediately connect them. You can also experiment with a solution of gypsum and egg white (add liquid egg white in a ratio of 3 to 1 to pure gypsum powder), natural beeswax, natural resin coniferous trees and other substances that do not pose a threat to health if they get into the water (hereinafter, for brevity, we will call such glue food grade). As a result of these steps, you will get two identical parts. Now let's figure out how to connect them.

To connect the two parts of the water filter housing, you need to make a so-called connector. His constituent parts are two plugs (the same ones that remained at the previous stages of work), a piece of hose with a diameter equal to the diameter of the plugs and a width equal to twice the width of the plug. Work sequence:

• cut small holes in two corks with a knife (with a diameter equal to 2/3 of the cork diameter);
• using sandpaper, sand the outer parts of the plugs, as well as the inside - at a piece of hose;
• apply pre-prepared food glue on the sanded surfaces and assemble the connector. You can use it as soon as the glue dries.

So, we already have almost everything you need to make a water filter with your own hands. It remains to deal with two containers: the first will be responsible for supplying dirty water, the second - for receiving purified. If any clean vessel can act as a receiving container, and everything seems to be clear here, then there are a couple of tricks with the first container.

How to make the first container:

• take three plastic bottles and a syringe;
• cut off the bottom of bottle 1 and unscrew the cork;
• at the syringe, cut off the nozzle with an extension, make a hole in the cork and insert the element cut from the syringe from the inside into it. It should fit snugly into the hole, while the connection is tight. But for greater certainty, you can additionally grab it with food glue. The result of our work will be a plug with a pipe;
• take bottle 2, we only need a cork from it. Use a sharp knife to cut holes in the cork in the threaded area. Now it can be placed in bottle 1, where it will serve as a coarse water filter (from sand, etc.);
• take bottle 3 and place it in what is left of bottle 1. As a result of these actions, the screwed cork on bottle 3 should touch our coarse filter (see point 4). Cut off the bottom of bottle 3 so that you get a funnel, make slots in it;
• assemble all parts together as shown in the picture above

Place a small piece of cotton wool in one part of the filter housing, then pour pre-crushed activated carbon, fill the rest of both housings with cotton wool. It needs to be compacted, but not much, because. this affects the filtration rate. Use a connector to connect the two parts. It remains only to connect the case using plastic tubes to the supply and receiving tanks - you managed to make a filter for water purification with your own hands. However, there are several nuances in using such a device:

• the performance of the system is determined by the difference in level between the point of water supply and the point of its discharge;
• at the first stage, it is necessary to initiate a flow of water, creating traction, by analogy with draining fuel from a car tank

In order to avoid silting of the well casing, as well as to reduce the load on the main treatment devices, a mechanical filter is provided at the water intake site. Below we will talk about the two most simple and effective designs of filters for wells made of plastic or steel pipe. They are easier and cheaper to make with your own hands than to buy finished products.

Briefly about what they are. This is a pipe made of plastic or steel 3 m long, divided into three zones from bottom to top: settling (about 0.5 m), filtering (2 m), installation (0.5 m). Through the filtering zone, water enters the sump, where it is pre-cleaned from random impurities under the action of gravity, and the mounting part serves to attach to the casing or fix the cable when it is lowered into a pipe of a larger diameter.

Two situations are possible:

• in an active well. After washing it, it became necessary to install an additional barrier for mechanical impurities (sand and small stones). In this case, a finished filter of a smaller diameter is placed in the casing pipe;
• when constructing a well. In this case, the well screen is the first section of the casing.

Be that as it may, the technologies for its manufacture are the same in all cases. Let's analyze the simplest version of a plastic filter for a well. By analogy, you can make the same design of steel.

We will need:

• pipe 3 m long;
• pipe cap or piece of plastic;
• cord made of polyamide with a thickness of 3 mm;
• polyamide mesh P64 for filtration;
• hacksaw for metal;
• screwdriver and drill 10 mm;
• self-tapping screws; roulette;
• construction stapler

First, let's mark the functional areas of our pipe as shown in the figure below.

It makes sense to immediately mount the bottom of the device. For these purposes, cut a plastic element about round shape, drill three 10 mm holes in it (for water). Fix the bottom with screws. Further, the approach to work depends on how water will flow into the casing: through holes or through cracks.

Drill holes with a diameter of 10 mm in a checkerboard pattern. The distance between the holes in the same line, take equal to 100 mm. Keep the same distance between the longitudinal rows, located with an offset of 50 mm - hence the checkerboard pattern. From both edges of the filter zone, drill a couple of additional holes that will be required to fix the cord. It should be understood that the role of these holes is solely to ensure the efficient use of the well flow rate, i.e. so that water in the required volume enters the casing pipe.

Fasten a cord on one of the edges and make a dozen tight turns around the pipe. Next, wrap it with a spiral in increments of about 150-250 mm. Closer to the opposite part of the filter pad, rewind about ten tight turns again and fix the cord with a pair of holes. So that an attempt to make a filter for a well with your own hands does not consist in mechanical work according to the instructions, we will explain why this cord is in the design. It is needed in order to create small space between the mesh (about it below), and the holes in the pipe. In this case, the entire grid area works. But if it just fit snugly against the pipe, only the part that is located at the holes would work.

It remains only to wrap the pipe with a special synthetic mesh P64, which will serve as a filter layer, and fix it with a construction stapler.

Instead of holes in the filter tube, slots can be made. This will significantly increase the area through which water will enter the casing, as well as reduce the size of particles that can get there, bypassing the mesh barrier. To do this, use a sharp knife or a hacksaw to make 100 mm long slots on both sides of the pipe in 20 mm increments. At the same time, after every 10-15 slotted holes, leave an untouched gap of 50-100 mm in length. All other operations are similar to those described above for a perforated well filter.

well filter

To purify water in a well, a simple and effective solution is still used, which is called a bottom filter. Naturally, you can do it yourself. There are two approaches here:

1. direct filter. The choice in his favor is made on the condition that the bottom of the well is constantly eroded and this is the cause of muddy water. For example, in the case of a clay bottom. The idea is to reinforce the bottom with large stones, gradually reducing the fraction of subsequent layers. Those. the first layer is stones cleaned of algae, thoroughly washed, which are best collected on the river bank. Next, lay the large pebbles and at the end - the smallest. The thickness of the layers is within 20 cm, hence the total thickness of the entire filter will be approximately 50-60 cm. Of course, the thicker the layer, the higher the quality of the water obtained. But at the same time, the capacity of the well decreases and the load on the bottom part increases;
2. return filter. If the situation is the opposite, and the turbidity of the water is due to the sandy bottom of the well, then backfilling is carried out in the reverse order. However, coarse quartz sand can be used as the first layer (then there will be 4 layers: sand, small and large pebbles, large stones)

A large volume of water and an abundance of sources of pollution require periodic cleaning of the pools. The cleaning device is the best for this task. flow type through which the fluid will flow. When talking about a homemade pool filter, most often they mean a simple sand (or sand) filter. A diagram of an elementary but fairly reliable installation is shown in the figure below.

To make a pool filter with your own hands, you will need the following set of tools and materials:

• capacity from 50 l.;
• PVC sewer pipe with a diameter of 110 mm;
• tee 110x110x45 mm;
• pipes with a diameter of 45 mm;
• polyamide mesh;
• 3-4 corners and self-tapping screws for their fastening;
• a sheet of plastic for the partition;
• screwdriver and drill 10 mm;
• centrifugal pump and 45 mm hose

The idea is as follows: water will be pumped into the upper part of the tank and fall onto the perforated partition. With its help, a uniform distribution of liquid over the entire surface area of ​​​​the sand load will be ensured; large debris will linger here. Further, the liquid will pass through the sand layer and be cleaned of smaller mechanical impurities, gradually filling the central pipe. The water outlet is at a level below the inlet, which, according to the principle of communicating vessels, contributes to its exit from the tank by gravity through the pipe.

If desired, instead of sand or together with it, you can use any other suitable material: foam rubber, crushed stone, coal, etc. It all depends on what kind of pollution you want to purify the water in the pool and what labor costs you are ready to go for - a sand filter is easier and cheaper to maintain than its counterparts.

Today it is fashionable to have suburban area small, but own pond. Not everyone is lucky with the location of the dacha, so the problem has to be solved by constructing an artificial reservoir. But if in natural conditions ponds are a self-regulating environment, then the development of man-made objects depends entirely on the measures taken by their owner. To keep the water clean, one of the measures to consider is the installation of a filter. You can buy a finished product, but it is quite possible to make a pond filter with your own hands - in order to save money and understand the processes taking place in it.

One can consider two simple options designs:

For the manufacture of the case, we need a container with a volume of 20 to 40 liters. The larger it is, the less often you will have to maintain the filter, but the more difficult it will be to disguise it in a small pond. In the bottom 1/3 of the container, make holes with a diameter of about 5 mm. Place several layers of foam rubber or other waterproof filter material in the container. This must be done in such a way that the foam rubber covers the holes made in the body. To prevent the container from floating up or moving along the bottom of the reservoir, place several heavy stones inside. Now the most difficult thing is to solve the issue with the lid.

Make a hole in the lid for submersible pump, the operation of which will ensure the flow of water through the filter load. The hole is carefully sealed, as well as the fastening of the cover to the body. It remains only to choose a suitable place and flood the water purification device there. Once a week or two, you will have to remove the device from the water and rinse the foam rubber.

There are two types of filters for purifying water in an aquarium: external and internal. Their name is due to the location of the filter element. In the first case, it is installed somewhere outside the aquarium, in the second, it occupies part of the usable area. We will not deal with the question of which of the solutions is optimal. For us, it is much more important how to save money on buying a factory product and make an aquarium filter with your own hands at home. But first, let's think about what we will use as a material for water treatment. As we said above, there are solutions for different purposes.

Choosing Filter Materials for Aquarium Filters

Name	Short description	cleaning	Peculiarities
Foam rubber	A type of flexible polyurethane foam. It has a porous soft structure. Often used as upholstery and soundproofing. One of the cheapest options.	mechanical cleaning. After some time, it is also biological due to the development of beneficial microorganisms in the pores of the filter.	It is advisable to choose foam rubber for aquariums. It is more durable and is not believed to harm aquatic life. Inexpensive but effective filter material.
Sintepon	Synthetic fiber non-woven fabric. Has a layered structure. Most often used as a heater in clothes and blankets. Cheap.	Like foam rubber	It clogs quickly, so it is used only for fine water purification. Often have to change. Again, it is better to buy special material for aquariums.
sintered glass	Balls with a diameter of about 1 cm made of sintered glass. They have a porous structure.	Biological purification due to the work of microorganisms that settle in the pores of the material.	The efficiency of water purification by sintered glass is determined by the previous stages of filtration. Quickly clogged with mechanical impurities.
Granular coal	An effective adsorbent with a developed internal structure. This increases the area of ​​the reactive areas of the material.	Organic cleaning, odor removal, color correction.	Applies to external filters only. Washed to remove coal dust before use.
Peat	A natural filter that purifies water from coarse mechanical impurities and disinfects it.	mechanical cleaning. Reduces the pH of the water, which is good for the inhabitants of the aquarium.	You need a special peat. Please consult sellers for additional information.
Zeolite	Minerals with a porous structure. Inexpensive material.	Purification by sorption. Absorbs ammonium from water.	Effective method removal of nitrates. Required loading volume: 1 g/l.
Ceramic rings or tubes	Porous structures in the form of small tubes or rings. They serve as the basis for the development of microorganisms.	As an auxiliary element for the efficient distribution of water flows. Biological cleaning.	They can act as support elements for filter structures. Require periodic flushing.
Plastic elements	Excised balls or tubules. Inexpensive.	Not involved in cleaning. Auxiliary element of the filter.	Intermediate loading for the distribution of water flows.

At the very first trip to a specialized store, you can easily replenish this far from complete range of aquarium filters with new items. But even ordinary foam rubber and zeolite can be enough to make a full-fledged bottom filter.

How to make an internal filter

To make a simple internal filter for a bottom-type aquarium, you will need:

• small capacity. It is better to use an earthenware bowl or clear glassware, i.e. containers that fit into decoration or they will simply be disguised. This reservoir will determine the filter surface area;
• funnel. It is better to choose products made of transparent plastic or glass. This is purely for aesthetic reasons. The role of the funnel will become clear as we describe the manufacturing process;
• filter material. For example, a piece of foam rubber, which will take up about a third of the container;
• pebbles. They will act as supports for the funnel, and also press down the foam rubber, masking it;
• compressor. Any inexpensive aquarium compressor will do. It needs to be brought to him flexible tube through which air will be supplied. To do this, you can use a medical transparent PVC tube.

Such a simple aquarium filter, which anyone can make with a compressor, works as follows: air is pumped into the funnel, escapes up through its spout, dragging water with it and thereby creating traction in the lower part. Thanks to it, the next portions of water are pulled under the funnel. The operation of such a primitive filter is based on the device of airlifts (see diagram below).

As a container, you can use a regular jar. And the place of the funnel can always be taken by a hose of a larger diameter - it must exceed the diameter of the tube through which air is supplied. Bringing water to the surface will provide more efficient filtration due to the increased volume of water involved in the cycle (see diagram below).

A word of caution: internal filters are suitable for small aquariums. This is due to their low productivity. For volumetric aquariums, it is necessary to design an outdoor installation.

How to make an external filter

The most important thing in this process is to choose a reliable case. Good for this purpose, a pruning sewer PVC pipe with a socket and a coupling have proven themselves. They can be connected and closed on both sides with plastic end caps, installed vertically or horizontally. In order to make an external filter for the aquarium, we need:

• a piece of plastic pipe with a diameter of 110 mm and a length of 50 cm;
• two plastic plugs for the pipe;
• submersible pump (can be aquarium) for pumping water;
• two fittings with a diameter that matches the diameter of the outlet pipe in the pump;
• plastic grate (can be used from a sink);
• foam rubber;
• synthetic winterizer;
• biofilter (ceramic rings, tubes, plastic balls, etc.);
• valve for air release;
• cutting pipes to create supports;
• hoses for pumping water;
• FUM tape;

First, make the inlet and outlet holes for the fitting. Their location depends on whether the filter will be vertical or horizontal. In the first case, make holes from the edges of the pipe on the side, in the second - right in the covers. The preferred option is the lateral inlet, even with a horizontal orientation of the cleaning plant. To seal the connection, tightly wrap the threads of the fittings with FUM tape, mount them in the holes and tighten with a nut. The following describes the process step by step:

• supports for filter layers. We need to create an intermediate layer in the filter that will perform the distribution function. The main goal is that the load does not deform over time, and most of the volume of this layer is occupied by water. Here you can go in several ways, for example, stick a plastic pipe trim on the plug. But it will be easier to just cut off the bottom of the plastic bottle, make as many holes in it as possible and place it upside down relative to the plug;
• partitions between layers. You can cut round parts from the mesh, which is usually placed in kitchen sink. Alternatively, use CDs that no one really needs anymore. Poke as many holes in them as you can. Partitions act as dividing walls structural elements to load the filter. Thanks to them, the filter layers will not mix. In addition, they retain large mechanical impurities. Lay the first partition on the supporting structure;
• foam filter. Cut out a round element from the foam rubber according to the diameter of the pipe. Lay it on the partition;
• biofilter. Use ceramic tubes/rings or plastic balls/tubes to create a layer with a large cumulative area. Here, fine suspensions will be deposited on the load and gradually processed by colonies of microorganisms;
• fine filter. Pre-lay the partition, and then a round-shaped element cut out of foam rubber or synthetic winterizer (according to the diameter of the pipe);
• water pump. It is better to glue the pump with hot glue to the body of our homemade filter;
• power supply. Make a hole in the cover, pull the pump wire through it and seal the hole securely;
• air outlet. Install a valve in the cover on the side of the pump to periodically release the air accumulated in the filter. If the filter is horizontal, then during this procedure you will have to periodically move it to a vertical position;
• connecting tubes. Connect the inlet and outlet hoses as shown in the figure above.

Without taking into account the time spent, the cost of an external filter for a do-it-yourself aquarium is about 2-3 times less than a factory product. The aesthetics of the solution, of course, suffers, but a homemade product can always be hidden in a secluded place, and no one will see it at all.

The filter for purifying polluted water is one of the best technical solutions both for autonomous and public water supply. Especially critical is the situation with the city pipeline, in which old pipes have been in operation for years.

No matter what preliminary cleaning and disinfection the water utilities carry out, it is still not possible to achieve absolute purity of water. This is due to the mentioned deterioration of communications. Rust, particles of sealants, lime inclusions - all these are constant companions of public water supply. However, you don't have to put up with them.

Installing filters in the apartment will completely save the owners from problems with the life-giving moisture supplied to their homes.

In addition to filtering drinking water for its benefits to human health, safety is also important. plumbing equipment which often costs a lot of money. No crane can withstand sand or rust getting inside the structure for a long time - gaskets and seals will fail very quickly. Even more sensitive is connected to the water supply. For her, the ingress of salts or metal impurities is critical.

To screen out coarse mechanical impurities, special pre-filters are installed, equipped with metal mesh working elements. But they can not make the water completely purified. Therefore, experts recommend installing fine filters of the main or flow type.

A high-quality thin filter keeps foreign elements up to 5 microns in size. Most household and plumbing equipment needs such cleaning, for example:

• hydromassage boxes;
• jacuzzi;
• boilers;
• expensive taps;
• dishwashers and washing machines.

And for cold and hot water manufacturers produce separate types of filters. It is forbidden to install a filter designed for hot water on a drinking tap. And vice versa, connect the "cold" filter to the shower or boiler.

In addition, fine filters are extremely sensitive to pressure drops in pipes and require a built-in or additional pressure regulator.

They are divided into several main types:

• With a fine-mesh metal mesh - simple, fairly effective and inexpensive devices. The filter elements are made of stainless steel. Some models are silver anodized. Such a filter has bactericidal properties.
• Cleaning with the help of sorption substances - manufacturers often complete such filters with cartridges or activated carbon backfill, which attracts some chemical and organic impurities at the molecular level. In addition, coal destroys odors.
• With membranes, these are the most efficient filters sensitive to constant pressure (requires the installation of a pump and a tank for purified water). Classic example– reverse osmosis systems.
• Ion-exchange models with resin filter elements work on the principle of hydrolysis, attracting oppositely charged particles of impurities. The main task of such a filter is to reduce the hardness of water and purify it from metal salts.
• With fabric filtration - inexpensive and high-quality devices that are in high demand among buyers. The working elements are made of several layers of fabric and require regular replacement.
• With mineral fillings. Most often, manufacturers use shungite or zeolite. These are universal filters that equally successfully cope with any kind of impurities, including mechanical ones.

Device

All fine filters have several filter elements in the form of cartridges and are equipped with a waste sump (flask or glass). Device dimensions vary by model. Main filters are compact in size, and multi-stage flow type filters are enough overall products with several settling tanks and a reserve tank for clean water.

The quality of filtered water largely depends on the reagent used and the size of the cells. By design, fine cleaning devices are:

• main;
• flowing stationary type;
• flow mobile type in the form, for example, of a nozzle.

Nozzles are cheaper, but they are not very convenient to use. Stationary models are distinguished by their high price, performance and long service life.

Homemade and serial samples

If desired, the filter can be made by hand. Such devices have a number of advantages, these are:

• low cost and ease of manufacture;
• sufficiently high efficiency and productivity.

But it should also be taken into account that no handicraft sample can be compared in terms of technical characteristics with industrial models, which are distinguished by increased service life and reliability.

The disadvantages of homemade filters include:

• the complexity of the manufacturing process;
• a small resource for filter elements;
• fragility of the product.

Many are primarily attracted by the budget cost of a home filter. Often it is made from improvised materials, which is economically beneficial for the family budget. But is it worth risking the quality and long-term operation of such an important water supply unit, it is up to each owner to decide independently.

How to make

It should be noted that craftsmen have developed several types of homemade filters. Some take a long time to make, while others can be built in minutes.

The simplest device is assembled from a five-liter plastic bottle and a plastic bucket. Medical cotton wool and paper napkins are used as a filter element.

Manufacturing looks like this:

1. In the lid of the bucket, a place is marked for a hole, the diameter of which is equal to the neck of the bottle.
2. By marking, small notches are made with a drill. Then this part of the cover is removed with a knife, and the cut is processed with a file until a smooth surface appears.
3. The bottom of the bottle is cut off with a knife. The rest is screwed with a neck into the prepared hole. plastic cover.
4. The result is a funnel into which the filter material is placed. Layers of cotton wool and napkins alternate, then the filter is slightly compacted.
5. You can additionally lay out activated carbon or polypropylene fiber material in one layer.
6. The design is installed on a bucket - this is a ready-to-use filter, somewhat reminiscent of a well-known serial device called a jug. Water is poured through a funnel, passes through filters and is collected in a container (bucket).

What tools will be needed

The set of tools required for work is minimal! This:

• manual or electric drill;
• sharp knife;
• file or sandpaper.

Of the consumables, you only need cotton wool and paper napkins. A contaminated home-made cartridge can be replaced with a new one without any problems and special financial expenses.

Charcoal can also be used for filtering. A piece of birch log is calcined on fire in an airtight container. Then cool and wrap in several layers of gauze. Such a cartridge is installed in an already made funnel from a five-liter bottle.

The best place to use a homemade device is wild. Far from civilization, when there is no serial filter at hand, the same plastic bottle with the bottom cut off will come to the rescue. The funnel is tied to the tree with the neck down. The narrow part of the filter is lined with several layers of bandage, gauze or ordinary handkerchiefs.

The more layers, the more reliable the filter and the water obtained is safer for humans.

Service

The use of any filter, both home-made and industrial design, implies a regular change of filter materials and washing sump (flask).

Timely significantly increases the life of the filter and the quality of the water.