Modern fasteners for all occasions. Connecting timber structures with bolts and rods. Connecting wooden structures with nails. Connection on staples, clamps and anchors Fastening rod in a wooden structure crossword clue

What should be the fasteners for lumber? Wood is a fairly soft material, especially when compared to other types of solid wood. However, the physical properties of wooden parts used in construction can vary greatly depending on the percentage of their moisture content, the species used, the growing conditions of the trees ... The structure is not uniform even in different parts of the same log. In any case, the fastening element should adhere well to the fibers and securely fix any parts. To increase the frictional force, knurling or roughing is very often done on the nails, and self-tapping screws have a large thread.

Reliability of fasteners for wood

Most of the fasteners for wood in Moscow are made of galvanized and phosphated steel or metals that do not rust (for example, there are nails made of aluminum, copper). Only some types of products are made of ferrous metal, but only those that are used in rough structures - construction nails, hardened roof brackets. The protective coating makes it possible to significantly increase the service life of the fasteners, but, in addition, the aesthetic properties of the products are improved by an order of magnitude, because red spots and streaks from rust will be excluded.

The design of modern fasteners is thought out to the smallest detail. So, there are dozens of types of self-tapping screws that are designed for certain jobs, each of them has its own characteristics. Let's say a roofing fastener has a drill on the tip, which can be used to drill through sheet metal, and a large rubberized washer. And constructional yellow self-tapping screws have a complex carving on the body (sometimes incomplete) and a special tip. The finishing nail has a very small head, and the galvanized nail for fastening OSB, on the contrary, is quite large. There are fasteners with a conical head under the sweep, and there are - with a flat one. There are many lengths available.

Almost all of these fasteners (including perforated ones) are operated under load, so they must be resistant to bending and shearing forces. High-quality fasteners for wood do not break; in extreme cases, it can only bend. For certain works, you can choose products of different thicknesses, this applies to both nails / self-tapping screws and perforated plates / corners.

Types of fasteners for wood

Nails

This is perhaps one of the most famous and proven types of components for construction work. For this fastener for wood, the price is the most democratic, but it is distinguished by its practicality and functionality. A nail is a metal rod cut from wire, which has a sharp point at one end and a flat head at the other.

When in use, the product is hammered with an ordinary hammer, or can be combined into belts and loaded into a gun-nailer. Nails can be used alone, or in combination with perforated fasteners.

The size of the head differs in size, depending on whether the nail should be recessed or more reliably to press the part. There may be notches on the rod to increase the friction forces, because it is with their help that the nails are held in the wood. The length (in fact, like the thickness) of the nail is selected according to the nature of the connection and the type of loads experienced by the node.

Depending on the purpose for which the nails are intended, they are divided into several basic types. If we talk about construction, then these are:

• Black construction nails
• Galvanized with a large cap,
• Ruffled,
• Screw,
• Finishing,
• Roofing,
• Slate.

Self-tapping screws

This is a modern fastener that has high efficiency and is also very practical. The cost of fasteners for this type of wood is more than that of nails, but it also has many advantages.
The highlight of the self-tapping screw is that it exploits the ductility of wood. That is, it allows screwing in without pre-drilling. Due to the wide pitch of the thread and its increased height (for example, self-tapping screws for metal have a more frequent and lower thread), this fastener fits tightly into any wood fibers and it keeps perfectly there. At the same time, such a connection remains collapsible, while knocked down with nails wooden parts it is extremely rare to disconnect without damage.

The design of the thread and tip is oriented towards easy entry into wood. The drill at the end of wood screws is usually not used. The hat is made with a cone for embedding in a flush, or flat, for the "press washer", "roofing screw" types. Threads can be solid or partial. There are many options for the thickness and length of the products.

To use self-tapping screws, a drill or screwdriver is needed, although, theoretically, small products in small quantities can be screwed on with a screwdriver. To transmit rotation from the tool, there are slots on the screw head. The shape of the spline may vary. As a rule, the formats PH or PZ are used - this must be taken into account when choosing a bit.

Among the many types of wood screws, the most popular were:

• phosphated (black);
• galvanized (yellow);
• roofing (white and painted);
• screws with a hex or profile head (including: wood grouse, with a ring, with a hook, L-shaped screw-crutch, wood grouse with a spring).

Threaded Metric Connections

Nails and screws are not the only components that can be used to assemble wooden structures. The most loaded or most voluminous nodes are twisted by means of bolts and studs. Together with nuts and washers, these hardware allows you to get the most reliable fixation, because you can press the parts very tightly to each other, use rods with an increased diameter (which means they are very strong). An obvious plus is the ability to disassemble and assemble structures several times.

Studs and bolts are installed through a through hole that must be drilled in each of the fastened parts. Direct fixation is carried out by tightening the nuts. Large washers allow for increased footprint and prevent nuts / heads from sinking into the wood.

Perforated fasteners

This type of fasteners is designed to speed up the installation of wooden building elements. Thanks to such products, it became possible to avoid the technically complex (and time-consuming) manufacture of insets and locks in wood. If the cutting of wood actually underestimated the cross-section of the parts, then the perforated products made it possible to assemble end-to-end, and with an increase in the reliability of the unit. Therefore, there is no need to increase the cross-section of the lumber, as before. Accordingly, it will turn out to unload the house and save money, although before making calculations it seems that buying perforated wood fasteners is a rather expensive decision.

Another advantage of such products lies in the increase in the construction speed. Joints with corners and plates can be easily performed by non-professionals, because all that is needed is to cut a bar or board more or less exactly in length.

Perforated fasteners are available in a wide range. They are integrated into a system and cover all the needs of modern timber and general construction. They are made of sheet metal with a thickness of one and a half to 5 mm, in which there are a large number of holes (round small, large for anchors, long slots for sliding fixings). All products are galvanized and ready to use. Among all fasteners with perforation, several types are distinguished by design and scope of use, first of all, these are corners, plates, supports, tapes.

Price list

Prices for fasteners for wood

A few years ago, we would say with confidence that it can be a nail or a screw, but the first and the second have their own advantages and disadvantages. Installation is quickly carried out with a nail, but it does not give the structure strength and over time it can simply fall apart. The screw gives strength to the structure, but due to the inconvenience during installation, it reduces the speed of work. Therefore, this problem is solved by self-tapping screws, anchors, dowels and screws. They combine both the speed of installation and the fastening force, since the specially selected pitch and angle of the thread, as well as the tip, provide them with a quick fit and a reliable, durable connection. In addition, they have an anti-corrosion coating, which allows several times to increase the service life of the fastener, which means the reliability and durability of the entire structure.

Framefasteners are intended for fastening bars, wooden and structural Planks, building facades, window frames and metal profiles.

General purpose fasteners are used for light fixings, as well different types hooks for fastening scaffolding, ropes, cables, chains. In addition, the trade network has fasteners for plumbing equipment, light and heavy building structures, for insulating materials, etc.

Self-drilling screws used for fastening sheet steel to heavy load-bearing structures and sheet metal with each other (overlapping), as well as for steel and wooden bases, installation finishing works. Can be used in furniture production.

Roofing screws used for fastening profiled sheet metal to wood, to light steel structures or between. itself (overlap).

Tempered self-tapping screws intended for joining wood, chipboard and plasterboard boards, as well as for thin sheet metal.

Screws for the installation of gypsum plasterboards, they are used for attaching drywall to sheet metal profiles, to wooden elements, as well as for twisting sheet metal profiles.

Self-tapping screws for mounting window profiles used for fastening plastic and wooden profiles and other installation works.

Fastening wood

The strength and stability of any product or structure depends on what kind of fastening is used that connects its parts into one whole.The wood occupies an exceptional place due to the ease with which the elements made from it can be connected to each other by various fasteners - nails, crutches, adhesives, bolts, staples with dowels, self-tapping screws, etc.

For the strength of the fastening, the product or the structure of the connection should not be selected randomly, but should correspond to the properties, the purpose of the product, taking into account the fastening along or across the fibers, as well as changes in dimensions with fluctuations in humidity.

Nails. Nails are the most common type of fastening in building structures and wood products. I produce construction nails of two types: with a flat head and a conical head.

Nails are cold formed from light, low carbon, unhardened steel wire.

Construction nails of a round (less often square) section in the carpentry industry are used with a length of 7 to 90 mm, a thickness of 0.7-3.5 mm.

Round nails are used when installing joinery partitions, barrier panels. Studs are also used - thin nails without hats, with which the lining, layout, sticks are attached. The connection of the main parts of these products is done with glue, less often with screws.

Roofing nails length from 9 to 40 mm, thickness from 0.8 to 2 mm is used for upholstery of assembled window and door blocks, cones of beams, wooden building structures in places of their contact with walls.

Decorative nails intended for the front surfaces of furniture, mainly upholstered. They are available with round, square and shaped heads, which can be smooth with embossed or cast designs. The sizes of the heads in diameter or on the side of the square are 6,8,10 and 12 mm. The rod length of these nails is no more than 30 mm. When driving nails into wood (with a wooden hammer), their heads should not jump off the rod, there should be no dents, distortions or delamination of the decorative layer.

Nails resist pulling and lateral (shear) loads or the combined action of two types of loads. Resistance depends on the properties of wood and nail, the conditions of their use. Nails, like other fasteners such as staples and T-nails, should be positioned so that the connection works primarily in shear rather than pull-off, so that the nails are mainly lateral loads and not pull out. The resistance of the nail rod to pulling out of wood depends on the density of the wood, the diameter of the nail and the degree of its penetration.

The pull-out resistance of nails is greatly influenced by factors such as the type of point, type of rod, the coating of the nail, the residence time of the nails in the wood, and changes in the moisture content of the wood.

The greatest resistance to pulling is possessed by nails driven perpendicular to the wood fibers. When a nail is driven along the grain, i.e. into the end, the pull-out resistance for conifers is 75 or even 50% of the resistance when driven across the grain.

Crutches... Conventional wire crutches are made in the same way as wire nails. Their tip has the shape of a tetrahedral pyramid, 76-305 mm long, with this length their diameter is larger than that of ordinary wire nails.

Bolts serve to connect parts, they are especially widely used in curved furniture. To protect the wood from crushing when screwing the bolt, washers are placed under its head.

Wood screws made from low-carbon steel or brass wire. Screw sizes: length - from 6 to 120 mm, rod diameter - from 1.5 to 10 mm, head diameter - from 3 to 20 mm, the threaded part of the rod must be at least 0.6 of the screw length. Screws are used to connect parts of products when the area for gluing is insufficient in size, for example, in bent furniture, screws are used to fasten metal appliances and accessories to, furniture and to joinery. For the convenience of screwing, its head has a slotted groove (slot). Screws are distinguished with countersunk, half-countersunk and semicircular heads.

For screwing flush with the surface of the wood, screws with flat heads are most often used. Screws with oval or round heads are used when it is necessary to give the surface of the wood beautiful view or if it is undesirable to screw in the screws. The main parts of the screw are the screw thread and the shaft.

Modern trends in the development of timber fastening include the use of tapped screws along the entire length of the rod. Commercially available self-tapping screws in some cases have certain advantages.

Pins... It is assumed that the pins driven into the drilled holesthe diameter of which is 3.2 mm less than the diameter of the pin gives a good connection. The lateral load on a pin driven across the grain of the wood must not exceed the ultimate shear load of a rod of the same diameter. To compensate for the lack of washers and nuts, the pins are longer than regular bolts.

Staples... There are several types of staples, differing in the shape of the point, processing of the rod, type of coating, caliber, length and diameter. These mounts are available for use in pneumatic installations with clips or cassettes. They are used for upholstering furniture.

"Capercaillie" - large screws with a length of 35 mm and a thickness of 6 O mm with a square or hexagonal head, adapted for screwing, a wood grouse with a wrench. Furniture wood grouses have a square shape with a widened base, which acts as a washer, preventing the wood from crushing when screwing the wood grouse.

Squares metal are used for additional fastening of corner joints of parts. Overlays are straight metal plates with holes for screws: they are fixed on one or both sides of the bar (part) in places of insufficient strength or at the site of a fracture.

To connect parts of disassembled furniture are used metal ties... There are overhead and mortise.

Shelf supportsserve to support movable shelves in cabinet (cupboard) furniture. They are a metal pin with corners attached to them. Metal clips are attached to the shelf holders to the pins (caps). The clips fit tightly into the slots drilled on the inner sides of the cabinet walls. They protect the walls of the nest from crushing the shelf supports with pins.

Hardware. Hinges called hardware, like other fittings for windows, doors (bolts, wraps, handles, locks, etc.). Typically, hardware is made of light, low carbon steel. Facial devices are varnished, chrome plated, nickel plated.

Window and door hinges are used for hanging door panels and window sashes, for raising or lowering; transom and opening vents.

By design, card loops are distinguished: hinged with a removable hinge rod (bout), semi-hinged with a rod fixed in one card motionlessly, hinged with a rod that cannot be removed from the hinge, and hammered.

Hinges with a removable hinge are used where a wooden leaf or a window sash cannot be lifted in order to remove it from the fixed hinge rods.

I use semi-hinge hinges for wooden canvases and sashes.

Hinges with hinged rods are used for small window sashes, transoms, vents.

Card loops are selected taking into account the size of the canvases and flaps, the thickness of the strapping of the bars.

Each loop consists of two hinged cards. The card consists of one steel plate, on one longitudinal edge of which cuttings are made, and the resulting protrusions are bent to form a hinge (fold cards).

There must be a distance of 6-11 mm from the longitudinal edge of the card to the side edge of the heel bar of the door leaf or sash, depending on the size of the bars.

Hammer-in loops are used for hanging cover sashes and canvases balcony doors with an influx.

In public buildings with a large oncoming flow of people door leaves hung on double-leaf spring hinges to open doors in both directions. Distinguish between left and right hinges, depending on the hinge of the door, sash.

Pensfor doors and windows are of great variety. There are door handles for interior and balcony doors. Buttons instead of handles are used only for interior doors.

Espagnolettes are keyless locks. There are door and window latches. The door latches are cut into the leaf edge of the left leaf on the double door. The upper door bolt is 370 mm long, the lower 230 mm. It is necessary to install them without distortions and jamming.

Mortise or overhead locks are made only at the doors. On the market building materials and products, fundamentally new mechanical locks with a plastic key card are used. Locks of this type have the ability to recode multiple times and form branched systems of authorized access.

Opening is done by lightly pressing the key card, and closing - without using a key.

The window valves, top and bottom, have a very simple design. They are incorrectly called latches. Keyless locks also include door and window latches different devices and hooks.

Devices that help to close doors include leverless springs, with a lever, pneumatic.

Currently, in the retail network, there is a wide range of devices for windows and doors, mainly made of aluminum alloys with anodized coating, which improves their appearance.

Furniture fittings, depending on the type of purpose and material of the furniture, are distinguished by a wide variety, including artistic decoration, for its decoration.

Materials for fastening carpentry structures

For fastening wooden products to walls and connecting wooden structures with each other, they use ruffs, crutches, staples, linings, clamps, anchors, etc. They are called forgings.

Construction forgings are made from forging, low-carbon steel (iron), most of them are forging products.

Ruffs are used for fastening window and door blocks in the openings of stone walls, partitions at the interface to the walls. The sharpened ends of the ruff are driven into antiseptic wood or plastic plugs installed into the walls. The ruffs are nailed to the box of blocks through the eyelet in the ruffs. Crutches are used for hanging cornices, paintings, chandeliers, etc. on stone-like walls. After punching a bolt or drilling a hole, place plugs and drive in crutches.

Brackets are used for additional fastening of connections on rafter cuttings and Mauerlate. Depending on the location of the joints of structural elements, they are straight, reverse and angular. They are made from steel rods with a circular cross-section with a diameter of 10-12 mm or square. 10x10 and 12x12 mm.

The overlays are used for fastening composite beams and lower chords of trusses and arches. They are made from thick rolled steel.

Bolts are used to fasten composite beams, fastening frame and panel walls to the foundations, etc. The bolt hole is drilled with electric drills or they are laid in the foundation when pouring.

Tie and non-tie clamps serve for tight fastening of beams made of logs or beams in cobbled and log houses, for fastening beams. They are made of 4x60 mm strip steel.

Anchors are steel parts made of 4x40 mm T-shaped strip in various lengths. Used to connect a wooden beam with stone wall... Most often, the dimensions are 400x720 mm.

To connect wooden beams with reinforced concrete girders, T-section anchors with a length of 500 mm are used. The folded ends of the anchor mesh with the purlin brand.

Clamps are made from scrap steel, and are used for fastening galvanized steel sheets, for fixing flat tape tiles. There are different types of clamps. So, one end of the trimming of steel is nailed to the crate when the roof is being made, the other is the standing seam of the galvanized roofing steel. Clamps for fastening tiles allow you to fix two tiles at once as follows: the horizontal lapel of the clamp lies on top of the laid tile, and under its vertical lapel, pulling another, adjacent tile. Clamping hooks are hammered into the crate from the side of the attic.

Zinc-plated screws with a size of 5x60 mm or 5x70 mm with a semicircular head are used for fixing corrugated slate. To fasten the auxiliary asbestos-cement corners, take a 5x40 mm screw with a semi-round and countersunk head.

For roofing works I use construction and roofing nails Roofing nails have a diameter of 3.5 mm and a length of 40 mm. The variety of construction nails allows you to choose the desired nails in the following assortment: diameter 2.5 mm, length 50 or 60 mm; diameter 3 mm, length 70 and 80 mm diameter 3.5 mm, length 90 mm; diameter 4mm, length 100 and 110mm and diameter 5mm, length 150mm. Fastening all piece materials with nails.

So, for asbestos-cement flat slate use nails with a diameter of 2.5 and 3 mm and a length of 35 to 40 mm, respectively. For corrugated asbestos-cement sheets, nails with a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 30 mm are taken. For wooden roofs (shingles, shingles, shavings), nails 2.5 mm, 50 or 60 mm long, are used. Fastening "boards with nails with a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 10 mm.

The wire is used as a fastener for stamped and ridge tiles. It is used with nails 3-4 mm in diameter and 40-50 mm in length. Nails are driven 2/3 into the crate and a wire is wound onto the remaining outside of the nail, which is tied to the spike of the tile with the other end. They use steel wire with a diameter of 1 mm, copper wire - 2 mm, and aluminum wire - 2.5 mm. Copper and steel wires are coated with oil paintso that it does not rust or oxidize, then dry.

For fixed joints in carpentry work, braces are used such as bolts, squares, pads, insert plates, nails, screws, etc.

Cranial bars are attached to beams with large nails in the manufacture of floor elements, when knocking back panels for partitions, ceilings, walls. The thicker and longer the nail, the more firmly it holds in the wood. Nail square section holds more firmly than round. The end of the nail, nailed through, is folded across the grain of the wood.

When fastening with nails in hard wood, holes are drilled with a diameter of up to 3/4 of the diameter of the nail. If you need to drive a thick nail close to the edge, then holes are drilled in coniferous wood, the same is in soft hardwood.

A word of 6 letters, the first letter is "H", the second letter is "A", the third letter is "G", the fourth letter is "E", the fifth letter is "L", the sixth letter is "L", a word with a letter "H", the last "b". If you do not know a word from a crossword or scanword, then our site will help you find the most difficult and unfamiliar words.

Guess the riddle:

Once upon a time there was a beast with the letter y, He cleaned his muzzle Behemoth with the letter b, A rooster with the letter n, Crocodile with the letter k, And a boar with the letter k. Platypus with the letter y, What kind of animal with the letter y? Show Answer \u003e\u003e

Once upon a time there lived one orphan girl, she had only two kittens, two puppies, three parrots, a turtle and a hamster with a hamster, which was supposed to give birth to 7 hamsters. The girl went to get food. She walks in a forest, a field, a forest, a field, a field, a forest, a forest, a field. She came to the store, but there was no food there. Goes further, forest, forest, field, field, forest, field, forest, field, forest, field, field, forest. And the girl fell into the hole. If she comes out, dad will die. If she stays there, my mother will die. You cannot dig a tunnel. What should she do?

In order to reduce the crushing of wood, a washer made of sheet steel is placed under the nut, the side of which is determined from the conditions of its bending and crushing of the wood under the washer.

1- steel bolt with thread and fixed nut; 2- fixed nut; 3- union nut; 4- thread; 5- removable round washer.

In practice, the side of the square washer is assumed to be 4.5d (where d is the bolt diameter).

The dimensions of the square washers are taken according to the bolt diameter according to Table 3 (Fig. 2).

Table 3: Bolt assortment.

The minimum distances between the bolts and the minimum distances from the edges of the tree are set taking into account the permissible shear stress of the timber. What will be described in more detail in the following sections of the site.

In capital construction, when the reliability and stability of the structure is required, bolts can be used only if, using special means (for example, brackets), the occurrence of shear in the contact seams (node \u200b\u200b33) will be prevented.

For example, calibrated holes can be used, i. E. such when the hole diameter is equal to the bolt diameter, or the subsequent filling of the gap between the bolt shaft and the hole edges is carried out.

Bolts are used in tensile structures for suspension of building elements (Fig. 3) and as non-load-bearing connections in the form of clamping bolts.

1.2. Connection on rod pins.

Rod pins are cylindrical steel rods, as a rule, without a nut and thread, which are driven into drilled holes with a diameter reduced by 0.2 ... 0.5 mm (Fig. 3, item 6).

At the tightening bolts (Fig. 3, pos. 1), washers (Fig. 3, pos. 5) are installed under the head (Fig. 3, pos. 2) and the nut (Fig. 3, pos. 3).

1 - tie bolt 12x260 mm; 2- hex head; 3-nut; 4- metric thread; 5- washer; 6-rod dowel, smooth or with grooved grooves.

The use of rod pins has great importance for bearing connections, since with it, you can not be afraid of deformations due to sampling of gaps in holes and creep of structures.

Connections using rod pins allow achieving high performance: with a small area, they can take relatively large loads.

They are best used for plank packages and for joining with steel elements inside the structure (node \u200b\u200b- 35).

The figure of node -34 shows a variant of fastening the ridge node of a truss truss. The block braces are attached to the upper chord with four pins. In the middle there are tie bolts. The upper chords of the rafters are bolted to the ridge bolster.

1- upper belt of rafters; 2- block braces; 3- ridge support; 4- fastening with dowels; 5- tie bolts of the ridge support with the upper chord of the rafters.

The sketch of unit 35 shows a variant of fastening a two-branch post with a single transom. Such a fastening gives an almost rigid connection of a two-branch post with a single transom using dowels located in a ring.

Tightening bolts provide a tight connection and are used for installation rafter system and wall partitions.

1- crossbar (beam); 2- pair rack; 3- nails in 2 board thicknesses; 4- tie bolts.

In the above connections, you should use no more than 4 rods per connection.

The minimum diameter of the rod pin is 8 mm.

Deaf steel cylindrical pins should be buried in the wood at least 5 diameters.

When using large diameter pins, cracks may appear at the ends of the elements to be joined, caused by wood chipping along the fibers.

Therefore, the end distances are assumed to be slightly larger than the intermediate ones.

2. Connection of wooden structures with nails.

The fact that nails are widely used is due to their ease of use, achieved primarily due to the invention of a pneumatic pistol, with which it is possible to automatically drive nails of various lengths, up to 120 mm.

Larger nails can be driven pneumatically after pre-seating.

The connection on nails has specific features. In the place of driving the nail, the wood is crumpled, forming wire cracks, flakes under the nail.

Partially these disadvantages are eliminated by the use of cross-shaped nails, for which you can not drill holes even with a diameter of more than 6 mm.

They, like ordinary nails, are driven into wood without first reaming the nests.

For nails with a diameter of more than 6 mm (and for alder wood - more than 5 mm), it is necessary to drill holes equal to 0.9 of the nail diameter.

If the fastening of structures with nails must take into account pull-out loads (increased wind loads), then drilling of holes is NOT ALLOWED.

Below are some of the types of nails most commonly used in the installation of roof truss systems.

2.1. Connection on wire round nails.

Round wire nails are the most common type of fasteners for wooden joints. The nail has a flat or concealed head and a smooth stem. In cross-section, the leg is a pointed rod in cross-section, round or square with rounded corners.

The thickness of wire nails ranges from d \u003d 0.8 ... 8 mm. The length of the wire nails ranges from 8 to 250 mm.

Example of designation: nail 5x120 mm.

Where 5 mm is the diameter (d) of the nail and 120 mm is the length (L) of the nail shank.

The assortment of nails is shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Construction wire round nails.

When performing frame work, nails with a length of 60, 75 and 100 mm are most often used. Shorter nails are used for tiling.

The nail can be galvanized or not galvanized. With galvanized zinc, the thickness of the formed protective layer of zinc is thicker, therefore, such a nail is more resistant to rust. The surface of an ordinary nail remains rough, due to which the friction between the nail and the wood is greater than that of a galvanized nail.

In facing (finishing) work, galvanized or otherwise processed nails are used to ensure that the hands of workers always remain clean and do not stain the facing.

2.2. Connection on grooved serrated nails.

Corrugated (serrated) nail. Such a nail has a hidden (recessed) head and a grooved leg. In cross section, the leg is a round rod with a rounded acute angle.

Corrugated (serrated) nail.

The thickness of the toothed nails ranges from d \u003d 3 ... 10 mm. The length of grooved nails ranges from 25 to 100 mm.

The tensile strength from wood of serrated nails is about five times that of conventional nails of the corresponding size.

Therefore, their use is preferable in those joints where increased pull-out strength is required (increased wind load).

2.3. Connection on threaded nails.

Threaded nail (screw). The nail has a countersunk (recessed) head and a leg with a gentle thread. The thickness of the threaded nails ranges from d \u003d 1 ... 10 mm. The length of wire nails ranges from 8 to 150 mm.

Threaded nail (screw).

The nail can be galvanized or not galvanized.

They are used in places where the connection may be subject to alternating loads.

The wooden floor and outer cladding are upholstered with threaded nails.

2.4. Connection with screws.

As a rule, screw connections are single-shear and work on the perception of forces acting at right angles in the direction of the rod.

1- screw nail with countersunk head (not standardized) d \u003d 1 ... 10 mm (example: 6x150 mm); 2- round head screw with longitudinal slot; 3- countersunk head screw with longitudinal slot; 4- wood grouse with a hex head.

For screws (screws) the diameter of the drilled holes should be 2… 3 mm less than the diameter of the screw (screw) itself.

If the fastening of structures with screws (screws) must take into account the pull-out loads (for increased wind loads), then drilling the holes is NOT ALLOWED.

Table 5: Screw assortment.

Table 6: Assortment of wood grouses (screws for wood).

The bearing capacity of screws and wood grouses (screws) is determined according to the calculation rules for steel cylindrical dowels with a diameter d equal to the diameter of the non-threaded part of the screw, except for the case when the penetration of the smooth part of the screw into the wood is less than 2d.

In this case, the calculation should be carried out according to the inner diameter of the section weakened by the thread. This will be discussed in more detail in the following sections of the site.

3. Connection with brackets, clamps and anchors.

Auxiliary steel fasteners (brackets, clamps, anchors, etc.) are most often placed in nodes for connecting wooden elements during assembly and installation, in order to comply with the design dimensions of structures and when they work with little effort.

Steel brackets are placed in the nodes of structures made of beams or logs. Depending on the dimensions of the sections of the elements and the length of the brackets, their diameter is 8 ... 18 mm.

The staples are driven into the wood without drilling holes in such a way that the place of hammering does not coincide with the core of the wooden elements.

And the distances from the top of the angle of the bracket to the center of embedding of the bracket into the structure should be the same.

The distance from the center of the shackle driving to the end of the element (S 1) is taken the same as for the pins (see the section on installing the pins).

Table 7: Steel fasteners for timber structures.

Clamp reamer for cutting metal is shown in the figure below (Fig. 5).

The attachment points of the beams using metal clamps are shown in the figure below (node \u200b\u200b-5).

1- longitudinal beams (rafters); 2- cross beam; 3- trim around the root; 4- clamp; 5- nails GOST 4028-63.

T-shaped anchors weighing 2.19 kg are used to fasten the overhangs of the roof and the joint of the beams.

All auxiliary steel fasteners (staples, clamps, anchors, etc.) protect against corrosion. The protruding metal parts are protected by wooden elements.