Not everyone has water in a well or a well in the country that is drinkable "right away", from a bucket or a tap. And even if it is clean, then on the way to the place of "distribution" there are many places where it can be contaminated, chemical and bacteriological. These are old pipes, and storage tanks, and receivers ... Once they get there, bacteria and microbes feel great. In general, it is advisable to filter the water that is inside, in any case, and better - just before use.

If the water in the water supply system is under pressure, at least small, it is best to install an additional tap, especially for drinking water, and insert a stationary filter with a large cartridge (usually an activated carbon cartridge) into the system. An ordinary tap is used for washing dishes and for other technical purposes, and the water used for cooking is poured from an additional tap with drinking water.

It is worse for those who do not have running water in the house or are summer. Then, with the onset of stable frosts and cold weather, a problem arises with the water supply. Plumbing in garden partnerships drains water in the truest sense of the word. Summer residents during this period usually begin to bring it with them in large plastic bottles and cans. Water is "extracted" at home, in shops, on standpipes in settlements on the way to the dacha, and they create water supplies. But long-term storage of water in the open state does not contribute to its refreshment, so the problem of filtration remains. And there is practically only one way out - to filter it in "tabletop" jug-type filters with a built-in cartridge (again - with activated carbon).

Jug-type drinking water filters are quite inexpensive, relatively convenient and popular. But they have some disadvantages. Firstly, they have a small capacity, 2-3 liters at most. And this is just the daily rate of water consumption for one person. For a family of 3-5 people, such a filter (in a single copy) will not be very satisfied. Secondly, they are rather inconvenient to use. Since it is arranged as a container above a container, separated by a filter cartridge, then pouring water into the upper container, we will have to wait until almost all of it is filtered down. Otherwise, you cannot tilt the jug and drain the clean water. Thirdly, having bought such a filter jug, you are "tied" to a certain type of cartridges. There are no universal cartridges, each manufacturer is interested in "hooking" you on its own "needle". And fourthly, the resource of such a cartridge is very small, and they need to be changed more often. And they are not cheap ...

I also had a similar problem, so I decided to make a homemade filter for drinking water. Since my water supply is still summer and I had to drain the water from the water tank.

A homemade water filter should have been devoid of the above disadvantages, so I decided to make the filter as follows. A plastic canister (made of food grade polyethylene) with a capacity of 20 liters served as a receiving container. Almost at the very bottom, using hot melt glue, I glued in a small collapsible tap, which I took from the packaged wine. (Well, you probably know, table wine is sold in 3-liter bags. There is a special tap in the bag. Pressed - it flows, released - it closed). As an initial container, I took a "standard" plastic 10-liter bottle from bottled drinking water. I just cut a filler hole in its bottom. And the neck of the bottle miraculously almost coincided in diameter with the neck of the canister. It comes in so tightly that there is no need to fix it. It remained to resolve the issue with the filter element.

Generally speaking, it is possible to install a standard filter element for a filter that cuts into the water supply. It can be installed inside the upper bottle, as it will not fit into the neck of the canister. And you can press it against the neck of the bottle using a pair of washers and a threaded rod. The bottom washer must be perforated (you will need to drill several holes in it). I already decided to do just that, but then a piece of polypropylene pipe with a diameter of 40 mm caught my eye. And .. Oh, miracle! This pipe, too, fits perfectly to the inside diameter of the bottle neck with a slight interference! And I decided to make a homemade filter cartridge. It won't work, I thought, I'll put an industrial one ...

In the homemade cartridge, the bottom turned out to be the most confusing part ... I managed to pick up a plastic bottle from under some kind of medicine. I drilled several holes in the bottom of the bottle, stuffed the bottle with several napkins made of non-woven material. Then he pulled it over the tube. For reliability and conscience, I also dropped a little hot glue. A pipe (30 centimeters), hammered with crushed charcoal. This one is sold in bags labeled "Charcoal for grilling." Industrial cartridges use coconut shell charcoal. I do not think that he is much better than ours. It's just that the poor "coconut" republics somehow utilize coconut shells for their own benefit, after they have stripped off all the copra on the mattresses, the pulp for the "bounty", and from the coconut milk to make up the Malibu rum. Well, in any case, coconuts were never found in our forests, and when in childhood my stomach was swollen, my grandmother gave me a piece of "native" birch coal and always helped ...

So that the coal would not float out of the cartridge, from the other end of the tube, I also pushed a few crumpled nonwoven napkins and fixed them with a few drops of hot melt glue. In general, the cartridge was made. It remains to insert it into the neck of the bottle, and put it on the canister itself. Here is a filter for drinking water.

Having poured the first batch of water (5 liters) into a bottle, I immediately poured the result into the sink. No, not because "it didn't work out." It's just a standard "running-in" operation of the carbon filter itself. The smallest (microscopic) pieces of coal are washed out of it. In principle, they are completely harmless to humans and this operation can be skipped.

The filter capacity was found to be approximately 2-3 liters per hour. But the most convenient thing is that the bay is full of water from the well in the evening, and in the morning you get ready-made pure water. And you can fill in the next large portion. You can disassemble the water "when necessary", and not when it is filtered. Thus, the house always has a sufficient supply of clean drinking water of 10-15 liters. Not much and not enough. It does not stagnate even in an amount sufficient for a reasonable consumption. And the cartridge is almost "free". A 10 kg bag of coal costs only 300 rubles. Enough for many years.

Russia, Moscow region, Moscow +79041000555

How to make a water filter with your own hands: manufacturing features, tips for choosing a container

It takes ~ 6 minutes to read

Recently, the problem of clean water has been of great interest to the population of the entire planet. The demand for wastewater treatment plants is growing every year. Moreover, the most popular tool is an ordinary household filter. If earlier only residents of cities needed it, now residents of villages and settlements also actively use it. Not everyone can afford to purchase new filters on a regular basis (which are not cheap), so the question of how to make water filters with your own hands is extremely relevant.

Save

Features of homemade filters

At first glance, the tap water seems clean. In fact, there are many dissolved compounds in it. The water filter is designed to "retain" these substances: compounds of chlorine, iron, etc. Their excess can lead to the development of various diseases, as well as affect the general condition of the body.

What about well water? Many people believe that it does not require cleaning, and they would be wrong. It can contain nitrates, a large number of bacteria, pesticides (seep through the treated soil). Also, the structure of the well can corrode. All this affects the taste and useful qualities of water.

Save

It is not necessary to buy expensive store devices - a homemade water filter is capable of good cleaning.

Of course, if you want crystal clear water, it is better to purchase modern system after some time. This is due not so much to wear of parts, but to a lower absorbent and cleaning ability in relation to bacteria.

IN homemade constructions there is no function of selecting a suitable mineral composition for the equipment. And this must be taken into account to ensure the sterility of the water. For this reason, the filtrate should be boiled after each filtration process.

Also, the water pressure during cleaning plays a huge role. An unsuitable pressure head in relation to the filter system reduces performance.

How to choose a container and filter media

When choosing a container for a filter, you need to take into account that it will contain several layers of filler. The tank material must be resistant to external aggressive influences. If you need a household household filter for drinking water, then you need to choose high-quality polymeric materials suitable for storing food for a long time.

Combinations of some of the following fillers are used to create the filter mixture:

• cotton wool;
• charcoal (activated, charcoal);
• sand (river, quartz);
• cellulose wipes;
• fabric made of natural material;
• lutrasil, spunbond;
• gravel, zeolite.

All of the above fillers have slightly different properties, therefore they are located at different levels in the filter when combined. However, only one of them can be selected and used. Next, we will analyze the properties of the most suitable materials.

Save

River or quartz sand

Let's figure out how quartz sand differs from river sand:

1. Quartz has a more homogeneous composition.
2. He is able to delay more particles, due to the optimal porosity in the space between the "grains".

Nevertheless, river sand has a significant advantage as a filtration filler - the high strength of the sand grains. That is, it is more durable.

Sand is used in the filtration stage heavy metals and small particles. Most often, the choice towards quartz is made when constructing a filter for a pool, because quartz sand is able to provide filtration of a sufficiently large water reservoir.

It will not be difficult to build such a unit, because it has a simple device. The savings compared to an industrial filter are approximately 50%.

The quartz sand fraction should be in the range of 0.4 to 0.8 mm. You can make a multilayer version, where the layers are arranged according to the size of the fraction - from larger to smaller, or where each layer is any other filler. It is important to find a middle ground here. Too fine sand fraction will clog the mesh, and the system will stop working, and too coarse fraction will negatively affect the quality of cleaning.

Charcoal or coconut charcoal

Coconut shell charcoal (activated) is obtained by thermal and chemical treatment original raw materials. It is sold in 3 types: pressed, free-flowing and granular. For the water treatment system, it is the latter that is purchased. The pressed and free-flowing types of active carbon are not suitable as an adsorbent. Particles of the former are too large and therefore do not provide optimal cleaning, while particles of the latter will fall into the water.

Most industrial filters are based on activated carbon. In order not to overpay, you can make a charcoal water filter with your own hands. Only the periodic purchase of fresh coal will remain from the expenses. Due to the water passing through the filler (charcoal) many times, it changes its consistency and looks more like black thick mucus. This substance is a favorable breeding ground for bacteria.

Save

When it comes to industrial products, silver ions, known for their antibacterial properties, are usually added to them, which helps to prolong the life of the carbon filter. It is clear that when assembling a homemade filter, no one will deal with silver ionization. You need to remember this and change the filter with sufficient frequency - as soon as it becomes noticeable that the water is filtered more slowly.

When making charcoal yourself, you need to carefully calculate the degree of "roasting". If this degree is strong, then the coal will quickly lose its ability. Deciduous trees, especially birch, are most suitable. Conifers - not the best wayas the resin can give the water an appropriate flavor.

Making charcoal is extremely simple. All you need to do is place the wood in a metal container and heat it over an open fire or in an oven until it is red-hot. After that, the material is removed and cooled in air.

Lutrasil and Spunbond

These synthetic materials are composed of polypropylene fibers. In fact, it is agrofibre. It is often used in plant growing to cover the soil in weed control, due to its ability to pass water and air through itself well. Lutrasil and spunbond differ in color and density. Lutrasil is slightly thinner than spunbond, has a white color, and spunbond, on the contrary, is black and denser fabric.

To create filters, lutrasil is more often chosen, since it is easier to determine the degree of filter contamination by it, and it also passes water through itself faster due to its lower density, which is especially important if there is more than one layer in the filter.

Making a charcoal water filter with your own hands

We remind you that this is more of a "travel option" and is not entirely suitable for daily use, as it requires frequent replacement. Nevertheless, for those who do not have the opportunity to regularly buy a cartridge, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the production method homemade device... It can be used in the country, since no water supply is required (filtration as in a jug mechanism).

1. We choose a plastic tank as a container for finished water. If the system is planned to be used in the long term, then the plastic must be of high quality in order to avoid entering the water harmful substances (common PET will not work).
2. A container that acts as a cartridge (a tank with untreated water) can be made from any plastic bottle. The bottom is cut off.
3. To connect 2 containers, make a hole in the bucket lid equal to the diameter of the bottle neck. If the neck does not fit into the hole, the cut diameter must be increased. If, on the contrary, you overdid it with the cut out diameter, you need to wrap the neck with something that does not allow moisture to pass through. It can be rubber, or some kind of dense synthetic fabric.
4. As a base, cheesecloth is usually put in several layers. Next, activated granular carbon is poured. The layers of coal can be diluted, for example, with washed river sand, quartz.

Save

A DIY water filter doesn't have to be small. At home, it is quite possible to make a system of relatively large volume. For example, let's take a 10 liter plastic barrel as a loading container. It has a wide neck, so the filler will spill easily. In this case, the cartridge is made differently.

1. From one end plastic pipe with a diameter of 4 cm, we make a tight filling of gauze.
2. On the other side of the pipe we lay activated carbon and in the same way we make a stuffing of gauze.

It remains to insert the filter cartridge into the neck of the upper container (into which we fill in untreated water). We chose the 4 cm pipe, because this particular diameter is ideal for a standard 10 l barrel, no additional sealing is needed.

Service life and features of the operation of a charcoal homemade filter

The more dissolved substances in the water, the less the device will last (this applies to both home-made and purchased filters). As already mentioned, soaked coal is a breeding ground for bacteria. Thus, the service life of this material is short in any case. On average, you need to fill up a new portion every 3 days. But this is only if the water quality has not deteriorated.

An important point: when using charcoal, the water after the first filtration must be drained. If coal from coconut shells is taken as a filler, this is not necessary - it is completely safe.

Conclusion

There is nothing special about purchased water purification devices - you can get the same or even better results using the tools at hand. The question is - will it be convenient to change the filler every 3-4 days? If yes, then you can safely use a homemade filter, if not, then the best choice is an industrial product.

You have an urgent need to filter the liquid, then you can make a do-it-yourself water filter. Most often, filtration of drinking water is needed in the field; one of the simplest options is presented in the video. It is also not uncommon for cases when you need to make a home-made filtering unit to purify water from the water supply system.

Why do you need to purify water

Water from open sources is characterized by the following physicochemical indicators:

1. Taste - sour, salty, sweet, bitter. It comes from dissolved impurities and gases.
2. Smell - hydrogen sulfide, marsh, putrid, fishy, \u200b\u200bmuddy, etc. Its source are substances found in waste water or naturally trapped in the liquid.
3. Turbidity and color - come from organic components, particles of clay and silt, microorganisms.

To make the simplest homemade filter, you can use the Aquaphor cartridge. The price of such a filter is about 400 rubles, for this cost you can filter about 200 liters of water.

In addition, water that has not passed through at least a simple water filter contains industrial and domestic wastewater, combustion products of various types of fuels, harmful chemical elements, particles of dolomite, lime, gypsum, sand.

The Aquaphor filter is great for hiking and travel. With this filter you can filter river or rain water. For safety, boil some water before use.

All this can cause:

• gastrointestinal diseases;
• intoxication of the body;
• accumulation of salts in it, which lead to joint diseases, bladder, the formation of stones in the gall and kidneys, allergic reactions, the development of iron bacteria.

In these cases, water purification even with homemade filters dramatically reduces the likelihood of negative consequences for humans.

How to choose filter media

This water filtration is the most elementary, but as we know: "Everything ingenious is simple!"

To filter out solid particles suspended in liquids, salts, excess iron, as well as to adsorb odors, different materials are used as fillers for filter elements:

1. Wadding, linen cloth, cotton will do to assemble a cloth filter for water purification.
2. You can make a charcoal version of the device for cleaning - use a product that is made for cooking kebabs.
3. For short-lived appliances, take paper napkins. They are good at removing suspended solids that cannot dissolve.
4. A quality sorbent is a natural mineral of volcanic origin - zeolite. It absorbs unpleasant odors, mold, toxins.
5. After washing and disinfection in an oven or on a fire, gravel, quartz sand or stones of medium and fine fractions are used to filter the water.
6. Mechanical cleaning can be organized using lutrasil, a non-woven polypropylene fabric that is common in agriculture.
7. At the molecular level, silver has a disinfecting effect. Any suitable item made of this metal can be used.

Activated carbon device for dirty water treatment

Coal will help to remove pollution of organic and inorganic origin, as well as to carry out ozonation and elimination of water chlorination products.

As a filler in a home-made carbon-based filter, a product washed with alkalis or acids (activated) or regenerated is used.

If you buy charcoal with a silvery coating, you get a product with bactericidal properties. Without such treatment, microorganisms and bacteria are able to penetrate through the filter device.

Waste coal can be restored 3-4 times as follows:

• rinse with running water 2-3 times by placing it in an enamel bowl;
• Let stand for 2-3 hours;
• dissolve soda (3% bicarbonate) in 3 liters of water and fill the regenerated product with the composition;
• boil the mixture for half an hour;
• strain after draining and rinsing.

When making a cleaning system, consider:

• water pressure;
• liquid temperature (boiling water cannot be filtered);
• the absence of nearby heating sources that can lead to a loss of sorbent properties.

Activated carbon is characterized by a porous structure, due to which purification takes place. For this, both powder material and granular are suitable.

The quality of the water produced depends on the thickness of the layer. The rate of passage of the liquid through the filter is selected so as to provide the time required for cleaning the contact between the liquid and the coal. 100 g of product can reliably neutralize 200 ml of water in 1 minute.

Small-sized travel type varieties

A small filter to purify water from toxic substances and mineral formations, which you can take with you when going out into the countryside, hunting or fishing, is not difficult to make. The product will remove the consequences of the vital activity of microorganisms, relieve the liquid from unpleasant odor and flavor, will give the drink transparency.

It is important to choose the right mineral structure. A good level of cleaning in a portable device will provide medium-sized granules - large ones will let dirt through, and small powder particles will seep into the liquid.

Make a hole in the cigar case and fill it with filter elements. We fill the case like this: at the very bottom, two cm of cotton wool, then a layer of ground activated carbon eight cm, after a layer of cotton wool 2 cm. All layers are clamped with a plate of water-permeable porous plastic, which is used in industrial filters for water.

For homemade devices, it is better to take coal from birch and other trees. hardwood... The needles can give the water a specific smell. It's easy to prepare the material yourself. It is required to heat pieces of wood red-hot in an oven or on a fire in a metal dish and cool.

If the need for filtration has arisen unexpectedly, then the remaining coals and ash from the fire are suitable as a filler. The combustion products are loaded into a plastic bottle or any other suitable container and liquid is passed through them.

Making a coal water purifier

The charcoal water filter can be assembled in a more suitable housing.

To do this, you need to prepare:

1. A cartridge, the base of which is made from several food containers or plastic bottles.
2. A suitable tool is a screwdriver or awl, knife, scissors.
3. The filler is charcoal, prepared by yourself or purchased in advance.
4. Granulates that can further improve the quality of the drinking fluid are gravel, quartz sand.
5. Plastic plugs or covers.
6. Gauze, bandage or cloth for the primary rough cleaning of large debris.

The joints of the device are strengthened with electrical tape or silicone glue. For ease of use homemade device can be hung by passing a cord or wire through holes made in a plastic bottle with a cut-off bottom. A lid is suitable as a tap, which can be unscrewed a few turns so that water flows.

To facilitate subsequent replacement of the filler, a fabric cover is often used. Then the filter layers are laid. Gravel, pebbles are placed last. First, coal and sand. Cotton wool can be laid at the neck as a fine filter.

The main disadvantage of such systems is the slow filtration process.

Useful homemade PVC pipe

Homemade water filters that can compete with industrial products can be made to country house or cottages. If water is supplied from a lake, pond, river, a well is drilled or a mine well is made, the installation of filtering devices is necessary.

Cleaning devices are made using available tools. You will need:

• 2 containers;
• part of a plastic water pipe - 50-80 cm;
• plastic bottle caps;
• cotton wool;
• filler;
• tools.

The procedure for making a water filter from PVC pipes.

1. A cover is glued into a PVC pipe, in which several holes are made. It will act as a mesh backing when laying cotton wool and gauze as the primary filter layers.
2. Place a layer of padding polyester and lay another cover without glue.
3. The neck, cut from the bottle, is attached to the pipe with the thread outward. Wrap with electrical tape.
4. At the other end, a lid with a fabric gasket is fixed.
5. The pipe is filled with activated carbon.
6. The segments are connected with a thread and plastic bottles are placed on both sides.

Aquarium water filter

A flow-through device to purify water in aquariums is made independently at home.

The body can be constructed from 2 syringes or take a plastic tube of the desired diameter. You will need a suction cup to secure the device to the wall. Assembling the device:

1. Remove the movable part from the syringes and remove. Cut off the spouts from the remaining parts and connect the tubes to each other with hot melt glue.
2. Use a soldering iron or a heated nail to make holes on the surface of one of the syringes.
3. Place a zeolite and a spray inside the product.

Sandy option for the pool

Before you make a water filter with your own hands, you need to decide on the volume of liquid that you want to clean. If the displacement is small, then home-made devices with sand filling are suitable.

The functions of the cartridge can be performed by any container of a suitable size. The pipes for supplying and leaving the liquid are inserted into it and sand or other filler is laid. A PVC corner is useful for turning the pipe.

For efficient cleaning, several containers can be connected together using an M10 threaded sleeve. A compressor is connected to the system, the power of which is calculated depending on the volume of the pool.

Homemade tap filter

The water filter is independently made from 3 consecutive containers. It will only function under pressure.

A 1/4 ”adapter nipple is suitable for joining glass or plastic containers together. When assembling, follow the guides indicated on the parts.

Seal the joints of the product with synthetics. Teflon tape can be used for threads.

The filter elements are connected in series to the water supply system through a tee. Activated carbon is used as a filler.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

Homemade water filters are good remedyto protect the human body from harmful minerals, as well as from debris and scale - household appliances - washing machines and teapots.

In most cases, making a device at home is cheaper than purchasing a factory one. The materials at hand are used to fill the device.

Charcoal, gauze, or a coffee filter can be used to improve the quality of the water, and it's not difficult to make them yourself.

The principles underlying water purification technology can be used in the manufacture of homemade filters. This is especially true when the quality of the water is poor and the purchase of factory products is impossible for some reason. In this gigantic article, we will try to consider various approaches to making do-it-yourself water filters.

Cleaning methods and filter types

Water treatment technologies differ depending on the initial and required water quality. The goal is one - to remove pollution from water that pose a threat to humans and domestic animals. In the table below, we have reviewed the main approaches used in modern water filters.

Filtration technologies you can use in homemade filters

Water purification method *	What is removed	Features of the cleaning process
Mechanical	Solid impurities of various sizes responsible for visible contamination of the liquid	Filter material: insoluble in water, does not bind contained in it chemical substances... Sand, gravel, grates with different mesh sizes, cloth, containers with holes, etc. - all this can act as a mechanical filter
Physicochemical	Organic substances, chlorine and its derivatives - everything that causes unpleasant taste, odor and color of water	A bright representative is activated carbon, which has a huge surface area. Cleaning is carried out by two mechanisms: adsorption (removal of organic matter) and catalytic oxidation (removal of chlorine)
Ion exchange	Iron, manganese, calcium and magnesium (hardness salts) are substances responsible for the characteristic metallic taste and scale formation in water heating equipment	The main material is ion-exchange resins, passing through which ions of iron, manganese, calcium and magnesium bind to the resin complex, replacing sodium ions in it (instead of one we get another). The process is reversible, which allows you to restore the properties of the ion-exchange resin by passing a saturated solution of sodium chloride through it
Reverse osmosis	Everything except water and dissolved air	The heart of the unit is a semi-permeable reverse osmosis membrane. However, for its operation, you need a pressure of 2 atmospheres

(*) - the option of ozone purification was not considered as too expensive and difficult to implement at home

Having set yourself the goal of making a filter with your own hands, you will certainly rely on the first two types of cleaning. They are the simplest, and for their manufacture there is no need to purchase expensive supplies.

Simple water filter device

The efficiency of any water treatment system depends on how correctly the sequence of using certain materials for water purification is chosen. Traditionally, they use the scheme shown in the figure below. It provides stepwise cleaning, first from coarse debris, then from suspended particles, organic impurities and salts.

The most affordable options are a sand or charcoal filter, in which the materials of the same name play the main role:

• sand. Use coarse quartz sand or rinse thoroughly with river sand so that it does not contain silt particles. For greater confidence in the safety of using sand, it can be ignited within a few minutes - this will kill all organic matter inhabiting the material. Only dry sand is suitable for backfilling;
• coal. Ideally, use the capabilities of pharmacy activated carbon. If not, use coal from the fire. Not for softwood coal!

Ion exchange resin is used to remove iron, calcium and magnesium from water and is sold in large bags, so it would be more rational to buy an iron removal cartridge or Aragon-2. A similar function, only more complete purification, is performed by a reverse osmosis membrane in a reverse osmosis system. It will also have to be purchased separately - in this case, it is better to immediately buy a ready-made water treatment system.

Filter for summer cottages or hikes

Before proceeding with the assembly of homemade products, you need to be aware that such simple filters carry out only selective water purification. In one way or another, eggs of worms, viruses and bacteria can remain in it, the content of hardness salts and iron is exceeded. Such water must be additionally boiled, and an iodine solution can be used as disinfectants (add 5 drops of a 5% alcohol solution to 1 liter of water), potassium permanganate (tinting water to a barely pink color), hydroperite (0.5 tablets per 1 liter of water) ...

One of the homemade devices for primary water purification can be made literally from scrap materials. It is often used on a hike to remove mechanical impurities and toxins. After the filter, the liquid must be boiled without fail. Instructions for making a filter for a summer residence or some extreme conditions looks like this:

• take a large plastic bottle, cut off the bottom of it;
• using the bottle as a funnel, place it in another container, such as a glass jar or a cut from another bottle (in the shape of a glass);
• line the first filter layer with a clean cloth, gauze, cotton wool or other available material. This layer will be responsible for fine water purification from mechanical impurities. If conditions permit, boil the fabric before laying;
• fill the bottle with charcoal about a third of its volume. It is better to use activated charcoal, but in the absence of it, charcoal from a fireplace is quite suitable. But you cannot use conifers. The larger the coal layer, the better. it is responsible not only for mechanical cleaning, but also for the adsorption of organic substances, which include components that cause the unpleasant taste and smell of water. In addition, coal absorbs toxic impurities;
• the top layer of an impromptu filter will be represented by river sand. Pre-wash it and then ignite it over a fire. Sand is responsible for removing large mechanical impurities from the water. To prevent it from mixing with coal, an intermediate lintel of a thin layer of fabric can be placed between them.

That's it, our simplest treatment plant is ready! It is better not to use the first portions of water, because first, coal dust with ash will be released from the coal.

One of the simplest options involves making a kind of filter jug. But for this you need to purchase a cartridge; you will only need to make a suitable container for the water filter with your own hands. In our case, a plastic bottle is used for these purposes.

Remove the cartridge from the packaging, clean the plastic bottle from dirt if possible. Prepare a sharp knife or scissors for the job.

Cut the bottle at its widest point where the taper ends. The operation must be carried out so that the resulting funnel, when placed in the second part of the bottle, does not fall into it.

Place the cartridge in the funnel and use a marker to mark the line that defines the bottom of the cartridge. Next, you need to cut off the neck, and insert the cartridge into the resulting hole so that it fits snugly against the funnel. This is a very important step because otherwise, part of the water will enter the collection container in an unpurified form.

Place the funnel with the cartridge in the rest of the bottle - congratulations, you made a filter for the summer cottage with your own hands! The main advantage of this design is its simplicity and compactness. In fact, only a factory cartridge is needed to make it. it is not a problem to find a plastic bottle.

A good flow system can be assembled from syringes, various parts of plastic bottles, and medical tubing made of PVC or silicone rubber. Cotton wool and crushed activated carbon can be used as filter layers. A set of tools and materials for its manufacture is as follows:

• 3 syringes. Choose the largest volume, such that the diameter of the syringe is equal to the diameter of the hole in the whole bottle;
• 5 plastic bottles. Only for two, the volume is important (preferably 1.5 or 2 liters), the rest are needed as sources of spare parts (plugs and necks);
• a small piece of hose with a diameter that matches the diameter of the bottle cap;
• two plastic tubes. Through them, water will be supplied to the filter and removed from it;
• a dozen tablets of activated carbon. From it we will make a filter layer with our own hands, which is responsible for the removal of organic matter;
• cotton wool. Will be used for cleaning from mechanical impurities;
• beeswax, sugar or gypsum with egg white. Serves as glue that can be used when working with food utensils;
• sandpaper;
• sharp knife or scissors

We will use two identical syringes as a body. First, remove the piston and use a knife to remove the stops protruding from the body. To make the parts stick together well, sand the area as shown in the picture above. So you have two filter housing halves - how do you put them together?

For fastening, we will use a threaded bottle connection. Cut off the neck of the bottle where the container begins to expand. Unscrew the lid, but do not throw it away - we will still need it. Such operations must be carried out with two bottles. As a result, we will get a couple of plugs and necks. Anything else can be thrown away. Products for attachment to a part from a syringe must be sanded from the inside. Why, it will become clear later.

Our next task is gluing the filter housing parts. There is one caveat: you cannot use moment, super glue and other compounds for this. After all, our filter will come into contact with water for food purposes. Therefore, we will use caramelized sugar solution as glue. To prepare it, take a couple of tablespoons of sugar and slowly heat them over low heat. Apply the resulting adhesive in a thin layer on the sanded surfaces and immediately connect them. You can also experiment with a solution of gypsum and egg whites (add liquid egg white in a ratio of 3 to 1 to pure gypsum powder), natural beeswax, natural resin of coniferous trees and other substances that do not pose a threat to health if they get into water ( hereinafter, for brevity, we will call such glue food). As a result of these actions, you will get two identical parts. Now let's figure out how to connect them.

To connect the two parts of the water filter housing, you need to make a so-called connector. Its component parts are two plugs (the same ones that remained at the previous stages of work), a piece of hose with a diameter equal to the diameter of the plugs and a width equal to twice the width of the plug. Sequence of work:

• cut out small holes in two plugs with a knife (with a diameter equal to 2/3 of the plug diameter);
• using sandpaper, sand the outer parts of the plugs, as well as the inner part - at a piece of the hose;
• apply pre-prepared food glue to the sanded surfaces and assemble the connector. You can use it as soon as the adhesive joints dry.

So, we already have almost everything you need to make a DIY water filter. It remains to deal with two containers: the first will be responsible for the supply dirty water, the second - for receiving purified. If any clean vessel can act as a receiving container and everything seems to be clear here, then there are a couple of tricks with the first container.

How to make the first container:

• take three plastic bottles and a syringe;
• cut off the bottom of bottle 1 and unscrew the cap;
• at the syringe, cut off the nozzle with an extension, make a hole in the stopper and insert the element cut off from the syringe into it from the inside. It must fit tightly into the hole, while the connection is tight. But for greater confidence, you can additionally grab it with food glue. The result of our work will be a plug with a pipe;
• take bottle 2, we only need a cork from it. Use a sharp knife to cut holes in the cork in the threaded area. Now it can be placed in bottle 1, where it will serve as a filter for coarse water purification (from sand, etc.);
• take bottle 3 and place it in what is left of bottle 1. As a result of these actions, the screwed cap on bottle 3 should touch our coarse filter (see point 4). Cut off the bottom of bottle 3 so that you get a funnel, make cracks in it;
• put all the parts together as shown in the picture above

Put a small piece of cotton wool in one part of the filter housing, then pour in pre-crushed activated carbon, fill the rest of both bodies with cotton wool. It needs to be tamped, but not hard, because this affects the filtration rate. Use a connector to connect the two pieces. It remains only to connect the case with the help of plastic tubes to the supply and receiving tank - you managed to make a filter for water purification with your own hands. However, there are several nuances in using such a device:

• system performance is determined by the difference in level between the water supply point and the point of its discharge;
• at the first stage, it is necessary to initiate the flow of water by creating a thrust, by analogy with draining fuel from a car tank

In order to avoid siltation of the well casing, as well as to reduce the load on the main treatment devices, a mechanical cleaning filter is provided at the water intake point. Below we will discuss the two most simple and effective designs of filters for wells made of plastic or steel pipe. It is easier and cheaper to make them with your own hands than to buy finished products.

Briefly about what they are. This is a 3 m long plastic or steel pipe, divided into three zones from bottom to top: settling (about 0.5 m), filtering (2 m), and assembly (0.5 m). Through the filtering zone, water enters the sump, where it is preliminarily cleaned from accidental impurities under the action of gravity, and the mounting part serves to attach to the casing or fix the cable when it is lowered into a pipe of a larger diameter.

Two situations are possible:

• in an operating well. After washing it, it became necessary to install an additional barrier for mechanical impurities (sand and small stones). In this case, a finished filter of a smaller diameter is placed in the casing;
• when constructing a well. In this case, the well screen is the first section of the casing

Be that as it may, the technologies for its manufacture are the same in all cases. Let's analyze the simplest version of a plastic filter for a well. By analogy, you can make the same structure from steel.

We will need:

• pipe 3 m long;
• a pipe cover or a piece of plastic;
• polyamide cord with a thickness of 3 mm;
• polyamide mesh P64 for filtration;
• hacksaw for metal;
• screwdriver and drill 10 mm;
• self-tapping screws; roulette;
• construction stapler

First, let's mark the functional zones of our pipe as shown in the figure below.

It makes sense to immediately mount the bottom of the device. For these purposes, cut out the plastic element about round shape, drill three 10mm holes in it (for water). Fix the bottom with self-tapping screws. Further, the approach to work depends on how the water will enter the casing: through the holes or through the slots.

Drill holes with a diameter of 10 mm staggered. The distance between the holes in one line is taken equal to 100 mm. Maintain the same distance between the longitudinal rows located with an offset of 50 mm - hence the staggered order. At both ends of the filtration area, drill a couple of additional holes that are required to secure the cord. It should be understood that the role of these holes is solely to ensure efficient use of the well flow rate, i.e. so that water in the right volume flows into the casing.

Attach a cord at one of the edges and make a dozen tight turns around the pipe. Then wrap it with a spiral with a pitch of about 150-250 mm. Close to the opposite part of the filter pad, rewind about ten tight turns and fix the cord with a pair of holes. To try to make a filter for a well with your own hands did not consist in mechanical work according to the instructions, we will explain why this cord is in the design. It is necessary in order to create a small space between the mesh (about it below) and the holes in the pipe. In this case, the entire grid area works. But if it just fit snugly to the pipe, only the part that is located at the holes would work.

It remains only to wrap the pipe with a special P64 synthetic mesh, which will serve as a filtering layer, and secure it with a construction stapler.

Slots can be made instead of holes in the filter tube. This will significantly increase the area through which water will enter the casing, as well as reduce the size of particles that can get there bypassing the mesh barrier. To do this, use a sharp knife or a hacksaw on both sides of the pipe to make 100 mm slots in 20 mm increments. At the same time, leave an untouched gap of 50-100 mm in length every 10-15 slot holes. All other operations are similar to those described above for the perforated well screen.

Well filter

To purify water in a well, a simple and effective solution is still used, which is called a bottom filter. Naturally, you can do it yourself. Two approaches can be distinguished here:

1. direct filter. The choice in his favor is made on the condition that the bottom of the well is constantly eroded and this is the cause of turbid water. For example, in the case of a clay bottom. The idea is to reinforce the bottom with large stones, gradually reducing the fraction of subsequent layers. Those. the first layer - stones cleaned of algae, thoroughly washed, which are best collected on the river bank. Then we put large pebbles and at the end - the smallest. The thickness of the layers is within 20 cm, hence the total thickness of the entire filter will be approximately 50-60 cm. Of course, the thicker the layer, the higher the quality of the water obtained. But at the same time, the capacity of the well decreases and the load on the bottom part increases;
2. return filter. If the situation is the opposite, and the turbidity of the water is due to the sandy bottom of the well, then backfilling is carried out in the reverse order. However, coarse quartz sand can be used as the first layer (then there will be 4 layers: sand, small and large pebbles, large stones)

The large volume of water and the abundance of sources of pollution oblige to carry out periodic cleaning of the pools. Best of all, this task is handled by a flow-type cleaning device through which liquid will be pumped. When talking about a homemade pool filter, most often they mean a simple sand (or sand) filter. A diagram of an elementary, but rather reliable installation is shown in the figure below.

To make a do-it-yourself pool filter, you will need the following set of tools and materials:

• capacity from 50 liters;
• pVC sewer pipe with a diameter of 110 mm;
• tee 110x110x45 mm;
• pipes with a diameter of 45 mm;
• polyamide mesh;
• 3-4 corners and screws for fastening them;
• plastic sheet for the partition;
• screwdriver and drill 10 mm;
• centrifugal pump and hose Ø 45 mm

The idea is as follows: water will be pumped into the top of the tank and onto the perforated partition. With its help, uniform distribution of liquid over the entire surface area of \u200b\u200bthe sand load will be ensured; large debris will linger here. Further, the liquid will pass through the sand layer and be cleaned of smaller mechanical impurities, gradually filling the central pipe. The drainage of water is at a level below the inlet, which, according to the principle of communicating vessels, facilitates its exit from the container by gravity through the pipe.

If desired, instead of sand or together with it, you can use any other suitable material: foam rubber, crushed stone, coal, etc. It all depends on what kind of pollution you want to purify the water in the pool and what labor costs you are ready to go for - a sand filter is easier and cheaper to maintain than its counterparts.

Today it is fashionable to have a small, but own pond at a summer cottage. Not everyone is lucky with the location of the dacha, so you have to solve the problem with the construction of an artificial reservoir. But if in natural conditions ponds are a self-regulating environment, then the development of man-made objects entirely depends on the measures taken by their owner. To keep the water clean, installing a filter is considered one measure. You can buy a finished product, but it is quite possible to make a filter for a pond with your own hands - in order to save money and understand the processes taking place in it.

Consider two simple options constructions:

For the manufacture of the case, we need a container with a volume of 20 to 40 liters. The larger it is, the less often the filter will have to be serviced, but the more difficult it will be to disguise it in a small pond. In the bottom 1/3 of the container, make holes with a diameter of about 5 mm. Place several layers of foam rubber or other waterproof filter material in the container. This must be done in such a way that the foam covers the holes made in the body. To prevent the container from floating or moving along the bottom of the reservoir, place several weighty stones inside. Now the most difficult thing is to solve the issue with the cover.

A hole must be made in the cover for submersible pump, the work of which will provide water flow through the filter media. The hole is carefully sealed, as is the fastening of the cover to the body. All that remains is to choose a suitable place and flood the water purification device there. Once a week or two, you will have to remove the device from the water and rinse the foam rubber.

There are two types of filters to purify the aquarium water: external and internal. Their name is due to the location of the filter element. In the first case, it is installed somewhere outside the aquarium, in the second, it takes up part of the usable area. We will not deal with the question of which of the solutions is optimal. For us, it is much more important how to save money on buying a factory product and make an aquarium filter with your own hands at home. But first, let's think about what we will use as a material for water purification. As we said above, there are solutions for different purposes.

Selection of filter media for aquarium filters

Name	Short description	Cleaning	Features:
Foam rubber	A kind of flexible polyurethane foam. Has a porous soft structure. Often used as furniture padding and sound insulation. One of the cheapest options.	Mechanical cleaning. After some time, it is also biological due to the development of beneficial microorganisms in the pores of the filter.	It is advisable to choose foam rubber for aquariums. It is more durable and is not believed to be harmful to aquatic life. Inexpensive but effective filter material.
Sintepon	Synthetic fiber non-woven fabric. It has a layered structure. It is most often used as insulation in clothes and blankets. Cheaper.	Like foam rubber	It clogs up quickly, therefore it is used only for fine water purification. You often have to change. Again, it's best to buy a special aquarium material.
Sintered glass	Sintered glass balls with a diameter of about 1 cm. They have a porous structure.	Biological treatment due to the work of microorganisms that settle in the pores of the material.	The efficiency of the sintered glass water purification is determined by the previous filtration stages. It is quickly clogged with mechanical impurities.
Granular coal	An effective adsorbent with a developed internal structure. This increases the area of \u200b\u200breactive sites in the material.	Organic cleaning, odor removal, color correction.	Applies only to external filters. Before use, washed from coal dust.
Peat	A natural filter that cleans water from coarse mechanical impurities and disinfects it.	Mechanical cleaning. Reduces the pH of the water, which is good for the aquarium inhabitants.	Special peat is required. Additionally, consult with sellers.
Zeolite	Minerals with a porous structure. Inexpensive material.	Sorption cleaning. Absorbs ammonium from water.	An effective way to remove nitrates. Required loading volume: 1 g / l.
Ceramic rings or tubes	Porous structures in the form of small tubes or rings. They serve as the basis for the development of microorganisms.	As an auxiliary element for efficient distribution of water flows. Biological treatment.	They can act as support elements for filter structures. Requires periodic flushing.
Plastic elements	Excised balls or tubules. Inexpensive.	Do not participate in cleaning. Auxiliary filter element.	Intermediate loading for distribution of water flows.

When you first go to a specialized store, you can easily replenish this far from complete range of filters for the aquarium with new items. But even ordinary foam rubber and zeolite can be enough to make a full-fledged bottom filter.

How to make an internal filter

To make the simplest internal filter for a bottom type aquarium, you will need:

• small capacity. It is better to use an earthenware bowl or clear glass dish, i.e. containers that fit into the decoration or they will simply be masked. This reservoir will determine the filter surface area;
• funnel. It is better to choose products made of transparent plastic or glass. This is purely aesthetic considerations. The role of the funnel will become clear as you describe the manufacturing process;
• filter material. For example, a piece of foam rubber that will take up about a third of the container;
• pebbles. They will act as supports for the funnel, as well as press down the foam rubber, masking it;
• compressor. Any inexpensive aquarium compressor will do. A flexible tube must be brought to it, through which air will be supplied. For this, you can use a medical transparent PVC tube

Such a simple aquarium filter, which any person can make with a compressor, works as follows: air is pumped into the funnel, breaks out through its nose upward, dragging water along with it and thereby creating traction in the lower part. Thanks to it, the next portions of water are drawn under the funnel. The operation of such a primitive filter is based on the device of airlifts (see diagram below).

An ordinary jar can also be used as a container. And the place of the funnel can always be taken by a hose of a larger diameter - it must exceed the diameter of the tube through which the air is supplied. If water is brought to the surface, then this will provide more effective filtration due to an increase in the volume of water involved in the cycle (see diagram below).

A small disclaimer: internal filters are suitable for small aquariums. This is due to their low performance. For large aquariums it is necessary to design an outdoor installation.

How to make an external filter

The most important thing in this process is to choose a reliable case. A cut of PVC sewer pipe with a socket and a coupling have proven themselves well for this purpose. They can be connected and closed on both sides with plastic plugs, installed vertically or horizontally. In order to make an external filter for an aquarium, we need:

• a piece of plastic pipe with a diameter of 110 mm and a length of 50 cm;
• two plastic pipe plugs;
• submersible pump (can be aquarium) for pumping water;
• two fittings with a diameter that matches the diameter of the outlet pipe in the pump;
• plastic grill (can be used from the sink);
• foam rubber;
• synthetic winterizer;
• biofilter (ceramic rings, tubes, plastic balls, etc.);
• air release valve;
• trimming the pipe to create supports;
• hoses for pumping water;
• FUM tape;

First, make an inlet and outlet for the fitting. Their location depends on whether the filter will be vertical or horizontal. In the first case, make holes from the edges of the pipe on the side, in the second - directly in the covers. The preferred option is a side supply, even with a horizontal treatment plant. To seal the connection, tightly wrap the FUM with tape on the threads of the fittings, fit into the holes and tighten with a nut. Next, we describe the process in stages:

• supports for filter layers. We need to create an intermediate layer in the filter that will serve as a distribution function. The main goal is that the load does not deform over time, and most of the volume of this layer is occupied by water. Here you can go in several ways, for example, stick a cut of a plastic pipe on the plug. But it will be easier to just cut off the bottom of the plastic bottle, make as many holes as possible in it and place it upside down relative to the plug;
• partitions between layers. You can cut round pieces from the mesh, which is usually laid in kitchen sink... Alternatively, use CDs that nobody really needs. Make as many holes as possible in them. The baffles act as dividing structural elements for filter loading. Thanks to them, the filter layers will not mix. In addition, they retain large mechanical impurities. Place the first partition on the supporting structure;
• foam rubber filter. Cut a round piece of foam rubber around the diameter of the pipe. Lay it on the partition;
• biofilter. Use ceramic tubes / rings or plastic balls / tubes to create a layer with a large aggregate area. Here, thin suspensions will settle on the charge and gradually be processed by colonies of microorganisms;
• fine filter. Pre-lay the partition, and then the round-shaped element cut out of foam rubber or padding polyester (along the pipe diameter);
• water pump. It is better to glue the pump with hot glue to the body of our homemade filter;
• power supply. Make a hole in the cover, pass the pump wire through it and seal the hole securely;
• air outlet. Install a valve in the pump-side cover to periodically release the air accumulated in the filter. If the filter is horizontal, then during this procedure you will have to periodically translate it to a vertical position;
• connecting tubes. Connect the inlet and outlet hoses as shown in the picture above

Excluding the time spent, the cost of an external filter for a DIY aquarium is about 2-3 times less than a factory product. The aesthetics of the solution, of course, suffers, but a homemade product can always be hidden in a secluded place, and no one will see it at all.

A filter for purifying polluted water is one of the best technical solutions for both autonomous and public water supply systems. The situation with the city pipeline looks especially critical, in which old pipes have been in operation for years.

Whatever preliminary cleaning and disinfection the water utilities carry out, it is still not possible to achieve absolute purity of the water. This is due to the mentioned wear and tear of communications. Rust, particles of gaskets, lime inclusions - all these are invariable companions of public water supply. However, you should not put up with them.

Installing filters in the apartment will completely relieve the owners of the problems with the life-giving moisture supplied to their homes.

In addition to filtering drinking water for the sake of its benefits for human health, safety is important. plumbing equipmentwhich often costs a lot of money. No crane can withstand sand or rust getting inside the structure for a long time - gaskets and seals will fail very quickly. It is even more sensitive when connected to the water supply. For it, the ingress of salts or metal impurities is critical.

To filter out coarse mechanical impurities, special pre-filters are installed, equipped with mesh working elements made of metal. But they cannot make the water completely purified. Therefore, experts recommend installing main or flow type fine filters.

A high-quality thin filter retains foreign elements up to 5 microns in size. Most of the household and plumbing equipment needs such cleaning, for example:

• hydromassage boxes;
• jacuzzi;
• boilers;
• expensive cranes;
• dishwashers and washing machines.

Moreover, manufacturers produce separate types of filters for cold and hot water. It is forbidden to install a filter designed for hot water on the drinking tap. Conversely, connect the "cold" filter to the shower stall or boiler.

In addition, fine filters are extremely sensitive to pressure drops in pipes and require a built-in or additional pressure regulator.

They are divided into several main types:

• With a fine-mesh metal mesh, they are simple, fairly effective and inexpensive devices. The filter elements are made of stainless steel. Some models are silver anodized. This filter has antibacterial properties.
• Cleaning with sorption substances - such filters are often equipped by manufacturers with cartridges or activated carbon backfill, which attracts some chemical and organic impurities at the molecular level. In addition, coal destroys foreign odors.
• With membranes, these are the most efficient filters that are sensitive to constant pressure (require the installation of a pump and a reservoir for purified water). Classic example - reverse osmosis systems.
• Ion exchange models with resin filter elements work on the principle of hydrolysis, attracting oppositely charged particles of impurities. The main task of such a filter is to reduce the hardness of the water and purify it from metal salts.
• With fabric filtration - inexpensive and high quality devices that are in high demand among customers. Work items are made of several layers of fabric and require regular replacement.
• With mineral backfills. Most often, manufacturers use shungite or zeolite. These are universal filters that equally successfully deal with all types of impurities, including mechanical ones.

Device

All fine filters have several filter elements in the form of cartridges and are equipped with a waste settler (flask or glass). Product dimensions vary by model. Main filters are compact in size, and multistage flow-through filters are fairly large-sized products with several sedimentation tanks and a reserve tank for clean water.

The quality of the filtered water largely depends on the reagent used and the size of the cells. By design, fine cleaning devices are:

• trunk lines;
• flow-through stationary type;
• flow-through mobile type in the form of, for example, nozzles.

The attachments are cheaper, but not very convenient to use. Stationary models are characterized by high price, performance and long service life.

Homemade and serial samples

If desired, the filter can be made by hand. Such devices have a number of advantages, these are:

• cheapness and ease of manufacture;
• sufficiently high efficiency and productivity.

But it should also be borne in mind that no handicraft sample can compare in technical characteristics with industrial models, characterized by increased service life and reliability.

The disadvantages of homemade filters include:

• labor intensity of the manufacturing process;
• small resource of filter elements;
• fragility of the product.

Many are primarily attracted by the budget cost of a home filter. Often it is made from scrap materials, which is economically beneficial for the family budget. But whether it is worth risking the quality and long-term operation of such an important water supply unit is up to each owner to decide independently.

How to make

It should be noted that craftsmen have developed several types of homemade filters. Some take a long time to make, while others are built in minutes.

The simplest device is assembled from a five liter plastic bottle and a plastic bucket. Medical cotton wool and paper napkins are used as a filter element.

Manufacturing looks like this:

1. In the lid of the bucket, a place is marked for a hole, the diameter of which is equal to the neck of the bottle.
2. Small notches are made along the markings with a drill. Then this part of the lid is removed with a knife, and the cut is processed with a file until a smooth surface appears.
3. The bottom of the bottle is cut with a knife. The remaining part is screwed with a neck into the prepared hole plastic cover.
4. The result is a funnel into which the filter material is placed. Layers of cotton wool and napkins alternate, then the filter is slightly compacted.
5. You can additionally lay out activated carbon or polypropylene fiber material in one layer.
6. The structure is installed on a bucket - this is a ready-to-use filter, in part, reminiscent of the well-known serial device called a jug. Water is poured through a funnel, passes through filters and is collected in a container (bucket).

What tools will be needed

The set of tools required for work is minimal! It:

• hand or electric drill;
• sharp knife;
• file or sandpaper.

From consumables you only need cotton wool and paper napkins. A dirty homemade cartridge can be replaced with a new one without any problems and special financial costs.

Charcoal can also be used for filtration. A piece of birch log is calcined over a fire in an airtight container. Then cool and wrap in several layers of gauze. Such a cartridge is installed in an already made funnel from a five-liter bottle.

The best place to use the homemade device is wildlife. Far from civilization, when there is no serial filter at hand, the same plastic bottle will come to the rescue, the bottom of which is cut off. The funnel is tied to the tree with the neck down. The narrow part of the filter is lined with several layers of bandage, gauze or ordinary handkerchiefs.

The more layers, the more reliable the filter and the safer for humans the resulting water.

Service

The use of any filter, both homemade and industrial design, implies regular replacement of filter materials and flushing sump (flask).

Timely significantly increases the filter life and water quality.