How to lay an electrical wire in a wooden wall. Wiring in a wooden house: step by step instructions, nuances and some features. RCD and grounding

One of the key principles of electrical installation is that the cable is laid along the shortest possible path.

This principle applies to almost all types of networks. Cable entry point a private house is determined arbitrarily, but taking into account the location of the line and the supply wires.

The supply of electricity to a private house is carried out by air or underground. Electrical wiring in wooden house DIY is a labor intensive process.

In this article, we will look at how and what electrical wiring it is better to do / conduct and use in a wooden house with your own hands, which wires are suitable for electrical wiring.

The underground method of supplying electricity is quite expensive, time-consuming and difficult to implement, has some restrictions on the geological features of the soil. A properly laid cable is considered more reliable than an overhead cable., but the repair of the track in case of damage is associated with significant costs. For the reasons mentioned, this method is rarely used in private housing construction.

The air connection method is technically simpler. For air branch insulated with a cross section of at least 10 mm² and 16 mm² are used respectively.

The step of the supports is 15-20 meters, if the distance between the main line and the house exceeds the maximum allowable, it is necessary to install an additional support. The overhead line must run at least 3.5 m above the ground, placing cables over the roof of a house or other buildings is strictly prohibited.

The fundamental difference between a wooden house and any other - combustibility of the material. Therefore, in the design process, it is important to remember the following:

Direct contact of the wiring with the wall is not allowed.
Internal networks are mounted only from a copper cable with heat-shrinkable tubes.
Cables of internal networks are laid in non-combustible material or metal pipes.
Be sure to calculate the maximum load on the network. This takes into account the power of all electrical appliances. Even including a night light in the bedroom.

When entering the cable into the house, it is necessary to make a transition from the aluminum external network to the copper internal ones. Steel bushings are installed at the input, through which the input wire is pulled, in a metal corrugation. This provides protection against possible fire and reduces the risk of damage to the wire during sedimentary deformation of the structure. For additional protection against possible overloads, it is recommended to install another protective one at the cable input.

The device and the choice of the type of wiring

Subject to the requirements of the PUE in a wooden house, you can install both (internal) and open (external) wiring with your own hands. For safety reasons, open wiring is preferable.

Before proceeding with the development, you should draw a detailed plan of the house and each room, indicating the location of the furniture, the proposed installation sites household appliances and other electrical appliances, indicating their type. With this approach, the likelihood of installing key network elements in hard-to-reach places , cable laying routes are rationalized and significant savings in materials are achieved.

The optimal cable section is selected based on the calculation of the power consumption for each room. The recommended margin for current load is approximately 30%.

Serial connection of several rooms from one wire is prohibited, a separate line is laid for each room. Line connections to the main cable are made in junction boxes and carefully insulated. Since any connections are the most vulnerable points in the network, junction boxes must be installed so that they always have unhindered access.

Lighting group connection in small house can be made common to all rooms. When arranging rosette groups, it is important to remember that the critical number of points in a group is 4.

Powerful electrical appliances such as electric stove, electric boiler, convectors, home workshop equipment, are separated into separate groups of connections with individual.

For internal networks of a wooden house, it is recommended to use copper cable type VVGng. The outer sheath of this type of cable is made of non-flammable synthetic material. The industry produces several types of VVGng cable with a different number of cores. For single-phase wiring, a three-wire wire is recommended.

The optimal solution for external protection wiring in wooden houses - copper tubes, but boxes made of non-combustible plastic can also be used. The volume of the box should be more than the total volume of cables by about 40%. This will simplify the installation process. Metal hoses and PVC corrugations cannot be used in wooden houses for safety reasons.

Installation rules and laying options

Now let's look at the rules for laying and installing electrical wiring in a wooden house with our own hands. After completion and approval of the project installation sites are marked dimmers, lighting fixtures, sockets, switchboards, switches and cable routing.

Tracks are laid in the shortest way, strictly horizontally or vertically, all turns are performed at right angles. It is important that the cable runs do not interfere with the installation of furniture and remain accessible for inspection.
For wooden houses open type shields are recommended. Installed on the shield, circuit breakers and.

Open

There are three ways to install open (external) electrical wiring in a wooden house:

On staples;
On insulators;
in cable channels.

Laying wiring in cable channels - optimal solution for houses with smooth walls. With this mounting method Easy to add or replace a section of wire, creation of new branches, sufficient cooling of the cable during operation. When choosing a cable channel, it is important to remember that the channel space should not be completely filled.

Approximately 40% of the space remains free Otherwise, heat dissipation from the wires will be very difficult. Overheating of the wiring can cause damage to the insulation, short circuit and fire.

On sale there are cable channels in the color of a tree, that is, the wiring will not be evident.

Installation of wiring on insulators (for example,) is a common solution in a wooden house made of logs. Plastic or ceramic insulators are first attached to the wall, and a double twisted cord is installed on them.

With this method of installation, sufficient cooling of the cable during operation is ensured. In practice, mounting on insulators is often combined with flush mounting. The aesthetics of retro wiring is quite peculiar, but its undoubted advantage - free access to any site.

Mounting on brackets in residential premises is used extremely rarely due to unaesthetics.

Hidden

Installation of hidden wiring in a wooden house is a laborious and technically complex process. Hidden communications are laid in the process of building a house. Cables are enclosed in a metal pipe, copper or galvanized. In terms of system reliability copper pipes preferred as they are not subject to corrosion.

In addition, they are easier to cut, bend and cut. When choosing a containment, the ratio free space And cable diameter must be at least 4:6.

Each cut must be carefully cleaned and sanded so that it does not accidentally damage the wire insulation when pulling.

All wire connections are made using PPE. At the entrance to the junction box it is recommended to leave a wire margin of approximately 20 cm for safety net in case repairs are needed or rewiring.

In the process of wiring hidden wiring in a wooden house, each piece of wire after being pulled into the pipe you need to call to eliminate the possibility of mounting an accidentally damaged cord closed to the sheath. Lifts to connection points are carried out through special openings. Through passages through the walls are made through steel sleeves.

Metal shells must be grounded.

We bring to your attention to watch a video review of how to properly and competently make the installation and lay hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands:

Hardware installation

Common Mistakes

Mistakes in the design and implementation of the project of internal electrical networks of a wooden house can be very expensive for the owner. Most often, you have to deal with the following violations of the wiring arrangement technology:

Wrong load distribution. Overloading cable lines is dangerous due to possible overheating of the wire, which leads to a violation of the integrity of the insulation and can cause a fire.
Too much small gap between wire and base wooden surface . This increases the risk of accidental damage to the wire during installation.
Incorrect cable cross-section selection. The lighting part of the wiring is made of wires with a cross section of 1.5 mm². For socket groups, you will need a cable with a cross section of at least 2.5 mm². Electric stoves and other powerful electrical equipment are connected with cables with a cross section of 4 mm². It is forbidden to use lighting wires for arranging socket groups; socket wires for lighting are not used for reasons of economic feasibility.
Mixing low voltage and high voltage cables in one junction box. High-voltage line interference degrades the performance of home electronics. In case of installation errors, breakdowns on low-voltage wires are also not excluded, which can cause a fire.
Hidden junction boxes. According to statistics, about half of the problems with power grids associated with wiring faults. Troubleshooting any wiring problems is associated with the need to inspect the junction boxes. Therefore, it is important to install them in places inaccessible to children and animals, but convenient for repairs.

Wrong choice of materials for protective shells. It is strictly forbidden to use cable channels and PVC corrugation in wooden houses.

Video instruction on how to properly make electrical wiring (lay hidden or conduct external wiring) in a wooden house with your own hands:

Wood in our country has long been the main building material. It was used by many generations of our predecessors.

It is very popular for the construction of modern environmentally friendly buildings from chopped logs, rounded or glued beams, frame structures.

Electricity greatly facilitates the solution of everyday household tasks of the population. Not a single building can do without its use.

However, massively using electricity in a private wooden house, not all owners are well aware of the dangers that they create and even prevail in relation to the risks of residents of city buildings made of stone, brick, concrete slabs.

This is especially true for those who seek to combine the advantages of hidden wiring design ideas with wooden house designs.

Dangerous properties of wood in construction

From the point of view of electrical danger, a wooden house has two potential properties:

high combustible characteristics of wood;
change in dimensions, mobility of the overall structure due to gradual drying, loss of moisture.

Both of these factors must be taken into account during the construction and operation of the building.

Flammability

The fire hazard of wood is partially reduced by impregnation with special grades of solutions of special substances - fire retardants based on sulfate or nitrate ammonium salts, which melt when the temperature rises, covering the wood with its layer and additionally creating gas emission that blocks combustion.

Such impregnation does not change the structure, beautiful appearance fiber textures, their mechanical properties. But its purpose is only to limit for a short time the initial ignition of the surface layer from exposure to open fire.

In the event of a short circuit with failure and the formation of an electric arc or other method of arson, especially associated with the ignition of petroleum products, impregnation with flame retardants will not help. It was created in order to provide a small time delay for the start of a massive spread of fire throughout the structure of the house, to enable residents to jump out of a fire that has begun and save their lives.

This conclusion is easy to make if you watch a video by Vladimir Stroy about testing fire impregnation.

An experimental evaluation of the efficiency of this method by the specialists of the fire inspectorate fully confirmed its purpose.

This means that it is not at all worth counting on the protection of wood from fire in this way, but other, more effective safety measures must be taken when installing electrical wiring.

Shrinkage in a wooden house

Natural sap flow is necessary condition growth of any tree. Due to this, moisture always exists in its composition, which gradually decreases in building structures located in the air. In this case, there is a slight change in dimensions.

The walls of houses are gaining a consistent arrangement of logs. When each of them dries out even a little, then there is a general decrease in the height of the wall. This process is called shrinkage.

When erecting a building, builders take into account its manifestation, apply various technical solutions to prevent shrinkage of a three-meter wall up to 20 cm in height. To do this, perform special protection designs for window and door openings, as well as for fixing the roof.

They are fulfilled different ways.

When installing concealed electrical wiring, shrinkage should be taken into account and cables should be laid in such a way that the gradually changing geometry of the building does not harm their mechanical condition: eliminate breaks and crushing.

How to safely mount the cable in the hidden wiring of a house made of wood

Electrical safety rules provide that even during the factory production of a cable, defects can be made that will cause a short circuit and arcing. Various combinations of construction and operational factors, including erroneous human actions, can aggravate the likelihood of its occurrence.

Therefore, increased requirements are imposed on the design of the cable used in a wooden house. And it is unacceptable to carry out electrical wiring accidentally acquired. They can be the source of a fire.

Cable selection features

Conductor material

We immediately recall that modern rules in home wiring, it is forbidden to use aluminum thinner than 16 mm square for one core. There are many reasons for this. Among them are dominated by:

increased fragility of the metal;
plasticity of aluminum from the action of mechanical loads;
high thermal conductivity;
a rapidly forming oxide film on the surface, which creates a high transition resistance to electrical contacts;
formation of galvanic processes with copper alloys;
quick heating when burning in air, like sparklers, while copper cools in a similar situation.

Therefore, all wiring inside a modern residential building is made only of copper.

Cable insulation material

The dielectric materials of any current-carrying conductor can have one of three fire-resistant properties:

burn;
do not support combustion:
be fire resistant.

According to this principle, cable products are certified and marked in various ways. For example, according to the abbreviation of the VVG cable, it can be concluded that its insulating layer supports combustion. It cannot be used when installing electrical wiring in a wooden house.

If the abbreviation “ng” is added to the designation (for example, VVGng), which means the non-combustible properties of the insulation, then such a cable does not support combustion. It should be chosen for laying in a wooden building.

Fire-resistant cables are used for group laying at industrial facilities. They have a complex design and very high cost. Due to the significant price, they are not used in home construction.

Flame retardant cable fire properties

The dielectric material of the shell is specially selected for fire resistance. In the hidden electrical wiring of a wooden house, only cables are allowed for installation, the insulation of which does not spread the combustion process.

A short video by Vova Markov "VVGngLS - non-combustible cable" shows the various possibilities of insulating layers to counteract the influence of open fire.

The insulating layer in this design, when in contact with the flame, does not spread the combustion process, but it is under prolonged exposure high temperature can change - melt. And this leads to a short circuit and further development fire.

Cables marked "ng", like all other electrical wiring elements, should not create direct contact with wood. They must be separated from it by a non-combustible layer - metal.

PUE requirements

The main document of electricians in its paragraph 7.1.38 clearly indicates three requirements for home wiring in a wooden house:

create sealed metal spaces from pipes or ducts for hidden placement of all electrical wiring in them;
prohibit the use of cables that support combustion;
provide access to any damaged circuit elements for replacement.

Due to the first requirement, all electrical wiring is placed in housings that can localize the ignition process and prevent its development. This must be done because the cables run throughout the house, completely hidden from view. Any place can start a fire. It is almost impossible to find it quickly, even after discovering the beginning of smoke.

Experienced firefighters who have the appropriate equipment with them are not able to qualitatively apply it to the source of fire - it is necessary to find the place of ignition of the electrical wiring in the wall, and even get to it. During this time, the flame is completely transferred to the building structure, when it becomes problematic to extinguish it.

The situation can be aggravated by dry wood dust accumulated in all cracks. Under the influence of high temperature, it explodes and spreads fire throughout the building.

The principle of operation of the box for hidden electrical wiring

Electrical protection from circuit breakers and are designed to eliminate short circuit currents, overloads, leaks. However, they are technical devices, and, therefore, they can fail to work or not feel damage if they are incorrectly configured or selected.

Especially dangerous are current overloads and incorrectly selected machines and wires for them. The zone of operation of the thermal release provides for the supply of the electrical circuit with increased current, and the bad one overheats from it. This is where the source of the fire comes in.

In such a situation, only the absence of an influx of fresh air that feeds the fire, which does not allow a hermetically made case made of durable metal, can save. By blocking the access of oxygen, the fire is self-extinguishing.

Conduit designs for concealed electrical wiring

It is most affordable to lay cables in metal pipes and connect their ends with special containers with lids. To install switches, sockets, junction boxes, metal sockets and their analogues with cable entry sealing are used.

When assembling the component parts of the box, you can use:

threaded connection;
or welding.

In the first method, the electrical connection of all pipes and boxes with each other with additional wires through screw terminals is mandatory.

However, it is quite difficult to make them and properly mount them inside the structure of a wooden house. Therefore, many electricians simplify the work, and some customers support them, wanting to save on material and labor costs.

For cable installation, plastic or metal corrugated pipes are offered, which are easy to bend in the desired direction. At the same time, for some reason, the properties of the spread of open fire and the maintenance of combustion of the plastic corrugation are silent.

And with metal corrugations, not everything is safe. The fact is that the short-circuit current is capable of creating an electric arc of the order of 5000 degrees. Such a temperature is quite sufficient for burning through the thin-walled structure of the corrugation metal. And through the resulting cavity, the fire successfully breaks out to the wood.

Such recommendations should be treated critically, because the requirements of the EMP are written on the basis of a very large sad statistics of fires and incidents. They should not only be observed, but understood, and the consequences of violations should be presented.

Features of replacing elements of damaged electrical wiring

Inside the sealed box, it is necessary to provide for the installation of removable covers that provide access to the cable for its replacement in case of a malfunction.

This requirement of the PUE is taken into account at the creation stage. Otherwise, any damage to the power cable will create a lot of inconvenience for the owner of the house.

Wire shrinkage protection

"Sagging" of the wall with a metal pipe built into it, located along, can lead to mechanical failure of the cable.

This case must be provided with an exception:

hard contact building materials with a sealed box pipe;
pipe deformation due to the inclusion of compensating structures that prevent compression forces from shrinkage.

Possibility of condensation

We are all well aware that the moisture contained in the air, when cooled, falls out in drops, concentrating on the surrounding surfaces.

Hermetically sealed enclosure with cables located inside the walls. A warm temperature acts on it from the side of the room through sockets and switches, and from the opposite side - the streets through cold bridges. This process manifests itself differently in warm, temperate climates and frost zone conditions.

Residents of cold areas can watch moisture droplets appear on outlets throughout the long winter, reducing the overall. Practice has shown that it is very difficult to prevent the formation of condensate in hidden wiring.

To do this, it is required to perform its complete thermal insulation. Simple design solutions that allow condensation to be prevented in a limited metal space have not yet been proposed. It is problematic to effectively eliminate the temperature difference in pipes for concealed wiring of such an arrangement, even with frost up to 20 degrees.

Owners of wooden houses with properly executed hidden wiring cold winter unsuccessfully struggle with the formation of moisture inside the box. Would you like to repeat their experiments? Do you know how to do it? Share your experience.

As additional material on the topic of the article, we recommend watching the video of the owner Sami with a mustache “Wiring in a wooden house”

Ask questions about hidden wiring in a wooden house, tell your friends about the material you read using the social network buttons.

Electrical wiring in a wooden house is an important aspect in construction. Despite the fact that the wood that is used to build houses and cottages is treated with a variety of impregnations to increase fire resistance, this material still remains vulnerable. If you do not lay the electrical network in the house according to the rules, then you can put your family in danger.

If you want to lay the power grid in a wooden house on your own, you need to adhere to a certain set of rules - PUE and SNiP. They provide a short general list of requirements, subject to which you can protect yourself as much as possible and prevent fires in a wooden room. Do-it-yourself wiring in the house should be laid according to clear instructions and each step should be provided for.

PUE (rules for the installation of electrical installations) - defines the requirements for the installation of an electrical network in premises. Compliance with the requirements of the PUE is considered expensive to implement, but a very expedient way. It is rigid and laborious in execution. For this reason, these rules are not often followed.

SNiP and PUE were prescribed in order to calculate absolute safety under the condition of any load flowing through the cable, to protect yourself from a short circuit or line ignition. If in a wooden house home-made wiring is not subjected to relatively high voltage, then it does not pose a particular danger.

Therefore, when laying electrical wiring in such a building, all risk factors should be taken into account and accepted correct solution. Either make the line according to all the rules of PUE and SNiP - expensive, but reliable, or it will be carried out faster and cheaper, but at high loads your house will become unsafe.

The regulation PUE-6 has special requirements for laying electrical wiring in wooden rooms. In order to prevent moisture and steam condensate from accumulating on the cables, they are placed in pipes, metal sleeves or boxes are flexible. It also gives the wires additional protection against mechanical damage.

It is allowed to connect such pipes, ducts or metal hoses if the room is dry, there is no accumulation of gas, vapors, condensate and the humidity level is normal. The connection of metal sleeves, boxes and pipes is necessary under negative conditions in the house. Their bonding to each other follows when the room contains vapors, gases that adversely affect the insulation of cables, their protective sheath, as well as when outdoor installation wiring, if moisture, oil and other liquids may enter the power line. After bonding, they are compacted and sealed.

In dusty houses, sealing joints and branches of pipes, sleeves, and ducts are made to protect against dust and small debris. Connecting pipes, sleeves and boxes are used as a grounding or zero protective conductor, performing the function of "ground" or "zero" in the wiring. Do not pass cables through ventilation ducts and mines. Only crossing with a single wire is allowed, which is located in a protective metal sleeve or pipe.

Also laying wires for false ceiling must be carried out in accordance with the norms of chapter 7 of the EMP. When installing the electrical network in a private wooden house, only copper wires are required. You also need to carefully select the type of cable that can withstand the required load with a margin. Be sure to follow the safety precautions when laying the electrical line in the house.

How not to do

In order to conduct an electrical network in wooden knowledge, you cannot use all installation methods for stone houses or apartments. You can not mount the wire on a wooden beam and other structures without protection. The main power line must not be covered by flammable materials or finishes. Temperature changes, humidity, accumulation of dust and dirt on the wires, frequent deformation and bending of the wires should not be allowed to affect the insulation of the wiring. It is necessary to exclude the increase in the load on the entire home network.

All of these factors can lead to damage to the wiring, resulting in a short circuit. If the bare part of the electrical wiring ignites in a wooden house, then a fire is inevitable. Wires should also not be left unprotected. Pets or rodents can gnaw through the wire, which must be avoided. When processing wood near the laid wires, a large amount of chips and dust accumulates. In the event of a short circuit, ignition will be assisted by the presence of combustible material.

Entering cables into the house

Holding electrical cables in a private wooden house is a very responsible area of work. Do not focus entirely on the internal wiring in the building. The entry of the power cable into the house must comply with modern requirements. It should be borne in mind that energy consumption has increased, which increases the load on the line, as well as the effect on external insulation of solar is better, temperature difference, moisture, which subsequently exposes the metal cores of the wires. There are two possible ways establishments of a power line in a private house - underground and air.

The underground way to conduct an electric line is more reliable, but complicated and expensive. The power cable is completely hidden from impact external factors, which reduces the risk of mechanical damage to the wire, moisture ingress, etc. For this, excavation. The cable is placed at a depth of more than 80 centimeters, and the security zone must be marked with special signs. The passage of the power line under the foundation of the house is done with a special metal sleeve through which the wire passes. The sleeve is made of thick-walled pipes and durable metal.

Today, this method is used in the construction of new houses, since it is possible to think about passing all communications into the building using new construction technologies. Air way. This method has been used for a long time. Only a qualified worker with the appropriate clearance is allowed on power line poles. Therefore, you cannot make the cable entry yourself.

A SIP cable is used from the pole to the house. Self-supporting insulated wire has a very strong sheath made of polyethylene structure, resistant to solar radiation and temperature extremes. Service life is about 25-30 years. This line does not start inside the building, only up to switchboard. For a separate section that combines the line connection point and up to the switchgear, a VVGng cable is used. It can be used for fixed wiring, as well as for outdoor. For reliability, it is placed in an electrical corrugated pipe.

The connection usually takes place outside the building. At the intersection of the VVGng wire through the wooden beam of the house, attic walls, ceilings, a metal sleeve is built in for additional protection of the wire.

Video “Wiring in a log house”

Shield mounting

When installing the shield, you must follow the step-by-step instructions for installing it. The wiring of all wiring goes directly to the switchboard. An electric meter, additional protective devices, automatic plugs ( modern way de-energize the overvoltage network), DIN rail, as well as the ground and zero loop buses. What dimensions the box should have is not regulated, but it is better not to save on this so that it is possible to increase the equipment when the demand for electricity increases.

The installation of the meter is carried out by specialists of a state institution, it is sealed. The power of operating machines is calculated for each zone separately. When a sector is overloaded, the direct supply of electricity is turned off in it in order to avoid negative consequences. RCD can be connected to the entire intra-house network. This may affect the more frequent operation of the machine, but this is not critical. The shield is mounted on a solid, stable vertical surface in an accessible place. In private sectors, it is located outside the building.

When connecting wires to the switchboard, the usual twist is not used. For this, soldering or terminal connections are used. The clamps are reliable and can be easily replaced if necessary. Choosing which method can best protect the electrical distribution board, you can choose a protective hermetic box that will prevent moisture from entering and from physical damage.

open wiring

According to the PUE-6 norms, open electrical wiring in a wooden house is laid on the surface of the walls of the building, along the ceilings, as well as along trusses and other building elements of the structure (supports, beams, and others). Open wiring is laid along the tension string, cable, on special colic. Used insulators for electrical cables and cords, metal pipes, more flexible arms for line mobility, in trays. There are also special electrical skirting boards in which the wire is placed, platbands with this purpose, free suspension.

Open wiring in a private wooden house involves the use of a special electrical corrugated pipe to create an electrical line. For its production, a special stable and non-combustible type of plastic is used. It is much more expensive than conventional insulating elements, but justifies with its reliability. Such a corrugated tube is very convenient for installation, as it is quite flexible. Despite its unaesthetic appearance, this insulating material is one of the best for open wiring in a wooden house.

The electrical tube collects a large amount of dust due to some features of the material, which requires constant care and wiping of dust from its surface. For installation of open wiring, electrical boxes can be used. After the construction of a private wooden house, channels are installed in special boxes, which are usually made of refractory plastic. Cables are pulled through them, and then hermetically sealed with lids.

The main problem of using such installation is the shrinkage of the building after construction. The better the wooden beam is used for construction, the lower the level of shrinkage of the house. If the building is made of glued beams, then usually the shrinkage is 1 centimeter per 1 meter of the height of the house. Then, over time, the average shrinkage for a two-story wooden house will be about 3 centimeters. In the event that the wiring was made with the tension of the cord, then it may burst from excessive tension and pressure. Otherwise, the covers of the boxes will fly out and they will crack. Then the wiring will need to be pulled again. Therefore, it is imperative to take into account shrinkage, make a small supply of wire at the junctions, near the switchboard, and also at the electric pole.

Hidden wiring

The norms of PUE-6 provide that hidden wiring in a wooden house can be laid directly inside structural elements buildings (wall, floor, ceilings, foundation), in wooden floor ceilings, as well as under a removable beam. Hidden electrical wiring in the house can be done in several ways - placing the cable in flexible protective sleeves, pipes, boxes, in hollow building structures or closed channels. Also, wiring can be laid in a grooved furrow, which is covered with special plaster, or the creation of a “monolith” in various building structures during their manufacture at the factory.
It is recommended to start the installation of hidden wiring in a wooden building using metal hoses or pipes to protect the premises. By adhering to these rules, you can avoid the consequences of sparking wiring, overheating of cables from excessive load in the network.

Usually hidden wiring is laid behind wooden beam walls or floors. It is necessary that the protective elements are minimally vulnerable to corrosion. To do this, you need to pre-paint the structures with stable paint to reduce the likelihood of rusting and increase the service life, or use pipes made of a special material - stainless steel (expensive and reliable), galvanized.

After the pipes and sleeves were cut to the required length, sharp iron burrs and edges remain at their ends, which should not be allowed when laying the cable. Since these edges can damage the sheath of the cord, they must be cleaned with a whetstone or file. You can use specially designed plastic plugs.

If the wiring in the house will be done under a wooden floor, then you need to raise a few bars for more convenient laying of the sleeve or pipe. In the places where the wiring exits to connect the fittings, you need to drill in the timber. Wires coming out of the main line can be placed in a copper tube and sunk into the wall. Copper is quite flexible, resistant to corrosion and well suited to continue further installation work However, this material is quite expensive. If the electrical cables will be recessed into the wall, then for this it is necessary to use a drill and a puncher. In this case, the beam is not removed, but a longitudinal hollow is drilled in it, where the wire will be laid in the future.

According to GOST and PUE, there is a standard for conducting power lines in rooms with temperature changes. If a stable temperature corresponding to the season is not maintained in a wooden house, then the pipes with the cable should be placed at a slight slope. This is due to the fact that condensation can accumulate in such houses, which should not be allowed. A slight slope will allow the accumulated condensate to gradually drain to the bottom of the pipe and gradually evaporate.
Since it makes no sense to use plaster in wooden houses, the wiring is usually placed on the floor with a wooden beam of the floor or between the partitions of the walls, where there are recesses.

Nowadays, wooden houses are already the norm. Everyone wants to live in an environmentally friendly house, but at the same time, a modern person does not want to give up the conveniences of modernity. We are talking about lighting, the use of household appliances, computers, etc. All this will become possible only if you lay electrical wires inside the house, install switches and sockets, switchboards. When it comes to a wooden house, which is highly flammable and burning, special requirements are put forward for the installation of wiring, compliance with which is a guarantee of the safety of all residents. We will figure out how to properly install electrical wiring in a wooden house and what must be taken into account. The material will help you evaluate your strengths and decide whether it is possible to do all the work yourself or you will have to call a professional for help.

No. 1. Requirements for wiring in a wooden house

Wood is one of those types of materials that easily catch fire and burn well. can easily catch fire from a normal short circuit in electrical circuit, so the process is to minimize the likelihood of a short circuit, and in case of its occurrence, to minimize the consequences. The following requirements are put forward for wiring in a wooden house:

No. 2. Hidden wiring in a wooden house

Electrical wiring in wooden buildings can be done in two ways:

Works related to electricity require attention, compliance with the rules and accuracy. And do-it-yourself wiring in a wooden house requires even more attention: the material is very fire hazardous. Therefore, when planning and installing, pay attention to the requirements and recommendations of regulatory documents. If you do not have enough experience, it is highly desirable to invite a competent electrician for advice before connecting, and even better before starting installation. He will be able to point out to you flaws and miscalculations.

Wiring diagram in the house

According to current regulations, when connecting electricity without a transformer, the power consumption for a private house should not exceed 15 kW. It is found by adding up the power of all electrical appliances that can be turned on at the same time. If the figure found is less than 15 kW, the introductory machine is set to 50 A. If the power is greater, a transformer is also needed. Its parameters will be indicated to you in the project, since in this case, you cannot do without it.

Where to put the introductory shield, hull requirements

Recently, representatives of energy supply organizations have demanded the installation of meters (and introductory machines, respectively) on the street. This is done in order to be able to control consumption even if the owners are not at home. But this requirement is not supported by anything, and, if you wish, you can install everything inside the house. But more often, in order not to quarrel with the controllers, the requirements are met, and an automatic machine and a counter are installed on the street.

For outdoor installation, the circuit breaker (AZ) and the meter must be in a sealed case, protected from dust, dirt and moisture. The protection class for installation must be at least IP-55. For the convenience of monitoring readings, there should be a window in the door of the box for the electric meter. For installation inside a wooden house, the requirements are somewhat lower: IP-44, but the housing must be metal.

Organization of entry into the house

After the introductory machine, an electric meter is installed, then another RCD is installed - for an emergency shutdown of the power supply in the presence of a short circuit, and then the cable is connected to the electrical panel inside the house. inside the house should be one step lower than the one installed outside. In this case, if there are problems, the machine in the house will work first and you will not have to climb the wall every time to the introductory machine installed there.

Single-pole automata are installed in the shield, to which wires are connected that diverge throughout the premises. They are mounted on DIN rails, their number is recruited depending on how many separate “branches” of power supply are required. To find out how many machines should be in your shield, count the number of required groups, two or three free machines are added “for development”. This will be the "branches". According to the quantity received, select the electrical panel in size.

Divide consumers into groups

When planning a wiring diagram in a wooden house, all connection points are divided into separate groups (they are often called consumption groups). For example, all sockets on the ground floor are powered by one machine, a separate device is placed on lighting in the house, one more - for street lighting. If some powerful electrical equipment is used - a boiler, an electric boiler, an electric stove, etc. - for them it is desirable to conduct separate branches of power supply and install personal machines. Separate protection devices are also installed for the power supply of outbuildings (if you do not want to pull separate inputs to them and install a separate meter, but only on condition that the power of all electrical appliances does not exceed 15 kW).

From a safety point of view, it is better to make as many separate branches of the power supply as possible. This will increase the number of machines and increase the cost of the project, but will reduce the number of potentially dangerous connection points. It is in the places where the conductors are removed that problems most often arise: the contacts oxidize, heat up, then start to spark. Therefore, it is better to make the number of connections as small as possible.

And, at the last stage, it is advisable to draw a diagram of the distribution of electricity in the premises on the plan of the house. Consumer groups are easier to draw different colors. So you can more fully imagine what the wiring diagram in a wooden house will look like, it will be easier to do it yourself. For example, everything may look like the photo below.

Types of electrical wiring in a wooden house

After installing the shield and installing all the necessary machines, you can start wiring electrical cables in the house. There are three ways to lay an electrical cable in a wooden house:

Features of closed wiring in a wooden house

As you understand, closed wiring can be done at the construction stage or overhaul. Moreover, when laying it, there are features: all connection nodes must be mounted in special metal boxes to which there should be free access. They cannot be hidden under the finish, because their covers are selected to match and / or try to place them in places that do not attract attention.

If hidden wiring in a wooden house is carried out not with a cable, but with insulated wires, the wall thickness of metal pipes is regulated:

For copper wire with a cross section of up to 2.5 mm 2, the wall thickness can be any;
with a cross section of up to 4 mm 2, the thickness of the metal wall must be at least 2.8 mm;
if the cores have a cross section of 4.5 to 10 mm 2, the pipe must have a wall of at least 3.2 mm;
with a cross section from 10.2 to 16 mm 2, the wall should not be thinner than 3.5 mm.

When laying electrical cables, the requirements for wall thickness metal pipe no, because it is permissible to lay cables (they have double and triple insulation) in a metal corrugation or, as they say, in a metal hose. It's much more convenient and faster.

Laying the cable in a corrugated metal hose (metal hose) is much more convenient and requires less time and money

But in any case, since the wires will be hidden, access to them is extremely limited. Making changes to an existing network is troublesome and expensive. Therefore, before proceeding with the installation of closed electrical wiring in a wooden house, carefully check the circuit and do everything very carefully and scrupulously.

Rules for installing electrical wiring cable channels

When installing open wiring or laying it in cable channels, there are also rules. They relate to how far from the floor, ceiling, corners and other structures they can be placed. All these norms for greater clarity are displayed in the photo.

Selection of the cable section and its connection

The cross section of the cable conductors is selected depending on the planned load (in kW) and the material of the conductor. It is not necessary to do all the wiring with a cable with the same core. You can save money without sacrificing security. To do this, a section is selected for each section, depending on the power of the devices that will be connected here. Their power consumption is summed up, about 20% of the reserve is added, and the section is selected in the table according to this value.

To connect the power supply in a wooden house, more requirements are added for fire safety. The main thing is that the wire sheath must be non-combustible. In such wires, the name contains the letters "ng". Double () or triple (NYM) cable insulation is also required to provide the required degree of protection.

In order for the wiring in a wooden house to be done correctly with your own hands, it is best to use cables with multi-colored cores. Then you definitely will not confuse zero with phase or ground. Usually the colors are distributed in this way:

If you buy a cable European production, there are different colors:

"earth" - yellow-green;
"zero" - white;
phase is red.

Choice of sockets and switches

To ensure fire safety in a wooden house, sockets and switches with a metal mounting plate should be installed. First, it is mounted on the wall, then the outer panel is installed. Allowed use plastic plates, but the plastic must be non-flammable and have the appropriate fire inspection certificate.

Moreover, for the safe connection of most modern equipment, three-wire sockets with a ground wire are required. It is also required when lighting is connected, but this is often not done indoors. But for outdoor lighting, grounding is necessary: here the operating conditions are much more complicated.

Do-it-yourself wiring in a wooden house: installation rules

In a wooden house, you must always remember that the material is combustible and in this case it is better to play it safe. Do-it-yourself wiring in a wooden house is done in compliance with the basic rules:

First, the entire scheme is assembled, the performance of each branch () is checked. We check each of the power lines for the absence of a short circuit, “to ground”. Only then the wires are connected to the machine. We recommend that you immediately sign what is connected. Then it's easier to troubleshoot. Having connected one line, turn on the power supply, connect the load. If there are no hits, great - you can continue. Turn off the machines (which goes to the already checked line and the introductory one), work with the next line. After all the lines are checked and connected (signed), the introductory machine turns on. Then, gradually, one by one, the lines turn on.
Installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house is carried out only with whole pieces of cable without connections and twists.
Wiring is done in stages. Having laid a piece of cable, be sure to check the integrity of the insulation of the laid piece of cable. To do this, the cores and insulation are “ringed” relative to the ground and cores.
When cutting the cable, a margin of length is left - at least 15-20 cm. If, with an incorrect connection, it will be possible to redo it without pulling the cables.
Be sure to follow the colors of the wires.

Subject to these rules, electrical wiring in a wooden house, made independently, will be safe and reliable.