Wooden staircase to your house. Making wooden stairs, on a metal frame and on concrete marches with your own hands for a private house. Requirements for the construction of stairs

Expensive constructions adorn the entrance to the 2nd floor in prestigious offices, elite houses in Moscow, in pretentious country cottages. As a rule, they are made according to individual orders, from wood of noble species with elements of unique decor. These structures not only fulfill their direct function, but also serve as an indicator of the status of the owners.

However, for premises without a claim to exclusivity, in houses with a small area it is more expedient to install inexpensive economy class wooden stairs to the second floor. And in elite houses, in some cases, you can save money and do without luxury products. We are talking about roofs, attics, basements, individual street structures, where cheaper models are quite suitable. Their distinctive features:

• simplicity of design;
• inexpensive materials;
• minimalism in decoration;
• affordable price;
• the possibility of self-assembly.

At the same time, the quality is not inferior to more expensive analogues. Reasonable prices for inexpensive wooden staircases for summer cottages, at home add up due to the use of modern technologies and the elimination of costly operations that simplify, speed up the manufacturing process and make it cheaper.

Types and features

As economy class products, we offer to buy wooden marching systems:

• open;
• closed;
• one- or two-march;
• with platforms;
• with winder steps.

They can be installed outdoors and indoors. Looks good open staircase on the 2nd floor in an economy class country house (with winder steps). Minimalism of design does not "cut" the space, creates a feeling of airiness and lightness. It is easy to install in the smallest room. Inexpensive pine and metal elements are used for manufacturing.

Modular systems are distinguished by the fact that they allow you to assemble a staircase of any configuration: straight, swivel, spiral, with winders, platforms, for the entrance to the second floor. The modern appearance and affordable price made the budget model attractive to buyers.

Serial production spiral staircases are also classified as economy. The frame is made of cheap wood or metal. If desired, you can order beech or oak. It is comfortable and stylish option for small house or summer cottages, for raising to the attic or to the 2nd floor. You can buy spiral staircases to the second floor of economy class in Moscow without painting and grinding, which significantly reduces the price of the product.

Economy class staircase systems are made for standard sizes openings and standard heights. With us, you can choose a design based on the characteristics of the room.

An elegant wooden staircase that adorns the interior is a characteristic attribute of a country estate. More and more often, private houses are built in two or three floors or with an attic in the attic. A durable, comfortable and safe design is indispensable. It is not difficult to make it yourself. All that is needed is wood handling skills, tools and careful calculation.

Each owner in his house would like to have a unique staircase. The choice of shapes and designs is diverse:

• marching straight lines - consist of a linear span resting on a bowstring or kosour;


• marching U- or L-shaped - spatial structures with staircases, located along the perimeter of the walls;
• screw - vertical supports with wedge-shaped steps, evenly distributed around the circle;
• semi-screw - curvilinear marches based on spirally curved stringers;
• cross-country - combined optionswhere rectangular steps are combined with wedge-shaped;


• T-shaped - two marches connecting into one;
• S-shaped - complex combinations of spiral and straight flights with landings;
• U-shaped - varieties of T-shaped stairs with half-screw flights;
• pyramidal, conical, prisms - surrounded by steps like pedestals.

The structures can be rotated 90 ° -360 °, fenced on one or both sides, or have no railings at all. To save space, the treads are arranged according to the "goose step" or "samba" system. To give airiness, deaf risers are replaced with transparent ones or do without them. Then the marches are open.




Important. The design of the stairs is chosen taking into account the dimensions of the room, the location of the door and window openingspassing the most convenient traffic.

Structural elements

Wooden stairs consist of a supporting frame, platforms, steps with risers, and fences.

Supporting elements for wooden flights:




Bearing elements are made of wood, metal, concrete, stone. Two or three varieties can be combined into a mixed system.

Adjacent flights are connected by staircases. They are installed with long - over 18 steps - spans or in structures of complex shapes.

The horizontal parts of the stairs - the steps - take the weight of a person while walking and experience significant abrasive loads. The minimum element thickness is 40 mm. Additional installation of a vertical riser reinforces the structure, reduces tread deflections.

The first stage - the frieze - is often performed wider and longer than the others. Called "invitation", it is designed for easy access from different sides.

Fences ensure the safe movement of a person up the stairs and include:

• balusters - vertical or inclined support posts;
• fillings - solid panels or crossbars;
• handrails - handrails fixed to the wall or mounted on balusters.

Fences are made of wood, plastic, glass, metal, or combinations thereof. Decoration various - carving, forging, dyeing, weaving from cords, inserts from various materials.

Ladder requirements and calculation

Wooden stairs on the second floor - an engineering structure that should ensure the safe movement of people. Norms governing the rules for the design of structures - SNiP 2.08.01-89, 2.08.02-89.


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Requirements to be followed when making a wooden staircase with your own hands:

• span width not less than 90 cm for free movement of a person;
• the length of the march is 3-17 steps, with a larger number, an intermediate platform of 130 cm is arranged;
• the height of the steps is 15-20 cm;
• width 25-30 cm, the leg should stand on the tread entirely;
• the optimal angle of ascent is 26 ° -33 °, the maximum is 45 °, with a greater steepness, the ladder is dangerous for children and the elderly;
• the height of the fences is at least 90 cm, and in a house with children - 120 cm;
• the interval between the balusters is 10-15 cm for reasons of stability of fences and safety for small children;
• the railing is designed for a side load of 100 kg;
• from the first or last step to the nearest door at least 1 m.



In a flight of stairs, it is desirable to design an odd number of treads, since it is more convenient to start and end the movement with a step with the same foot.

Important. Anti-slip coating and lighting at night will help prevent falls.

To calculate the structure, you need to perform the algorithm:

1. Draw up a plan and sectional drawing of the room with exact dimensions, taking into account the thickness of the floor.
2. To find required amount steps. For this, the total height is divided by 15-20 cm.
3. Determine the length of the staircase as the product of the number of steps and the tread width of 25-30 cm.
4. If the number of steps is more than 18, you need to provide a platform 130 cm long.
5. If the height is insufficient, it is possible to arrange a turn of the march by 90 ° or provide for winder steps.
6. Calculate the length of the stringer or bowstring according to the Pythagorean theorem as the root of the sum of the squares of the height and length of the stairs.

The ceiling opening is designed with the expectation that a person walking down the stairs will not touch the upper structure with their head. The minimum height from the step is 2 m.

You can use an online calculator to calculate the stairs. The program outputs the result in the form of a drawing with detailed dimensions of all elements.

Choosing a tree for stairs

A wooden staircase looks organically in the interior of both modern and classic style... Constructions made of lightweight and plastic material fit into spaces with any geometry.

Pine in the photo - the absence of defects in the wood is the key to a high-quality staircase

When choosing a tree for the manufacture of marches, it is advisable to adhere to the principles:

• Bearing stringers or bowstrings are made of mechanically strong and inexpensive materials - spruce, pine. The wood must be dry and free of knots or cracks.
• For critical parts of stairs - steps, platforms, handrails - harder rocks are used. These are oak, ash, beech, larch, maple. They are abrasion resistant, do not crack or creak when dry.

Ash

The texture of valuable wood species is very expressive and does not require additional decoration. The surface is coated with transparent oils, varnishes or waxes that emphasize the natural grain of the wood.

Important. Hardwood treads are strong and durable. One drawback is that the material is difficult to process at home. Therefore, it is more convenient to buy them ready-made or order in a professional workshop.

Step-by-step instructions on how to make a wooden staircase - procurement of parts

A wooden ladder with your own hands can be assembled from components purchased in a store or parts made with your own hands.

You will need tools:

• drill;
• screwdriver;
• manual frezer;
• clamp;
• jigsaw;
• a hammer;
• square;
• ruler;
• thin pencil.

Kosour

For a kosour, you will need a board or glued beam 50-70 mm thick and 250-300 mm wide. A comb is marked along the longitudinal edge to support the steps with dimensions corresponding to the calculation. It is convenient to do this using a square or template. The nests are cut with a jigsaw and a reciprocating saw.

Drawing of a wooden staircase on kosoura

If you need several identical stringers, the rest are made according to the first part, which serves as a standard. The contours of the workpiece are transferred to the boards and the ridges are cut out according to the marking.

Kosour markup

In order not to make a mistake, the masters recommend that beginners do not cut out planting niches in the timber, but glue filly triangles to its longitudinal side. They are cut from a plywood template from a 50 mm thick board. The ends of the workpieces are ground. Each step requires two parts.

In the longitudinal edge of the stringer and triangles at the attachment point, a groove is selected with a cutter. The workpieces are glued according to the marking with compositions based on PVA, polyurethane or resin, installing wooden inserts in the recesses. For a strong adhesion, the parts are fastened with clamps. Beech dowels can be used.

Fastening the stringer to the floor

Bowstring

The bowstring is made of solid or glued beams. The arrangement of steps and risers is marked according to the template. Cut grooves 15-20 mm deep milling machine or hand tool... From the outer edge of the board, you need to retreat at least 30-50 mm.

The grooves on the second bowstring are made in a mirror image. The holes are placed perpendicular to the grain of the wood.

To simplify installation, elongated grooves are chosen in the bowstrings, then the steps can simply be pushed into them. Assembly is even easier if the horizontal elements are installed on metal corners. There is no need to cut nests.

Steps and risers

For self-made steps will need well-dried hardwood boards 40 mm thick. The parts are cut according to the template using a circular saw. The ends are processed with an edge cutter.

If, during assembly, the riser is attached to the groove of the step, a recess is chosen in its lower part. For very hard wood, screws with dowels, steel corners with spikes, triangular slats are used. Parts can be installed on metal support legs or steel profiles.

Fencing

For classic fences, support columns, pedestals, balusters and railings are made. If your home workshop has lathe, elements for the handrail can be made by yourself.

The minimum dimensions of the support posts are 100x100 mm. They take the load from the entire span of the fence. Balusters can be made flat, round or square section, decorate with a volumetric ornament. The height of the vertical elements is not less than 90 cm. They are attached to the steps or under the balusters.

Important. The handrails need to be polished to a smooth finish. Otherwise, splinters cannot be avoided. The section should be rounded so that it is comfortable to hold with your hand.

On wide staircases, the fence is installed on balusters on both sides. Sometimes handrails are attached to the wall. In this case, the vertical supports are not mounted.

Assembly and installation of wooden stairs

Installation of stairs on stringers is performed in the following order:

The assembly of marches on bowstrings is somewhat different:

1. Steps and risers are inserted into the grooves on the supporting beams, smeared with glue.
2. Connect the bowstrings with tension bolts and nuts. A span of 18 steps will require 3-4 hardware.
3. Establish a flight of stairs in the same way as kosoura.
4. The lower part of the balusters is filed at an angle, installed directly on the bowstring or under the balusters. For a more reliable connection, strips are used, which are fixed in the gaps between the supports.
5. The railing is being laid.

During installation, all joints and fasteners are coated with glue. Measurements are carried out very carefully. After all, even a small mistake can lead to the unusability of the entire part or structure. When working with cutting tools, safety measures are observed.

In any building more than a floor high, a staircase is installed. Such a design requires a detailed calculation of all its components, the ability to work with locksmith and carpentry tools and some design skills. After studying this instruction, you will learn how a wooden staircase is designed and made by hand.

A staircase made of wood for a private house most often consists of one or more flights (flights), which are located between floors or intermediate platforms.

The design of the staircase is a combination of various components with different functional purposes:

• Kosour. It is a load-bearing timber beam with a sawn comb. Risers with steps are fixed to it, so the part must be strong.
• Bowstring. In some cases, it becomes an alternative to kosour, performing load-bearing functions (especially if one side of the structure is adjacent to the wall). Before installing the bowstring, you need to mark it out in detail so that the steps are at a horizontal level.

• Step. The main element of any staircase, which is attached to one of the load-bearing beams. In addition to the usual ones, there are run-in and radius steps. Winders have a non-standard shape and are mounted at the starting point of the march. Radius steps are characterized by a curved front edge; they can be semicircular, wavy or with rounded corners.
• Riser. The part is optional, but it provides the ladder with high strength by keeping the step centered. A spacer sleeve is used to fix the riser. Under semicircular steps the radius type is installed, and the curved version is mounted under the corresponding steps or under the platform between the flights of stairs.
• Support posts. They are placed at the starting and ending points of the stairs, as well as at the edges of intermarch sites. The elements increase the strength of the fence and serve as a support for the handrails.
• Balusters. These are supporting posts for handrails, from which the side rails are formed, can have different configurations.
• Handrails. Are a mandatory part. They rest on balusters and support posts. The main requirement for the element is a smooth surface.
• Spacer sleeve. Such a stand is required for any design with several flights (even when using stringers).

When choosing a staircase, the main factor is the size of the area required for its construction. In second place is the convenience and comfort of ascent and descent. Here you need to take into account the frequency of use, the presence of children and the elderly in the house.

Aesthetics is also an important criterion. The staircase should match the interior of the room. In addition, you need to take into account the material possibilities: the manufacture of wooden stairs with a complex configuration requires more time and financial costs than options that are simpler in form and execution.

Marching

They are the most popular. They got their name thanks to the marches (flights) - a group of combined steps. The stairs can have one or more flights.

Allocate straight structures (one-march and two-march, with a platform for rest). They can be free-standing or placed against a wall. But straight models require a lot of space, so in order to save usable space, two-march options are provided with a turn at an angle of 90 to 180 degrees.

The march has a curvilinear shape with an optimal ascent angle, then rotary steps are used, which are also available in structures with two and three flights without platforms.

The most popular types of wooden stairs for a country house are:

1. Ordinary one-march. Have simple design with a span in the center of the room or near the wall - the most durable with reliable support.
   
2. Curvilinear one-march. Installed in large rooms to emphasize spaciousness. They are distinguished by smooth turning and steps extended from the outside.
   
3. Marching with lower turning steps. Sometimes this option is provided for by the layout of the room, it can support the chosen architectural style.
   
4. Simple 2-march system. The staircase with two flights and with an interfloor turning platform can be mounted above the door and save space.
   
5. 2-marching L-shaped structure. It is located in a rectangular opening along the perpendicular walls and saves space.
   
6. 2-marching U-shaped staircase with an upper platform and turning steps. The structure is being installed in luxurious mansions with a large hall.
   
7. 3-march system with two sites. This type of staircase saves space, but requires a significant ceiling height.
   

To select a specific configuration, you should correctly calculate and measure the free area for installation, draw up a drawing. Detailed guide how to do this will be below.

Screw

Screw-type structures are used less often, as a rule, with a limited area or for aesthetic reasons of the owner of a private house. They are not as convenient as marching ones; it is difficult to transport furniture along them. To install the ladder, you will need to perform complex calculations, since with a small error it may lose its functional capabilities.

Spiral staircases sometimes perform just a decorative function, especially with a fence made of artistic forging. The device of such options is possible in almost any room, because they take up less space than pivot structures. The following types are distinguished:

• with cantilever pinching of steps on the inner post;
• with the support of steps on the inner pillar and perimeter walls;
• with cantilever support of steps on the casing;
• supported by a fence and bent bowstrings.

Spiral staircases save space

Types of structures

Before making a wooden staircase, you should select the best option designs for your premises.

The following popular design types exist:

The simplest is a straight-shaped staircase, which provides straight-line movement along the march.

Making a wooden staircase with your own hands with visual step-by-step instructions will be considered in more detail. The process includes two main stages: design and installation.

Calculations of the dimensions of the staircase

Before proceeding with the design, you need to make accurate calculations, draw a diagram and put all the data on it. If you are not sure of the correctness of the calculations, then it is better to entrust the work to professionals who will make a competent drawing, which will allow you to complete the installation step by step without errors.

Ladder overall height

You can determine the height by measuring the distance from the floor of the first to the second floor, taking into account the thickness of the ceiling. For example, if on the 1st floor the ceiling height is 2700 mm, and the thickness of the floor slabs is 300 mm. As a result, the total height will be 3000 mm.

If there is no finished floor, then its dimensions should be laid approximately.

Number of steps

If you know the height of the stair and riser, you can determine the number of steps in the structure. To do this, you need to divide one indicator by the second. For example, with a total staircase height of 3000 mm, and a riser height of 175 mm, the calculation will be as follows: 3000: 175 \u003d 171 mm.

After that, you need to round off the value, the result is 170 mm. The table shows an example of calculation:

Dependence of the height of the steps on their number at a given floor height

Riser height

On the recommendation of experts, the optimal riser height should be 150–180 mm, in fact, this is the size of a human step. This height can be 150-200 mm. Usually the average value according to the standard is 160-170 mm.

The optimal slope range of the stairs is highlighted in green

Step width

To avoid injuries as a result of incorrectly selected step width, you need to calculate it correctly. Based on many years of practice, the width of the part should be in the range of 220 - 400 mm.

To determine a more accurate value, you can use a specific formula. It is necessary to take the average width of a human step (600 - 640 mm) and subtract from it the height of the riser multiplied by 2, i.e. 640 - 2x175 \u003d 290 mm. This indicator will be optimal for moving.

March width

According to safety rules, for the convenient movement of people, the span should be at least 80 cm wide, but it is better to take at least 90 cm.For easy transportation of furniture, this indicator for a private residential building should be 100 - 120 cm.

Stair plan length

To calculate this parameter, you need to multiply the number of steps and the width of the tread. In our example, it will turn out to be 29x17 \u003d 493 cm.That is, the staircase comes out quite long and when arranging one march, a room of at least 6 meters is required. In a small log house or a village house, you will need to make 2 marches with a 90 or 180 degree turn.

A platform is mounted between the marches or rotary steps are placed. If you cannot perform the calculation yourself, you can use a special program presented below, which will clearly reflect the localization of staircase parts.

Ceiling opening size

When building a staircase from a solid wood, you need to remember about calculating the ceiling opening so that you do not have to bend down when you go up. Such an indicator will depend on the slope, which affects the convenience when moving and is selected individually.

A slope of 23-36 degrees is considered optimal, but often it is not possible to comply required angle due to the small area of \u200b\u200bthe room (the steeper the slope, the less area it will take).

The size of the opening in the ceiling area will depend on the angle of the staircase. So, for a folding structure, a small opening will be required, and for a larger slope, a more significant one (up to 2 m) will be required.

The size of the opening in the ceiling is determined based on the minimum allowable value for a person's passage

Stringer length

To determine the length of the stringer, the Pythagorean formula is used: (length of the stairs in the plan) ² + (height of the stairs) ² \u003d (length of the stringer) ².

That is, with a length of 493 cm and a height of 300 cm, we get the following: L \u003d √ (4932 + 3002) \u003d 577 cm (the indicator is taken with a margin of 580 cm).

Online calculator for calculation

For your convenience, you can use the convenient and visual.

Material selection

After all the calculations have been completed, you need to purchase materials. This will require boards of different lengths and densities: for steps, the thickness is 3-4 cm; for risers - 2-2.5 cm; for a bowstring or kosour, the thickness is 5 cm, and the height is 150-250 mm. It is better to buy handrails and balusters ready-made, since for their production you will need a lathe and a beam of 10x10, 15x15 cm in size. To fix the components, you will need screws and nails, as well as metal corners for reinforcement.

Manufacturing of parts and installation of stairs

Installation technology includes the manufacture and installation of all elements of the staircase in accordance with the drawing.

Assembling bowstrings or stringers

On the prepared boards, mark the length and cut off the excess. On the bar, using a square, mark the height of the step and the width of the tread with a decrease of 2-4 cm.

Marking a solid stringer

Assembling a bowstring with stiffeners

The recesses for the steps are cut out with a jigsaw or a saw. Next, the workpiece is placed at the installation site so that the lower edge rests against the floor, and the upper edge against the overlap. The cuts under the steps should be horizontal, without "blockages". After that, it is recommended to grind the surface of the block, perform milling, rounding off the outer edges.

For optimal rigidity, sometimes 2, 3 or 4 stringers may be required, the number of which is selected depending on the width of the stairs. Sometimes it is easier to order a ready-made supporting frame, which will include all elements with cutouts, designated by numbers for joining in accordance with the diagram.

Installation of steps and risers

The risers are mounted in the prepared kosour cuts, leveled and sanded. Fastening is performed using self-tapping screws, which can then be putty or closed finishing material.

Options for attaching steps to a bowstring

After fixing the risers, pre-milled steps are installed, the length of which should exceed the distance between the pair of extreme stringers by 1-2 cm. The width of the elements should be 2-3 cm larger than the comb ledge. The fastening of the steps to the risers and kosoura is carried out on self-tapping screws, the caps of which must be sunk into the tree.

Fastening the stringer to the upper floor. Ways to connect the elements of the stairs.
Fastening the stringer to the floor

Installation of fences

You can give the structure a complete look using auxiliary parts. For this, carved, straight, curly wooden and metal fences can be used.

The installation of poles with balusters is considered a difficult task, where accurate marking with a fit is required. In the step, the hole for the dowel is marked at a distance from the edge equal to ½ the width of the base of the baluster. Then holes are made on the steps and dowels are glued into them (they should protrude 1-1.5 cm from the surface).

After that, holes must be made in the base of the posts and balusters along the diameter of the dowel, grease them with glue. All elements are mounted on dowels with vertical level adjustment. Next, the handrails are prepared by cutting the edges at the desired angle and milling them from the bottom side. To dock with the supports, holes are drilled on the element cut. The handrail is installed on a dowel glued into the support post.

After the glue has dried, the stairs must be covered with an antiseptic primer, then the surface is treated with transparent or paint. You can put a decorative skirting board. In a spiral staircase, you can design with an axial support in the form of a log or a beam, install a bent bowstring to support the steps. The price of such a structure will be high, since viscous flexible wood is used in production, but the final effect is worth it.

Two-storey houses or cottages should be equipped with reliable stairs. Wood is most often chosen as the material for the manufacture of these structures. Wooden stairs to the second floor can be purchased ready-made or made by yourself. By choosing the second option, you will reduce your material costs and do exactly what you really need

Types of structures

To build a staircase, you need to be able to use the tool, know the rules for constructing sketches and drawings. This will allow:

• design all the constituent elements of the structure;
• take into account the potential weak spots and correct shortcomings at the project stage;
• calculate the dimensions of the steps in such a way that it is convenient to go up and down.

It is best to use wood for making stairs. This building material is environmentally friendly, practical, flexible in work, which is especially important for novice craftsmen. Using a special tool, you can make a staircase in such a shape that would ideally fit your interior:

• straight or rounded;

• simple or decorative;

• heavy or light.

The following popular types of wooden staircase structures are distinguished:

Choosing a staircase scheme

For a private house or a country cottage, both a marching and a spiral staircase are suitable. However, it should not be forgotten that spiral structures require very precise assembly, as well as special elements (for example, rounded railings). To make them, you need to master the technology of professional editing.

This is especially true for more complex staircase structures that are initial stage can only be used as a model for inspiration, not imitation. You should not rely on ready-made schemes, since they do not take into account all the features of your situation.

As for the marching stairs, it is much easier to make and install them with your own hands. They come in various configurations:

• U-shaped two-march;

When placing a staircase on the 2nd floor, with more than 10 steps, it is recommended to divide it with a platform with a turn, after which it can go up along the wall at an angle of 90 or 180 degrees.

The choice of this or that model depends on your taste and features of the layout of the house.

Preparation of materials

Before making a wooden staircase to the second floor yourself, you need to decide on the choice of building material. The most popular wood species are pine and larch. In terms of performance, larch products are better, since they are less prone to rotting.

Larch is not afraid of moisture, moreover, when the liquid is absorbed, the structure becomes stronger. This is quite a significant advantage, since there will always be little humidity in the house. Oak, cedar, beech and other types of wood are also suitable for the construction of stairs, but this is not the cheapest pleasure in terms of cost.

The lifespan of a tree largely depends on how the lumber is dried. The limiting degree of wood moisture should be no more than 12%.

Well-dried boards are more expensive, but this is more than offset by the durability of the stairs.

If the lumber is moist enough, you will have to dry the wood yourself. To do this, it is placed in a well-ventilated room with a constant temperature regime for a period of at least 3 months.

Calculation of the main parameters of the stairs

Width

Standard staircase widths - from 90 to 150 cm... But when calculating this indicator, the following points should be taken into account:

• how convenient it will be for two people to meet each other halfway;
• whether the width you have chosen allows you to carry bulky items (furniture, appliances) up the stairs.

A comfortable range of staircase widths for a private house is 1100-1300 mm. Less - difficulty in carrying furniture; more - excess of occupied space.

Length

To calculate this indicator, you will need to take the size of the steps and count their number. Experience shows that making a drawing on paper yourself, mistakes are made. As a result, the staircase in reality becomes longer than in the picture. You can get out of this situation as follows: include several winders in the staircase.

Height

Determining the overall height, inexperienced craftsmen often make mistakes. They only take into account the distance from the sub-floor to the ceiling of the upper-floor room. This is not entirely correct. When drawing up the drawing, you need to take into account the finishing mark of the 1st floor and the thickness of the floor on the upper floor together with the finishing.

Slab opening parameters

It is important to leave enough space between the steps and the upper floor ceiling. As a rule, it is equal to the height of the tallest person and is approximately 190 - 200 cm.

Stair slope

To build a wooden staircase to the second floor with your own hands, it is recommended to observe the slope of the staircase structure of 40-45 degrees. If this figure is exceeded, then it will be difficult to climb on it for elderly people, small children.

Optimal angle the inclination of the stairs is in the range of 30 - 37 °

When choosing a shallow design, consumption increases building materials and the useful area of \u200b\u200bthe room is reduced. Therefore, when calculating this indicator, one should proceed from the available space.

Steps

Their constituent elements are a tread and a riser. When determining the size of the tread, you must focus on the 45 foot size. Therefore, the optimal step width is 30 cm.

The size of the riser, depending on the slope of the stairs, ranges from 15 to 20 cm.

When constructing drawings, it is important to consider the following:

1. All steps must be the same size.
2. If there are more than 18 steps in the design, then it is advisable to include 2 marches in the project and provide for a site. It is called viewing, turning or intermediate. Its location can be the center of the span or a section near the beginning of the stairs.

Online calculator for calculation

For your convenience, you can perform all calculations using the convenient one. As a result, you will receive ready-made drawings and bill of materials.

Installation of a marching wooden staircase

Installation of wooden interfloor stairs begins with the manufacture of stringers (or bowstrings), treads and risers.

Development of a staircase along the wall with dimensions

Treads are cut from the board according to a previously prepared template. Their standard thickness varies from 30 to 40 cm. If you do more, then this will be an unjustified consumption of materials and a heavier structure. The risers perform a decorative function in the structure. Therefore, you can save on them by using a board of 10-15 mm.

Kosoura are made from a solid board, on which there are no defects. Both stringers must be identical so that the staircase does not turn out to be asymmetrical and skewed.

Kosour markup

Assembling a bowstring with stiffeners

Assembling the frame

Installation of stringers begins with making cuts on the floor beam located at the top of the flight of stairs. Sometimes the cuts are replaced by metal stops, which should be attached to the vertical of the overlap with anchors. Regardless of which method you choose, the stringers should be firmly fixed to the ceiling.

On the lower floor, along the line of the very first step, a support bar is installed in the floor. Anchors are used as fasteners.

Fastening the stringer to the floor

Assembly of component parts

It will not be difficult to establish the steps. The cutouts of the stringers are coated with glue and risers are attached to them, which then need to be aligned and secured with screws.

Fastening risers to stringers

Treads are laid on top and fixed to the risers, kosoura. It is recommended to put polymer strips under them. This will prevent squeaking from rubbing against each other. wooden parts.

The function of the fence is performed by balusters, when mounting them it is important to maintain proper evenness. For this purpose, the upper and lower posts are installed and connected together with a stretched thread. It serves as a guide when installing other elements. Balusters can be attached with screws or self-tapping screws, which are masked with grout or plugs.

The handrail is installed and fixed on the balusters. It can be wood, iron or other material.

Finishing

After installation, all surfaces must be sanded, including hard to reach places, ends, joints. Then the structure is treated with protective agents, or paint.

Features of manufacturing a spiral staircase

The manufacture and installation of wooden spiral staircases to the second floor is much more difficult than marching ones. But, on the other hand, they allow you to save usable space and are placed where there would be not enough space for the marching structure.

Screw structures save living space

The best option is to install a spiral structure with a central support. In this case, the steps in the shape of a triangle or trapezoid are attached directly to it. To give the structure reliability, the support post with a specially attached heel is placed vertically and concreted at the base.

Holes are made in the steps from the narrower edge, with the help of which they are strung onto the support pipe. Cylinder-shaped inserts are installed between the steps, which determine the height structural elements... The last step on the upper tier is flush with the opening in the ceiling on the second floor and acts as an additional support element.

To make it convenient to descend and ascend, the vertical interval between the rows of steps must be at least two meters. And the width of the clean staircase is at least 90 cm.

Often resort to more compact models spiral staircases... It is permissible only if they do not plan to use it often. This applies, for example, to country stairs or to climb to the attic.

The most comfortable tread depth is considered to be from 15 cm at the central pillar and from 35 cm at the outer edge. The height of the riser is on average about 20 cm. However, sometimes you can even refuse them altogether. This will make the structure more convenient, reduce its weight, and also reduce the cost of building materials.

Which staircase to build to the second floor? This question is asked by almost every owner of a private house. The main selection criteria are safety and ease of use. It is also important that the moment is how organically it will fit into the interior. Therefore, the design of the stairs in wooden house does not fade into the background when drawing up a project.

Staircase design options

Wooden staircase structures are of several types:

Marching structures are the most commonly used staircase structures. There are several subspecies of stairs:

• on kosoura;
• on bowstrings;
• on the bolts.

Stairs on kosoura

Kosoura are the sloped supporting beams on which steps and fences are attached. Attachment methods are different and depend on the number of beams. Based on the properties of the structure and shape, they can be straight, broken, involute.

Structures on kosoura have the following advantages over other types of stairs:

• high level of security;
• universal appearance, thanks to which they will look good both in an ordinary log house and in an elite cottage.
• availability of a large selection of sizes, decor;
• the ability to choose the use of steps.

Stringed structures are also attractive because, on the basis of the traditional model, you can create beautiful wooden stairs along individual order. For example, glass railings or transparent plastic handrails can be lightweight.

Transparent railings create a feeling of lightness and airiness

Ladders on bowstrings

The basis of the structure is formed by side beams with grooves into which steps are inserted. For the manufacture of this type of stairs, they often take wood, although recently plastic models have begun to appear on the market.

Ladders on bowstrings are usually installed in small country houses. Among the positive aspects of such structures, the following are noted:

• the ability to replace individual structural elements;
• easy installation;
• safety, high strength;
• a wide range of staircase shapes: spiral, L-shaped, rounded or straight;
• the possibility of implementing various design solutions: arrangement of balusters in free form, presence or absence of risers.

The disadvantages of constructing on bowstrings are high-precision calculations and experience in performing work. Errors in the design or unreliable fastenings will adversely affect the safety of the facility. Divergence of load-bearing beams, falling of steps from grooves is fraught with serious injury.

Bolts are strong, bolted metal supports. The design is characterized by simplicity, reliability, durability. Because carrier beam fixed to the ceiling, wall or floor with metal rods, structures can withstand very heavy loads.

The good thing about ladders on the bolts is that they can be disassembled, repaired or reconstructed at any time. For such structures, open and closed steps are suitable. They can be of any shape, size.

Beautiful staircases on the walls in a wooden house give the interior airiness and lightness due to the absence of a pronounced load-bearing element. And the free area under them can be used rationally. For example, make a small library there by installing 2-3 book shelves.

Spiral staircases

Structures of this type are perfect for amateurs original interior, as well as owners of premises with a limited amount of useful square meters.

The spiral structure is formed by: support pillar, steps, fences, railings. The stairs are very diverse in shape: from round to octagonal.

The frame of the screw structure is made in most cases from metal. However, models made only of wood are often found. Strength, durability are the main advantages of spiral staircases. However, it is not recommended to install such structures in houses where there are children and elderly people with disorders of the musculoskeletal system.

Materials for making stairs

In the production of staircase structures, they use:

• wood;
• concrete;
• glass;
• metal;
• a rock;
• plywood;
• combination of materials.

Metal structures are in great demand. They are considered environmentally friendly, reliable, durable, and affordable. The combination of these materials with glass, stone, and plastic is often practiced. This allows you to bring designs closer to the style of the interior.

Combination of metal frame and wooden steps

Wooden staircase in modern style is made from such wood species as pine, oak, beech, fir, larch, birch. Such designs can be complemented by metal railings decorated with forging.

Wrought iron fencing fundamentally changes the general perception

The stone structure also looks no less impressive and is characterized by a long service life. However, it requires a high-strength base to install, as stone is a heavy material.

The stone is quite heavy, so a solid concrete base is required for a structure made of this material.

Of natural stone often they make steps or risers, and all other elements are made of artificial, which greatly facilitates the design. An unnatural stone is inferior to a natural one in its characteristics, but appearance not much different from him.

Stone stairs with forging look especially beautiful and rich. An interesting look is created by steps made of raw stone in combination with a railing of curved branches.

Rough stone steps give the interior the atmosphere of an ancient castle

Concrete is considered the most affordable finishing material for stairs. Despite its strength and safety, it does not differ in its durability.

For high-tech, pop art, loft styles, stair structures with glass steps are suitable. They are made of high-strength tempered glass, so you can safely walk on them.

Designs with glass steps fit perfectly into the high-tech style

Popular stair styles

Currently, there are many options for staircase styles. Their number is constantly changing, as design elements are improved, supplemented, while forming a completely new style.

However, it is customary to single out several of the most famous approaches:

Color solutions

Staircase structures should be made in a color that is in harmony with the interior. Today there is a wide range of shades to choose from. The most popular are:

Staircase structures can be two-color. For example, a building that combines white and black colors looks beautiful and rich.

Railing options

Railings are constituent elements of staircase structures that perform the following functions:

• serve for comfortable, safe ascent and descent;
• act as a decoration.

The railings include handrails, balusters. A handrail means a bar that runs along the flight of the stairs. A baluster is an element that performs the function of supporting the handrail.

There is a wide selection of handrails on the construction market. They come in different models:

The choice of one or another version of the railings depends on the style of the interior and the taste preferences of the owner of the house.

Staircase lighting

Staircase lighting is used for safe movement and decoration. By choosing one or another type of lighting, you can create a suitable atmosphere in the house.

Illumination of steps on the ladder contributes to safe movement along it in the dark.

Practical and aesthetic use of the space under the stairs

The free space formed under the stairs can be used to the advantage:

Rationally use not only the space under the stairs, but also between the steps. Special boxes are created under them for storing things: shoes, magazines, newspapers. It is not worth overloading the stairs with things too much, as this can lead to the destruction of the structure.

The staircase space between the marches is filled with soft seats and this area is used for reading your favorite book or evening gatherings with loved ones.

Stairs with original design - photo

Sometimes designers are so carried away by their ideas that they create real works of art from decorative wooden stairs, from which it is impossible to take your eyes off.