Modern fasteners for all occasions. Connection of wooden structures on bolts and rods. Connection of wooden structures on nails. Connection on brackets, clamps and anchors Fastening rod in a wooden structure crossword puzzle

What should be fasteners for lumber? Wood is a fairly soft material, especially when compared with other types of arrays. However, the physical properties of wooden parts used in construction can vary greatly depending on the percentage of their moisture, the species used, the growing conditions of the trees ... The structure is not uniform even in different parts of the same log. In any case, the fastener must hold well in the fibers and securely fix any details. To increase the friction force, nails are very often knurled or brushed, and self-tapping screws have large threads.

Reliability of fasteners on wood

Most wood fasteners in Moscow are made from galvanized and phosphated steel or metals that do not rust (for example, there are nails made of aluminum, copper). Only some types of products are made of ferrous metal, but only those that are used in draft structures - building nails, hardened roofing brackets. The protective coating allows you to significantly increase the service life of fasteners, but, in addition, the aesthetic properties of the product are improved by an order of magnitude, because red spots and rust stains will be excluded.

The design of modern fasteners is thought out to the smallest detail. So, there are dozens of types of self-tapping screws that are designed for certain jobs, each of them has its own characteristics. For example, a roofing fastener has a drill on the tip that can drill through sheet metal, and a large rubberized washer. And structural yellow self-tapping screws have a complex carving on the body (sometimes incomplete) and a special tip. The finishing nail has a very small head, and the galvanized nail for fixing the OSB, on the contrary, is quite large. There are fasteners with a conical head under the sweat, and there are - with a flat one. There are many length options available.

Almost all of these fasteners (including perforated ones) are operated under load, so they must be resistant to bending and shearing effects. High-quality fasteners for wood do not break, in extreme cases, they can only bend. For certain works, you can choose products of different thicknesses, this applies to both nails / self-tapping screws, and perforated plates / corners.

Types of fasteners for wood

Nails

This is perhaps one of the most famous and proven types of components for construction work. For this fastener for wood, the price is the most affordable, but it is distinguished by practicality and functionality. A nail is a metal rod cut from wire, which has a point at one end and a flat cap at the other.

During use, the product is hammered with a conventional hammer, or can be combined into tapes and loaded into a nail gun. Nails can be used alone or in combination with perforated fasteners.

The size of the cap differs in size, depending on whether the nail should be recessed or the part should be pressed more securely. The rod may have notches to increase the friction forces, because it is with their help that the nails are held in the wood. The length (in fact, as well as the thickness) of the nail is selected according to the nature of the connection and the type of loads experienced by the assembly.

Depending on the purpose for which the nails are intended, they are divided into several main types. If we talk about construction, then this:

• Black nails for construction
• Galvanized with a large hat,
• ruffed,
• screw,
• finishing,
• roofing felt,
• Slate.

self-tapping screws

This is a modern fixture, has high efficiency and is also very practical. The cost of fasteners for this type of wood is more than that of nails, but it also has many advantages.
The highlight of the self-tapping screw is that it takes advantage of the plasticity of wood. That is, it allows screwing without pre-drilling. Due to the wide thread pitch and its increased height (for example, metal screws have more frequent and lower threads), this fastener fits snugly into any wood fibers and it stays in there very well. At the same time, such a connection remains collapsible, while those knocked down with nails wooden details it is extremely rare to disconnect without damage.

The design of the thread and the tip is focused on easy entry into the tree. A drill at the end of wood screws is usually not used. The hat is made with a cone for sinking in, or flat, for the types "press washer", "roofing screw". The thread can be solid or partial. There are many options for the thickness and length of products.

To use self-tapping screws, a drill or screwdriver is needed, although, in theory, small items in small quantities can be screwed with a screwdriver. To transmit rotation from the tool, there are slots on the head of the screw. The shape of the slots may vary. As a rule, PH or PZ formats are used - this must be taken into account when choosing a bit.

Among the many types of wood screws, the most popular were:

• phosphated (black);
• galvanized (yellow);
• roofing (white and painted);
• screws with a hexagonal or profile head (including: capercaillie, with a ring, with a hook, L-shaped crutch screw, capercaillie with a spring).

Threaded metric connections

Nails and screws are not the only components that can be used to assemble wooden structures. The most loaded or most voluminous nodes are twisted by means of bolts and studs. Together with nuts and washers, these hardware allow you to get the most reliable fixation, because you can press the parts very tightly against each other, use rods of increased diameter (which means they are very strong). An obvious plus is the ability to disassemble and assemble structures several times.

Studs and bolts are installed through a through hole, which must be drilled in each of the fastened parts. Direct fixation is carried out by tightening the nuts. Large washers allow for more footprint and prevent nuts/heads from sinking into the wood.

Perforated fasteners

This type of fasteners is designed to speed up the installation of wooden building elements. Thanks to such products, it became possible to avoid the technically complex (and labor-intensive) production of tie-ins and locks in wood. If cutting wood actually underestimated the cross section of parts, then perforated products made it possible to assemble end-to-end, moreover, with an increase in the reliability of the assembly. Therefore, there is no need to increase the cross section of lumber, as before. Accordingly, it will turn out to unload the house and save money, although before making calculations it seems that buying perforated wood fasteners is a rather expensive decision.

Another advantage of such products lies in the increase in the speed of construction. Connections with corners and plates can be easily made by non-professionals, because all that is needed is to cut a beam or board more or less exactly in length.

Perforated fasteners are presented in a wide range. They are integrated into a system and cover all the needs of modern wooden and general construction. They are made of sheet metal with a thickness of one and a half to 5 mm, in which there are a large number of holes (round small, large for anchors, long slots for sliding fixations). All products are galvanized, completely ready for use. Among all perforated fasteners, several types are distinguished by design and scope of use, first of all, these are corners, plates, supports, tapes.

Price list

wood fastener prices

A few years ago, we would have said with confidence that it could be a nail or a screw, but the first and second have their own advantages and disadvantages. A nail quickly produces installation, but it does not give strength to the structure and over time it can simply fall apart. The screw gives strength to the structure, but due to the inconvenience during installation, it reduces the speed of work. Therefore, this problem is solved by self-tapping screws, anchors, dowels and screws. They combine both mounting speed and fastening strength, since a specially selected thread pitch and angle, as well as a tip, provide them with a quick fit and a reliable, durable connection. In addition, they have an anti-corrosion coating, which allows several times to increase the service life of the fastening, which means the reliability and durability of the entire structure.

frame fasteners are intended for fastening bars, wooden and structural planks, building facades, window frames and metal profiles.

General fasteners used for light fasteners, as well as various kinds hooks for fastening scaffolding, ropes, cables, chains. In addition, the distribution network has fasteners for plumbing equipment, light and heavy building structures, for insulating materials, etc.

Self drilling screws used for fastening sheet steel to heavy load-bearing structures and sheet metal between themselves (lapped), as well as for steel and wooden bases, assembly finishing works. Can be used in furniture production.

Roofing screws are used for fastening profiled sheet metal to wood, to light steel structures or between. yourself (overlap).

Self-tapping screws hardened designed for joining wood, chipboard and gypsum boards, as well as for thin sheet metal.

screws for the installation of gypsum boards used for fastening drywall to sheet metal profiles, to wood elements, as well as for twisting sheet metal profiles.

self-tapping screws for mounting window profiles are used for fastening plastic and wooden profiles and other installation work.

wood fastening

The strength and stability of any product or structure depends on what kind of fastener is used that connects its parts into one whole. Wood occupies an exceptional place due to the ease with which elements made from it can be connected to each other by various fasteners - nails, crutches, glues, bolts, staples, dowels, self-tapping screws, etc.

For fastening strength, the product or joint design should not be selected randomly, but should correspond to the properties, purpose of the product, taking into account fastening along or across the fibers, as well as changes in dimensions with fluctuations in humidity.

Nails. Nails are the most common type of fastening in building structures and wood products. I produce construction nails of two types: with a flat and conical head.

Nails are made from light-colored, low-carbon, non-hardened steel wire by cold stamping.

Construction nails of round (rarely square) section in carpentry are used in lengths from 7 to 90 mm, with a thickness of 0.7-3.5 mm.

Round nails are used when installing carpentry partitions, barrier panels. Studs are also used - thin nails without hats, with which the lining, layout, and rods are attached. The connection of the main parts of these products is done with glue, less often with screws.

Roofing nails length from 9 to 40 mm, thickness from 0.8 to 2 mm is used for roofing upholstery of assembled window and door blocks, beam cones, wooden building structures in places where they come into contact with walls.

Decorative nails are intended for front surfaces of furniture, mainly upholstered. They are available with round, square and shaped heads, which can be smooth with embossed or molded ornaments. The dimensions of the heads in diameter or side of the square are 6,8,10 and 12 mm. The length of the rod for these nails is not more than 30 mm. When driving nails into wood (with a wooden hammer), their heads should not jump off the rod, there should be no dents, distortions or delamination of the decorative layer.

Nails resist pulling and lateral (shearing) loads or the combined action of two types of loads. The resistance depends on the properties of the wood and the nail, the conditions of their use. Nails, like other fasteners such as staples and T-nails, should be positioned so that the connection works primarily in shear and not in pull, so that the nails experience mainly lateral loads and do not work on pulling. The resistance of the nail shaft to being pulled out of the wood depends on the density of the wood, the diameter of the nail, and the degree of its penetration.

The pull-out resistance of nails is big influence factors such as point type, shank type, nail coating, nail residence time in the wood, and changes in wood moisture content.

Nails hammered perpendicular to the grain of the wood have the greatest pull-out resistance. When the nail is driven along the grain, i.e. into the end, the pull-out resistance for softwood is 75 or even 50% of the resistance when driven across the grain.

crutches. Regular wire crutches are made in the same way as wire nails. Their tip has the shape of a tetrahedral pyramid, the length is 76-305 mm, with this length their diameter is greater than that of ordinary wire nails.

bolts serve to connect parts, they are especially widely used in bent furniture. To protect the wood from crushing when screwing the bolt, washers are placed under its head.

screws made of low-carbon steel or brass wire. Screw sizes: length - from 6 to 120 mm, shaft diameter - from 1.5 to 10 mm, head diameter - from 3 to 20 mm, the threaded part of the shaft must be at least 0.6 of the screw length. The parts of the products are connected with screws when the area for gluing is insufficient in size, for example, in bent furniture, screws are used to fasten metal appliances and accessories to furniture and joinery products. For convenience of screwing in its head there is a slotted groove (slot). Screws are distinguished with countersunk, semi-secret and semicircular heads.

Screws with flat heads are most often used for screwing flush with the surface of the wood. Screws with oval or round heads are used in cases where it is necessary to give the wood surface beautiful view or if it is undesirable to screw the screws flush. The main parts of a screw are the screw thread and the shank.

Modern trends in the development of wood fastening include the use of tapped screws along the entire length of the shaft. Commercially available self-tapping screws in some cases have certain advantages.

Pins. It is assumed that the pins hammered into the pre- drilled holes, whose diameter is 3.2 mm smaller than the diameter of the pin, give a good connection. The lateral load on a pin driven across the grain of the wood must not exceed the ultimate shear load of a bar of the same diameter. To compensate for the lack of washers and nuts, the pins are longer than ordinary bolts.

Staples. There are several types of staples, differing in the shape of the point, the processing of the rod, the type of coating, caliber, length and diameter. These fasteners are available for use in pneumatically operated installations with clips or cassettes. They are used in furniture upholstery.

"Capercaillie"- large screws with a length of 35 mm and a thickness of 6.0 mm with a square or hexagonal head adapted for screwing, capercaillie with a key. Furniture capercaillie have square shape with a broadened base, which acts as a washer, preventing the wood from collapsing when screwing the capercaillie.

squares metal are used for additional fastening corner connections details. overlays are straight metal plates with holes for screws: they are fixed on one or both sides of the bar (part) in places of insufficient strength or at the fracture site.

To connect parts of disassembled furniture are used metal ties. There are overhead and mortise.

Shelf holders serve to support adjustable shelves in cabinet (cabinet) furniture. They are a metal pin ”With corners attached to them. To the shelf holders, metal clips are attached to the pins (caps). The clips are tightly inserted into the nests drilled on the inner sides of the cabinet walls. They protect the walls of the nest from being crushed by the pins of the shelf supports.

Hardware. loops called hardware, as well as other accessories for windows, doors (latches, wrappers, handles, locks, etc.). Typically, hardware is made from light-colored low-carbon steel. Facial devices are varnished, chrome-plated, nickel-plated.

Window and door hinges are used for hanging door panels and window sashes, for raising or lowering; transoms and opening windows.

By design, card loops are distinguished: articulated with a removable hinge rod (bout), semi-articulated with a rod embedded in one card motionlessly, articulated with a rod that cannot be removed from the hinge, and driven in.

Hinges with a removable hinge are used where a wooden sheet or window sash cannot be lifted to remove it from the fixed hinge rods.

I use hemispherical loops for wooden canvases and sash.

Hinges with hinged rods are used for small window sashes, transoms, vents.

Card loops are selected taking into account the dimensions of the canvases and sashes, the thickness of the strapping of the bars.

Each loop consists of two cards with a hinge. The card consists of one steel plate, on one longitudinal edge of which notches are made, and the resulting protrusions are bent to form a hinge (folded cards).

From the longitudinal edge of the card to the side edge of the heel bar of the door leaf or sash, there should be a distance of 6-11 mm, depending on the size of the bars.

Stitched loops are used for hanging sashes and canvases balcony doors with an influx.

In public buildings with a large oncoming flow of people door leafs hung on spring double-leaf hinges, for opening doors in both directions. There are left and right hinges, depending on the hinge of the door, sashes.

Pens for doors and windows are very diverse. There are door handles for interior, balcony doors. Buttons instead of handles are used only for interior doors.

latches- These are keyless locks. Distinguish between door and window latches. Door latches are cut into the leaf edge of the left leaf on a double-leaf door. The upper door latch has a length of 370 mm, the lower one - 230 mm. They must be installed without distortion and jamming.

Mortise or overhead locks are made only at doors. On the market building materials and products, fundamentally new mechanical locks with a plastic key card are used. Locks of this type have the ability to repeatedly recode and form branched systems of authorized access.

Opening is done by lightly pressing the card key, and closing - without using a key.

Window shutters, top and bottom, have a very simple device. They are incorrectly called latches. Keyless locks also include door and window latches. different device and hooks.

Devices that contribute to the closing of doors include springs without leverage, with a lever, pneumatic.

Currently, the distribution network has a wide range of devices for windows and doors, mainly made of aluminum alloys with anodized coating, which improves their appearance.

Furniture accessories, depending on the type of purpose and material of the furniture, are very diverse, including artistic decoration, for its decoration.

Materials for fastening carpentry structures

For fastening wooden products to walls and connecting wooden structures to each other, ruffs, crutches, staples, linings, clamps, anchors, etc. are used. They are called forgings.

Construction forgings are made from forging, low-carbon steel (iron), most of them are blacksmith products.

Ruffs are used for fastening window and door blocks in the openings of stone-like walls, partitions at the interface to the walls. The pointed ends of the ruff are driven into wooden antiseptic or plastic plugs installed in the walls. The ruffs are nailed to the box of blocks through the eyelet in the ruffs. Crutches are used for hanging cornices, paintings, chandeliers, etc. on stone-like walls. After breaking through with a jumper or drilling a hole, they put corks and crutches are driven in there.

Staples are used for additional fastening of connections on the rafter cuts and Mauerlat. Depending on the location of the joints of structural elements, they are straight, reverse and angular. They are made from steel rods of round section with a diameter of 10-12 mm or square. 10x10 and 12x12 mm.

Overlays are used for fastening composite beams and lower chords of trusses and arches. They are made from thick rolled steel.

Bolts are used for fastening composite beams, fastening frame and panel walls to foundations, etc. Bolt holes are drilled with electric drills or they are laid in the foundation during pouring.

Coupling and non-coupling clamps are used for tight fastening of beams from logs or beams in cobbled and log houses, fastening beams. They are made of strip steel with a section of 4x60 mm.

Anchors are steel parts made of 4x40 mm T-shaped strip steel of various lengths. Used to connect wooden beams to stone wall. Most often, the dimensions are 400x720 mm.

For connection wooden beams with reinforced concrete purlins, T-section anchors 500 mm long are used. The bent ends of the anchor interlock with the brand of the run.

Clamps are made from scraps of steel, and are used to fasten sheets of galvanized steel, to fix flat strip tiles. Distinguish different types clamps. So, one end is trimmed with steel, nailed to the crate when roofing, the other is fixed with a standing seam of galvanized roofing steel. Clamps for fastening tiles allow you to fasten two tiles at once in the following way: the horizontal lapel of the clamp lies on top of the laid tile, and under its vertical lapel, moving another, adjacent tile. Clamp hooks are driven from the side of the attic into the crate.

Galvanized 5x60mm or 5x70mm pan head screws are used to fasten the corrugated slate. For fixing auxiliary asbestos-cement corners, a 5x40 mm screw with a semi-round and countersunk head is taken.

For roofing works I use building and roofing nails Roofing nails have a diameter of 3.5 mm and a length of 40 mm. A variety of building nails allows you to choose the desired nails in the following range: diameter 2.5 mm, length 50 or 60 mm; diameter 3 mm, length 70 and 80 mm diameter 3.5 mm, length 90 mm; diameter 4mm, length 100 and 110mm and diameter 5mm, length 150mm. Fixing all piece materials with nails.

So, for asbestos-cement flat slate use nails with a diameter of 2.5 and 3 mm and a length of 35-40 mm, respectively. For corrugated asbestos-cement sheets, nails with a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 30 mm are taken. For wooden roofing (shingles, shingles, shavings), nails 2.5 mm long, 50 or 60 mm long are used. Fixing "boards with nails with a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 10 mm.

The wire is used as a fastener for stamped and ridge tiles. It is used together with nails with a diameter of 3-4 mm and a length of 40-50 mm. The nails are driven 2/3 into the crate and a wire is wound onto the remaining part of the nail from the outside, which is tied to the tile spike with the other end. Use steel wire with a diameter of 1 mm, copper - 2 mm, and aluminum - 2.5 mm. Before fixing the tiles, the copper and steel wires are covered with oil paint so that it does not rust or oxidize, then dry it.

For fixed joints in carpentry, staples such as bolts, squares, linings, insert plates, nails, screws, etc. are used.

With large nails, cranial bars are attached to beams in the manufacture of floor elements, when knocking together shields for partitions, ceilings, walls. The thicker and longer the nail, the stronger it holds in the wood. Nail square section holds stronger than round. The end of the nail, nailed through, is bent across the wood fibers.

When fastening with nails in hardwood, nests are drilled with a diameter of up to 3/4 of the diameter of the nail. If you need to drive a thick nail close to the edge, then holes are drilled in softwood, the same in soft hardwood.

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In order to reduce the collapse of the wood, a washer made of sheet steel is placed under the nut, the side of which is determined from the conditions of its bending and the collapse of the wood under the washer.

1- steel bolt with thread and fixed nut; 2- fixed nut; 3- union nut; 4- thread; 5- round removable washer.

In practice, the side of a square washer is assumed to be 4.5d (where d is the diameter of the bolt).

The dimensions of square washers are taken according to the diameter of the bolts according to Table 3 (Fig. 2).

Table 3: Bolt spacing.

The minimum distances between the bolts and the minimum distances from the edges of the tree are set taking into account the allowable stresses of chipping wood. What will be discussed in more detail in the following sections of the site.

In capital construction, when reliability and stability of the structure are required, bolts can only be used if, with the help of special means (for example, brackets), the occurrence of a shift in the contact seams (node ​​33) will be prevented.

For example, calibrated holes can be used, i. e. such when the diameter of the hole is equal to the diameter of the bolt, or the subsequent filling of the gap between the bolt shaft and the edges of the hole is carried out.

Bolts are used in structures working in tension during the suspension of building elements (Fig. 3) and as non-bearing connections in the form of clamping bolts.

1.2. Connection on rod dowels.

Rod dowels are cylindrical steel rods, as a rule, without nuts and threads, which are driven into drilled holes with a diameter reduced by 0.2 ... 0.5 mm (Fig. 3, pos. 6).

At the tightening bolts (Fig.3 pos.1), washers (Fig.3 pos.5) are installed under the head (Fig.3 pos.2) and nut (Fig.3 pos.3).

1- coupling bolt 12x260 mm; 2- hex head; 3-nut; 4- metric thread; 5- washer; 6-rod dowel smooth or grooved.

The use of rod dowels has great importance for load-bearing connections, because with it, you can not be afraid of deformations due to the selection of gaps in the holes and the creep of structures.

Connections using rod dowels allow achieving high performance: with a small area, they can take relatively large loads.

They are best used for packages of boards, as well as for connection with steel elements located inside the structure (knot - 35).

In the drawing of node -34, a variant of fastening the ridge truss node is shown. The block braces are attached to the upper belt with four dowels. In the middle - coupling bolts. The upper belts of the rafters are bolted to the ridge sub-beam.

1- upper belt of rafters; 2- block braces; 3- ridge sub-beam; 4- fastening with dowels; 5- tie bolts of the ridge sub-beam with the upper chord of the rafters.

The sketch of node 35 shows the mounting option for a two-branch rack with a single crossbar. Such fastening gives a practically rigid connection of a two-branch rack with a single crossbar using dowels located along the ring.

Coupling bolts provide a tight connection and are used during installation truss system and wall partitions.

1- crossbar (beam); 2-pair rack; 3- nails in 2 board thicknesses; 4- tie bolts.

In the connections discussed above, no more than 4 rods per connection should be used.

The minimum diameter of the rod dowel is 8 mm.

Deaf steel cylindrical dowels should be buried in the wood by at least 5 diameters.

When using pins of large diameter, cracks may appear at the ends of the elements to be joined, caused by chipping of wood along the fibers.

Therefore, the end distances are somewhat larger than the intermediate ones.

2. Connection of wooden structures on nails.

The fact that nails are widely used is due to their ease of use, achieved primarily due to the invention of a pneumatic gun, with which nails of various lengths, up to 120 mm, can be driven automatically.

Larger diameter nails can be driven pneumatically after pre-setting.

The connection on the nails has specific features. In the place where the nail is driven, the wood is crushed, forming wire cracks, flakes under the nail.

Partially, these shortcomings are eliminated by the use of cruciform nails, for which it is possible not to drill holes even with a diameter of more than 6 mm.

They, like ordinary nails, are driven into wood without pre-drilling nests.

For nails with a diameter of more than 6 mm (and for alder wood - more than 5 mm), it is required to drill holes equal to 0.9 of the diameter of the nail.

If the fastening of structures with nails must take into account the pull-out loads (increased wind loads), then drilling holes is UNACCEPTABLE.

Below are some of the types of nails most commonly used in roof truss installation.

2.1. Connection on wire round nails.

A round wire nail is the most common type of fastener for wood joints. The nail has a flat or hidden head and a smooth stem. In cross section, the leg is a pointed rod with a round or square section with rounded corners.

The thickness of wire nails varies within d=0.8…8 mm. The length of wire nails ranges from 8 to 250 mm.

Designation example: nail 5x120 mm.

Where 5mm is the diameter (d) of the nail and 120mm is the length (L) of the shank of the nail.

The assortment of nails is given in Table 4.

Table 4: Round wire nails.

When performing frame work, nails with a length of 60, 75 and 100 mm are most often used. When facing, shorter nails are used.

The nail can be galvanized and not galvanized. When galvanized, the thickness of the resulting protective layer of zinc is thicker, so such a nail is more resistant to rust. The surface of a conventional nail remains rough, so that the friction between the nail and the wood is greater than that of a galvanized nail.

In facing (finishing) works, galvanized or otherwise processed nails are used so that the hands of workers always remain clean and do not stain the lining.

2.2. Connection on corrugated notched nails.

Corrugated nail (serrated). Such a nail has a hidden (recessed) hat and a corrugated leg. In cross section, the leg is a round rod with a rounded sharp corner.

Corrugated nail (serrated).

The thickness of the serrated nails ranges from d=3…10 mm. The length of corrugated nails ranges from 25 to 100 mm.

The tensile strength of wood in serrated nails is about five times greater than that of conventional nails of corresponding sizes.

Therefore, their use is preferable in those joints where increased pull-out strength (increased wind load) is required.

2.3. Connection with threaded nails.

Threaded nail (screw). The nail has a hidden (recessed) cap and a foot with a shallow carving. The thickness of threaded nails varies within d=1…10 mm. The length of wire nails ranges from 8 to 150 mm.

Threaded nail (screw).

The nail can be galvanized and not galvanized.

They are used in places where the connection may be under the influence of variable loads.

The wooden floor and outer skin are upholstered with threaded nails.

2.4. Screw connection.

As a rule, connections with screws are single-shear and work on the perception of forces acting at a right angle in the direction of the rod.

1- screw nail with a countersunk head (not standardized) d=1...10 mm (example: 6x150 mm); 2- screw with a semicircular head with a longitudinal slot; 3- screw with a countersunk head with a longitudinal slot; 4 - capercaillie with a hexagonal head.

For screws (screws), the diameter of the drilled holes should be 2 ... 3 mm less than the diameter of the screw (screw) itself.

If the fastening of structures with screws (screws) must take into account the pull-out loads (for increased wind loads), then drilling holes is UNACCEPTABLE.

Table 5: Screw sizes.

Table 6: Assortment of capercaillie (wood screws).

The bearing capacity of screws and capercaillie (screws) is determined according to the calculation rules for steel cylindrical dowels with a diameter d equal to the diameter of the non-threaded part of the screw, except for the case when the penetration of the smooth part of the screw into the wood is less than 2d.

In this case, the calculation should be carried out according to the inner diameter of the section weakened by the thread. This will be discussed in more detail in the following sections of the site.

3. Connection on brackets, collars and anchors.

Auxiliary steel fasteners (brackets, clamps, anchors, etc.) are most often installed in nodes for connecting wooden elements during assembly and installation, to comply with the design dimensions of the structures and when they work with little effort.

Steel brackets are placed in the nodes of structures made of beams or logs. Depending on the dimensions of the sections of the elements and the length of the brackets, their diameter is 8 ... 18 mm.

Staples are driven into the wood without drilling holes in such a way that the place of driving does not coincide with the core part of the wooden elements.

And the distances from the top of the angle of the bracket to the center of the penetration of the bracket into the structure should be the same.

The distance from the center of the staple driving to the end of the element (S 1) is taken the same as for the dowels (see the section on installing the dowels).

Table 7: Steel fasteners for timber structures.

The reamer of the clamp for cutting metal is shown in the figure below (Fig. 5).

The attachment points of the beams using metal clamps are shown in the figure below (knot -5).

1- longitudinal beams (rafters); 2- transverse beam; 3- finishing around the root; 4- collar; 5- nails GOST 4028-63.

For fastening the roof overhangs and the joint of the beams, T-shaped anchors weighing 2.19 kg are used.

All auxiliary steel fasteners (brackets, clamps, anchors, etc.) protect against corrosion. The protruding metal parts are protected by wooden elements.