How to properly plant tomatoes in open ground. How to plant tomatoes in open ground correctly. Outdoor tomato care video

Tomato belongs to nightshade crops and is a valuable vegetable brought to Europe in early XVI century. It has been cultivated in Russia since the end of the 18th century. Now the tomato ranks 2nd among vegetable crops in terms of prevalence. In our country, it is grown on 250 thousand hectares, which is about a quarter of the total area occupied by vegetables.

Excellent palatability, wide distribution, high productivity and various uses have determined the popularity of tomatoes.

Tomatoes can be grown indoors and open ground on summer cottage... It is necessary to consider in more detail the question of what is the value of culture and.

The valuable properties of tomatoes

Tomatoes are distinguished from all vegetable crops by their abundant content of vitamins C, B1, B3, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, iron, calcium, magnesium, carotene, mineral salts, aromatic substances, sugars, citric and malic acids, fructose, lycopene.

The amount of nutrients depends on the place of growth, cultivation techniques, methods of care and other reasons.

Tomatoes are known for their antidepressant properties, vegetables have a positive effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, have anti-inflammatory and bactericidal effects, promote weight loss due to low calorie content. The popularity of tomatoes is growing every year.

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Planting tomato seeds for seedlings

To grow tomatoes, you need a selection of good healthy seeds, which are used for planting seedlings. Before sowing, the seeds are soaked in a nutrient solution. To prepare 1 liter of solution, take 1 tsp. wood ash. It can be replaced with 1 tsp. nitrophoski, 2 g of the drug "Bud", 1 tsp. liquid fertilizer "Effecton" or 1 tsp. fertilizers "Agricola-vegeta".

The selected drug is diluted in 1 liter of water. The seeds are soaked in cloth bags for 24 hours at a temperature of 20-25 ° C. Then the seeds are hardened. A tissue bag with seeds is placed in a polyethylene bag and refrigerated for 2 days. The freezer cannot be used. After this time, the seeds should be immediately planted in pre-prepared soil for growing seedlings.

The soil is prepared from equal parts of turf, peat, humus. Add 1 tsp to a bucket of mixture. superphosphate, potassium sulfate, urea. The mixture is best heated in an oven for 20 minutes at 100 ° C. Lightly watered potting soil is poured onto a baking sheet in a layer of 4-5 cm and left in the oven. Then they start sowing seeds for seedlings in peat pots, which are sold in many garden stores. The pots are filled with soil mixture, without adding 1 cm to the top, watered with a solution for soaking the seeds. 1 seed is placed in each pot to a depth of 1-1.5 cm, the seeds are not watered on top.

You can use special cells and boxes for growing seedlings. In this case, the seeds are planted with an interval of 5-6 cm. Seeds for seedlings are sown 45-75 days before transplanting into open ground. The planted seeds are kept in a bright room (greenhouse, room) with a constant temperature of 22 ° C. The first watering of the emerging seedlings is not abundant. The second watering is done after 14 days and is combined with top dressing. The third time the seedlings are watered 3-4 hours before the pick and transplant.

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Seedling care

Seedling care consists in watering, feeding, airing. Seedling boxes should be turned every day towards the light in different directions so that the plants do not stretch to one side. The first root feeding of plants is done when the plants have 1 true leaf. For top dressing, it is good to use the Agricola-Forward fertilizer, dilute 1 tsp. it in 1 liter of water. The second root dressing is done with the appearance of the 3rd true leaf. The preparation "Effecton" is diluted in 1 liter of water. The third feeding is carried out after the pick.

Plants dive (plant) with the appearance of the second leaf. Before planting for 2 hours, the seedlings are watered with a solution of potassium permanganate, 1 g is consumed per bucket of water, the root system is completely moistened. Seedlings grown in peat pots are not dived in most cases. For a pick, a box is used, in which plastic, peat or dense polyethylene cups are placed, fastening them together with paper clips. Containers for seedlings are filled with soil mixture, do not add 1-2 cm to the edges, leaving this volume for adding, watered. Seedlings are buried to the middle of the stem.

12 days after planting, the plants are fed (third feeding). For feeding in a bucket of water, dissolve 1 tbsp. l. potassium nitrate and double superphosphate at the rate of 1/2 tbsp. liquid on the pot. 3 weeks before planting in the ground, tomato seedlings are accustomed to direct sunlight and a temperature of 15 ° C, tempered, while young plants are taken out of the greenhouse for a day, after which they can be kept in the air at night. Seasoned seedlings yield excellent yields. The optimum age of tomatoes for planting in the ground is 2 months.

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Choosing a place for planting tomato seedlings and preparing a soil mixture

On the territory of the Russian Federation, the timing of planting tomatoes in the ground is limited. They are usually planted in the first decade of June, before this time there are threats of frost. Growing tomatoes is problematic where nightshade crops used to grow. This will damage seedling growth and further care for vegetables. best produced locally on legumes, root vegetables, herbs, carrots, onions.

Tomatoes really need light, the place for planting is taken away from the sun, protected from the wind. For cultivation, damp areas with a close location of groundwater that adversely affect the root system of tomatoes are not suitable. This culture is not too demanding on the composition of the soil, fertile soils. The optimum acidity of the soil is pH \u003d 5.5.

On sandy loam and loamy soils, mineral and organic fertilizers must be applied, drainage must be done. During the growing season, the formation and growth of fruits, the need for nutrients in tomatoes increases, fertilization is required.

The main mineral nutrients in tomatoes are phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen. With a lack of phosphorus, nitrogen is poorly absorbed by plants, growth stops, setting, formation and ripening of fruits is delayed. Plants get sick, the color of the leaves turns blue-green, then gray. Lack of phosphorus causes the leaves to curl inward. At the beginning of growth, it is best to add superphosphate for the proper development of tomatoes.

With intensive growth, the culture needs nitrogen, and potassium is required for the proper development of the stems. Excessive nitrogen leads to the accumulation of nitrates in fruits, potassium neutralizes the harmful effects of substances that increase the acidity of the soil. Based on these properties of fertilizers, the ideal soil for tomatoes is prepared. It should include humus, manure, compost as nitrogen-containing components. Heavy loamy soils are lightened with sand. Moreover, 1 m² is fertilized with 2 tbsp. l. superphosphate, 1 tbsp. l. potassium sulfate.

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Planting seedlings in the ground

Types of tomato formation: (standard, indeterminate, determinant).

Before planting the seedlings in the ground, it is watered with hot water, in which potassium permanganate is dissolved, 1 g is taken on a bucket of water. In this case, you can drive the stakes into the ground after 1 m, pull a rope between them along the entire length of the site. Then a ditch 35 cm deep is dug along the rope, the bottom is treated with a pitchfork, manure or humus is poured.

At the bottom of the ditch, after 1-1.5 m, pegs are installed, a wire or rope is stretched between them, which serves to tie the plants. Seedlings, previously grown in peat pots, are planted vertically, while the pot is only covered with soil, without removing the plant from there. Tall varieties and hybrids are planted in the middle of the ridge in one row, it is possible in a checkerboard pattern, 50 cm are left between the tomatoes and 1 m between the rows.

Evening time is well suited for planting in the ground, cloudy weather in the daytime - it is important that sun rays did not adversely affect young plants that need to be acclimated. Above the beds, you can install metal arcs, stretch a non-woven covering fabric over them. It is an excellent protection of young plants from the burning sun and strong winds... The beds should be regularly weeded, mulched, fertilized. Watering is done 2-3 times a week, the bushes are spilling, preventive measures are being taken to combat many pests and diseases.

Plants are spud 10 days after planting in the ground. Before that, they are watered, humidity accelerates the growth of new roots, the second hilling is done after 2 weeks. At first, the tomatoes are watered into the holes using 0.5 liters of water per bush. The best time to water is in the afternoon in cloudy weather. Obligatory watering is performed during the flowering of the brushes, before loosening and hilling, as well as after applying mineral fertilizers.

Planting Tomatoes outdoors is done by Tomato seedlings, usually in the first week of summer. You also need to pay attention to the characteristics of Tomato varieties.

In the fall, they begin to prepare the soil for planting Tomatoes. For these purposes, it is necessary to fertilize the soil and when digging, you should add - potassium chloride and superphosphate, 400 grams each, for every 10 sq. meters, to a depth of - 30 cm.

If you did not have time to add manure for planting Tomatoes in the open field, then at the beginning of spring, before harrowing, you will need to add - saltpeter at the rate of - 200 gr. on - 10 sq. meters, to a depth of 15 cm. The same should be done with the rest of the fertilizers when spring works, but only if they were not introduced in the fall.

For spring fertilization for planting Tomatoes in the open field, nitrophoska will also go, for every 10 sq. m., - 600 gr. Another, well-proven way to fertilize the soil for planting Tomatoes, is a mixture of compost and ash, at the rate of 1.5 tbsp. ash on a bucket of compost and this mixture is fertilized with holes or furrows.

Planting tomato seedlings

Planting Tomato seedlings in open ground, it is better to start in the second half of the day, so that during the night the Tomato seedlings get stronger and better tolerate planting in open ground.

For planting Tomato seedlings, separate pits or small trenches are made, with a depth equal to the height of the pots in which the seedlings of Tomatoes grew. Then, carefully remove the tomato seedlings from the containers in which they grew and carefully spread them together with a lump of earth in the pits, while trying not to damage the roots. In order to extract the seedlings of Tomatoes without damage, it is necessary to well moisten the containers with seedlings at least an hour before transplanting. Low-growing, early varieties of Tomatoes are placed so that there is a distance of at least 60 cm between the rows of tomatoes, and at least 30 cm between the bushes themselves in the rows. Tall varieties of Tomatoes also require proper placement in an open groove - 70 cm between rows and - 50 between Tomato bushes. It is worth remembering that the best time for planting seedlings of Tomatoes, it is evening, and you should create shade for the plants using sheets of cardboard or thick paper.

Watering plantings of Tomatoes

Tomatoes should be watered regularly, especially in the first period after planting. After watering the Tomatoes, it is necessary to loosen the soil between the rows of Tomatoes to saturate the soil with oxygen. This has a beneficial effect on the growth and ripening processes of future Tomato fruits. When tomato plantings are irregularly watered, you may encounter a disease such as Tomato apical rot, especially in dry weather. After - 7-10 days, depending on the state of the planted tomato seedlings, it is recommended to use top dressing prepared in the following proportions: - 40 gr. Superphosphate, - 60 gr. Garden mixture for - 10 liters of water. Alternatively, substitution is possible - 60 gr. vegetable mixture for - 10 gr. Ammonium nitrate. In the event that the Tomato plant has poured and became more massive, and the process of formation of Tomato ovaries is very slow, it will be necessary to exclude all nitrogen-containing fertilizers from the dressings.

Tips for successful cultivation Tomatoes in the open field

In order to grow high quality, tasty and healthy Tomatoes, try to follow these guidelines.

1. Tomatoes do not tolerate shading well, they are very light-requiring. Tomatoes should be grown in areas where they can receive the maximum amount of solar energy.
2. For good and correct growth of Tomatoes, they must be provided with a sufficient volume of moisture, this volume of water is about 2.5 liters daily, as a result of which, it is necessary to ensure regular watering of Tomato plantings.
3. Try to pick only ripe Tomatoes, the longer the Tomato ripens naturally on the bush, the tastier and healthier it will be in the end.
4. It is recommended to fertilize the planting of Tomatoes, at their early stage of growth, in the future, the use of fertilizers should be stopped until the ovaries of future Tomatoes are formed. You should not fertilize the bushes during the period of ovary formation, since the growth process will be very slow and will not bring the desired result. The presence of a large number of flowers with complex clusters on a tomato bush is not always a guarantee of an excellent tomato harvest. Due to a lack of pollen, Tomato flowers may start to fall off and we end up with a poor harvest. In order to prevent such a development of the situation, it is necessary to apply artificial pollination of Tomato flowers, this is a very effective and most importantly absolutely harmless way. This method of pollination is recommended to be carried out - 2-3 times a week in the afternoon, by shaking the Tomato stems.

Despite the fact that Tomatoes are heat-loving plants, very hot weather for them is a rather negative factor, since during the heat the reddening of the Tomatoes stops, this happens due to the oversaturation of the fruits with red pigment. And ripe Tomatoes are more useful and tasty than unripe ones. In such situations, artificial ripening of tomatoes is used, but this procedure gives only a good presentation, unfortunately it does not add any benefits to the fruit. Tomatoes keep their beneficial features, only when ripe on bushes.

Measures to promote the accelerated ripening of Tomatoes

Tomato bushes are sloping towards strong branching, while many shoots with a large number of ovaries begin to branch off from the central stem of the Tomato. These twigs are called Stepsons, and the process of removing them is called Stepsons. This pinching procedure must be done in order to avoid excessive stress on the bush, due to too many ovaries on the stepchildren shoots, which are then transformed into fruits and these tomatoes will not have time to ripen on the bushes, which will ultimately lead to a poor-quality, poor harvest ...

When forming a Tomato plant, it is necessary to leave the main stem and the stepchild shoot, which was formed first, that is, the plant will consist of two stems. The rest of the stepchildren shoots on the Tomato bush, which will appear later, must be pinched off at the initial stage of their growth, leaving no more than 1 cm.If you nevertheless noticed that the stepsons have grown large enough, then you need to pinch off only the top of the shoot. Removing stepchildren from Tomato bushes should be carried out regularly, once a week.

After the first 2 or 3 flower clusters are formed on the Tomato bush, it is necessary to pinch off the tops of the plant, thus, you will achieve an earlier ripening of the Tomato fruits.

With the harvest of Tomatoes in the fall, the main thing is not to be late, since the fruits of the Tomato, which linger on the branch at temperatures below 8 degrees, quickly rot and deteriorate. It is better to pick the Tomatoes early and put them in the boxes with ripe fruits, since a ripe Tomato releases ethylene, which helps ripen the rest of the fruits.

Tomato Care

Feeding Tomatoes continues throughout the season and is best done every month. Fertilizers or compost must be applied between the rows of Tomatoes.

Fertilizer for the planned planting of Tomatoes, it is better to apply - 1-2 weeks before planting seedlings. Preference should be given to fertilizers with a low nitrogen content in relation to other components.

Watering Tomatoes

Particular attention should be paid to watering Tomatoes, due to the strong discomfort of Tomato plants, with even a very slight moisture deficit. The consequence insufficient watering Tomatoes can become rotting and brittle the plant itself, especially during hot weather. Tomatoes have a great need for calcium, which is obtained from the soil using water. Mulching around tomato plants avoids rapid moisture loss due to evaporation from the soil.

In vain, some gardeners believe that tasty and juicy tomatoes can only be grown in a greenhouse. Having planted seedlings in an open garden, it is also possible to achieve good results if you choose the right variety. Low-growing and early-ripening varieties are suitable for growing tomatoes in open ground, the fruits must have time to ripen before the onset of a cold snap. As a rule, the weight of a tomato does not exceed 100 g and the yield is noticeably lower, but such plants are much more resistant to various diseases and pests.

Choosing a place on the site for growing tomatoes and preparing the soil

The bed should be set up in a well-lit place, the soil should be closer to neutral composition and rich in nutrients. Too heavy soil is diluted with peat or sawdust. It is better to place the plantings on the south side of the site and so that the plants are not blown by cold winds. Often, gardeners make single-row beds along fences or outbuildings.

Every 3, and preferably 2 years, the landing site should be changed. The pathogens of various diseases that affect both tomatoes and other nightshades remain in the soil. Therefore, growing tomatoes in the open field best predecessors for them are considered: onions, carrots, garlic, zucchini, squash, pumpkin, all types of cabbage. Cannot be planted after peppers, potatoes, eggplants.

Ridges for digging have been prepared since autumn. Manure or other organic fertilizers are applied to the soil. If the preparation of the ridges begins in early spring, then the manure cannot be used, it is replaced with humus or compost. You can also add to the soil and minerals, based on 1 m², the following amount is required:

• superphosphate - 80 g,
• potassium chloride - 20 g.

You should not apply too much fertilizer "in reserve", this will cause an active growth of green mass, but will negatively affect the fruit set.

Growing tomato seedlings

Sowing seeds in boxes or containers begins from February 20, you can use the soil from the greenhouse as a nutrient substrate, diluting it with forest soil. If sowing is carried out in separate containers, then it is recommended to plant 2 specimens in one well. When the seedlings sprout, the weaker plant is removed. During the growth of seedlings, it is regularly watered and kept in a fairly warm and bright room.

The preparation of seedlings for growing tomatoes in the open field requires preliminary hardening. To do this, a few days before planting the plants, containers begin to be taken out to the balcony or yard. First for an hour, then increasing the procedure time more and more.

Planting seedlings in the garden

Healthy seedlings are well developed, no more than 35 cm in height, 7 to 9 leaves and a couple of inflorescences. As a prophylaxis of diseases, seedlings are sprayed with a solution of Bordeaux liquid (1%). 12 hours before removing the earthy lump from the container, the soil is well moistened so as not to injure the root system.

The planting scheme depends on the selected variety of tomatoes, for low-growing ones they make rows at a distance of 40 cm, and the holes are placed, keeping a distance of 35 cm. When growing more branched specimens, the distance is increased by 15-20 cm. The prepared pits are watered if no fertilizer was applied for digging , then humus is added to the wells just before planting. Enough 1-2 glasses.

When growing tomatoes outdoors, the key to success is correct fit... The seedling is placed in a hole along with a lump of substrate and lowered just below the level of the upper layer, sprinkling the plant to the cotyledonous leaves. After that, the soil around the bush is compacted and slightly moistened. In order for the plants to acclimatize faster and take root better, it is recommended that the procedure be carried out on a cloudy but quiet day or in the evening.

Features of caring for tomatoes

To get an excellent harvest, you need to work hard. Despite the fact that varieties intended for open ground are more viable and resistant to the vagaries of the weather, plants need regular watering, feeding, forming lashes and a garter.

Watering tomatoes

Growing tomatoes in the open field begins with an irrigation system. As a rule, it is enough to moisten the garden once every 7 days. If you do this irregularly, then the skin of the fruit will crack. During each procedure, the soil must be moistened to a depth of 35 cm. For irrigation, use water heated in a barrel to ambient temperature. Water the plants at the root or in the aisles, but not irrigate the foliage. For this, it is more convenient to use a watering can with a "spout" or a ladle with a long handle.

After planting, it is better to immediately mulch the soil by covering it with straw, peat or humus. This will not only delay the growth of weeds, but will also maintain a certain temperature regime. If there is no mulching layer, then the beds must be loosened and weeded, for successful development the root system needs good aeration.

Pickling and pinching tomatoes

When growing tomatoes in open ground, the bushes form undersized, but, nevertheless, they also need to be pinched and pinned. Bushes form into one, two or three stems. The first 2 methods are most often used. In the first case, all stepchildren are removed, when grown in two stems, one single shoot is left under the first brush of the inflorescence, and the rest are ruthlessly removed. The shoots are pinched off or cut off carefully, leaving a 1 cm "stump"; it is better to use a sharp knife so as not to injure the plant too much.

In early August, the plant is pinched, removing the top after 3 clusters of inflorescence are formed. All untied inflorescences are promptly removed, such a procedure accelerates the growth and ripening of fruits. By the end of the season, the lower leaves are also removed, but not all at once, but in stages.

Fertilization

During the season, the farmer must carry out several additional fertilizing. When carrying out the procedure, you can adhere to the following scheme.

• The first feeding is carried out 12-14 days after planting the seedlings in the garden. 5-7 g of superphosphate and 3 g of ammonium nitrate are diluted in 5 liters of water. Consumption: 12-14 liters per 1 m² of plantings.
• The second feeding is carried out with the appearance of the first ovaries. In 5 liters of water, 6–7 g of potassium sulfate and 3 g of ammonium nitrate are diluted. Can be alternated with organic fertilizersusing a solution of mullein (optimal ratio 1:10) and poultry (chicken) droppings (concentration 2 times lower - 1:20).

When growing tomatoes in the open field, special attention should be paid to fertilization. If it is not possible to purchase highly concentrated substances, then the solution is prepared on the basis of liquid complex fertilizers.

Tall plants are tied to a support; for this, a wooden peg is driven in near the bush and the stem is fixed with twine. Small bushes do not need such a procedure. Ripening of the first tomatoes begins after July 10, provided that the early ripening variety was chosen. Medium ripening varieties begin to bear fruit in early August. Harvesting should not be delayed, since there is always a risk of tomato damage by late blight. If worsening weather conditions are expected, then half-ripe fruits can be collected and left to ripen on a sunny windowsill.

Video how to grow tomatoes in the open field

Secrets of growing tomatoes in the open field

Growing tomatoes outdoors can be difficult for novice gardeners, as the plant is quite demanding to care for. It is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the culture when preparing for planting, watering and feeding tomatoes, as well as provide them with protection from pests and diseases.

For reference to the reader

Tomato (Latin Solanum lycopersicum) belongs to the Solanaceae family. The fruits of the plant are berries, but the culture belongs to vegetables, therefore, the tomato is equally correctly called both a berry and a vegetable. The birthplace of culture is South America.

When to plant tomatoes in open ground

The culture does not tolerate frost, therefore, it is necessary to plant seedlings in open soil at a stable average daily temperature. Do not rush: early planted bushes will hurt and lag behind in development.

• In the southern regions of Russia, the procedure for planting seedlings of early maturing varieties can be started at the end of April;
• In the Urals and the Moscow region - in the first half of May (the landing time can be shifted by 10-15 days if the night temperature drops below 15 degrees Celsius);
• Mid-season tomatoes are planted later: in the South - in early May, in middle lane Russia - in early June.

Most auspicious days for planting tomatoes on lunar calendar are 1-3, 9-10 and 19-20 May. It is recommended to carry out the procedure in the afternoon, preferably in cloudy but not rainy weather.

Features of the choice of location and preparation of soil for tomatoes

When choosing a plot of a vegetable garden for planting tomato seedlings, it is recommended to give preference to well-lit southern slopes that are protected from the wind. Since the culture does not like waterlogging, you should choose elevated places with light loamy soil of low acidity.

Crop rotation rules for tomatoes

Crop rotation allows the land to rest and replenish the micronutrients consumed by the plant. Therefore, the place of planting tomatoes should be changed annually. It is important to take into account which plants grew earlier.

Tomatoes grow much better, cultivation and care in the open field, which are carried out in the beds where they grew: legumes, greens and roots. Crops such as potatoes, peppers or eggplants are undesirable. They can cause contamination of the earth with late blight, which will go on to seedlings.

Preparing the soil for tomatoes in several stages

Soil disinfection can be carried out in the fall. A solution is used for the procedure copper sulfate: 1 tablespoon of copper in 10 liters of water. Consumption is 1 liter per square meter beds.

In the spring, the soil is fertilized with organic matter and mineral salts: per square meter of soil is applied in equal proportions, 1 bucket each: peat, humus and sawdust. Add 2 tablespoons of phosphate and a couple of glasses of ash.

The soil is well dug up, watered with a warm solution of bleach for disinfection (2 liters per square meter). The preparation of the beds must be carried out in advance: 5-7 days before transplanting tomatoes into open soil.

Tomatoes planting and care in the open field

The quantity and quality of the crop often depends on more than just proper care. It is necessary to properly prepare the seeds before sowing and take care of the growing seedlings, and after planting in the soil, ensure good watering and top dressing.

Complex of pre-sowing measures

Tomato care starts with seedbed preparation seeds. You can follow all the procedures described, or those that you deem necessary.

Culling

The seeds are placed in a saline solution (1 teaspoon per 0.2 l of water), mixed thoroughly and left to stand for 10 minutes. For planting, full-weight seeds are chosen that have settled on the bottom of the container, they are washed with water and dried.

Warming up

The seeds are placed in tissue bags and heated on a battery for several days before sowing.

Disinfection or etching

Necessary for disinfection of planting material. The seeds are soaked for 20 minutes with 1% iodine solution.

Seed replenishment

For a day, they are soaked in ready-made nutrient solutions (Epin or potassium humate). You can use potato juice.

Soaking

The grains in a gauze bag are placed in warm water for 10-12 hours. Every 3-4 hours it is necessary to change the liquid, and let the grains breathe.

Germination

The planting material is placed on a damp cloth or paper towel. It is important to ensure that the material does not dry out and periodically add liquid until the seeds swell and begin to hatch;

Hardening

To ensure friendly shoots, the seeds are placed in a refrigerator overnight, and during the day they are kept at a temperature of 20 degrees. Celsius, the procedure is repeated three times.

Planting tomatoes in open ground

Grown seedlings should be prepared before transplanting. It is necessary to harden in the air and accustom the sprouts to sunlight, otherwise the immature sprouts may die from a sharp change in conditions. Air for 2-3 days, then take out the seedlings to fresh air for a week, gradually increasing the time.

You can plant tomatoes in open ground when the height of the bushes reaches 20-25 cm, and the stem has 7-9 large leaves.

Before transplanting, tomato seedlings are well moistened. The procedure is carried out as follows: the beds are marked in advance: for high varieties of tomatoes, the distance between the bushes should be up to 60 cm, and the same between the rows, and for undersized ones: 40 and 50 cm, respectively. Wells are made 25-30 cm deep, filled with water and allowed to be completely absorbed.

The finished seedlings are removed from the containers and planted together with a wet earthy clod. If the bush is very elongated, the lower pair of leaves is cut off on it and the stem is buried in the hole, but so that it does not bend or break.

The roots are covered with earth, a little rotted manure is added and sprinkled again. Then tamp with hands and watered: 1-2 liters for each bush.

Immediately after planting, the beds should be covered with foil for 6-8 days. During this time, the plants will get stronger and take root, watering is not yet recommended. After, the shelter can be removed and the planting moistened.

Outdoor tomato care

Tomato bushes must be regularly weeded, hilled and loosened. A peg is placed in advance near each plant. For the highest varieties, the height of the support must be at least 80 cm. It is recommended to use a synthetic thread that does not cause rotting of plants.

Watering tomatoes in the open field

Tomatoes do not like excess moisture, stagnant water can cause the development of fungal diseases. Until the ovary appears, it is recommended to only slightly moisten the soil, preventing it from drying out.

Watering tomatoes in the open field when ovaries appear is carried out every 7-8 days, 1 liter per plant is enough. During the period of growth and ripening of fruits, the frequency of watering is increased to 5-6 days, the amount of water is increased to 2 liters per bush. It is necessary to pour water under the root, avoiding contact with the leaves, as this can cause apical rot. Drip irrigation is recommended.

It is recommended to add a couple of pinches of wood ash per bucket to the water during watering (with automated drip irrigation, you can sprinkle the beds) a couple of pinches of wood ash per bucket, such feeding of tomatoes in the open field will strengthen the immunity of plants and accelerate their growth.

Water should be taken from a well or well, and tap water should be defended. Watering is best done in the afternoon. The water should be warm, as cold water will only harm the plants.

Top dressing of tomatoes in the open field

The procedure is performed every 2 weeks. For fertilization, use 15 g of ammonium nitrate, 50 g of superphosphate and 30 g of potassium per 10 l of liquid. One bush uses 1 liter of solution. When fertilizing, it is important that the amount of nitrogen does not exceed phosphorus and potassium.

Top dressing for tomatoes in the open field by folk recipes, will help to abandon the use of chemicals and pesticides. The most popular among gardeners:

• Infusion of nettle on water will saturate the soil with such trace elements as potassium, calcium and manganese.
• The wood ash solution will help protect tomatoes from pests such as slugs and snails while saturating the soil with potassium and phosphorus.
• Infusion of nettle with yeast or other green fertilizer will greatly increase the release of methane and nitrogen, which are beneficial for plants.

How to tie tomatoes, care and pinching

Outdoor tomato care is not only about watering and feeding. Immediately after removing the film cover from the garden, it is necessary to put a peg near each tomato bush.

It is placed on the north side at a distance of 10 cm from the stem and driven into the ground by 30-40 cm. The aboveground part of the support is usually 1 m. The bush begins to be tied during the period of its active growth. It is unnecessary to tie the stem tightly to the support, the twine should simply support the plant in an upright position. As you grow, the garter is raised higher.

In order for the fruits to be larger and to ripen faster, it is necessary to form bushes. Most often, one main stem is left on the plant, and the excess shoots are removed. The pinching procedure must be carried out regularly.

Young shoots emanating from the base of already growing brushes must be removed, like all leaves below the first branches. They are simply pinched off with two fingers.

Outdoor tomato care video

Prevention of diseases and pests of tomatoes

Growing tomatoes outdoors makes them especially vulnerable to common diseases and pests. Compliance with preventive measures will partially avoid problems.

• Observe the crop rotation, try not to plant tomatoes next to potatoes;
• Dig up the soil well before planting and disinfect;
• Plants affected by diseases or pests must be removed to protect healthy bushes;
• During watering, make sure that drops do not fall on the leaves;
• Refuse watering during a period of severe temperature drop;
• Give preference to new varieties and hybrids that are resistant to common diseases;
• Use folk remedies to repel pests that damage plants and carry diseases (infusion of garlic or onions).

Choosing a variety and growing tomatoes in the open field video

Outcome

Growing tomatoes, planting and care in the open field will seem simple and enjoyable if you provide the culture with everything you need and follow agricultural techniques. As a result, you will get an excellent harvest.

Do not be afraid to experiment and try new varieties bred by breeders, grow tomatoes that will be much easier to care for due to their resistance to diseases and temperature extremes.

One of the popular vegetables in home gardens is the tomato. It is used to prepare various dishes, including winter preparations. Vitamins and amino acids are preserved even in canned fruits. In order to harvest good harvests annually, it is recommended that you familiarize yourself with the agricultural technology of tomatoes and the rules of care for growing and planting in open ground.

In the article we will consider the most acceptable and productive varieties for the Russian region, the right ways planting and transplanting secrets, as well as how to fertilize and how to feed the bushes.

Planting begins after setting the night temperature with a positive indicator... In the middle lane, this period falls on the 20th of May - early June.

The timing is determined taking into account the plant variety and the climatic characteristics of the region. As soon as the average daily temperature is established +12 degrees, you can start disembarking. It is important to take into account the maturity of the seedlings:

• shoot height reaches 20-25 cm;
• the stem has 7-9 well-formed leaves.

Disembarkation early varieties in the south of Russia and in Ukraine it starts from the second half of April to the first days of May. Gardeners of the central regions of Russia transfer the seedlings to the garden from May 1 to May 15.

Mid-season varieties are planted 2-3 weeks later. Works are being carried out in cloudy weather or in the evening after 20-00.

Young shoots need protection from spring frosts, therefore, after planting, the garden bed is covered with agrofibre or covered with plastic wrap, which should be completely removed after June 5-10.

Temperature resistant varieties for planting in Ukraine and Russia

Ukrainian gardeners and summer residents of Donbass have identified the top five most the best varieties good-yielding tomatoes that can be planted in these regions.

The plant begins to bear fruit early, pink tomatoes can be harvested until the end of summer. The vegetation lasts 65 days, the weight of a medium-sized tomato is 200-220 gr... With proper care, up to 100 tons of crops are harvested per hectare.

The hybrid is tolerant to various diseases (fusarium, verticillium), suitable for cultivation in the country different types soil, withstands adverse weather conditions.

High-yielding hybrid with early ripening (growing season 60-65 days). Large fruits weighing up to 300 gr. have a fleshy flesh and a sweetish taste.

This plant is characterized by: a developed root system, excellent set, weighty fruits, large yields. Supernova is resistant to cold and disease. The fruits retain their presentation for a long time due to the dense skin.

The hybrid is suitable for industrial cultivation, the plants are resistant to weather disasters, diseases typical of tomatoes.

The yield per hectare, for example, if planted in the Donetsk region, is about 100 tons. Slightly elongated, cream-like fruits, medium in size with weight up to 80 gr.

Vegetation lasts 115-125 days; simultaneous ripening of tomatoes is noted. The fleshy flesh with a firm structure is ideal for processing.

The plant is recognized by a branchy compact bush and a large number of fruits, the weight of which does not exceed 60-70 gr.

The growing season lasts 65-70 days. The hybrid is stress-resistant, easily tolerates hot weather and cold weather, shows tolerance to fusarium wilt, nematode. The taste has a hint of sweetness.

The following varieties of tomatoes are popular among Russian gardeners.

Tomato bushes are formed of medium size with dense fruit ovaries weighing up to 70 gr. Tomatoes ripen even at low temperatures.

The increased yield allows harvesting over 100 tons of vegetables per hectare.

The growing season requires 95 days or more. Vegetables are well transported due to the firm skin and firm pulp with a sweetish taste.

The hybrid is an improved version of the White filling, is distinguished by strong immunity and the ability to develop with low temperatures and heavy rainfall.

The fruits literally stick to a stunted bush, red tomatoes, on average, hang 200 gr. More than 4 kg of harvest is removed from one bush.

The result of the work of English breeders, it is highly resistant to humid environments and fungal infections. Tomatoes are formed round shape light red, weight reaches 100 g

The growing season lasts 110-125 days. Up to 40 tomatoes are removed from the bush if grown correctly.

Fruits are formed by brushes, outwardly similar to cream, weight about 90 gr. The height of the bush reaches only 70-75 cm. The variety is valued for its ability to sow in open ground.

The plant easily tolerates heat and coolness in spring. The growing season lasts 96-98 days.

How can you plant tomatoes to get a good harvest?

Seedling selection

Some gardeners prefer to buy seedlings on the market, others - to grow on their own. In both cases, seedlings with a well-formed root system, a strong stem that have reached length are selected for planting. 20 cm.

Each shoot must have time to form 7-8 leaves, their deep green color indicates a healthy state. Pallor or mottling on the greenery may signal some kind of illness or disturbance in the growing conditions of the seedlings.

When growing seedlings on your own, it is worth considering the seeding time and observing the temperature regime at each stage of development.

What is the preparation of the garden for?

Before planting seedlings, it is necessary disinfect the soil solution of copper sulfate (1 tbsp. l. funds for a bucket of water). 1.5 liters of working fluid should be consumed per 1 m2. After that, fertilizers are introduced.

Tomatoes react well to organics and minerals.

For loam and clay soils, you can use the following mixture: dung humus, peat and sawdust taken in a bucket. Of minerals, a mixture of superphosphate (2 tablespoons), potassium sulfate (1 tablespoon), wood ash (2 cups) is suitable. Preparatory work with soil end one week before disembarkation.

Secrets of planting seedlings in spring

It is better to land in cloudy weather or after sunset... It will be easier for the shoots to adapt to the new environment at night. The planting scheme is selected taking into account the variety of tomatoes. Each bush should be well ventilated and illuminated by sunlight.

Medium-ripening tomatoes are planted in a row at a distance 50-60 cm apart. The row spacing is 50-60 cm... Compact plants are placed at a distance 40 cm.

The seedling holes are dug up to the size of a shovel bayonet. After abundant watering of the pits and water absorption, the seedlings are alternately transferred to the holes along with an earthen clod. It is not recommended to violate the integrity of the root system, as it will take less time for adaptation. Work is being completed by watering the beds (1-2 liters per bush).

The most important care after transplanting into the ground

For the development of the root system and the plant as a whole, oxygen is needed, so every 2-3 weeks a bed is needed loosen (the immersion depth of the tool is 8-12 cm). If the soil is dense, then work should be done more often.

The loosening procedure is often combined with weeding... Weeds provoke pest infestations and retain moisture in the beds, which creates favorable conditions for the development of diseases. In addition, the thickened bed is poorly ventilated. After the first weeding of the established seedlings, the soil can be mulched.

Watering carried out under the root of tomatoes, you do not need to water the greens. Of the existing irrigation systems, preference is given to point irrigation, sprinkling provokes shedding of inflorescences, causes pale fruits.

The first time after planting, you should not get involved in irrigation, it is enough to spend water procedures 1-2 times a week, not allowing the soil to dry out.

For the stability of the bushes, many gardeners carry out hilling. To do this, soil is scooped up under each stem.

AT pinching many varieties are needed, especially large-fruited. The removal of stepchildren is carried out every 2 weeks, so that all forces and nutrients are distributed exclusively for the formation of tomatoes.

Pollination methods

In order for the fruit to form in the inflorescence, pollination is required. There are different varieties: pollinated by bees and self-pollinated.

If insects are absent from the garden due to weather conditions or for a number of other reasons, then you can pollinate the flowers with your own hands. To do this, you need to identify male and female inflorescences.

First, a soft brush is carried over the pistils, then the pollen is shaken onto the stamens. Such manipulation is usually done in greenhouses and then only with those varieties that need pollination.

To attract insects to the beds for the purpose of pollination of the crop, it is recommended to plant in the aisle honey plants (basil, marigolds, etc.).

Acceptable feeding and fertilization to get a productive tomato

After planting the seedlings, 3-4 feeding is carried out.

1. In 3 weeks after disembarkation For seedlings, fertilizer "Ideal" is introduced into the soil with the addition of nitrophoska (1 tbsp. l.) to a bucket of water. One tomato consumes 0.5 liters of solution.
2. When the second flower brush will begin to bloom, the second complementary food is introduced. In 10 liters of water mix: potassium sulfate (1 tbsp.), Superphosphate (1 tbsp. L.), Potassium chloride (1 tsp.), Fertilizer "Agricola - Vegeta" (1 tbsp. L.). Another option involves the use of "Signor Tomato" (tbsp. L. Per 10 liters of water).
3. When disbanded third flower brush introduce "Sodium humate" or "Ideal".
4. After 2 weeks, a solution of 10 liters of water and st. l. superphosphate.

Cultivation and seeding errors

To protect your crop from unforeseen losses, you need to familiarize yourself with the mistakes that gardeners often make when growing tomatoes.

Buying seedlings with inflorescences is one of the common mistakes when growing tomatoes.

Among the main ones:

• planting seedlings or seeds out of timeindicated on the package, or the choice of varieties intended for cultivation in the greenhouse;
• purchase of seedlings with inflorescences (the formation of ovaries is subsequently disrupted);
• abundant watering (provokes rotting of the root system);
• excessive fertilization of the soil (leads to intensive development of the stem and leaves, while the inflorescences look sluggish);
• landing in open ground ahead of schedule (violation temperature regime negatively affects the formation of ovaries).

Diseases and pests - what kind of poison to spray from them

Most of the diseases are caused by violations of the temperature regime and irrigation norms. A humid environment and warm weather create optimal conditions for the development of harmful microorganisms.

The following diseases are considered dangerous for tomatoes:

• , in which brown spots appear on the stem and leaves. On the back of the sheet you can see the characteristic white bloom... The fruits are covered with brown spots. The main reasons for the development of the disease are strong temperature drops, high humidity. The fight against late blight involves spraying: the first time the seedlings are treated 20 days after planting with the "Barrier" solution, the second time the treatment is carried out another 20 days later with the biological product "Barrier".
• characterized by the appearance of black depressed spots on green fruits. The reasons for the development of the disease are: insufficient plant moisture, excessive nitrogen fertilizers in the soil, calcium deficiency. If lesions are found, it is recommended to treat the bushes with a solution of calcium nitrate. To do this, dilute a tablespoon of the product in a bucket of water. Severely affected tomatoes must be removed from the garden and disposed of.
• Root rot tomatoes occurs due to waterlogging of the soil or is transmitted through contaminated soil. Therefore, before planting, the garden bed must be disinfected with a solution of potassium permanganate or copper sulfate; during the growing season of the culture, strictly observe the irrigation rules.
• tomatoes are recognized by their characteristic brown spots on the stem, leaves and fruits. Disease affects tomatoes more often when they reach maturity. At first, small round foci appear, which quickly grow in size, which may not be noticed right away.If signs of disease are detected, plants should be sprayed with Fitolavin.

Among dangerous peststhat can cause significant damage to the crop:

• bear;
• wireworm;
• gnawing scoops;
• whitefly;
• melon aphids, etc.

• Bazudin;
• Arrow;
• Thunder;
• Fosbecid, etc.

Timely plant fertilization strengthens the immune systemmaking them unattractive to insects. They like to attack weak and young shoots. And a strong culture with a well-formed root and stem will be able to resist diseases and pests, giving the owners a generous harvest.

To grow good harvest outdoors on the street, you need to carefully look after the plantings, cover the bushes as needed. In some cases, you need to feed the soil before planting the seedlings, but most often you need to start feeding the plants after sowing.