Sberbank of Russia. What is this organization? Why we choose Sberbank

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Introduction

The organization of financial and credit services for enterprises, organizations and the population, the functioning of the credit system play an extremely important role in the development of economic structures. Not only the timely receipt of funds by individual economic units, but also the rate of economic development of the country as a whole depends on the efficiency and smooth functioning of the credit and financial mechanism.

The credit system is characterized by a set of banking and other credit institutions, legal forms of organization and approaches to the implementation of credit operations.

In a market economy, money must be in constant circulation, in continuous circulation. Temporarily free funds should immediately enter the loan capital market, accumulate in credit and financial institutions, and then effectively go into business, be placed in those sectors of the economy where there is a need for additional capital investments. A loan is a movement of loan capital, carried out on the basis of maturity, repayment and repayment.

The credit system as a set of credit and financial institutions accumulates free money capital, income and savings of various segments of the population and lends them to firms, government and individuals. The credit system regulates money circulation in the country. Provides various services to legal entities and individuals, thus creating credit economic relations, which operate in credit institutions. Credit institutions play a key role in the system of credit relations; they are financial institutions actively operating in the Russian economy.

Commercial banks are closer to the interests of the client, coordinate their activities with him more fully, allow them to more quickly solve the problems that arise before them at the present stage, and can compete with other credit organizations.

Thus, this topic is quite relevant and interesting to study.

Purpose of work: Study and characteristics of credit institutions, their types and functions.

The object of work is the credit institutions of the Russian Federation.

The subject of the work is credit relations arising in the course of the functioning of credit institutions.

The work consists of an introduction, three parts, a conclusion and a list of used literature.

Work tasks:

1. To study the concept, types and legal status of credit institutions in the Russian Federation.

2. Analyze the work of credit institutions in the Russian Federation.

3. Identify the problems and shortcomings of credit institutions and the prospects for their development.

1 . Basic theoretical concepts of credit institutions, their legal place in the legislation of the Russian Federation

1.1 Credit institution concept

A credit organization (institution) is a legal entity that, in order to generate profit as the main purpose of its activities, on the basis of a special permit (license) of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia), has the right to carry out banking operations.

In addition to banking operations, a credit institution is entitled to carry out the following transactions:

Issuance of guarantees for third parties, providing for the fulfillment of obligations in cash;

Acquisition of the right to demand from third parties to fulfill obligations in cash;

Trust management of funds and other property under an agreement with individuals and legal entities;

Carrying out operations with precious metals and precious stones in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

Leasing to individuals and legal entities of special premises or safes located in them for storing documents and valuables;

Leasing operations;

Provision of consulting and information services.

The credit institution is entitled to carry out other transactions in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. A credit institution is prohibited from engaging in production, trade and insurance activities.

Unlike the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, credit organizations are formed on the basis of any form of ownership, i.e. is a commercial organization. The authorized capital of a credit organization consists of the funds of its participants - legal entities and individuals and serves as a security for the bank's obligations. The minimum size of the authorized capital of newly registered banks is determined by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Banks' relations with clients are built on a contractual basis.

The credit institution is not liable for the obligations of the state. The state is not responsible for the obligations of a credit institution, except for cases when the state itself has assumed such obligations.

The credit institution is not liable for the obligations of the Bank of Russia. The Bank of Russia is not liable for the obligations of a credit institution, except for the cases when the Bank of Russia has assumed such obligations.

A credit institution, on the basis of a state or municipal contract for the provision of services for state or municipal needs, can fulfill individual orders of the Government of the Russian Federation, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments, carry out operations with funds from the federal budget, budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets and settlements with them , ensure the targeted use of budgetary funds allocated for the implementation of federal and regional programs.

Thus, the activities of credit institutions, in addition to the fact that they generally contribute to the functioning of the country's financial system, is directly related to the performance of the functions of the financial activities of the state and municipalities.

1.2 Types toredithinstitutions and their functions

Credit institutions can be divided according to the following criteria:

According to the form of ownership - into public and private

According to the form of organization - to those that have their own business (one owner), society (owners - partners), corporation (is a legal entity whose capital is separated from the capital of the owners);

For the operations performed - for universal and specialized (leasing, insurance companies, etc.);

By the territory of activity - into international (IMF, IBRD, European Development Fund), regional and national (connected with the national credit system, which assists the development of state credit institutions);

For the essence and functions performed in the credit system - for emission (central), commercial banks, special financial and credit institutions.

In addition, credit institutions are subdivided into banks and non-bank credit institutions (NPOs).

Bank - a credit institution that has the exclusive right to carry out in the aggregate operations: attracting funds from individuals and legal entities to deposits, placing these funds on its own behalf at its own expense on terms of repayment, payment, urgency, opening and maintaining bank accounts.

NPO is a credit organization that has the right to carry out certain banking operations provided for by law. The Central Bank sets the permissible combinations of banking operations for NPOs.

Moreover, each link performs its specific functions.

In the credit system of each country, the following main credit and financial institutions are distinguished: the Central (issuing) bank, commercial banks and specialized financial and credit institutions.

1. The main position in the credit and financial system, being a "bank of banks", is occupied by the Central (issuing) bank. It is usually a government agency.

The main functions of the Central Bank are the following: emission, accumulation and storage of cash reserves, is the custodian of the country's official gold and foreign exchange reserves, lends to commercial banks and provides cash services to government institutions, provides loans and performs settlement operations for government agencies, non-cash payments based on mutual claims and obligations (clearing).

2. Commercial banks are banks that make loans to industrial, trade and other enterprises, mainly at the expense of the monetary capital that they receive in the form of deposits.

Commercial banks are the main link in the banking system, they provide comprehensive customer service, which distinguishes them from special credit institutions that perform a limited range of financial transactions and services. A modern commercial bank performs about a hundred interconnected transactions and services.

3. Special lending institutions - banks and non-bank lending institutions that specialize in a specific area of \u200b\u200blending.

Specialized credit and financial institutions are distinguished by their orientation either towards servicing certain types of clientele, or towards providing mainly one or two types of services. Most of their activities are focused on serving a small segment of the market and, as a rule, providing services to a specific clientele.

Investment and innovation banks specialize in accumulating funds for long periods, including through the issuance of bonded loans and the provision of long-term loans.

Investment banks are engaged in financing and long-term lending to various industries, mainly industry, trade and transport. A significant part of the needs of industrial and other enterprises in fixed capital is satisfied through investment banks.

Innovation banks are a credit and financial institution specializing in lending and financing innovative projects, created to promote invention and the widespread use of scientific and technical developments (from design to mass implementation in production). Innovative banks can take a share in the formation of joint ventures and in activities for the creation and use of inventions. They carry out both short-term and long-term lending on a targeted basis. Innovative banks can also finance innovative projects by placing a bond issue among persons interested in the implementation of this project. Unlike other types of banks, innovative banks are characterized by a high risk of loan repayment, which also entails the need for additional guarantees to ensure the safety of depositors' funds.

Mortgage banks - lending institutions specializing in the issuance of long-term loans secured by real estate - land and buildings. They mobilize resources by issuing a special type of securities - mortgages, which are secured by real estate pledged in banks. Loans are used for the construction of residential buildings and other structures, expansion of production capacity of enterprises. The clients of mortgage banks are farmers, the population, and in some cases, entrepreneurs.

In addition to banks, the credit system includes special financial and credit institutions (FCI). In countries with developed market relations, non-bank FCIs have pension funds, insurance, leasing, investment and financial companies. Non-bank credit institutions include mutual aid funds, pawnshops, a pension fund, state and share insurance bodies.

Savings institutions (savings banks and cash offices) are credit institutions, the main function of which is to attract savings and temporarily free funds of the population.

Among lending institutions, financial companies are also distinguished, which, unlike firms that provide consumer loans for the purchase of durable goods in installments, do not directly issue loans to buyers, but buy their obligations from enterprises, retailers and dealers at a discount.

Insurance companies - they are characterized by a specific form of raising funds - the sale of insurance policies. They invest the received income, first of all, in bonds and shares of other companies, government securities. They also provide long-term loans to businesses and the government.

Investment companies place their obligations (shares) among small holders and use the funds received to purchase securities of various sectors of the economy.

Voucher investment funds (CHIF) in Russia are, in essence, also investment companies.

An important place is occupied by pension funds created by private and state corporations and firms to pay pensions and benefits to workers and employees. Pension funds - in contrast to the national social insurance system, which is based on standard conditions, the system of providing workers and employees from pension funds of enterprises makes it possible to establish special conditions, in particular a different retirement age, a system of contributions that takes into account all earnings when calculating a pension, and not part of it.

The Mutual Aid Cashier is a public credit institution that is created on a voluntary basis and accumulates funds from citizens to provide them with material assistance. Cash desks are created at trade union organizations of workers and employees - for trade union members, in collective farms - for collective farmers, in social security departments - for pensioners.

Pawnshops are also credit institutions that provide cash loans secured by movable property.

Other state financial and credit institutions include state off-budget funds.

The Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation is also an independent state financial and credit institution. The Fund is managed by the Government of the Russian Federation with the participation of all-Russian associations of trade unions.

A special place is occupied by foreign trade, or export-import banks, which are called upon to provide export credits, insurance of export credits.

Thus, the main forms of activity of these institutions in the loan capital market are reduced to the accumulation of savings of the population, the provision of loans through bonded loans to corporations and the state, the mobilization of capital through all types of shares, the provision of mortgage and consumer loans, as well as mutual credit.

Credit institutions include pawnshops, credit partnerships, societies or unions.

1.3 Legal status of credit institutions

The legal basis for the establishment and operation of credit institutions in the Russian Federation is established by the Federal Law of February 3, 1996 "On Banks and Banking Activities".

A credit institution is a legal entity that, in order to generate profit as the main goal of its activities, on the basis of a special permit (license) of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, has the right to carry out banking operations provided for by the law on banks. Credit organizations can be formed on the basis of any form of ownership as a business entity.

The law provides for the creation of two types of credit organizations: banks and non-bank credit organizations.

A bank is a credit institution that has the exclusive right to carry out, in aggregate, the following banking operations: attraction of funds from individuals and legal entities to deposits; placement of these funds on its own behalf and at its own expense on terms of repayment, payment, urgency; opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities. Unlike a bank, a non-bank credit institution has the right to carry out only individual banking operations, the permissible combinations of which are established by the Bank of Russia. Non-bank credit organizations, in particular, include organizations created to carry out settlements on the securities market, clearing institutions.

Credit institutions are one of the elements of the banking system of the Russian Federation, which also includes the Bank of Russia, branches and representative offices of foreign banks.

The list of banking operations and other transactions that credit institutions have the right to carry out is determined by Art. 5 of the Law. Exclusive economic competence is provided for credit institutions. The decision on state registration of a credit institution is made by the Bank of Russia. On the basis of this decision and the necessary information and documents provided by the Bank of Russia, the authorized registering body shall make a corresponding entry in the unified state register of legal entities within no more than five working days. The Bank of Russia, no later than three working days from the date of receipt from the authorized registering body of information on making an entry in the unified state register, notifies the founders of the credit institution with the requirement to pay 100 percent of the declared authorized capital within a month and issues to the founders a document confirming the fact of making an entry in registry. The entry into the unified state register of legal entities of information about the reorganization, liquidation of credit institutions is also carried out by the authorized registering body on the basis of the decision of the Bank of Russia on the corresponding state registration. In order to exercise its control and supervisory functions, the Bank of Russia maintains the Book of State Registration of Credit Institutions. A license to carry out banking operations of a credit institution is issued after the state registration of the organization. A credit institution has the right to carry out banking operations from the moment it receives a license issued by the Bank of Russia. The functions of state registration and licensing of banking activities are entrusted to the Bank of Russia. The law defines the measures of control and supervision over the activities of credit institutions, carried out by this bank, as well as means of ensuring the stability of the banking system, protecting the rights and interests of depositors and creditors of credit institutions.

So, in order to ensure financial reliability, a credit institution is obliged to create reserves (funds), including for the depreciation of securities; carry out the classification of assets, highlighting doubtful and bad debts and creating reserves to cover possible losses; comply with mandatory standards; deposit required reserves with the Bank of Russia; organize internal control. The activities of a credit institution are subject to an annual audit.

2 ... Analysis of the activities of credit institutions (for example, OJSC« Sberbank of Russia ")

2. 1 Sberbank's position in the financial market

The development of the Russian economy in 2011 took place against the backdrop of ambiguous external economic conditions. Global trends in world financial markets were primarily associated with low or negative growth rates in developed countries, whose economies are characterized by significant volumes of external and internal debt. In the United States, these problems were reflected in the slow economic recovery amid political divisions. The debt crisis continued to escalate in Europe. As a result, the volatility of the Russian stock and foreign exchange markets has increased significantly. In particular, in the second half of the year, amid the aggravation of the financial crisis in the Eurozone, the ruble depreciated from 28.1 rubles per dollar. USD in July to 32.2 rubles / USD USA at the end of the year.

The Russian economy continued its recovery growth. In 2011, GDP grew by 4.3%. The main contribution to the growth was made by consumer spending and the restoration of inventories of enterprises. In general, in 2011 the growth was based on domestic demand - both consumer and investment. External demand in the context of global instability has significantly decreased, which led to a deterioration in the export-oriented sectors of the Russian economy. The growth in the extractive industry slowed down, the growth of the manufacturing industry did not reach pre-crisis levels.

Real incomes of the population practically did not increase in 2011. However, the growth in retail turnover was 7.2%. The reasons for this growth are the realization of deferred demand, the growth of consumer lending and a decrease in the savings rate. This affected, among other things, the dynamics of retail services of Russian banks:

In the banking sector, the growth rate of retail deposits slowed down (21%) versus the previous year (31%). At the same time, the growth rate of deposits in Sberbank was 18%, thus, this indicator was below the market average. Due to this, the Bank's share in this segment decreased from 47.9% to 46.6%.

Banks actively developed retail lending. The volume of loans to individuals increased over the year by more than a third (36%). At the same time, Sberbank showed growth comparable to the market in this area, which allowed maintaining its market share at 32%.

Russian banks actively interacted with Russian companies and enterprises, whose attracted funds increased by 26%, loans - by 27%. Sberbank's cooperation with corporate clients was also successful, especially in terms of lending, in which the Bank managed to increase its market presence from 31.3% to 32.9%.

In general, a distinctive feature of the development of the Russian banking system in 2011 was the excess of loan growth rates over the growth rates of customer deposits, which in the second half of the year began to put additional pressure on the liquidity of the banking system. In the first half of the year, there was an excess of bank liquidity. In order to reduce it, as well as to reduce inflationary pressure in the economy, in February 2011, the Bank of Russia began to take measures aimed at tightening monetary policy: over the year, the required reserve ratios for banks were increased three times, the refinancing rate was doubled, the rate on deposit operations The Bank of Russia has been raised four times. In the third quarter, liquidity in the interbank market fell sharply against the backdrop of global instability and problems in obtaining external financing for Russian borrowers. Interest rates on the interbank market have grown significantly: MosPrime rates on overnight loans from 2.9% at the beginning of the year reached 6.5% in December. To maintain low lending rates in the real sector, the Bank of Russia sharply increased the volume of funds provided under REPO operations, and the Ministry of Finance placed deposits with banks.

For Sberbank, customer funds remained the main source of funding. Nevertheless, their growth rates, as in the entire banking system, lagged behind the rates at which lending developed. In this regard, Sberbank took measures to obtain additional liquidity. Sberbank received additional ruble liquidity by attracting funds from the Bank of Russia through direct REPO operations, obtaining secured loans from the Bank of Russia, as well as reducing investments in Bank of Russia bonds (over the year, their volume in the Bank's portfolio decreased by more than 430 billion rubles). Additional liquidity in foreign currency was obtained by issuing a bonded loan and obtaining a syndicated loan, as well as through trade finance operations.

In the first quarter of 2011, positive sentiments prevailed on the Russian stock market. However, subsequent events - growing uncertainty about the future growth of the global economy and the ongoing crisis of confidence in the euro area - twice, in August and September, led to a drop in global stock markets. As a result, by the end of the year the MICEX index was 17% below the level of the beginning of 2011. The market capitalization of Sberbank also decreased from $ 76.1 billion to $ 54.8 billion, while the Bank retained its place in the twenty largest banks in the world by this indicator.

In 2011, the quality of banks' loan portfolios continued to improve. Over the year in the banking sector, the share of overdue debt on loans to legal entities and individuals decreased from 5.5% to 4.6%.

Sberbank also paid particular attention to the quality of the portfolio. Work continued on the business processes for collecting problem debts, launched back in 2010. Systematic work with problem debts of large, medium, small and micro businesses allowed to reduce the amount of overdue debts of legal entities by 33 billion rubles. The volume of overdue debt of individuals for the year increased by 2.3 billion rubles, which, nevertheless, is insignificant compared to the total volume of the portfolio, amounting to 1,777 billion rubles. At the same time, the portfolio of term loans was growing rapidly. All measures taken together allowed the Bank to reduce the share of overdue debt on loans to customers from 5.0% to 3.4% and to form a higher-quality loan portfolio in comparison with the total portfolio of the banking system.

In 2011, Sberbank restored provisions for a number of loans as part of the planned work with problem assets. As a result, despite the fact that the Bank continued to create reserves for newly issued loans, on the whole, over the year, the cost of creating reserves decreased significantly. This had a positive effect on the growth of profits, which, having reached a record high, amounted to 46.5% of the total profit of the country's banking system.

2.2 Lending to corporate clients

In 2011, Sberbank remained a key supplier of financial resources to the Russian economy. The Bank accounts for about a third of the entire loan portfolio of the banking system. Playing such a significant role in lending to the economy, the Bank is continuously developing this important area and increasing the volume of lending.

In 2011, Sberbank issued loans to corporate clients in the amount of over 5.5 trillion rubles. - 28% more than in the previous year. The portfolio of loans to legal entities increased by 34.1% over the year and reached 6.4 trillion rubles. More than half of the portfolio falls on regional banks operating in all regions of the country.

Table 1. Structure of the loan portfolio by loan term

Traditionally, most of the loans to corporate clients were issued in rubles - their share in the portfolio as of January 1, 2012 amounted to 78.2%. The most popular, as before, are loans in Russian rubles for a period of 1 to 3 years to finance current activities or refinance previously assumed obligations. Loans for more than 5 years are also in high demand.

Segmentation of corporate business

The Bank is expanding its lending and financial operations with all groups of corporate clients, interacting with both the flagships of Russian business and the micro and small business segment. Priority attention is given to companies with a positive credit history, the bulk of whose turnover passes through accounts with Sberbank.

Table 2. Structure of the Bank's loan portfolio broken down by client segments

In 2011, Sberbank singled out a priority business development program with large and medium-sized companies with annual revenues from 0.4 to 15 billion rubles. The Bank has formed an institute of client managers responsible for cooperation with these clients, finalized product and service offers and introduced updated products for overdraft, circulating lending, trade and export financing, and cash management services. The first steps have been taken to integrate investment banking products into the processes of working with large clients.

Sberbank is actively developing an automated CRM Corporate system - a unified high-tech system that implements an automated credit process for large, large and medium-sized businesses. Future releases suggest

functional for small and micro-businesses, as well as for distressed assets. The project received international recognition, having won a bronze award in the category "Project Excellence in Big-Sized Projects" at the international congress IPMA Award 2011. Sberbank was the only bank to reach the final of this prestigious international competition. In addition, the project was recognized as the best in the category "Best use of IT in Wholesale / Transaction Banking" by the British magazine Banking Technology.

Lending to large clients

The portfolio of loans to large corporate clients in 2011 increased by 1.5 times and exceeded 3.7 trillion rubles. The largest volumes of credit resources were issued to the largest corporate clients working in various sectors of the national economy. The funds were provided to finance current activities, replenishment of working capital, investment programs to modernize production, mergers and acquisitions, debt restructuring, leasing and other purposes. Sberbank arranged a bond issue to finance the construction of the highway as part of a partnership on a major infrastructure project of federal significance.

Working with small businesses

One of the priority areas of the Bank's work is cooperation with small businesses. At the end of 2011, the portfolio of loans issued to small businesses exceeded RUB 650 billion, and the number of clients exceeded 100 thousand.

In 2011, the Bank approved the Concept of Small Business Development until 2014, which defines the provision of comprehensive services to companies in this segment, support at every stage of development, the Bank's role as a locomotive for small business creation in Russia and gaining a leading position in this market. The development of relationships with small business clients goes in several directions.

The process of granting loans is being transferred to a new technological track. All regional banks have introduced the Credit Factory technology - unsecured lending to small businesses based on a scoring model for assessing creditworthiness. The term for the loan is 3 days. In 2011, more than 48 thousand loans for the amount of 32.3 billion rubles were issued using the technology.

The implementation of another technology for lending to small businesses - the "Credit conveyor", has begun, which allows you to provide loans with flexible terms to all categories of small business borrowers in no more than 5 working days. As a result of the first stage, about 300 loans were issued for over 1 billion rubles.

The second area of \u200b\u200bdevelopment of relations with small businesses is the development of new products. Testing of the innovative credit product "Business Start" for start-up entrepreneurs has been launched in 30 largest cities, who can now receive financing for up to 70% of the start-up business. The first stage provides for lending to a business organized by franchising. In the future, it is planned to offer customers more than 100 ready-made solutions for starting a business on their own.

The bank has developed another loan product - "Business Project", provided for the expansion and modernization of the current business, as well as the opening of new lines of business for the borrower. When calculating the loan amount, future receipts from the financed project are taken into account. In 2012, testing of the product was started in three regional banks.

The third important area of \u200b\u200bwork with small business is changing the conditions of existing programs, taking into account the needs of the market. In 2011, under the unsecured lending program, the maximum loan amount was increased to 2 million rubles, the loan term - up to 3 years; for agricultural producers, the loan term for the acquisition of fixed assets was increased to 7 years; under the "Business Auto" program, the borrower's fee for the purchase of certain categories of vehicles has been reduced from 20% to 10%.

2.3 Lending to private clients

Loan portfolio dynamics

In 2011, the Bank provided over 4.3 million loans to private clients for a total amount of RUB 1,230 billion, which is 1.7 times more than in the previous year. As a result, the retail loan portfolio increased by 36.6% and reached RUB 1,777 billion.

Table 3. Dynamics of the retail loan portfolio by product

Mortgage credit lending

The Bank has started lending to individuals under Vnesheconombank's State Support Mortgage Program, within the framework of which loans are provided for the acquisition of real estate in new buildings.

On the territory of Yugo-Zapadny Bank, the Program "Construction Savings Banks" has been introduced, the participants of which are the "Kuban Center for State Support of the Population and Development of the Financial Market" and clients - individuals recognized as recipients of social benefits. The program is aimed at attracting individuals with low incomes and lacking sufficient funds to buy housing on credit under standard lending programs for targeted accumulation of funds for subsequent mortgage lending at a preferential interest rate. By the end of the year, about 1.5 thousand residents of the Kuban entered the program.

Since December 2011, the sale of a new housing product has begun on the territories of six regional banks "Military mortgage" - “Purchase of finished housing”. Loans are provided to servicemen who are members of the Accumulative and Mortgage System for housing provision for servicemen. The decision to promote the product throughout the country will be made based on the results of a pilot project in the second half of 2012.

Special lending conditions have been introduced for the most socially significant categories - "Mortgage plus maternity capital"... Within the framework of the program, young families with two or more children are given the opportunity to use maternity capital as an initial payment on a loan in whole or in part.

The maximum loan amount for the program has been increased "Refinancerabouthousing loans "issued by other banks. It is also allowed to pledge other real estate objects and guarantees of individuals for the period before the registration of the pledged item in favor of the Bank.

In the reporting year, special promotions were held, within the framework of which the Bank issued more than 60 thousand loans for a total amount of 65 billion rubles:

action "Top ten!", started in July 2010, on the terms: 10% per annum - rate, 10% - down payment, 10 years - loan term. Loans were provided for the purchase of real estate objects under construction / built by Sberbank's clients with the participation of its loan funds;

promotion "Take for 8", on the terms: 8% per annum - rate in rubles; up to 8 years - loan term, within 8 days making a decision on the loan.

Car loans

Since 2011, the opportunity has been implemented to introduce loan applications into the automated systems of Sberbank directly at the car dealership. This increased the level of service by reducing the time for making a decision on an application and printing credit documents in a car dealership.

In addition, the Bank:

canceled the requirement to provide the written consent of the borrower's spouse to pledge the loaned car;

provided borrowers with the option of adding the connection fee to the collective voluntary life and health insurance program to the amount of the car loan;

since February 2012 provided clients with the opportunity to obtain a car loan under two documents.

In the reporting year, Sberbank offered car loans at reduced rates within the framework of a special campaign “Small interest for high speeds”, which made it possible to reverse the trend of a reduction in the car loan portfolio. During the campaign, about 73 thousand loans were issued for 29 billion rubles.

Consumer loans

In order to develop programs with an individual offer for a specific client, the Bank implements a risk-based pricing system. The reliability and solvency of the client affect the cost of the loan - this principle is applied when issuing consumer loans.

In the reporting year, the Bank identified two new categories of borrowers who are provided with separate loan conditions:

segment "Youth" - borrowers 18-20 years old with a work experience of at least 4 months. The loan is issued against the guarantee of the parents;

borrowers who receive income in the form of pensions to accounts with Sberbank. The bank continued to liberalize conditions for consumer loans:

the maximum amount of unsecured consumer loans and guaranteed by individuals was doubled;

the age limit for unsecured consumer credit borrowers has been increased to 65 years of age;

a pilot project was launched to liberalize the requirements for a client's place of registration

In 2011, the Bank carried out a federal campaign to increase sales of loans to the Bank's current customers. Individual proposals were sent to 30 million participants in salary projects, borrowers with good credit history, and depositors.

Educational loans with government subsidies

The Bank continued to participate in the Experiment on state support of educational loans. Taking into account the experience already gained in 2011, the Bank introduced the following changes to the loan program:

simplified the form of a certificate from the university about the progress of the borrower;

a unified approach to the procedure for using a loan and its return has been adopted;

interaction with universities has been optimized in terms of providing information on student applications for loans;

the procedure and criteria for the selection of educational institutions with state accreditation were revised;

the criteria for student performance have been revised.

In general, the portfolio of educational loans for the year increased by 19.5% to 377.5 million rubles. In 2011, within the framework of the Credit Factory, 6.4 million applications were received (in 2010 - 3.0 million applications) and 4 million loans were issued for the amount of about 690 billion rubles. (in 2010 - 2 million loans for the amount of about 290 billion rubles), which amounted to 56% of all loans issued by the Bank to individuals in 2011.

The Banker magazine in the Innovation in Banking Technology Awards 2011 awarded the Credit Factory project as “highly rated” in the “Innovation in Risk Management Technology” category. The project was also recognized as the largest of the participants in the competition.

It is planned to transfer new products to the “Credit Factory” technology: “Express loans”, “Auto loans on 2 documents”, special mortgage lending programs, educational loans, loans to owners of personal subsidiary farms, etc.

3 ... The main problems of credit institutions and ways to solve themeniya

3. 1 The main directions of using financial resources

The main direction of using financial resources is lending to small businesses and individuals.

The features of the modern lending system include the following:

The client is not assigned to the bank, but he chooses the bank whose conditions coincide with his interests, he is given the right to receive loans from different banks, which will create conditions for the development of competition between banks. Proceeding from this, the issuance of a loan is possible both for the client and not for the client of the bank. A “non-client” of a bank means legal entities that do not have a settlement (current) account in this bank;

The bank trades its resources, so basically it dictates the terms of the loan;

Lending is carried out both on the basis of an enlarged object and in the amount of private needs, one-time loans covering the temporary gap in the payment turnover;

The volume of loans issued by the bank largely depends on the volume of attracted funds, and the volume of income and profitability of the bank ultimately depends on this.

The share of foreign currency loans in the total volume of loans provided to enterprises and organizations increases as the terms of crediting increase.

In terms of lending to small businesses, Russia ranks 148th in the world. According to the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, there are about a million small businesses in the country, more than half of which need loans of no more than $ 10,000. In order to make these loans available, the government has developed a program for the development of small business loans. The government will encourage lending to small businesses

The increase in the efficiency of the Russian banking system is associated with the active participation of banks in lending to the real sector of the economy. According to banking statistics, the growth rate of the currently most profitable type of banking assets - loans to the non-financial sector - continues to grow. Ruble-denominated loans are in great demand, the share of which in the total loan portfolio of the banking sector reaches, according to various estimates, 65-70%. The most active borrowers of banks are enterprises working for the domestic market (enterprises of the electric power industry, agriculture, food industry, and others).

3.2 Problems and disadvantages of the Russian credit market

The state of the Russian economy does not yet allow banks to pursue an active sectoral lending policy. Lending to industries is carried out mainly by banks created on the basis of state specialized credit institutions.

A serious obstacle to the further growth of banks' loan portfolios is the limited number of large creditworthy borrowers who have a credit history in the bank and, as a result, limit values \u200b\u200bof the maximum risk ratio per borrower.

The increased lending activity has two important consequences: an increase in banking risks due to a possible increase in credit losses and the need to increase capital. Official statistics show non-repayment of consumer loans. Many large enterprises are now faced with the fact that a serious infusion of funds is not available to them. Today, not many banks are ready to conclude a loan agreement for a period of more than three years. There are several reasons for this: these are the risks associated with the activities of the enterprises themselves, and the weakness of the national banking system (lack of capital, short term for raising funds, lack of experience of interaction between investment departments and enterprises of the real sector). Banks are trying to compensate for their risks with high interest rates and short lending terms. The procedure for obtaining a large bank loan is complex and lengthy. Such conditions are unacceptable for enterprises.

Now the largest industrial enterprises mainly attract credit resources from foreign banks, cooperating with them directly or through their Russian partners. The interest rate on such loans is significantly lower than that offered by domestic banks. However, as practice has shown, lending in foreign banks is available only to the largest enterprises with highly liquid assets and export supplies.

A significant factor that negatively affects the activity of banks in the consumer lending market is the lack of civilized forms of interaction between banks, as well as with law enforcement agencies for the exchange of information about borrowers and their credit history. This is an extremely important issue, since mass consumer lending is essentially blank and is based mainly on the forecast of the solvency and other social factors of a private person. Therefore, measures that can bring certainty to these forecasts, exclude the actions of fraudsters, will reduce credit risks, and, therefore, banks will be able to offer simpler and cheaper forms of lending.

3.3 Peprospects for the development of the Russian credit market

Against the background of an increase in demand from individuals and legal entities, the resource base of banks increased, which allowed them to increase the volume of lending. As a result, competition in the market intensified among banks for attracting highly reliable borrowers. In such conditions, many banks are developing and introducing new loan products in order to meet the increasing demands of borrowers.

Another trend in the credit market is the growth in the share of ruble loans. After the dollar depreciation, as well as the unstable situation in the foreign exchange market, many companies began to plan their cash flows in rubles. Accordingly, the demand for ruble loans increased.

In the future, the emerging trends should be expected to continue. In particular, most experts believe that the volume of lending will increase against the background of lower rates and an increase in lending terms. The growth of lending volumes is facilitated by high demand and significant volumes of free resources from banks. At the same time, due to heightened competition among banks, they will strive to fully satisfy the requests of borrowers.

In order to maintain their position in the market, a number of banks are likely to launch new projects. In particular, according to Sergey Menyaikin, Deputy Head of the Treasury of Moscow Capital Bank, in addition to traditional long-term lending for investment projects, one can expect the development of micro-lending for small businesses. Banks are beginning to view microcredit as a source of income.

The government also intends to create a guarantee mechanism for small businesses that do not have sufficient collateral. According to it, only half of the collateral will be required from the entrepreneur, the rest will be taken by the bank and the regional collateral fund. For an entrepreneur, such a guarantee will be practically free.

Experts predict that by 2011 the share of the population using consumer loans will grow. This means that those banks that have begun to build the infrastructure of consumer lending in advance, in two or three years may be a big winner.

Bankers agree that consumer lending will continue to grow at a faster pace, but the main players in it will be large and some medium-sized banks with a wide branch network. According to experts' forecasts, the Russian consumer lending market will develop rapidly over the next five years, and in two years every third car and every fifth purchase of household appliances will be issued on credit. But the most active development in the coming years will be overdraft lending by bank cards, car loans and mortgages.

In addition, bankers note that the market can be called formed only in the capital cities. In the regions, this service is just beginning to develop. We are still far from the Western scale of consumer lending. In the long term, the system of credit bureaus will make the banking business more stable and will contribute to the development of accessibility and cheaper loans for the population, keeping the level of defaults at an acceptable level.

Further development of consumer lending is seen in the fact that the Russian market will be dominated by foreigners. This trend will take more than real shape. Well-functioning work schemes of foreign banks contribute to the rapid achievement of results thanks to a clear system of building sales, marketing, and so on. In addition, the loan programs of foreign banks are designed for people with average and lower average incomes who really need a loan. Domestic banks are trying to attract one, but a wealthy client and lose in turnover.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we can draw conclusions and note some important aspects related to the lending operations of credit institutions and their accounting:

1. Credit operations are understood as the relationship between the lender and the borrower to provide the first to the last a certain amount of funds on the terms of urgency, repayment, payment, security.

2. The functions of the loan include:

Accumulation of temporarily free funds of individuals and legal entities, residents and non-residents;

Redistributive;

Substitution of cash and savings in distribution costs.

3. There are the following main forms of credit: commercial, banking, international, consumer and state.

4. The credit organization shall keep records of credit operations continuously from the moment of its registration until its reorganization or liquidation in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

5. The accounting of clients' loan debts is kept on active accounts of the 4th section of the chart of accounts "Operations with clients" on accounts 441 - 459 for accounting of loan debts.

6. Increasing the efficiency of the Russian banking system is associated with the active participation of banks in lending to the real sector of the economy.

7. In the future, most experts believe that the volume of lending will increase against the background of lower rates and an increase in lending terms.

In Russia, credit has not reached the level that exists in a number of countries with developed market economies. The development of credit in our country has faced many problems, for example, a weak banking system, imperfect legislation, a limited number of large creditworthy borrowers with a credit history in the bank, as well as others.

Bibliography

1. Banking: textbook / O.I. Lavrushin, I. D. Mamonova, N.I. Valentseva and others, ed. O.I. Lavrushin. - 7th ed., Rev. and add. - M .: KNORUS, 2008.-768 p.

prof. O.I. Lavrushin. - 2nd ed. revised and add. - M .: KNORUS, 2009 .-- 560 p.

3. Beloglazova G.N., Krolivetskaya L.P. Banking. Organization of the activities of a commercial bank: textbook. - M .: Higher education, 2008.

4. Mamonov M.E. The banking system of Russia on the way out of the crisis / Mamonov M.E., Pestova A.A., Solntsev O.G. // Banking. - 2011. - No. 5. - S. 21-31.

5. Kornev M.M. Banking liquidity management in modern economic conditions / Kornev M.M. // Bulletin of the North Caucasus State Technical University. - 2010. - No. 4. - S. 227-231.

6. Reshetnik OV Commercial bank liquidity: Russian and foreign methods / Reshetnik O.V. // School of University Science: Development Paradigm. - 2011. - T. 2. - No. 2-3. - S. 331-335.

corporate credit market client

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Organizational structure

The organizational structure of the bank can be represented as follows:

Sberbank (head office).
regional banks.
branches.
branches and agencies.

Bank's governing bodies:

General Meeting of Shareholders.
Supervisory Board.
Bank Board.
President, Chairman of the Management Board.

The bank's shareholders are both individuals and legal entities. The main part of the assets is more than 90% and is issued in the form of small and common, so-called preferred shares. These property types are of a nominal nature, the initial placement of new issues takes place in the order of an open subscription, and subsequent issues are used to increase the total capital.

The organizational structure of Sberbank is dictated by two main specific nuances, namely: the structure for its management and the scheme of services and functional units. An important purpose of the business administration is to provide effective guidance regarding the business of the institution through the implementation of procedures and operations.

Where is the management of Sberbank of Russia located? Consider the following table:

Bank Board

The management structure of the bank provides for the presence of governing bodies, the approval of their responsibility, powers and interaction in the conduct of banking activities. The highest management body for Sberbank is the meeting of its shareholders, which acts to address the following tasks:

making decisions on the formation of the organization;
approval of acts and documents on the specifics of its activities;
drawing up the Charter and monitoring its proper execution;
consideration and verification of reports on the results of the bank's activities for the past period of time and the distribution of profit directions;
selection of members of control and executive bodies.

The organizational structure of Sberbank is of interest to many.

The meeting of shareholders holds elections for the bank's supervisory board and board. For the purpose of global management of the bank's work, as well as overseeing the activities of the board and the audit commission, the bank's council is elected.

The formed council of the bank carries out the following tasks, namely:

determines the vector of direction of the institution's business policy;
carries out the supervisory work of the audit commission and the board;
approves annual accounts;
carries out credit control and conducts investment work;
conducts elections of the chairman.

Credit and Audit Committees

Under the Council, two committees are being formed - credit and audit. The first of these working instruments should form the organization's credit policy, the structure of funds and opportunities that can be attracted, as well as ways to open investment funds and, among other things, it is obliged to conduct activities on trust operations.

The Audit Committee monitors the proper implementation of legislation, organizes full and selective credit checks, both foreign exchange and settlement transactions, and so on.

Sberbank of Russia branches are located throughout the country.

The very structure for managing the bank is directly decisive is the legal form of mobilizing his personal property and the organizational and structural structure, that is, the level of development of the institution's network.

Actual structural diagram of the bank

The organizational structure of Sberbank of Russia is presented in such a way that three-fourths of the total mechanism is occupied by the head office itself, that is, the Savings Bank of the Russian Federation itself. Exactly the same part is allocated to territorial offices, three-fourths are represented by various departments and the same amount is allocated to agencies and branches from the general system of the entire organization.

Head office

Where is the legal department of the bank located? More on this later.

The Savings Bank of Russia, as the main office, manages the work of the lowest divisions of its structure. Within the framework of this activity:

In addition to the above measures, Sberbank of the Russian Federation carries out marketing analyzes together with other services, which are focused on a detailed study of regional market conditions, as well as customer requests and their needs, improvement and development of banking services and products.

Territorial structures of the bank

The security service of Sberbank is essential to ensure the work of its divisions.

Regional banks analyze the activities of all their organizations, based on the economies of individual regions and their subordination in order to establish the most profitable sphere of the economy for lending and assess the existing competitive environment.

At the moment, the transformation of territorial banks is underway, aimed at strengthening them, which is based on the transition from the current administrative and territorial division to structuring according to the existing most significant, both economic and geographical zones.

The enlarged territorial organizations must certainly allow them to increase their investment potentials, this also helps to achieve a certain correspondence between the level of development of a territorial institution and the economic potential of a particular region, and also makes it possible to participate in large regional programs for economic development. As a result, as a rule, fresh opportunities appear for improving and improving the settlement networks of the banking structure, and, in addition, automation tools and modern technologies are being introduced in order to increase the level of efficiency in the management of branches and departments, as well as the bank's personnel, its assets and liabilities. ...

Control over activities

Changes in the system of control over the activities of structural divisions that are currently taking place have as their main purpose an increase in the independence of banks of territorial type, which leads to a reduction in the time required for a number of certain transactions and improves the quality of service to the institution's clients. It is imperative to increase the flexibility in bank management and ensure a speed of reaction to constantly changing market conditions. It is also necessary to optimize territorial networks, taking into account social and economic factors, and, of course, to develop current information technologies at an accelerated pace.

The process of consolidation and consolidation of the banking network

The process of consolidation and consolidation of the banking network will certainly affect the most common divisions of the institution, that is, its branches and branches. Along with the branches and departments, which are used to perform functions of offering standard sets of client services, special specialized branches will be allocated. These working points will be focused on both comprehensive and individual servicing of their clients, as well as the development of some separately selected business vectors for activities with large corporate clients, including securities, currency and others. Optimization of the structure of agencies and branches includes assessing the values \u200b\u200bof the population and density in the regions, as well as the number of clients served in one of the bank branches. The needs of customers are also taken into account within the scope of obtaining certain banking services and products.

Agency

Agencies are considered the lowest link in the structure of Sberbank. They are created at large organizations in the most remote corners of our country, where sparsely populated areas are located. Such agencies perform a narrow range of activities, for example, they pay wages, receive utility bills, and so on. In the future, within the framework of Sberbank's structure, it is planned to replace unprofitable agencies with mobile operating cash desks.

Bank departments

The HR Department of Sberbank carries out the selection and hiring of employees, and studies the labor market. It also solves issues of training and advanced training of existing employees.

Risk management deals with issues related to the analysis of the bank's general risks, develops a policy for their management.

At Sberbank, the public relations department implements the bank's advertising and PR strategies, and oversees issues of interaction with the media.

The legal department of the bank develops standard contracts for current operations, it is responsible for the legal examination of agreements and transactions, participates in court on behalf of the bank, draws up various permits, certificates and licenses.

The Internal Control, Revisions and Audit Department monitors how the bank's divisions comply with internal instructions, the requirements of laws and regulations of the Bank of Russia.

The Security Department protects the premises and property of the bank from unlawful actions of third parties, and also takes care of the safety of the bank's personnel and customers.

Finally

Thus, the recent centralization in the management of all existing Sberbank institutions should certainly ensure a significant increase in control, as well as coordination of the work of the total number of its structural divisions.

We have reviewed the organizational structure of Sberbank.

Many talk about the reliability of Sberbank, recalling the days of developed socialism, when this bank was 100% state-owned. It seems that these times have long since sunk into oblivion, but people's memory has remained and now the younger generation considers this organization the most stable and reliable. Why is that? It is unlikely that only human memory is behind this. Let's figure out the current status of Sberbank by examining what a credit institution is and whether Sberbank is one of such organizations. It is also interesting what the current legal status of Sberbank is and whether the state participates in its activities.

What is this organization?

The legislation on banks and banking activities classifies two large categories of entities as "credit": banks and non-banking organizations, which have the right to carry out certain banking operations. Sberbank belongs to the first category of entities, which means that it is a credit institution. On August 11, 2015, Sberbank once again received the General License of the Bank of Russia, which allows it to carry out a number of banking operations:

attract money from various subjects of law in deposits;
place funds on its own behalf as an organization;
open and maintain accounts;
make settlements on behalf of third parties;
cash collection and cash services, etc.

General information about the organization is impressive, because Sberbank can be ranked among the leading banking organizations in the country, which have a huge capital turnover. 1/3 of the banking capital of the Russian Federation is concentrated in the assets of Sberbank. As one of the main creditors of the Russian economy, Sberbank makes a huge contribution to its development, investing in the real sector as well. The organization today has the largest and most extensive network of branches operating throughout the country.

The client base consists of 110 million names, of which 11 million are foreigners.

Today Sberbank has the most advanced online banking system, which is actively used by almost 30 million people and every month the number of registered users is growing steadily. The organization also offers a perfect SMS notification system, which is used by a huge number of people. Sberbank's banking service network includes ATMs and terminals. Currently, there are about 90 thousand of them and every month the organization installs about 250 new devices.

As you can see from this brief description, the organization has many achievements today. There are also enough resources for future grandiose achievements. It remains for us to supplement the narration with the details of Sberbank and we can proceed to the presentation of the next paragraph.

The current license is 1481.
Banking supervision is carried out by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
The official name of the organization is PJSC Sberbank of Russia.
The legal address is registered in Moscow on Vavilov street, house number 19.

Other relevant data, such as OGRN, INN, cor. account, it is better to look in the "Details" section on the bank's website. There is also a guide on the site that will help you find any branch of the bank of interest in any region.

Organizational form and state participation

Public Joint Stock Company. This is the organizational and legal form of today's Sberbank. Until 2014, Sberbank was called an open joint-stock company, but since it was in 2014 that new changes were made to the legislation, Sberbank was transformed from an open joint-stock company into a public joint-stock company. What has changed in the fate of the organization? Nothing at all. The bank, as before, continues to work on the basis of openness and publicity, attracting numerous citizens and legal entities to cooperation.

Let's discuss another question that worries many Sberbank clients: is their favorite organization a state company? Legally, it is a private joint stock company with a state share.

To date, a controlling stake - 52.32% of the shares belongs to the Bank of Russia, that is, the government body of the controlled state (if we do not go into controversy), which exercises control and supervisory functions in the financial and credit sector of the Russian economy. Possession of a controlling stake enables representatives of the Bank of Russia to make fundamental decisions at a meeting of shareholders and to exercise day-to-day management of the organization. Draw your own conclusions.

The management structure of today's Sberbank is quite complex. The main body that is authorized to make major decisions is the General Meeting of Shareholders. This body is convened periodically, and constant control over the activities of the organization is carried out by the Supervisory Board. Who is supervised by the supervisory board?

President, chairman of the board and the board.
Strategic Planning Committee.
Risk Management Committee.
Human Resources and Awards Committee.
Corporate Secretary.

The council also appoints and dismisses the head of the internal audit service, in addition, the heads of the internal control service and the risk management service. The Council elects an Audit Committee as necessary. Each of these bodies also interact with each other, but all of them, in one way or another, are subordinate to the Supervisory Board or the General Meeting of Shareholders.

So, whether we figured it out or not in the question that follows from the title of the topic of the article is up to you. It seems to us that all the tasks set have been solved and the goal has been achieved. If anyone still has questions, write them in the comments below.

Sberbank OJSC is the largest financial institution not only in Russia, but also in the CIS. It has a large network of divisions. The main activity of the institution is the provision of a wide range of investment and banking services. The main shareholder and at the same time the founder of the financial institution is the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. He owns more than half of the authorized capital and a voting share. About 40% of the shares are owned by foreign companies. The office of president of the institution and chairman of the board belongs to German Gref.

A bit of history

Central "Sberbank" began its history in 1841. It was during that period that Emperor Nicholas 1 issued a decree on the formation of the First box office was opened already in 1842 on the territory of St. Petersburg. In 1987, it was she who served as the basis for the formation of a bank for savings and lending to the population, including legal entities. The financial institution consisted of 15 republican banks. At that time, it was very problematic to say unequivocally whether Sberbank was a commercial or state financial institution. Beginning in the summer of 1990, by decree of the Supreme Council of Russia, the Republican Bank was officially recognized as the property of the Russian Federation. By the end of 1990, the financial institution was transformed into a joint stock bank. In 1991, it was already possible to unequivocally answer the question of whether Sberbank was a commercial or After the establishment became the property of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, it received the official status of a joint-stock commercial bank.

Moments of crisis and government assistance

During the period of default in 1998, the financial institution successfully coped with the problems not only by increasing fees for services, but also due to state support. Sberbank shares are mostly owned by the Central Bank of Russia, which explains the government's interest in the operation of the institution. A similar scheme of mutual support helped the financial institution to get out of the year. So, in 2010, the bank has already completely abolished the commissions associated with mortgages, consumer loans and car loans. Individuals received loans at individual rates. This situation caused difficulties when considering whether Sberbank is a commercial or state bank, since the institution offered many preferential programs in the post-crisis period.

Bank outside Russia

In 2012, he already received the title of leader in the field of issuing credit cards. The volume of loans issued by that time amounted to more than 150 billion rubles. At the same time, a 7.6% stake was sold for a total amount of more than 5 billion rubles. The answer to the question: is Sberbank a commercial or a state bank? " lies in its structure. The financial institution has three subsidiaries in the CIS. The branches of the financial institution are successfully operating in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus. There are also representative offices in Europe. These are Sberbank Europe AG with an office in Austria, DenizBank with a head office in Turkey and Sberbank Switzerland AG with an official representative office in Germany. There are also representative offices in India and China.

Bank activities today

The answer to the question as to whether Sberbank is a state or a commercial bank is obvious. The commercial structure is the leader in terms of the volume of assets, as well as the number of settlement accounts of corporate clients, of which there are at least a million. that the shares of Sberbank are mainly owned by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, it continues to flourish as an independent institution, it accounts for at least 45% of private deposits on the domestic market. About 11 million people receive wages through a financial institution, more than 12 million people are charged with pensions. The financial institution has installed about 19 thousand ATMs and 70 thousand self-service terminals throughout the country and issued more than 30 million plastic cards. The number of staff in the head office has long exceeded 240 people. The territorial network includes 18 thousand subdivisions. The Sberbank Online and Mobile Bank applications are being actively developed. The client base of remote systems has at least 5.4 million users.

common data

Sberbank, whose system is very extensive, offers a wide range of services, ranging from different types of lending to brokerage services. Among the clients of the commercial institution there are not only individuals, but also corporate clients, which account for 1/5 of the loan portfolio. The assets of a financial institution are differentiated as follows: the loan portfolio occupies 71% (73% of the loan portfolio are loans issued to enterprises and organizations), covers 14%, cash in accounts and in cash offices - 5%. Liabilities have the following structure: deposits of individuals account for 46%, balances on accounts of corporate clients - 23%, equity within 15% and interbank loans cover 11%.

Ownership: Sberbank of Russia - Commercial or State Bank?

The documentary side of the issue is very contradictory. Let's try to understand gradually whether Sberbank is a state or a commercial bank. By the type of its activities and based on everything written above, the structure conducts exclusively commercial activities. As for the form of ownership, it is state owned. At the same time, the authorized capital, as the property of the Central Bank, has the format of federal property. The commercial bank is partly owned by the public sector of the economy. At the same time, the state does not bear any responsibility for the debts of the bank, and the bank for the debts of the state. The fact that a financial institution belongs to the category speaks of its commercial structure. In accordance with the registration number of the enterprise, it belongs to the category of mixed Russian ownership with a part of federal ownership.

Investors are increasingly thinking about which banks are better to cooperate with and trust their hard-earned money. How to determine the most reliable financial and credit institution that will withstand any disasters and will remain a support for clients even in the most difficult economic environment?

Recent events associated with the development of the economic and political crisis in the country have knocked the ground out from under the feet of many participants in the financial sector. A precarious situation began to characterize the activities of a huge number of banks, especially those that appeared quite recently. Sanctions against Russia have blocked access to Russian banks for foreign investors, and, conversely, the former can no longer be implemented and regulate financial life outside the Russian Federation.

Commercial banks in 2016, as one, fail, therefore, state-owned banks are considered more reliable. The state owns only half of the authorized capital of Sberbank, so how correct it is to say that it is state-owned still needs to be sorted out, although many clients are sure of this. Some doubts are caused by the fact that foreign firms and companies act as the remaining shareholders. Today the President and Chairman of the Board of Sberbank is German Gref.

To understand whether Sberbank is considered a commercial bank, or maybe it is still a state bank, you need to look into history and, of course, study the documentation. We propose to make this small but interesting excursion with us.

Historical facts

For the first time they heard about Sberbank in 1841 - the official year when Emperor Nicholas I signed a decree on the creation of savings banks, it was then that Sberbank was formed. The establishment of the institution began not in Moscow, but in St. Petersburg, where the first customer service box office was opened. Within 5 years, there was such a concept as a bank for savings and lending to the population. The loan could be obtained not only by individuals, but also by enterprises.

At that time, Sberbank numbered about 15 banks, and it was not easy to determine the exact bank - state or commercial.

In the summer of 1990, the financial institution became the property of the Russian Federation, and closer to autumn it was transformed into a joint stock bank. Now the situation was becoming more or less clear. When the institution became the property of the Central Bank of Russia, it automatically acquired the status of a commercial bank.

When the crisis hit the country's history in 1998, shareholders had to make immediate and important decisions about how to deal with the default. The solution was found:

the state assumed great responsibility, which allocated the necessary funds for the operation of Sberbank;
rates for providing banking services to the population were increased.

The state was clearly interested in the continued functioning of the financial institution. The same pattern of getting out of problems was traced in 2008, which made it possible in 2010 to completely abandon commissions on mortgages and consumer loans, including loans taken for the purchase of cars. The bank applied individual interest to individuals. With the increase in state control over the activities of the institution and the proposal of many preferential banking programs from the state, doubt crept in again: is Sberbank still a commercial bank or is it already a state bank?

Sberbank in the international arena until 2015

Sberbank in 2012 was marked by the leading number of issued credit cards. According to official data provided to shareholders and founders, loans and advances were issued to legal entities and individuals in the amount of 150 billion rubles.

To understand whether Sberbank is commercial or state-owned, let’s pay attention to its structure. The establishment is divided into 3 subsidiaries located within the borders of the Russian Federation. According to data for 2015, Sberbank branches are located in neighboring Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus. European countries - Turkey, Austria, Germany - also have representative offices of a financial institution on their territory. Sberbank paid attention to India and China.

Bank today

At present, Sberbank can be called the leader of the banking sector in Russia; it occupies 1/3 of the entire banking system of the country. If we calculate the share of ordinary workers in Sberbank, every 150th family has at least 1 family member who works and receives wages at Sberbank.

What we know about Sberbank today:

As of 2016, the bank provided loans and loans to more than 38.7% of the population among all possible participants, as well as 32.2% of enterprises.
46% of clients trust Sberbank with hard-earned funds.
The institution includes 16,000 territorial branches at once, compactly and conveniently located throughout Russia.
110 million customers is an excellent indicator of how well the bank is coping with its obligations. Thus, more than half of the population of the Russian Federation has already recognized Sberbank as a reliable financial institution where it is not scary to invest money and use services.

Sberbank and the range of services offered

In 2016, the bank provides a wide range of services that satisfy all the needs of customers, from the banal registration of deposits and taking out loans, ending with money transfers and insurance. Retail credit works under the "Credit Factory" program, formed for a high-quality assessment and analysis of risks for obtaining a loan and ensuring the best loan portfolio.

Computer technologies do not stand still, Sberbank takes this fact into account, developing new applications and programs that make cooperation with the institution as convenient, modern and technologically advanced as possible. Remote control of user accounts is now possible. Clients can appreciate the high-quality development of designers and programmers:

Online banking called Sberbank Online, which is used by more than 13 million consumers;
apps designed specifically for use on smartphones have already been tested by over 1 million customers;
the most popular service is the SMS service, with which you can not only replenish your own phone, but also someone else's number, as well as transfer funds from one card to another bank card, while being in any part of the world (official statistics show the figure - 17 million those who actively use the application);
aTMs and terminals are located throughout the country and have 86,000 devices.

In terms of enterprises, about 1 million firms are ready to cooperate and cooperate with the bank, which employs 260,000 qualified economists, financiers, operators, accountants and other employees, making the bank the best financial institution that works with world-class tools and services.

Type of ownership

If you study the features of the activity, the bank is commercial, but its form of ownership is state. The statutory funds are included in federal property. It turns out that a commercial institution interacts and belongs to the public sector of the economy. It is also interesting that the state is not responsible for the debts of the institution, just like the bank is not responsible for the debts in the state treasury.

Sberbank belongs to an open joint stock company, which allows us to conclude that it has a commercial structure. In order to clarify this issue finally, we turned to experts for help, who said that there is only one state bank in Russia - the National. Therefore, it becomes clear that Sberbank is just a commercial bank with government support. The proof is an indisputable fact: the task of any commercial enterprise is to profit from its operation. Shareholders just use this profit of Sberbank for their own purposes, this is their so-called passive income.

As for the state, despite the fact that it owns more than half of the shares, at any time, in order to obtain benefits, the government can sell shares to someone else, and the role of the state in Sberbank will be completely forgotten. But this is unlikely. The fact is that soon experts will predict nationalization for Sberbank, and there are a lot of reasons for this process:

More than 50% of the shares are owned by the state.
The government constantly offers new loans and credits with state support, an example of this is the popular educational loan issued to clients of a financial institution if the borrower wants to get a secondary or higher education on a paid basis.
The deputies show a clear lack of understanding of the situation as to why Sberbank is unofficially fed by the country's budget, but at the same time has not yet been nationalized, and are determined to be determined.

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