Presowing seed preparation. Techniques for preparing seeds for sowing. Seed sowing rules

Based on the work of T. Ugarova
"Growing seedlings in an apartment"

Pre-sowing seed treatment methods are different depending on the crop. Many diseases vegetable crops, especially bacterial, fungal to viral, are transmitted through seeds. To protect plants from diseases, seeds are disinfected before sowing.

Table of substances for presowing seed treatment and spraying seedlings

The purpose of pre-sowing treatment is to free seeds from pathogens, increase their viability and accelerate germination. If the seeds were stored in the refrigerator, then the treatment begins with warming up for a month at a temperature of about 30 ° C. after which they are disinfected by subjecting them to heat treatment or chemical etching.

Seed disinfection- mandatory procedure. Do not forget that 80% of diseases of vegetable crops are transmitted with seeds (and plant residues) and only 20% through the soil. You do not need to disinfect seeds if the bag indicates that the treatment has already been carried out, or if the seeds are pelleted.

Heat treatment of seeds- the most reliable way of disinfection. Warming up gives almost 100% guarantee of the release of seeds from disease-causing agents. In domestic conditions, only one type of heat treatment is available - hot water, which is carried out by placing seeds in gauze bags in a thermos.

Etching with potassium permanganate- the simplest, most common and effective method disinfection. Of all the dressing agents, potassium permanganate has the widest spectrum of action. The seeds are treated with 1% KMn04 solution in the mode indicated in Table 4.

A 1% solution has a thick, almost black color. The dressing does not work if less concentrated (pink or dark pink) solutions are used, and also if sticky seeds are treated. Tomato seeds are especially common. Before immersion in potassium permanganate, you need to rub them with your hands so that each seed is moistened from all sides.

Table 4. Substances for pre-sowing treatment of seeds and spraying of seedlings

A drug	Appointment	Solution preparation	Method of use
Potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) (KMp04)	Seed dressing before sowing	1% solution 1 g per 100 ml (1/2 cup)	Process seeds for 20 minutes, then rinse to clean water
Copper sulfate (CuS04)	Spraying seedlings on peat soils with leaf lethargy	0.05% CuS04 solution (0.5 g per 1 liter of water)	2-3 times spraying on leaves
Iron vitriol (FeS04) or iron chelate or iron oxalate	Spraying seedlings when yellowness appears on young leaves	0.1% solution (1 g per 1 l of water)	1-2 times spraying on leaves
Potassium iodide (KI)	Spraying seedlings to prevent fungal diseases	0.01% KI solution (0.1 g per 1 liter of water)	Double spraying: before picking and after 2 weeks
Grain straw ash or sifted wood ash	Dusting seedlings of cabbage crops for the prevention of blackleg	Mix equal amounts of ash and sand and place in a "stocking" (rare cloth bag)	At the “fork” stage (expanded cotyledons), dust the seedlings overnight, wash off the ash in the morning. Repeat on the first real sheet.
Sodium or potassium humate	1. Soaking the seeds	0.01% solution	24 hours, 27-28 ° C
	2. Watering seedlings	0.005% solution	Watering over cotyledons, 1st, 3rd and 5th leaves
Epin	1. Soaking the seeds	2 drops per 100 ml (1/2 cup) water	12-18 hours, 20-23 ° C
	2. Spraying seedlings after picking	3 drops per 100 ml	Spraying 6-12 hours after picking
	3. Intensive spraying in stressful situations	7 drops per 200 ml	Spraying every 7-10 days

After disinfection, the seeds can be sown in the ground, but it is better to soak them in a solution of biostimulants - epin or humate before sowing. This significantly accelerates the emergence of seedlings of hard-growing seeds (celery, onions, parsnips, peppers, etc.), stimulates the growth of seedlings, and most importantly, reduces the sensitivity of seedlings to adverse conditions and increases their resistance to diseases. Processing modes are shown in Table 4.

Seed treatment before sowing - methods of processing seeds of various agricultural crops, aimed at improving the quality of the seed. The leading processes in preparing seeds for sowing are their treatment with microelements and dressing (treatment with pesticides).

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Introduction

Seed treatment (seed treatment)

- one of the targeted, economical and environmentally friendly measures to protect plants from diseases and pests. In the process of dressing, seeds are applied to destroy not only external, but also internal infections of plant origin, protect both seeds and seedlings in the field from soil-dwelling phytopathogens and various pests.

Presowing seed treatment

, along with, is the most effective and economical way to use microfertilizers. Trace elements, getting into the soil, form poorly soluble compounds. This is why expensive, water-soluble trace element salts are recommended for seed treatment as well.

The most popular and effective pre-sowing treatment of seed with complexonates,. These elements are technologically advanced enough for seed treatment, non-toxic, non-fire hazardous.

Information

Our website contains information about and intended for pre-sowing seed treatment.

Presowing seed treatment with pesticides

Combined preparations are created with the aim of expanding the spectrum of fungicidal action, imparting properties to disinfectants, and introducing fertilizers and retardants.

Combinations are created by combining simple dressing agents.

Basic requirements for seed dressing

Only conditioned seeds that have been sorted and tested for germination are subject to dressing.

Do not pickle heavily damaged seeds or with high humidity.

The treated seed should be stored in a dry, cool, well-ventilated area.

Influence of trace elements on seed germination

Certain conditions are necessary for seed germination. First of all, this is the supply of a sufficient amount of water. Air-dry seeds contain only 20% water and are in a state of forced dormancy. They quickly absorb water and swell.

It has been established that under the influence of micronutrient fertilizers, water flows faster through the seed shell, and its swelling increases significantly.

Effect of microfertilizers on seed swelling (% of the original weight). According to:
Experience Option	Plant	Time from the start of soaking, (hours - 3, 7, 25)
Control	Corn
Processed with trace elements	Corn

Together with the water, the microelements dissolved in it come to the seeds. They are localized mainly in the embryo and primary roots, thereby stimulating and improving their growth.

Studies carried out at the Institute of Plant Physiology of the UAAS have shown that seed treatment with micronutrient fertilizers improves germination energy, increases the number and length of roots. Thus, seed treatment with micronutrient fertilizers improves all indicators characterizing the first stages of plant ontogenesis.

Application of microfertilizers for seed treatment and their effectiveness

fertilizers

used for sugar beets, fodder root crops, flax, cotton, sunflower, legumes. For dusting seeds, it is produced on talcum powder containing boron in the form boric acid.

The positive effect of boron during pre-sowing soaking of seeds in a solution of boric acid was obtained for table beets and carrots on sod-podzolic soils of the Leningrad region. The use of boron in all methods of its introduction contributed to an increase in the yield of carrots and beets by 11-50 c / ha. At the same time, the content of sugars in the roots of both crops and carotene in carrots increased.

fertilizers

... For pre-sowing seed treatment, ammonium molybdate is used. It is used to process seeds of peas, vetch, broad beans, soybeans, lupine, clover, alfalfa, and vegetable crops. In addition, molybdenum is used for pre-sowing seed treatment. It is a mechanical mixture of technical talc and finely ground dry molybdenum. It is used for legumes and melons, cucumber, tomatoes, cabbage, perennial legumes. Dry dusting of seeds with ammonium molybdate is often combined with dry dressing.

The high efficiency of molybdenum in sowing treatment of seeds by wetting has been proven in experiments with a legume-cereal mixture on sod-podzolic loamy soil; on Ramenskoye experimental field - with clover seeds. High efficiency of molybdenum use was observed for alfalfa. At the same time, the yield of ground mass increased by 14.1%, and the yield of seeds - by 34.1%.

Thanks to pre-sowing treatment pea seeds, the seed yield in two years increased by 3.6 c / ha, that is, by 21%.

Field experiments on soddy-podzolic soils for sugar beets in three years increased the yield of root crops from 325.9 to 373.7 c / ha, and their sugar content - from 17.1 to 18%

fertilizers

... For pre-sowing seed treatment, copper sulfate is used in the form of a 0.1-0.02% solution. Dusting seeds with copper sulfate is carried out in conjunction with the treatment. For the treatment of seeds of corn, legumes and grain crops, flax, hemp, cucumber and melons, tomato, cabbage, perennial grasses, copper is used. It is a mechanical mixture of finely ground copper sulfate and technical talc.

The positive effect of copper sulfate in the treatment of flax seeds by spraying was established on moderately podzolized loams. At the same time, the yield of flax straws increased from 33.2 to 38.5 c / ha, the yield of seeds - from 4.3 to 4.7 c / ha with a simultaneous significant improvement in fiber quality.

On the dark chestnut soils of the Dagestan Experimental Station, an increase in cotton yield was observed as a result of seed treatment (pre-sowing soaking) in a copper sulfate solution.

All field studies showed a distinct effect of copper fertilizers on the yield of agricultural crops, both with pre-sowing seed treatment and with foliar treatment.

fertilizers

... For pre-sowing seed treatment, zinc sulfate, zinc polymer fertilizers, as well as those containing zinc, are used. Seeds of corn, cotton, sugar beet, cucumber, melons, tomatoes, cabbage and some other crops are treated with zinc fertilizers. Zinc sulfate is used in conjunction with.

Pre-sowing soaking of seeds in a solution of zinc sulfate has a beneficial effect on many crops: the yield of beans grows by 19-26%; tomatoes - by 22.4 c / ha; corn - by 5.6 kg / ha. At the same time, the quality characteristics of crops are improved.

In addition, the incidence of brown spotting in tomatoes decreases, and in cucumbers, resistance to rootworm nematodes increases.

The positive effect of pre-sowing zinc treatment was observed in experiments with winter and spring wheat, sunflower, winter barley. The yield of grain crops increased over two years by 1.56 c / ha, the content of protein and gluten in wheat and barley grains increased. The sunflower crop increased by 2.8 centners / ha, while the oil content increased from 34.4 to 36.2%.

Presowing treatment of sugar beet seeds in combination with a single foliar treatment in the chestnut soils of the Kazakh SSR increased the yield of root crops by 63 c / ha.

Preplanting potato tubers with zinc increased the yield by 29%. Moreover, in this case it was less effective. An increase in potato resistance to late blight and other diseases was also noted.

When pre-sowing seed treatment, manganese sulfate in combination with foliar under closed ground conditions not only increases the yield of tomatoes, but also increases their sugar content, the content of vitamin C in fruits, and reduces the incidence of brown spotted tomatoes.

It was experimentally found that in the field, pre-sowing treatment of seeds with manganese sulfate in combination with foliar dressing increases the yield of tomatoes by 9.5-12.2%, and carrots by 11.3%.

Experience Option	Yield kg / 100 m 2		The amount of sugars,%	Vitamins C, mg /%	Plants diseased with brown spot,%
Control (manganese free)
Manganese sulfate					In the course of field and vegetation experiments, positive results were obtained for the treatment of seeds with cobalt for clover, barley, winter rye on limed sod-podzolic soils. The positive effect of cobalt is noted for sugar beets, hemp, grapes in various soil conditions. fertilizers ... For seed treatment, iodine is used in the form of potassium iodide or sodium iodide. Presowing treatment of oat seeds with iodine led to an increase in the yield of green mass. There is a positive effect of iodine on the yield of hay of leguminous herbs - clover and alfalfa. In tomatoes treated with iodine, the weight of the fruit increases by an average of 319 g. Trace element compositions for seed treatment In practice, it is often necessary to treat seeds with several microelements. For this purpose, various compositions of microelements for seed treatment are available. Such mixtures have a beneficial effect on improving the quality of the seed and the development of plants at all stages of growth. Inlaying (pelleting or pelleting) seeds For pre-sowing preparation of vegetable seeds and some industrial crops, the method of incrustation (pelleting or pelleting) is used. Bactericides, various micro- and macro-fertilizers, growth stimulants, neutral dyes, adhesives are consistently applied to the seeds. This method provides a more uniform sowing of seeds, obtaining friendly shoots and facilitates sowing small seeds. A 2% solution of sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (NaKMC) and a 5% solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are used as film-formers. The consumption of film-forming agents is 1-2.5% of the mass of seeds. The polymer film allows water to pass freely, but tightly holds the chemicals on the seed surface. Inlay can be carried out both in advance and immediately before sowing. Features of pre-sowing fertilization of seeds of some crops Tomatoes and cabbage ... Seeding rate for cabbage and tomato growing is 400-500 g / ha. Due to the small amount of pre-sowing treatment, the seeds receive a dose of trace elements that is insufficient for the successful development of plants throughout the growing season. Therefore, when growing tomatoes and cabbage, it is recommended to combine seed pollination with foliar and

Calibration.It is carried out to determine the quality of seeds. To do this, they are immersed in an aqueous 3-5% solution of table salt or in water for 5 minutes, stirred vigorously and defended for 3-5 minutes. The solution with floating seeds is drained, and the ones that have settled to the bottom of the vessel are washed well in running water and dried.

Disinfection (etching).Prevents the development of various plant diseases and can be hydrothermal or chemical. Chemical etching they are carried out dry (apply powder-like pesticides to the surface of the seeds) and semi-dry (moisten the seeds with water, and then dust them with pesticides).

Hydrothermal disinfection is the alternation of hot seed treatment and then cold water.

Stratification.It is used to accelerate the germination of seeds of plants that have a long period of dormancy or germination, and to increase the viability of seeds of cold-resistant crops.
The seeds are soaked until they swell completely in a warm room, then they are evenly mixed with wet washed sand in a ratio of 1: 3. The duration of the stratification period depends on the culture and lasts from 30 to 120 days. After processing, the seeds are cleaned of sand or sown together with it. During podzimny sowing, seed stratification occurs naturally in the soil.

Hardening.It is used to increase the endurance of heat-loving crops (tomato, pepper, eggplant, watermelon, melon) to low temperatures and to temperature fluctuations.

Warming up seeds before sowing
It is used to increase the mass of seedlings and the number of female flowers on plants of the pumpkin family.
Seed soaking

Undertaken for an earlier and more friendly emergence of seedlings. Duration of seed soaking:

· Plants from the families of pumpkin, cabbage and legumes - 12-20 hours;

Solanaceae, Swans and Asters - 24-40;

· Buckwheat, onion and celery - 50-70 hours.
Germination takes about 2 times longer than soaking. When 1-3% of the seeds hatch, germination is completed. It is better to germinate large seeds of pumpkin, peas, beans, sugar corn in well washed, dried and sifted sand, moistening it with water until it is moist.
Enrichment with nutrients (macro- and microelements) and biologically active substances
Used to increase germination energy, improve nutrition and stimulate the metabolism of seedlings. Carried out after warming up and dressing the seeds, immersing them in an appropriate solution. This is especially important for small seeds that contain a small supply of nutrients (cabbage, tomato, onion, carrot, etc.).
Seed treatment is carried out several days before sowing. Boron fertilizers are most effective when processing seeds of table beet, carrots, radishes, swede, tomato, white cabbage and cauliflower; molybdenum - when processing cauliflower, tomatoes, carrots, zucchini, lettuce; copper - onions, carrots, beets.

Sowing seeds on paper.The essence of sowing on paper is that they are full-fledged, disinfected, and if sowing is carried out soon, then treated with biologically active substances, the seeds are glued to a tape of easily blotting paper. Strips of paste made from wheat or potato flour, stationery or casein glue are applied to the paper and the seeds are laid on them with a match.

The ripening time of the crop and its quantitative indicators directly depend on the quality of the seed. Some seeds easily and without problems give friendly shoots, others must be prepared without fail, and the more carefully you prepare the seeds, the higher the germination rate.

It should be noted right away that sowing flower and garden crops should be carried out with fresh seeds. For each plant species, germination varies in different ways and can remain within the normal range from one to five years. So asters remain viable only for a year, but rudbeckia - all five years.

It is clear that germination also depends on the conditions in which the seed is stored - jumps in temperature and humidity lower the germination rates with each subsequent year. In this regard, it is preferable to use fresh seeds for sowing. True, there are exceptions, for example, in the case of cucumbers, the best results are observed when planting 2-3-year-old seeds. This is due to the fact that cucumber bushes sprouted from annual seeds, as a rule, form a large number of male flowers (barren flowers), as a result of which yield decreases.

Freshly harvested seeds of most garden and flower crops have low germination, they need post-harvest ripening, the duration of the drying process depends on the variety and type.

The main rule that must be adhered to when storing seeds is a low moisture index, on which respiration processes depend - the drier the seeds, the more respiration decreases. If the threshold of critical humidity is exceeded, then the intensity of respiration will sharply increase. As a result, the seeds will awaken and germinate, or they will rot and die.

Therefore, during the preparatory treatment of seeds, it is necessary to take into account the necessary conditions for seed germination - heat, moisture and oxygen.

Now let's consider the methods of pre-sowing seed preparation, most often used at home.

Calibration

Vegetable seeds are divided into the following groups in size: very large (squash, pumpkin, beans, peas), large (beets, melon, cucumber, radish), medium (eggplant, cabbage, tomatoes) and small (turnip and carrots). But even the seeds of the same crop often differ in size, and uniform seedlings can only be obtained using seed of the same size and weight. Therefore, before planting, the seeds must be calibrated - divided into large and smaller ones in order to sow them in separate areas.

The seeds are placed for 5 minutes in a 3-5% sodium chloride solution or simply in water, stirred intensively and defended for five minutes. A solution with seeds that float is drained, and those that remain at the bottom of the dish are washed and dried in a dark place. Also, do not dry near a stove or heating radiator.

Small-seeded crops are sorted with an electrified plastic stick. To do this, they are scattered in a thin layer on a sheet of paper, after which a stick, previously rubbed with a woolen cloth, is held over them at a distance of about two centimeters. As a result, unfulfilled and empty seeds stick to the stick.

Soak

Novice gardeners, as a rule, ask the question - should the seeds be soaked before sowing? It is clear that you can sow dry, but if you carry out the specified procedure, seedlings can be expected a couple of days earlier, which minimizes the risk of seeds dying in the soil. This agricultural technique is very effective in early spring, when it is cold. Moreover, you can soak all the seeds, with rare exceptions. The result is especially noticeable in cases with long-germinating seeds, seeds of heat-loving crops, green large seeds, seeds that require an abundance of moisture during germination (legumes, bulbs). You do not need to soak fast-emerging seeds, as well as very small and if you are sowing in winter.

There are two main ways to soak:

1. Seeds of crops with normal germination are soaked for 24 hours in warm water (25-30 ° C), then dried (or can be pickled) and immediately sown.
2. Seeds with a thick shell or low germination are soaked for a longer period - up to several days (until the seed coat swells). In this case, the water must be changed at least every 4-6 hours. Then the seeds need to be pickled and can be sown.

Seed soaking time:

• plants from the families of cabbage, pumpkin and legumes - from 12 to 20 hours
• swans, nightshades and asters - from 24 to 40 hours
• onions, buckwheat, celery - from 50 to 70 hours

Seed dressing

This is a must, and therefore the most important method of preparing for planting seed. With its help, disinfection from pathogens of dangerous diseases occurs. Etching can be done with wet or dry methods.

When dry, the seeds are dusted with a fungicide powder with a wide range of effects, for example, foundation. If there are not very many seeds, then the dusting process can be done with a regular paint brush. For large volumes, add the fungicide to the seed container, cover and shake vigorously a sufficient number of times. For one kilogram of seeds, 3-5 grams of foundation is required. This method is more suitable for an industrial scale, since it is quite difficult to make an accurate measurement for 50 grams of seeds at home, besides, all work with chemicals should be carried out only in the open air.

Wet etching is done with a 1% solution of potassium permanganate. Exposure time: 20-30 minutes, but before that, the seeds are soaked in clean water for a day. If this is not done, then by treating the dry seeds with potassium permanganate, you can burn them.

After pickling in a solution of potassium permanganate, the seeds are washed with clean running water. If potassium permanganate is not at hand, a hydrogen peroxide solution (2-3%) can be used instead, heating it to a temperature of 38-40 ° C. Soak for about 7-10 minutes. You can also treat the seeds with a solution of fungicides, for example, foundationazol, the drug "maxim" and others, while all manipulations are performed according to the instructions.
After finishing pickling, the seeds are dried and planted in the ground. It is not recommended to store them. Planting time is a maximum of two days after dry processing, and no more than five days after wet processing.

Processing with trace elements

Processing with microelements is necessary for sweet pepper, pea, tomato, carrot seeds. It increases yields and speeds up ripening. The procedure is performed 12-24 hours before sowing. Trace elements are diluted with warm water (+ 45 ° C). At the end of soaking, the seeds do not need to be washed, only dried.

Microfertilizers can be replaced with wood ash, for this 20 grams of ash must be diluted in 1 liter of water and infused for 1-2 days, then soak the seeds in this solution for 6 hours.

Such seed treatment gives a good start to the plants, while they receive a sufficient amount of nitrogen fertilizers, as a result, such vegetables accumulate less nitrates.

Warming up in hot water

It is carried out as a preventive measure to avoid bacterial diseases, for example, vascular bacteriosis when growing cabbage. It is treated with hot water (50 ° C) for 20 minutes. The water temperature gradually decreases, so you need to add hot water little by little. After the completion of the process, the seeds are cooled with cold water and laid out to dry. You need to plant on the same day, in extreme cases - the next.

In a similar way, seeds and other vegetables are warmed up, for example, nigella must be kept for 6-8 hours in water with a temperature of 40 ° C.

Dry heating of seeds

Heating is suitable for increasing the germination of tomatoes and cucumbers. Heating also activates the formation of female flowers on cucumbers. Parchment is spread on a baking sheet and seeds are poured onto it. Then the baking sheet is sent to the oven for 2-3 hours, preheated to a temperature of 50-60 ° C. All this time, you need to monitor that the temperature is in the specified range.

There is also an easier way - turn on an incandescent lamp above the plate with seeds. It generates enough heat so that the optimum temperature can be obtained by varying the distance to the seeds.

Another way is to place the seeds in a gauze bag, hang them over the heating radiator. The process should last for two months. This will accelerate the ripening of seeds, increase the number of female flowers, and hence the yield.

Seed hardening

To protect the seedlings of vegetables and individual flower crops from short spring cold snaps, the seeds must be hardened. To do this, spread them between several layers of gauze, fill them with warm water and place them on a battery to get a temperature in the region of 20-25 ° C. Wait until the seed coat swells completely. For each culture, the swelling time is individual - cucumbers withstand about 24 hours, and tomatoes - about three days.

To determine if the seeds are ready, watch when the first seed picks up. After that, place the seeds in a cold environment (take them to the balcony or put them in the refrigerator), the temperature should be from 0 to + 3 ° С. Tomato seeds can be kept at temperatures down to -2 ° C. Keep the seeds in the cold for 18-20 hours, then put them back in a warm room (+ 20 ° C) and leave for 6 hours, after which the cycle repeats. And so on for 5-7 days. Also temper seedlings grown from these seeds by placing them in a warm and cold environment. The seedlings hardened in this way can be planted in the greenhouse a week and a half earlier than the standard time.

Pelleting

Pelleting is the enrichment of seeds with nutrients. Pelleted seeds germinate more amicably, in the early stages of development they are better provided with nutrients, as a result of which the yield increases. At home, pelleting is carried out as follows.

Pelleting allows you to bring seeds to the standard and then they will sprout at the same time

For a liter can of dried and sifted peat (6 parts), humus (3 parts) and chopped dry mullein (1 part), add 40 mg of manganese sulfate, 10 mg of copper sulfate, 40 mg of boric acid, 300 mg of ammonium molybdenum acid and 200 mg of zinc sulfate ... Moisten the seeds slightly, mix (they should not stick together). Put them in glass jar and add some dry cooked mixture. Then roll the jar and shake it so that the seeds, enveloping the mixture, take the form of balls (dragee). Repeat the operation several times.

Disinfection of seeds

Disinfection is an important and first step in protecting the future crop from diseases and pests. There are several options.

Heat treatment. A simple and reliable way to disinfect cabbage, tomato, eggplant and physalis seeds. The seeds in gauze bags are first immersed in a thermos with hot water (48-50 ° С) for 25 minutes, and then immediately in a glass of cold water for 2-3 minutes.

Disinfection does not occur even when stuck together seeds are processed. Tomato seeds are especially prone to sticking.

Potassium permanganate solutionhas a fairly wide spectrum of action. For correct preparation Dissolve 1 g of potassium permanganate in 100 ml of warm water. Remember that lower concentration will not produce the desired effect. And if you suspect that the seeds may be contaminated, double the amount of potassium permanganate. Dip the seeds in gauze bags in the solution, and then rinse under running water. Seeds of tomato, onion, celery, lettuce, radish, beans, peas, beans should be kept in solution for 30-40 minutes. Eggplant, pepper, cabbage, carrot, pumpkin seeds, dill seeds - 20 minutes.

Specialized stores sell modern drugs - growth promoters - increasing the immunity of plants and their resistance to diseases. But they should be used only on those crops and in those doses that are indicated in the attached instructions.