Influence of organic fertilizers on soil properties. Influence of mineral and organic fertilizers and other methods of fertility mobilization on agrochemical parameters of soils Influence of mineral fertilizers
Mineral fertilizers: benefits and harms
Yes, the harvest grows from them,
But nature is destroyed.
Nitrates are eaten by the people
More and more from year to year.
World production mineral fertilizers is growing rapidly. It doubles every decade. Of course, the yield of crops from their use is growing, but this problem has many negative sides, and this worries a lot of people. It is not for nothing that in some Western countries the government supports vegetable growers who grow products without the use of mineral fertilizers - environmentally friendly.
MIGRATION OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FROM SOIL
It has been proven that plants absorb about 40% of the nitrogen introduced into the soil, the rest of the nitrogen is washed out of the soil by rain and evaporates in the form of gas. To a lesser extent, but phosphorus is also washed out from the soil. The accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in groundwater leads to pollution of water bodies, they quickly age and turn into swamps, because the increased fertilizer content in the water leads to the rapid growth of vegetation. Dying off plankton and algae are deposited on the bottom of reservoirs, this leads to the release of methane, hydrogen sulfide and to a decrease in the supply of water-soluble oxygen, which causes fish to be killed. The species composition of valuable fish is also declining. The fish did not begin to grow to its normal size, it began to age earlier, earlier to die. Plankton in water bodies accumulates nitrates, fish feed on them, and eating such fish can lead to stomach diseases. And the accumulation of nitrogen in the atmosphere leads to acid rains, acidifying the soil and water, destroying construction Materialsoxidizing metals. Forests and the animals and birds living in them suffer from all this, and fish and mollusks die in reservoirs. There is a report that on some plantations where mussels are mined (these are edible mollusks, they were previously very valued), they became inedible, moreover, there were cases of poisoning with them.
INFLUENCE OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON SOIL PROPERTIES
Observations show that the humus content in soils is constantly decreasing. Fertile soils, chernozems at the beginning of the century contained up to 8% humus. Nowadays there are almost no such soils. Podzolic and sod-podzolic soils contain 0.5-3% of humus, gray forest soils - 2-6%, meadow chernozems - more than 6%. Humus serves as a repository for the basic nutrients of plants; it is a colloidal substance, the particles of which hold nutrients on their surface in a form accessible to plants. Humus is formed during the decomposition of plant residues by microorganisms. Humus cannot be replaced by any mineral fertilizers, on the contrary, they lead to active humus mineralization, the soil structure deteriorates, from colloidal lumps that hold water, air, nutrients, the soil turns into a dusty substance. Soil turns from natural to artificial. Mineral fertilizers provoke the leaching of calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, etc. from the soil, this affects the processes of photosynthesis, reduces the resistance of plants to diseases. The use of mineral fertilizers leads to soil compaction, a decrease in its porosity, and a decrease in the proportion of granular aggregates. In addition, the acidification of the soil, which inevitably occurs when applying mineral fertilizers, requires more and more lime. In 1986, 45.5 million tons of lime was introduced into the soil in our country, but this did not compensate for the loss of calcium and magnesium.
SOIL CONTAMINATION WITH HEAVY METALS AND TOXIC ELEMENTS
The raw materials used for the production of mineral fertilizers contain strontium, uranium, zinc, lead, cadmium, etc., which are technologically difficult to extract. As impurities, these elements are included in superphosphates, in potash fertilizers. The most dangerous are heavy metals: mercury, lead, cadmium. The latter destroys erythrocytes in the blood, disrupts the functioning of the kidneys, intestines, softens tissues. A healthy person weighing 70 kg without harm to health can receive up to 3.5 mg of lead, 0.6 mg of cadmium, 0.35 mg of mercury with food per week. However, on highly fertilized soils, plants can also accumulate high concentrations of these metals. For example, cow's milk can contain up to 17-30 mg of cadmium in 1 liter. The presence of uranium, radium, thorium in phosphorus fertilizers increases the level of internal irradiation of humans and animals when plant food enters their body. Superphosphate also contains fluorine in an amount of 1-5%, and its concentration can reach 77.5 mg / kg, causing various diseases.
MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND THE LIVING WORLD OF SOIL
The use of mineral fertilizers causes a change in the species composition of soil microorganisms. The number of bacteria capable of assimilating mineral forms of nitrogen is greatly increased, but the number of symbiotic microfungi in the rhizosphere of plants (rhizosphere-
this is a 2 to 3 mm soil area adjacent to the root system). The number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil also decreases-
they seem to be unnecessary. As a result, the root system of plants reduces the release of organic compounds, and their volume was about half of the mass of the aboveground part, and the photosynthesis of plants decreases. Toxin-forming micro-fungi are activated, the number of which is naturally controlled by beneficial microorganisms. Adding lime does not save the day, and sometimes leads to an increase in soil contamination with root rot pathogens.
Mineral fertilizers cause a strong depression of soil animals: springtails, roundworms and phytophages (they feed on plants), as well as a decrease in the enzymatic activity of the soil. And it is formed by the activity of all soil plants and living creatures of the soil, while enzymes enter the soil as a result of their release by living organisms, dying microorganisms. It has been established that the use of mineral fertilizers reduces the activity of soil enzymes by more than half.
HUMAN HEALTH PROBLEMS
In the human body, nitrates entering food are absorbed into the digestive tract, enter the bloodstream, and with it-
in the fabric. About 65% of nitrates are converted to nitrites already in the mouth. Nitrites oxidize hemoglobin to methaemoglobin, which has a dark brown color; it is unable to carry oxygen. The rate of methaemoglobin in the body-
2%, and more of it causes various diseases. With 40% methaemoglobin in the blood, a person can die. In children, the enzymatic system is poorly developed, and therefore nitrates are more dangerous for them. Nitrates and nitrites in the body are converted into nitroso compounds, which are carcinogenic. In experiments on 22 species of animals, it was proved that these nitroso compounds cause the formation of tumors on all organs, except bones. Nitrosoamines, having hepatotoxic properties, also cause liver disease, in particular hepatitis. Nitrites lead to chronic intoxication of the body, weaken the immune system, reduce mental and physical performance, exhibit mutagenic and embrinotoxic properties.
In drinking water, the nitrate content is constantly increasing. Now they should be no more than 10 mg / l (GOST requirements).
Limit norms for the content of nitrates in mg / kg have been established for vegetables. These norms are constantly being adjusted upward. The level of the maximum permissible concentration of nitrates, now adopted in Russia, and the optimal acidity of the soil for some vegetables are given in the table (see below).
The actual content of nitrates in vegetables, as a rule, exceeds the norm. The maximum daily dose of nitrates, which does not have a negative effect on the human body,- 200-220 mg per 1 kg of body weight. As a rule, 150-300 mg actually enter the body, and sometimes up to 500 mg per 1 kg of body weight.
QUALITY OF PRODUCTS
By increasing the yield of crops, mineral fertilizers affect their quality. In plants, the carbohydrate content decreases and the amount of crude protein increases. In potatoes, the starch content decreases, while in cereals the amino acid composition changes, i.e. protein nutritional value decreases.
The use of mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of crops also affects the storage of products. A decrease in sugar and dry matter in beets and other vegetables leads to a deterioration in their shelf life. In potatoes, the flesh darkens more; when canning vegetables, nitrates cause corrosion of the metal of the cans. It is known that there are more nitrates in the veins of leaves in salads, spinach, in the core of carrots, up to 90% of nitrates are concentrated, in the upper part of the beet-
up to 65%, their number increases when storing juice and vegetables at high temperature... It is better to harvest vegetables from the garden when ripe and in the afternoon-
then they have less nitrates. Where does nitrate come from, and when did this problem start? There have always been nitrates in products, it's just that their amount has been growing lately. The plant feeds, takes nitrogen from the soil, nitrogen accumulates in plant tissues, this is normal. Another thing is when there is an excess amount of this nitrogen in the tissues. Nitrates by themselves are not dangerous. Some of them are excreted from the body, the other part is converted into harmless and even useful compounds. And the excess part of nitrates is converted into salts of nitrous acid-
these are nitrites. They also deprive red blood cells of the ability to supply oxygen to the cells of our body. As a result, metabolism is disrupted, the central nervous system suffers-
central nervous system, the body's resistance to disease decreases. Among vegetables, the champion in the accumulation of nitrates
-
beet. Less of them in cabbage, parsley, onions. There are no nitrates in ripe tomatoes. They are absent in red and black currants.
For a lower consumption of nitrates, you need to remove the parts in which there are more nitrates from vegetables. In cabbage, these are stubs, in cucumbers, radishes, nitrates accumulate in the root. In the squash, this is the upper part adjacent to the stalk, in the zucchini- skin, tail. Unripe pulp of watermelon and melon, adjacent to the rind, is rich in nitrates. Salads need to be handled very carefully. They need to be consumed immediately after production, and refueled- sunflower oil... In sour cream and mayonnaise, microflora quickly multiplies, which converts nitrates into nitrites. This is especially facilitated by the change in temperature, when we put uneaten salads or undrinked juices in the refrigerator and take them out several times. When preparing soup, vegetables need to be well washed, peeled, and the most dangerous places removed; they need to be kept in water for one hour, adding table salt, 1% solution to it. It is good to reduce the content of nitrates in food by stewing vegetables, deep-fried potatoes. And after eating to compensate for nitrates, you need to drink green tea, and children need to be given ascorbic acid. And, ending the conversation about nitrates, we wish you all good health!
|
Culture |
Level utterly permissible Concentration Nitrates, mg / kg |
Optimal acidity soil, pH |
|
Tomato |
300 |
5,0-7,0 |
|
Potatoes |
250 |
5,0-7,0 |
|
Cabbage |
900 |
6,0-7,5 |
|
Zucchini |
400 |
5,5-7,5 |
|
Beet |
1400 |
6,5-7,5 |
|
Cucumber |
400 |
6,5-7,5 |
|
Carrot |
250 |
6,0-8,0 |
|
Banana |
200 |
|
|
Melon |
5,5-7,5 |
|
|
Watermelon |
5,5-7,5 |
N. Nilov
Municipal budgetary educational institution "Average comprehensive school named after Dmitry Batiev "p. Gam Ust - Vymsky District, Komi Republic
Work performed by: Isakova Irina, student
Supervisor:, teacher of biology and chemistry
Introduction ……………………………………………… .. …………………………………… 3
I. Main part ……………………………………………………………….….….… ..4
Classification of mineral fertilizers ……………………………………… ..… ..... 4
II. Practical part…. ……………………………………………. …………… .............. 6
2.1 Growing plants at different concentrations of minerals ... .. ... .6
Conclusion ……………………………………. ……………………………………… .... 9
List of used literature …………………………………………. …………… .10
Introduction
The urgency of the problem
Plants absorb minerals from the soil along with water. In nature, these substances then, in one form or another, return to the soil after the death of a plant or its parts (for example, after leaf fall). Thus, the circulation of minerals takes place. However, such a return does not occur, since during harvesting, minerals are carried away from the fields. To avoid soil depletion, people apply various fertilizers in the fields, orchards and vegetable gardens. Fertilizers improve soil nutrition of plants, improve soil properties. As a result, the yield is increased.
The aim of the work is: to study the effects of mineral fertilizers on the growth and development of plants.
- Study the classification of mineral fertilizers. Experimentally determine the degree of influence of potash and phosphorus fertilizers on the growth and development of plants. Design a booklet "Recommendations for gardeners"
Practical significance:
Vegetables play a very important role in human nutrition. A fairly large number of gardeners grow vegetables on their plots. Own garden plot helps to save part, and also makes it possible to grow organic products. Therefore, the research results can be used when working in the country and in the garden.
Research methods: study and analysis of literature; conducting experiments; comparison.
Literature review. When writing the main part of the project, the sites, the site "Secret of Dacha", the site "Wikipedia" and others were used. The practical part is based on the work "Simple experiments in botany".
1 Main part
Classification of mineral fertilizers
Fertilizers are substances used to improve plant nutrition, soil properties, and increase yields. Their effect is due to the fact that these substances provide plants with one or more deficient chemical components necessary for their normal growth and development. Fertilizers are divided into mineral and organic.
Mineral fertilizers - extracted from the depths or industrially obtained chemical compounds, contain basic nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and microelements important for vital activity. They are made in special factories and contain nutrients in the form of mineral salts. Mineral fertilizers are divided into simple (one-component) and complex. Simple mineral fertilizers contain only one of the main nutrients. These include nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizers, microfertilizers. Complex fertilizers contain at least two main nutrients. In turn, complex mineral fertilizers are divided into complex, complex-mixed and mixed.
Nitrogen fertilizers.
Nitrogen fertilizers enhance the growth of roots, bulbs and tubers. Have fruit trees and berry bushes, nitrogen fertilization not only increases the yield, but also improves the quality of the fruit. Nitrogen fertilizers are applied in early spring in any form. The deadline for applying nitrogen fertilizers is mid-July. This is due to the fact that fertilizers stimulate the growth of the aerial part, the leaf apparatus. If they are brought in in the second half of summer, then the plant will not have time to acquire the necessary winter hardiness, and will freeze in winter. An excess of nitrogen fertilizers impairs the survival rate.
Phosphate fertilizers.
Phosphate fertilizers stimulate the development of the root system of plants. Phosphorus enhances the ability of cells to retain water and thus increases the resistance of plants to drought and low temperatures. With sufficient nutrition, phosphorus accelerates the transition of plants from the vegetative phase to the fruiting season. Phosphorus has a positive effect on the quality of fruits - it helps to increase sugar, fats, proteins in them. Phosphate fertilizers can be applied every 3-4 years.
Potash fertilizers.
Potash fertilizers are responsible for the strength of shoots and trunks, therefore, they are especially relevant for shrubs and trees. Potassium has a positive effect on the rate of photosynthesis. If there is enough potassium in plants, then their resistance to various diseases increases. Potassium also contributes to the development of mechanical elements of vascular bundles and bast fibers. With a lack of potassium, development is delayed. Potash fertilizers are applied for plants starting in the second half of summer.
2. Practical part
2.1 Growing plants at different concentrations of minerals
To complete the practical part, you will need: bean sprouts, in the phase of the first true leaf; three pots filled with sand; pipette; three solutions of nutrient salts containing potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus.
The calculation of the amount of nutrients in fertilizers has been made. Solutions of optimal concentrations were prepared. These solutions were used to feed the plants and to observe the growth and development of plants.
Preparation of nutrient solutions.
* Hot water for solution preparation
2 bean sprouts were planted in pots with moistened sand. A week later they left one in each bank, the best plant... On the same day, solutions of mineral salts prepared in advance were added to the sand.
During the experiment, the optimum air temperature and normal sand were maintained. Three weeks later, the plants were compared to each other.
Experimental results.
Description of plants | Plant height | Number of leaves |
|
Pot number 1 "No salts" | Leaves are pale, dull green, beginning to turn yellow. The tips and edges of the leaves turn brown, small ones appear on the leaf blade rust stains... The sheet size is slightly smaller than that of other samples. Stem thin, inclined, weakly branched. | ||
Pot number 2 "Less salt" | The leaves are pale green. The size of the leaves is medium to large. No visible damage. The stem is thick and branched. | ||
Pot number 3 "More salt" | The leaves are bright green, large. The plant looks healthy. The stem is thick and branched. |
Based on the results of the experiment, the following conclusions can be drawn:
- For normal growth and development of plants, minerals are needed (development of beans in pots No. 2 and No. 3) They can only be absorbed in dissolved form. The full development of plants occurs when using complex fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, potash). The amount of fertilizer applied should be strictly dosed.
As a result of the experience and study of the literature, some rules for the use of fertilizers were drawn up:
Organic fertilizers cannot fully satisfy plants with nutrients, therefore mineral fertilizers are also added. In order not to harm plants and soil, you must have elementary representations on the consumption of nutrients and mineral fertilizers by plants When using mineral fertilizers, remember the following:
- do not exceed the recommended doses and apply only in those phases of plant growth and development, when necessary; do not allow fertilizer to get on the leaves; carry out liquid dressing after watering, otherwise you can burn the roots; stop any feeding four to ten weeks before harvest to avoid nitrate build-up.
Conclusion
The use of mineral fertilizers is one of the main methods of intensive farming. With the help of fertilizers, you can dramatically increase the yield of any crop. Mineral salts are essential for plant growth and development. Plants look healthy.
Through experience, it became clear that regular fertilizing of plants with fertilizers should become a common procedure, since many disturbances in plant development are caused precisely by improper care associated with a lack of nutrition, which happened in our case.
There are many important things for plants. One of them is the soil, it also needs to be selected correctly for each specific plant. Apply fertilizer according to appearance and the physiological state of plants.
Organic and mineral fertilizers have a huge impact on the soil. In fact, such an agrotechnical function as soil fertilization is a more intensely expressed imitation of complex natural processes occurring in the ecosystem over long periods.
Man changes the natural principles of the interaction of plants, animals and soil, adapting technologies for the most effective results when growing crops.
The effect of fertilizers on the soil can be different - both positive and negative. In order not to harm the soil, plants and beneficial microorganisms, it is necessary to comply with agrotechnical and environmental standards developed for various agricultural types of fertilizers.
Natural fertilizers are most useful for the soil. First of all, it is freshwater silt. It can be applied neat or diluted with compost, or mixed with other types of fertilizers.
Acidophilic crops prefer acidic soil. How can you change the pH of the soil to the acidic side? For this purpose, a type of natural fertilizer such as needles is well suited. Adding needles to the ground can have a good effect on acidophilic plants, but will negatively affect other species that require a neutral or alkaline soil environment to grow.Many fruit trees (primarily apple and pear) require iron during the ripening period. Thus, the treatment of fruit trees with iron vitriol will help to provide them with iron, which will have a beneficial effect on the yield, size and bright color of the fruit.
Nitrogen fertilizers should be applied to the soil with care. The fact is that as a result of the accumulation of nitrate salts (nitrates) in the soil, many agricultural crops accumulate nitrates in themselves and become toxic to humans and animals. This is especially true for melons and gourds.
The use of iodine fertilizers for feeding outside the root system has a good effect on vegetable crops and fruit and berry plants (adds up to 40% yield).
Some plants prefer alkaline soil. In addition, a situation often arises when there is significant pollution of plants and soil by vehicle exhaust and other industrial waste.
This leads to the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil, which, with a high degree of probability, leads to diseases of humans and animals. Lime or ash can be used to neutralize heavy metals and change the pH of the soil to alkaline. Lye binds heavy metalsturning them into salts.
There are other types of fertilizers that can change the structure, acidity, fertility, salinity and other soil indicators. The main thing is that when using fertilizers, agrotechnical and environmental standards are not violated.
The use of mineral fertilizers (even in high doses) does not always lead to a predicted increase in yield.
Numerous studies indicate that the weather conditions of the growing season have such a strong effect on the development of plants that extremely unfavorable weather conditions actually neutralize the effect of increasing yields even at high doses of nutrients (Strapenyants et al., 1980; Fedoseev, 1985). The utilization rates of nutrients from mineral fertilizers can differ sharply depending on the weather conditions of the growing season, decreasing for all crops in years with insufficient moisture (Yurkin et al., 1978; Derzhavin, 1992). In this regard, any new methods of increasing the efficiency of mineral fertilizers in areas of unstable agriculture deserve attention.
One of the methods of increasing the efficiency of using nutrients from fertilizers and soil, strengthening the immunity of plants to unfavorable environmental factors and improving the quality of the products obtained is the use of humic preparations in the cultivation of agricultural crops.
Over the past 20 years, interest in humic substances used in agriculture... The topic of humic fertilizers is not new either for researchers or for agricultural practitioners. Since the 50s of the last century, the influence of humic preparations on the growth, development, and yield of various agricultural crops has been studied. At present, due to the sharp rise in the price of mineral fertilizers, humic substances are widely used to increase the efficiency of using nutrients from the soil and fertilizers, increase the immunity of plants to unfavorable environmental factors and improve the quality of the yield of the products obtained.
Diverse raw materials for the production of humic preparations. It can be brown and dark coals, peat, lake and river sapropel, vermicompost, leonardite, as well as various organic fertilizers and waste.
The main method of obtaining humates today is the technology of high-temperature alkaline hydrolysis of raw materials, which results in the release of surfactant high-molecular organic substances of various masses, characterized by a certain spatial structure and physicochemical properties. The preparative form of humic fertilizers can be a powder, paste or liquid with different specific gravity and concentration of the active substance.
The main difference for various humic preparations is the form of the active component of humic and fulvic acids and (or) their salts - in water-soluble, assimilable or difficult to assimilate forms. The higher the content of organic acids in the humic preparation, the more valuable it is both for individual use and especially for the production of complex fertilizers with humates.
There are various ways of using humic preparations in crop production: seed treatment, foliar dressing, introduction of aqueous solutions into the soil.
Humates can be used both separately and in combination with plant protection products, growth regulators, macro- and microelements. The range of their use in crop production is extremely wide and includes almost all agricultural crops produced both in large agricultural enterprises and in personal subsidiary plots. Recently, their use has grown significantly in various decorative cultures.
Humic substances have a complex effect that improves the condition of the soil and the system of interaction "soil - plants":
- increase the mobility of assimilable phosphorus in soil and soil solutions, inhibit immobilization of assimilated phosphorus and phosphorus retrogradation;
- dramatically improve the balance of phosphorus in soils and phosphorus nutrition of plants, which is expressed in an increase in the proportion of organophosphorus compounds responsible for the transfer and transformation of energy, the synthesis of nucleic acids;
- improve the structure of soils, their gas permeability, water permeability of heavy soils;
- maintain the organo-mineral balance of soils, preventing their salinization, acidification and other negative processes leading to a decrease or loss of fertility;
- reduce the vegetative period by improving protein metabolism, concentrated delivery of nutrients to the fruit part of plants, saturating them with high-energy compounds (sugars, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds), and also suppress the accumulation of nitrates in the green part of plants;
- enhance the development of the plant root system due to adequate nutrition and accelerated cell division.
Particularly important are beneficial features humic components to maintain the organo-mineral balance of soils with intensive technologies. In the article by Paul Fixen "The concept of increasing the productivity of agricultural crops and the efficiency of using nutrients by plants" (Fixen, 2010), a reference is made to a systematic analysis of methods for assessing the effectiveness of using nutrients by plants. The intensity of technologies for the cultivation of agricultural crops and the associated changes in the structure and composition of the soil, in particular, the immobilization of nutrients and mineralization are indicated as one of the significant factors affecting the efficiency of the use of nutrients. organic matter... Humic components in combination with key macronutrients, primarily phosphorus, support soil fertility with intensive technologies.
In the work of S.E. Ivanova, I.V. Loginova, T.Tindall, "Phosphorus: mechanisms of losses from the soil and ways to reduce them" (Ivanova et al., 2011), the chemical fixation of phosphorus in soils is noted as one of the main factors of a low degree the use of phosphorus by plants (at the level of 5 - 25% of the amount of phosphorus introduced in the 1st year). An increase in the degree of phosphorus use by plants in the year of application has a pronounced ecological effect - a decrease in the ingress of phosphorus with surface and underground runoff into water bodies. The combination of an organic component in the form of humic substances with a mineral one in fertilizers prevents the chemical fixation of phosphorus into poorly soluble phosphates of calcium, magnesium, iron and aluminum and preserves phosphorus in a form accessible to plants.
In our opinion, the use of humic preparations in the composition of mineral macrofertilizers is very promising.
Currently, there are several ways to introduce humates into dry mineral fertilizers:
- surface treatment of granular industrial fertilizers, which is widely used in the preparation of mechanical fertilizer mixtures;
- mechanical introduction of humates into powder, followed by granulation during low-tonnage production of mineral fertilizers.
- introduction of humates into the melt during the large-scale production of mineral fertilizers (industrial production).
The use of humic preparations for the production of liquid mineral fertilizers used for foliar processing of crops is very widespread in Russia and abroad.
The purpose of this publication is to show the comparative effectiveness of humatized and conventional granular mineral fertilizers on grain crops (winter and spring wheat, barley) and spring rape in various soil and climatic zones of Russia.
As a humic preparation for obtaining guaranteed high results in agrochemical efficiency, sodium humate "Sakhalin" was chosen with the following indicators ( tab. 1).
The production of humate "Sakhalinsky" is based on the use of brown coals from the Solntsevskoye deposit about. Sakhalin, which has a very high concentration of humic acids in an assimilable form (over 80%). Alkaline extract from brown coals of this deposit is almost completely soluble in water, non-hygroscopic and non-caking powder of dark brown color. The product also contains microelements and zeolites, which contribute to the accumulation of nutrients and the regulation of the metabolic process.
In addition to the indicated indicators of the Sakhalin sodium humate, an important factor in its choice as a humic additive was the production of concentrated forms of humic preparations in industrial quantities, high agrochemical indices for individual use, the content of humic substances mainly in a water-soluble form and the presence of a liquid form of humate for uniform distribution in the granule in industrial production, as well as state registration as an agrochemical.
In 2004, OJSC Ammophos in Cherepovets produced a pilot batch of a new type of fertilizer - azofoska (nitroammofoska) grade 13:19:19, with the addition of Sakhalinsky sodium humate (alkaline extract from leonardite) into the pulp according to the technology, developed at JSC NIUIF. Quality indicators of humatized ammophoska 13:19:19 are given in tab. 2.
The main task in industrial testing was to justify the best way introduction of the humate additive "Sakhalinsky" while maintaining the water-soluble form of humates in the product. It is known that humic compounds in acidic media (at pH<6) переходят в формы водорастворимых гуматов (H-гуматы) с потерей их эффективности.
The introduction of powdered Sakhalin humate into the recycle during the production of complex fertilizers ensured the absence of contact of humate with an acidic medium in the liquid phase and its undesirable chemical transformations. This was confirmed by the subsequent analysis of finished fertilizers with humates. The introduction of humate actually at the final stage of the technological process determined the preservation of the achieved productivity of the technological system, the absence of return flows and additional emissions. No deterioration of physical and chemical complex fertilizers (caking, granule strength, dust content) was noted in the presence of a humic component. The hardware design of the humate injection unit was also not difficult.
In 2004, a production experiment was carried out at ZAO Set-Orel Invest (Oryol region) with the introduction of humatized ammophoska under barley. The increase in barley yield on an area of \u200b\u200b4532 hectares from the use of humatized fertilizer in comparison with the standard ammophos grade 13:19:19 was 0.33 t / ha (11%), the protein content in the grain increased from 11 to 12.6% ( tab. 3), which gave the farm an additional profit of 924 rubles / ha.
In 2004, in the State Unitary Enterprise OPKh "Orlovskoe" VNII of leguminous and cereal crops (Oryol region), field experiments were carried out to study the effect of humatized and ordinary ammophoska (13:19:19) on the yield and quality of spring and winter wheat.
Experiment scheme:
- Control (no fertilizer)
N26 P38 K38 kg a.i. / ha
N26 P38 K38 kg a.i. / ha humated
N39 P57 K57 kg a.i. / ha
N39 P57 K57 kg a.i. / ha humated.
In the experiment with spring wheat (variety Smena), the maximum yield of 2.78 t / ha was also observed with the introduction of an increased dose of humatized fertilizer. In the same variant, the highest protein and gluten content in the grain was observed. As in the experiment with winter wheat, the application of humated fertilizer significantly increased the yield and the content of protein and gluten in the grain compared to the application of the same dose of standard fertilizer. The latter works not only as an individual component, but also improves the assimilation of phosphorus and potassium by plants, reduces nitrogen losses in the nitrogen nutrition cycle, and generally improves exchange between soil, soil solutions and plants.
A significant improvement in the quality of the harvest of both winter and spring wheat indicates an increase in the efficiency of the mineral nutrition of the production part of the plant.
According to the results of the action, the humate additive can be compared with the influence of microcomponents (boron, zinc, cobalt, copper, manganese, etc.). With a relatively low content (from tenths to 1%), humate additives and trace elements provide almost the same increase in yield and quality of agricultural products. In the work (Aristarkhov, 2010), the effect of trace elements on the yield and quality of grain of cereals and legumes was studied and an increase in protein and gluten was shown using the example of winter wheat with the main application on various types of soils. The directional influence of trace elements and humates on the productive part of crops is comparable in terms of the results obtained.
High agrochemical results of production with minimal revision of the instrumental scheme of large-scale production of complex fertilizers, obtained from the use of humated ammophoska (13:19:19) with sodium humate "Sakhalin", allowed us to expand the range of humated brands of complex fertilizers with the inclusion of nitrate-containing brands.
In 2010, Mineralnye udobrenia OJSC (Rossosh, Voronezh region) produced a batch of humatized azophoska 16:16:16 (N: P 2 O 5: K 2 O) with a humate content (alkaline extract from leonardite) - not less than 0.3% and moisture - not more than 0.7%.
Azofoska with humates was a granular organic mineral fertilizer of light gray color, which differs from the standard only in the presence of humic substances in it, which gave a barely noticeable light gray tint to the new fertilizer. Azofoska with humates was recommended as an organomineral fertilizer for the main and "pre-sowing" application to the soil and for root dressing for all crops where it is possible to use the usual Azofoska.
In 2010 and 2011. On the experimental field of the GNU Moscow Research Institute of Agriculture "Nemchinovka", studies were carried out with the humatized Azofos production of OJSC "Mineral Fertilizers" in comparison with the standard one, as well as with potassium fertilizers (potassium chloride) containing humic acids (Kaligum) in comparison with the traditional potassium fertilizer KCl.
Field experiments were carried out according to the generally accepted technique (Dospekhov, 1985) on the experimental field of the Moscow Research Institute of Agriculture "Nemchinovka".
A distinctive feature of the soils of the experimental site is a high phosphorus content (about 150-250 mg / kg), and an average potassium (80-120 mg / kg). This led to the rejection of the main application of phosphorus fertilizers. The soil is sod-podzolic medium loamy. Agrochemical characteristics of the soil before laying the experiment: organic matter content - 3.7%, pHsol. –5.2, NH 4 - - traces, NO 3 - - 8 mg / kg, Р 2 О 5 and К 2 О (according to Kirsanov) - 156 and 88 mg / kg, respectively, CaO - 1589 mg / kg, MgO - 474 mg / kg.
In the experiment with Azofoskaya and rapeseed, the size of the experimental plot was 56 m2 (14m x 4m), the replication was fourfold. Pre-sowing soil cultivation after the main fertilization - by a cultivator and immediately before sowing - by an RBK (rotary harrow-cultivator). Sowing - with an Amazon seeder in optimal agrotechnical terms, the seeding depth is 4-5 cm for wheat and 1-3 cm for rapeseed. Seeding rates: wheat - 200 kg / ha, rapeseed - 8 kg / ha.
In the experiment we used spring wheat variety MIS and spring rape variety Podmoskovny. The MIS variety is a highly productive mid-ripening variety that makes it possible to consistently obtain grain suitable for the production of pasta. The variety is resistant to lodging; much weaker than the standard is affected by brown rust, powdery mildew and hard smut.
Spring rape near Moscow - mid-season, the growing season is 98 days. Environmentally plastic, characterized by uniform flowering and maturation, lodging resistance 4.5-4.8 points. The low content of glucosinolates in seeds allows the use of oilcake and meal in the diets of animals and poultry at higher rates.
Wheat was harvested in the phase of full grain ripeness. Rape was mowed for green forage during the flowering phase. Experiments for spring wheat and rapeseed were laid according to the same scheme.
The analysis of soil and plants was carried out according to standard and generally accepted methods in agrochemistry.
Scheme of experiments with Azofoska:
Background (50 kg a.i. N / ha for top dressing)
Background + Azophoska main application 30 kg of a.i. NPK / ha
Background + Azophoska with humate, the main application is 30 kg a.i. NPK / ha
Background + azophoska main application 60 kg of a.i. NPK / ha
Background + azophoska with humate, the main application is 60 kg a.i. NPK / ha
Background + azophoska main application is 90 kg a.i. NPK / ha
Background + azophoska with humate, the main application is 90 kg NPK / ha
During the years of research, the weather conditions significantly differed from the long-term average for the Non-Black Earth Zone. In 2010, May and June were favorable for the development of agricultural crops, and generative organs were laid in plants with the prospect of a future grain yield of about 7 t / ha for spring wheat (as in 2009) and 3 t / ha for rapeseed. However, as in the entire Central region of the Russian Federation, in the Moscow region from the beginning of July until the harvest of wheat in early August, there was a prolonged drought. The average daily temperatures during this period were exceeded by 7 о С, and the daytime temperatures for a long time were above 35 о С. Some short-term precipitation fell in the form of heavy rains and the water flowed down with the surface runoff and evaporated, only partially absorbing into the soil. Soil saturation with moisture in short periods of rains did not exceed the penetration depth of 2-4 cm. In 2011, in the first ten days of May, after sowing and during plant emergence, precipitation fell almost 4 times less (4 mm) than the weighted average long-term norm (15 mm).
The average daily air temperature during this period (13.9 о С) was significantly higher than the average daily long-term temperature (10.6 о С). The amount of precipitation and air temperature in the 2nd and 3rd decades of May did not differ significantly from the amount of weighted average precipitation and average daily temperatures.
In June, precipitation fell much less than the average multi-year norm, the air temperature exceeded the daily average by 2-4 o C.
July was hot and dry. In total, during the growing season, precipitation fell 60 mm less than the norm, and the average daily air temperature was about 2 о С higher than the long-term average. Unfavorable weather conditions in 2010 and 2011 could not but affect the state of crops. The drought coincided with the grain filling phase of wheat, which ultimately led to a significant decrease in the yield.
Prolonged air and soil drought in 2010 did not give the expected effect from increasing doses of Azofoska. This manifested itself in both wheat and rapeseed.
Moisture deficiency turned out to be the main obstacle in the implementation of the established soil fertility, while the wheat yield in general was two times lower than in a similar experiment in 2009 (Garmash et al., 2011). The yield gains when applying 200, 400 and 600 kg / ha of azofoska (physical weight) were practically the same ( tab. five).
The low wheat yield is mainly due to the puny grain. The mass of 1000 grains in all variants of the experiment was equal to 27 - 28 grams. The data on the structure of the crop for the variants did not differ significantly. In the mass of the sheaf, the grain was about 30% (under normal weather conditions, this figure is up to 50%). The tillering coefficient is 1.1-1.2. The grain weight per ear was 0.7-0.8 grams.
At the same time, in the variants of the experiment with the humatized Azofoska, a significant increase in yield was obtained with an increase in the doses of fertilizers. This is due, first of all, to the better general condition of the plants and the development of a more powerful root system when using humates against the background of the general stress of crops from prolonged and prolonged drought.
A significant effect from the use of humatized azophoska was manifested at the initial stage of the development of rapeseed plants. After sowing rapeseed, as a result of a short-term rainstorm followed by high air temperatures, a dense crust formed on the soil surface. Therefore, the seedlings on the options with the introduction of the usual Azofoska were uneven and very thinned compared to the options with the humatized Azophoska, which led to significant differences in the yield of green mass ( tab. 6).
In the experiment with potash fertilizers, the area of \u200b\u200bthe experimental plot was 225 m 2 (15 mx 15 m), the experiment was repeated four times, the arrangement of the plots was randomized. Experiment area - 3600 m 2. The experiment was carried out in the link of crop rotation winter cereals - spring cereals - busy fallow. The predecessor of spring wheat is winter triticale.
Fertilizers were applied manually at the rate of nitrogen - 60 kg, potassium - 120 kg per ha. Ammonium nitrate was used as nitrogen fertilizer, potassium chloride and a new fertilizer Kaligum were used as potassium fertilizers. In the experiment, spring wheat variety Zlata, recommended for cultivation in the Central Region, was grown. The variety is early maturing with a productivity potential of up to 6.5 t / ha. Resistant to lodging, much weaker than the standard variety is affected by brown rust and powdery mildew, at the level of the standard variety - by septoria. Before sowing, the seeds were treated with the Vincit dressing agent at the rates recommended by the manufacturer. In the tillering phase, wheat crops were fertilized with ammonium nitrate at the rate of 30 kg of ae. per 1 hectare.
Scheme of experiments with potash fertilizers:
- Control (no fertilizer).
N60 basic + N30 top dressing
N60 basic + N30 top dressing + K 120 (KCl)
N60 basic + N30 top dressing + K 120 (Caligum)
Thus, field experiments have reliably proved the agrochemical efficiency of complex fertilizers with additions of humates, determined by the increase in yield and protein content in grain crops. To ensure these results, the correct choice of a humic preparation with a high proportion of water-soluble humates, its form and place of introduction into the technological process at the final stages is necessary. This makes it possible to achieve a relatively low humate content (0.2 - 0.5 wt.%) In humated fertilizers and to ensure a uniform distribution of humates over the granule. At the same time, an important factor is the preservation of a high proportion of the water-soluble form of humates in humated fertilizers.
Complex fertilizers with humates increase the resistance of agricultural crops to negative weather and climatic conditions, in particular, to drought, deterioration of soil structure. They can be recommended as effective agrochemicals in areas of risky farming, as well as when using intensive farming methods with several harvests per year to maintain high soil fertility, in particular, in expanding zones with a deficient water balance and arid zones. The high agrochemical efficiency of humatized ammophoska (13:19:19) is determined by the complex action of the mineral and organic parts with an increase in the effect of nutrients, primarily phosphorus nutrition of plants, an improvement in the metabolism between soil and plants, and an increase in plant stress resistance.
Levin Boris Vladimirovich - candidate of technical sciences, deputy general. Director, Director for Technical Policy of PhosAgro-Cherepovets JSC; e-mail:[email protected] .
Ozerov Sergey Aleksandrovich - Head of the Market Analysis and Sales Planning Department of PhosAgro-Cherepovets JSC; e-mail:[email protected] .
Garmash Grigory Aleksandrovich - Head of the Analytical Research Laboratory of the Moscow Research Institute of Agriculture "Nemchinovka", Candidate of Biological Sciences; e-mail:[email protected] .
Garmash Nina Yurievna - Scientific Secretary of the Moscow Research Institute of Agriculture "Nemchinovka", Doctor of Biological Sciences; e-mail:[email protected] .
Latina Natalya Valerievna - General Director of Biomir 2000 LLC, Production Director of the Sakhalin Gumat Group of Companies; e-mail:[email protected] .
Literature
Paul I. Fixen The concept of increasing the productivity of agricultural crops and the efficiency of using nutrients by plants // Plant nutrition: Bulletin of the International Institute of Plant Nutrition, 2010, no. - from. 2-7.
Ivanova S.E., Loginova I.V., Tandell T. Phosphorus: mechanisms of losses from the soil and ways to reduce them // Plant nutrition: Bulletin of the International Institute of Plant Nutrition, 2011, no. - from. 9-12.
Aristarkhov A.N. et al. Effect of microfertilizers on yield, protein collection and product quality of grain and leguminous crops // Agrochemistry, 2010, no. - from. 36-49.
Strapenyants R.A., Novikov A.I., Strebkov I.M., Shapiro L.Z., Kirikoy Ya.T. Modeling the regularities of the effect of mineral fertilizers on the harvest // Bulletin of S.-kh. Science, 1980, No. 12. - p. 34-43.
Fedoseev A.P. Weather and fertilizer efficiency. Leningrad: Gidrometizdat, 1985 .-- 144 p.
Yurkin S.N., Pimenov E.A., Makarov N.B. Influence of soil and climatic conditions and fertilizers on the consumption of basic nutrients by the wheat harvest // Agrochemistry, 1978, No. 8. - P. 150-158.
Derzhavin L.M. The use of mineral fertilizers in intensive farming. Moscow: Kolos, 1992 .-- 271 p.
Garmash N.Yu., Garmash G.A., Berestov A.V., Morozova G.B. Trace elements in intensive technologies for the production of grain crops // Agrochemical Bulletin, 2011, No. 5. - P. 14-16.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL TREATMENT AND MINERAL FERTILIZER ON AGROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL CHERNOZEM
G.N. Cherkasov, E.V. Dubovik, D.V. Dubovik, S.I. Kazantsev
Annotation. As a result of the research, the ambiguous influence of the method of the main tillage for winter wheat and corn and mineral fertilizers on the indicators of the agrophysical state of typical chernozem was established. Optimum indicators of density, structural condition were obtained during moldboard plowing. It was revealed that the use of mineral fertilizers worsens the structural and aggregate state, but contributes to an increase in the water resistance of soil units during moldboard plowing in relation to zero and surface treatments.
Key words: structural and aggregate state, soil density, water resistance, soil cultivation, mineral fertilizers.
Fertile soil, along with sufficient nutrient content, must have favorable physical conditions for the growth and development of crops. It has been established that the structure of the soil is the basis of favorable agrophysical properties.
Chernozem soils have a low degree of anthropotolerance, which allows us to speak of a high degree of influence of anthropogenic factors, the main of which is soil cultivation, as well as a number of other measures that are used in the care of crops and contribute to the disturbance of a very valuable grain structure, as a result of which it can be sprayed or, conversely, lump, which is permissible up to certain limits in the soil.
Thus, the purpose of this work was to study the influence of soil cultivation, mineral fertilizers and the previous crop on the agrophysical properties of typical chernozem.
The studies were carried out in 2009-2010. in LLC "AgroSil" (Kursk region, Sudzhansky district), on typical heavy loamy chernozem. Agrochemical characteristics of the site: pHx1 - 5.3; humus content (according to Tyurin) - 4.4%; mobile phosphorus (according to Chirikov) - 10.9 mg / 100 g; exchangeable potassium (according to Chirikov) - 9.5 mg / 100 g; alkaline hydrolysable nitrogen (according to Cornfield) - 13.6 mg / 100 g. Cultivated crops: winter wheat variety "Augusta" and corn hybrid PR-2986.
In the experiment, the following methods of basic soil cultivation were studied: 1) moldboard plowing by 20-22 cm; 2) surface treatment - 10-12 cm; 3) no till - direct seeding with John Deere planter. Mineral fertilizers: 1) without fertilizers; 2) for winter wheat N2 ^ 52 ^ 2; for corn K14eR104K104.
Sampling was carried out in the third decade of May, in a layer of 0-20 cm. Soil density was determined by the drilling method according to N.A.Kachinsky. To study the structural and aggregate state, undisturbed soil samples weighing more than 1 kg were taken. To isolate structural units and aggregates, the method of N.I.Savvinov was used to determine the structural-aggregate composition of the soil - dry and wet sifting.
Soil density is one of the main physical characteristics of soil. An increase in soil density leads, as a rule, to a denser packing of soil particles, which in turn leads to a change in the water, air and thermal regimes, which
subsequently negatively affects the development of the root system of agricultural plants. At the same time, the requirements of different plants to soil density are not the same and depend on the type of soil, mechanical composition, and cultivated culture. So, the optimal soil density for grain crops is 1.051.30 g / cm3, for corn - 1.00-1.25 g / cm3.
Studies have shown that under the influence of various soil treatments, there is a change in density (Figure 1). Regardless of the cultivated crop, the highest soil density was in the options with no tillage, slightly lower in the surface tillage. Optimum soil density is noted in the options with moldboard plowing. Mineral fertilizers with all methods of basic processing contribute to an increase in soil density.
The obtained experimental data confirm the ambiguity of the influence of the methods of the main tillage on the indicators of its structural state (table 1). So, on options with zero tillage, the lowest content of agronomically valuable aggregates (10.0-0.25 mm) in the arable soil layer was noted in relation to surface tillage and moldboard plowing.
Mouldboard Surface Coolant
processing processing
Method of basic tillage
Figure 1 - Changes in the density of typical chernozem depending on the methods of processing and fertilizers under winter wheat (2009) and corn (2010)
Nevertheless, the structural coefficient, which characterizes the state of aggregation, decreased in the following order: surface tillage ^ moldboard plowing ^ zero tillage. The structural and aggregate state of chernozem is influenced not only by the method of tillage, but also by the cultivated crop. In the cultivation of winter wheat, the number of aggregates of the agronomically valuable range and the coefficient of structure were higher by an average of 20% than in the soil under corn. This is due to the biological characteristics of the structure of the root system of these crops.
Considering the factor of fertilization, I would like to note that the use of fertilizers led to a noticeable decrease in both the agronomically valuable structure and the coefficient of structure, which is quite natural, since in the first and second years after application there is a deterioration in the structure of aggregates and agrophysical properties of the soil - the density of packing of aggregates increases , the filling of the pore space with a finely dispersed part, the porosity decreases and the granularity decreases almost twice.
Table 1 - Influence of the method of soil cultivation and mineral fertilizers on the indicators of structural
Another indicator of the structure is its resistance to external influences, among which the most significant is the effect of water, since the soil must retain its unique lumpy-granular structure after heavy rainfall and subsequent drying. This quality of the structure is called water resistance or water resistance.
The content of water-resistant aggregates (\u003e 0.25 mm) is a criterion for assessing and predicting the stability of the addition of the arable layer in time, its resistance to degradation of physical properties under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. Optimum content of water-resistant aggregates\u003e 0.25 mm in the topsoil different types soil is 40-70 (80)%. When studying the influence of the main processing methods (table 2), it was found that with zero processing, the amount of waterproof aggregates was higher than with surface processing and moldboard plowing.
Table 2 - Change in water resistance of macro-
This is directly related to the weighted average diameter of water-resistant aggregates, since no-till contributes to an increase in the size of soil aggregates with water resistance. The structural coefficient of waterproof aggregates decreases in the series: surface treatment ^ zero treatment ^ moldboard plowing. According to the estimated
on a rough scale, the criterion of water resistance of aggregates at zero tillage is assessed as very good, and as good at surface tillage and moldboard plowing.
Studying the influence of the cultivated crop, it was found that in the soil under corn, the weighted average diameter, structural coefficient, and the sum of water-resistant aggregates were higher than under winter wheat, which is associated with the formation of a powerful root system in volume and weight under grain crops, which contributed to the formation of more water resistance under corn. The water resistance criterion behaved differently and was higher in the soil under wheat than under corn.
When applying fertilizers on the option with moldboard plowing, the structural coefficient, the weighted average diameter and the amount of waterproof aggregates increased. Since moldboard plowing goes with a seam turnover and is much deeper than surface and even more zero tillage, then the incorporation of mineral fertilizers occurs deeper, therefore, at depth, the humidity is higher, which contributes to more intensive decomposition of plant residues, due to which an increase water resistance of the soil. On the variants with the use of surface and no-till, all the studied indicators of soil water resistance decreased with the use of mineral fertilizers. The criterion of water resistance of soil aggregates in all variants of the experiment increased, which is due to the fact that this indicator is calculated based on the results of not only wet sieving, but also dry sieving.
The ambiguous influence of the studied factors on the indicators of the agrophysical state of typical chernozem was established. So, the most optimal indicators of density, structural state were revealed during moldboard plowing, somewhat worse with surface and zero tillage. Indicators of water resistance decreased in the following order: zero tillage ^ surface treatment ^ moldboard plowing. The use of mineral fertilizers worsens the structural and aggregate state, but contributes to an increase in the water resistance of soil units during moldboard plowing in relation to zero and surface treatments. In the cultivation of winter wheat, indicators characterizing the structural
