Nutrition of the child in 1 5. Nutrition of the child from one and a half to three years. Meat products and poultry

After the child is one year old, we can gradually switch to four meals a day. Meaning: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner. Between breakfast and lunch, you can give your child one of the fruit juices or an apple.

Thus, your child is already switching to the so-called adult diet.

The main meal - at the usual time: at 8.00, at 12.00, at 18.00. Between these receptions - an additional reception. Variations are possible (taking into account the daily routine that you have chosen).
From a year to a year and a half, the daily volume of food for a child should be 1000-1200 ml. And from one and a half to three years - up to 1400 ml. Of course, these volumes should not be kept too strictly, since much depends on the type of food and its nutritional value.

Diet for a child from 1 to 3 years old

You can offer your child the following diet:

8.00 (breakfast) - 150 g of milk, a bun; instead of a bun, you can give black bread with butter or white bread with jam (with honey); vitamin preparation (D);
10.00 (second breakfast) - fruit or vegetable puree or half a glass of juice (apple, tomato, orange); if the appetite does not suffer, you can give the child bread and butter;
12.00 (lunch) - first course: soup (liquid without fail) - vegetable or meat or broth - 60-100 ml; second course: if there was meat soup or broth, give the second dish without meat - porridge, pudding, potatoes, noodles with cottage cheese, etc .; if the soup was vegetarian, the second dish can be meat or fish with a side dish of vegetables or cereals; total serving volume - 150-200 g; compote, tea or jelly - from 100 to 150 ml;
15.00 (afternoon snack) - milk or kefir - 150-200 ml;
18.00 (dinner) - salad, porridge, pudding, cottage cheese; curdled milk, cheese, bread and butter, you can small slices of ham,
milk, etc. (total from 250 to 350 g); compote tea or jelly (60-80 g).

You can try another diet (note that the meal times are somewhat different):
8.00 (breakfast) - vegetable puree or one of the milk porridges, meat or fish dish - 250-260 g in total; milk or a weak coffee drink - 120-150 ml;
12.00 (lunch) - vegetable salad - 40-50 g; vegetable soup or meat broth - 60-100 ml; meat or fish dish with a side dish (vegetable puree, porridge) - total volume 150-200 g; fruit juice - 120-150 g;
16.00 (afternoon snack) - milk or kefir - 150-200 ml; bun, or shortbread, or cookies - 20-40 g; fresh fruit - 120-150 g;
20.00 (dinner) - porridge or some vegetable dish - 150-200 g; milk or kefir - 120-150 ml; fruits -50-70 g.

The meat from which you prepare meals for the baby must certainly be fresh. Also dishes - do not leave them stored until the next day. Even if they are in the refrigerator, over time, the nutritional value of the dishes decreases.
It is not recommended to give the baby such products as sausages, sausages, sausages, since they are prepared from meat, which can hardly be called high-grade.

Avoid giving your child smoked meats. They almost certainly contain pepper and other additives. It is harmful for the child. In addition, the sensitivity of taste in a baby is much richer than in an adult. Foods with an abundance of spices can spoil (dull) the child's taste.

If you include fish in your diet, be very careful about small bones.

After one and a half years, you can give your child vegetables not mashed, but chopped. First, you should cut smaller; over time and large. The child must learn to chew. It is useful - to give a load on the teeth. Such food (not pureed) is also useful for the gastrointestinal tract: lumps of unchewed food irritate the intestines and stimulate its speedy emptying.
In the diet of the child should be sufficiently present foods rich in fiber. Why is fiber useful? .. It is not digested and serves as a basis in the formation of feces. When there is a lot of fiber in the intestines, it is easier for it to empty. A large amount of fiber is found in legumes, vegetables and fruits, and bread.

Peas, beans, unmashed beans are better not to give to small children. After three years - give carefully.

Milk and dairy products are one of the most important sources of building material for a child, so they should be in sufficient quantities in the diet. Child as opposed to adult construction material is needed not only to restore worn-out cells in tissues, but also to build new ones. In addition to protein, milk and dairy products contain many mineral salts, as well as important vitamins such as A and B.

Milk should be given to the child only fresh. Before use, it must be boiled. The volume of milk needed by the baby per day is 700-750 ml.

By the end of the second year, some servings of milk (for example, for breakfast or dinner) can be replaced with dairy products: yogurt, sour milk, cottage cheese, cheese. Cottage cheese contains a lot of proteins and fats, so cottage cheese is especially valuable. Not all cheeses are suitable - spicy cheeses are excluded. Children are very fond of cheese curds.
A very valuable product is butter. The oil contains such important vitamins as A and D.

When a child turns two years old, he can already eat any fruit. While the child is small, the fruits are rubbed through a grater, over time, he gets fruits cut into small slices. And only by the age of three can you give him whole fruits.
It is preferable to use raw fruits - they have much more vitamins. In addition to vitamins, fruits contain very useful fruit sugar and mineral salts. You should not get carried away with citrus fruits; although they are useful and contain a lot of vitamin C, they can cause an allergic reaction. In general, some authors believe that in relation to vegetables and fruits, emphasis should be placed on those that grow in your area. They are the most harmonious for you and will not cause such allergic manifestations as many exotic fruits.

Some fruits and berries should be given with caution - little by little. For example, pears in large quantities can cause indigestion; plums are somewhat weak; apples cause gas...
If it is out of season and there is a lack of fruits, they can be successfully replaced with raw vegetables. Carrots are very useful, and children love them.

In addition to vitamins, mineral salts, fiber, sugar is present in fruits and vegetables. It is necessary for the child's body as a source of energy. But this is not the sugar that is in your sugar bowl, in general, it is not recommended to artificially sweeten food for a child under 3 years old, or even more. This will ensure good digestion and healthy teeth. Sweets with sugar and chocolate are also not recommended, replace them with dried fruits and honey.

To salt or not to salt baby food?

The child eats salted food with more appetite than fresh food. This is explained not only by the taste of food, with a salt content of about 10%, the most effective breakdown of food by saliva occurs, digestion and appetite improve. Vegetables and meat have just the right amount of salt, and if you steam them, you don’t need to add salt. If you boil meat, vegetables in water, you need to salt - a pinch of salt for children per 100 ml.

Your baby has just celebrated his first "anniversary" - he turned one year old. He has learned a lot this year. Should his eating style change now?

Perhaps we can say that your crumbs have entered a transitional stage in nutrition. He is no longer baby. The kid will begin to master the "food environment" more and more and come closer in his eating habits and addictions to adults. But it takes some time for the baby to gradually adjust to a new style of eating.

By this age, the baby's digestive system has also undergone great changes. First, he already got his own teeth. As a rule, by the age of 1 year, children have 6-10 milk teeth. The chewing skills of the baby are rapidly improving. In this process, an important role is played by the interest in chewing food, which "gets" the crumbs in coarse or even unground form. Secondly, the activity of digestive enzymes produced in various parts of the baby's digestive tract has increased significantly. This means that he is already ready to digest and assimilate much more complex products than six months ago. Thirdly, the child has already become acquainted with many tastes of dishes; it is likely that he has already formed certain taste preferences. Further modification of nutrition should be associated not only with an increase in the nutritional value of the diet, but also with the expansion of the taste knowledge of the baby.

As a rule, breastfeeding after 1 year occurs early in the morning and late in the evening, before bedtime. Often, even at this age, night feedings are also preserved. There is nothing to worry about: it is impossible to overfeed with breast milk. In addition, recent studies allow us to say with confidence that nightly breastfeeding not only does not increase the risk of developing caries, but, on the contrary, prevents its development. Antibodies contained in breast milk inhibit the growth of staphylococcus aureus, which is the main cause of tooth decay.

If the baby has already stopped receiving breast milk, but continues to “apply” at night to a bottle of formula or even juice, then this needs to be put to an end. Unfortunately, formulas differ in properties from breast milk. Therefore, their use, especially at night, significantly increases the risk of caries. The fact is that after them, as after any meal, the acid-base balance in oral cavity strongly shifts to the acidic side, which creates the prerequisites for the destruction of tooth enamel. And in general, by the age of one and a half, a baby should already be weaned from eating at night (this does not apply to breastfeeding), as this disturbs sleep, worsens appetite during the day and does not give parents.

When and how much to feed the baby?

Up to 1.5 years old, you can leave the baby five meals a day, but if you notice that the child refuses the last (fifth) feeding, then it's time to transfer him to the "adult" four meals a day: breakfast, lunch, afternoon snack and dinner. In this case, the intervals between feedings are 3.5-4 hours. It is during this period, according to research, that the food eaten is evacuated from the stomach of the crumbs, that is, it is ready for the next meal. You should follow the established diet quite clearly: try not to deviate from the "schedule" for more than 15-30 minutes. If the feeding regimen is observed, a clearer work of the entire digestive system is observed: the food reflex determines the formation of a good appetite, digestive juices are produced in a timely manner and in sufficient quantities, which allows you to digest and assimilate food well. With erratic nutrition, such a reflex is almost not developed, the secretion of enzymes and juices decreases, and food is processed worse. Try not to give your baby anything between feedings - fruits, juices, dairy products, and especially sweets. This is especially true for children with reduced appetite. Such "snacks" reduce the appetite of the crumbs, knock down the established mechanism for the production of digestive juices, so during the main meals, he may refuse certain healthy foods.

The caloric content of the daily diet of a child at 12-18 months is approximately 1300 kcal, the amount of food is 1000-1200 ml. The distribution of this amount during the day is quite even: breakfast and dinner - 25% each, lunch - 35%, afternoon tea - 15%. It is estimated that for every kilogram of body weight, a one-year-old child needs about 4 g of protein, 4 g of fat and 16 g of carbohydrates per day. At the same time, animal proteins should make up at least 70% of their total daily amount, vegetable fats - approximately 13% of the total amount of fat.

What to bring to the table?

By the age of 1, your baby is likely to have become familiar with almost all types of foods. After 1 year, the modification of the diet involves both an appeal to new products, and a gradual change in the way they are prepared and the degree of grinding.

Thoracic or not thoracic?
Despite the fact that the baby has already formally left the ranks of infants, it is perhaps still too early to wean him, especially in the hot season (the latter circumstance significantly increases the risk of catching an intestinal infection). Many pediatricians believe that breastfeeding is worth around 20-24 months. After all, breast sucking not only gives the baby the opportunity to get delicious milk, but also allows you to feel maternal warmth and care, providing psychological comfort. We must also not forget that milk remains extremely useful even at this age: it contains special substances that stimulate the development, in particular of the brain, many vitamins, antibodies, and is easily and completely absorbed.

Dairy products in a child's diet

Dairy products continue to play an important role in nutrition. They are a source of valuable calcium, B vitamins, as well as a supplier of protein and milk fat. After 1 year, the baby can be offered kefir (up to 200 ml per day), yogurt (200-300 ml). It is best not to exceed the recommended amount, as lactic acid products are rich in acidic compounds, which can overload both the digestive and excretory systems of the baby. It is better that yogurt is made specifically for. If you give your baby "adult" yogurts, make sure that they are low-fat (dairy, not creamy) and contain as little sucrose, preservatives, flavors and other artificial additives as possible. Of course, it is better to prefer "live" yogurts - they allow you to maintain healthy intestinal flora. Such yogurts have a limited shelf life (usually no more than 2 weeks), and they can only be stored in the refrigerator, at a temperature of 2-8°C. If the yogurt packaging indicates that the shelf life is more than 1 month, then this product has been heat-treated and does not contain live lactic acid cultures. Milk formulas also remain relevant - the so-called "follow-up formulas", that is, those that are intended for feeding children after 6 months. Why, even after 1 year, is it worth offering them to the baby? The fact is that nutritionists are increasingly agreeing to postpone the baby's acquaintance with whole cow's milk at least until 2-2.5 years, which is associated with a high frequency of allergic reactions to cow's milk protein.

Other important dairy products are cottage cheese and cheese. The daily dose of cottage cheese can be increased to 70 g per day after 1 year. Some parents prefer to give it to their children every other day, but at a dose of about 140 g. Cottage cheese can be given in a "pure" form, or you can make pudding, casserole from it, closer to a year and a half - make cheesecakes. Cheese is often used in grated form as an additive to pasta. But some babies love to chew cheese with their teeth. In this case, this product will also contribute to the development of chewing skills.

Butter is most often used as an additive to cereals or spread on bread. The recommended dose is about 12 g per day. It is better not to subject the butter to heat treatment (that is, add it to ready-made dishes).

After 1 year, low-fat sour cream and cream can be used in small quantities. Sour cream is best suited for dressing first courses, cream - for making sauces for second courses.

Fruits and vegetables in a child's diet

Fruits and vegetables should also be widely represented on the baby's table. After 1 year, you can slowly introduce the baby to new types of fruits and berries: strawberries, cherries, cherries, kiwi, apricots, peaches, currants, gooseberries, chokeberry, sea buckthorn, raspberries, blackberries, cranberries, blueberries, lingonberries and even citrus fruits. Of course, such acquaintances should be well thought out, and the mother will have to carefully observe the reaction of the crumbs to each new product introduced. In children with allergic reactions, it is best not to take new steps without consulting an allergist or pediatrician. Berries that have a fairly dense peel are best mashed, while soft juicy fruits (apricots, peaches, kiwi) can be offered to the baby in slices. Even if your beloved little one tolerates well Exotic fruits(citrus, kiwi), do not give them a lot: these fruits contain quite a lot of vegetable acids, which in large quantities can irritate the delicate mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. Grapes enhance the fermentation processes in the intestines and overload the child's diet with carbohydrates. However, it is relatively poor in vitamins. That is why nutritionists recommend starting its use at a later age - closer to three years. Fruits can be given to the baby at the end of the main meals, can also be added to porridge, mixed with dairy products. The recommended dose of fruits is about 200-250 grams per day. To this amount, you can add another 100 ml of fruit juice. If up to 1 year it was necessary to prefer clarified juices, then after 1 year it is quite possible to give juices and nectars with pulp to the baby.

The baby's vegetable menu can be enriched with beets, turnips, tomatoes, green peas, beans. Legumes should be given to children in small quantities and only in a well-cooked and thoroughly chopped form, as these foods are rich in coarse fiber, which causes increased gas formation in the intestines, increases peristalsis, which can lead to abdominal pain and stool thinning. Vegetables are mainly used in soups and side dishes for meat and fish dishes. They can not only be boiled, but also stewed. At the age of 1 year, they are given in the form of mashed potatoes; closer to a year and a half, you can begin to offer the baby soft boiled or stewed vegetables in pieces. Closer to a year and a half, you can sometimes begin to offer crumbs and garden greens - dill, parsley, cilantro, wild garlic, spinach, lettuce, green onion. Finely chopped greens can be added to soups and main dishes before serving.

It is better to add vegetable oils at the final stage of cooking vegetables in order to heat them as little as possible, since during the heating of any fats, carcinogens are formed that are harmful to the health of not only infants, but even adults.

Meat, fish, eggs in the diet of a child

Meat products are given in the form of steam cutlets, meatballs, meatballs, meat soufflé and pudding in the amount of 100 g daily. Toward the middle of the second year, you can offer the baby stew in small pieces, but be careful not to choke. Many types of meat are still used in the diet: beef, veal, lean pork, rabbit, turkey, chicken, as well as offal - liver, tongue, heart, brains. Waterfowl meat (duck, goose) and lamb are rich in refractory fats, which complicates the digestion and assimilation of these meats, so they can be given only from time to time.

Fish should be offered once or twice a week for 30-40 g per reception as a replacement meat dishes. You can cook fish cakes (steam) or meatballs, stew fish fillets.

Eggs also have great importance in after 1 year, as rich in valuable nutrients- easily digestible protein, valuable amino acids, vitamins (A, D, E), phospholipids, minerals, micro and macro elements. Egg protein is absorbed almost completely - by 96-97%, fats - by about 95%. Only chicken and quail eggs are used to feed babies. Waterfowl eggs are excluded due to the high risk of transmission of dangerous infections. Quail eggs differ from chicken eggs not only in their higher protein content (with a large amount of the essential amino acid tryptophan), but also in their higher content of fat and cholesterol. Children under 1.5 years old should only be offered boiled eggs (hard boiled) or in the form of omelettes in milk (they may also contain various vegetables). Raw (and besides, “soft-boiled” and “pouched” eggs are digested worse, as they contain undenatured protein, and are also dangerous from the point of view of infection transmission. It is convenient to cook an omelette in a microwave oven. Then it will not be fried, as on pan, and baked, without a crust.The scrambled mass is poured into a bowl designed for microwave ovens(without using oil) and put in the oven for 2-3 minutes. In addition, eggs are added to other products during the preparation of various dishes (cheesecakes, pancakes, etc.). Since eggs are a product with high allergenic properties (quail eggs are still much less allergenic than chicken eggs), they should not be given to children daily, it is better to do this 3 times a week or every other day. The recommended dose of eggs is % chicken egg per day or whole - every other day. For quail eggs, the dose is approximately doubled.

Cereals, flour and bakery products in the child's diet

Cereals are widely used in baby food. Oatmeal and buckwheat are especially useful for babies, you can also use corn, rice, millet and other types of cereals. It will be easier for a one-year-old baby to chew and swallow if the porridge has a uniform consistency, so soluble ("instant") porridges are often used. Closer to one and a half years, well-boiled cereals can be given without additional grinding.

May occasionally be used in children's nutrition pasta. They can be given as a side dish or seasoned with soup. However, they should not be abused, as they are rich in easily digestible carbohydrates. It is recommended to offer them to the baby once or twice a week.

Bread is also used in the nutrition of children of this age. Up to 1.5 years, it is better to offer babies only white bread: it is easier to digest. The total amount of bread per day should not exceed 100 g. Starting from 1.5 years old, you can include a little rye bread in the diet of crumbs (up to 50 g per day). Rye bread is not offered to children under 1.5 years old, since the sour dough from which it is made causes fermentation in the intestines.

Other products

Drinking can be represented by clean water (preferably not boiled, but bottled "for baby food"), dairy products, fruit and vegetable juices, compotes (it is desirable that they be brewed without any sweetener at all or with the addition of a small amount of fructose), weakly brewed tea, herbal decoctions (chamomile, fennel, mint, etc.). Carbonated drinks (even mineral water) It is not recommended to give children under 3 years old, since the carbon dioxide contained in these drinks irritates the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. Let the baby regulate the amount of fluid consumed. It will, of course, depend on the time of year, the ambient temperature and the physical activity of the crumbs.

Table salt is used in small quantities - about 0.5-1 g per day.

Grapes enhance fermentation processes, so it is recommended to give it to children no earlier than three years.

Sweets. You can add a little bit of sugar to sweeten some foods that are especially not liked by the baby. It is better to prefer fructose: it is absorbed and absorbed by the body more slowly and evenly (which almost eliminates sudden changes in blood glucose levels), does not require insulin to penetrate into the cells of the body (that is, it does not create overloads in the pancreas), disturbs the acid-base balance less oral cavity (and therefore less conducive to the development of caries). In addition, properly made, it is almost 1.75 times sweeter than sucrose, which allows it to be consumed in small quantities. To add flavor to cereals and cottage cheese, you can use fresh fruits and berries, as well as dried fruits. In addition, occasionally babies can be pampered with sweets (ideally, they can also be made on fructose - you can find such products on the shelves of health food stores) - marshmallow, marshmallow, marmalade, jam and, of course, honey (provided that baby can handle it). The total dose of sugars per day is 30-40 g for children 1-1.5 years old.

not so long ago they wrote that their baby doesn’t eat so much, but it was written with such an indignant accent, I even smiled a little :) I want to say that children are all different, even adults have different appetites. And children are the same people as adults, mothers, there is no need to raise a panic. How much the child eats, so much he needs. He will not leave himself hungry, he has developed a protective reflex from birth, and he notifies of hunger by crying (if he still cannot speak). The most important thing is to gain a few grams in weight. And if, on the contrary, he loses a kilogram, then you need to sound the alarm. And if he is completely lethargic, he does not play. Other than that, your kids are fine! Let's turn on the mind, not emotions :) but on the topic: our son eats well, he doesn’t refuse anything, eats 200 grams, and even 300 for breakfast (porridge 200 and cottage cheese 100). Now he is 1.4 years old and he began to snack more often between main meals. Today, before the last feeding, for an hour, I begged for a steering wheel. I think this is due to his increased activity (he walks more on the street).