The unit of pressure is 1 mm Hg. The influence of atmospheric pressure on human health. More about pressure
; sometimes called "Torr" (Russian designation - torr, international - Torr) in honor of Evangelista Torricelli.
The origin of this unit is associated with the method of measuring atmospheric pressure using a barometer, in which the pressure is balanced by a column of liquid. It is often used as a liquid, because it has a very high density (≈13 600 kg / m³) and a low saturated vapor pressure at room temperature.
The atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 760 mm Hg. Art. Standard atmospheric pressure is assumed to be (exactly) 760 mm Hg. Art. , or 101 325 Pa, hence the definition of a millimeter of mercury (101 325/760 Pa). Earlier, a slightly different definition was used: the pressure of a column of mercury 1 mm high and with a density of 13.5951 · 10 3 kg / m³ at an acceleration of gravity of 9.806 65 m / s². The difference between these two definitions is 0.000 014%.
Millimeters of mercury are used, for example, in vacuum technology, in meteorological reports and in blood pressure measurement. Since in vacuum technology very often the pressure is measured simply in millimeters, omitting the words "mercury column", the transition to microns (microns) natural for vacuum specialists is carried out, as a rule, also without indicating the "pressure of the mercury column". Accordingly, when a pressure of 25 microns is indicated on a vacuum pump, we are talking about the ultimate vacuum created by this pump, measured in microns of mercury. Of course, no one uses a Torricelli gauge to measure such low pressures. Other devices are used to measure low pressures, for example, a McLeod manometer (vacuum gauge).
Sometimes millimeters of water column ( 1 mm Hg Art. \u003d13,5951 mm water Art. ). In the United States and Canada, the unit of measurement is “inch of mercury” (symbol - inHg). 1 inHg = 3,386389 kPa at 0 ° C.
| Pascal (Pa, Pa) |
Bar (bar, bar) |
Technical atmosphere (at, at) |
Physical atmosphere (atm, atm) |
Millimeter of mercury (mmHg, mm Hg, Torr, torr) |
Water meter (m water column, m H 2 O) |
Pound force per sq. inch (psi) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Pa | 1 / 2 | 10 −5 | 10.19710 −6 | 9.869210 −6 | 7.5006 · 10 −3 | 1.0197 10 −4 | 145.04 · 10 −6 |
| 1 bar | 10 5 | 1 · 10 6 dyne / cm 2 | 1,0197 | 0,98692 | 750,06 | 10,197 | 14,504 |
| 1 at | 98066,5 | 0,980665 | 1 kgf / cm 2 | 0,96784 | 735,56 | 10 | 14,223 |
| 1 atm | 101325 | 1,01325 | 1,033 | 1 atm | 760 | 10,33 | 14,696 |
| 1 mm Hg Art. | 133,322 | 1.3332 10 −3 | 1.3595 10 −3 | 1.3158 10 −3 | 1 mm Hg Art. | 13.595 10 −3 | 19.337 10 −3 |
| 1 m water. Art. | 9806,65 | 9.80665 · 10 −2 | 0,1 | 0,096784 | 73,556 | 1 m water. Art. | 1,4223 |
| 1 psi | 6894,76 | 68.948 10 −3 | 70.307 · 10 −3 | 68.046 10 −3 | 51,715 | 0,70307 | 1 lbf / in 2 |
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Excerpt characterizing Millimeter of mercury
In October 1805, Russian troops occupied the villages and cities of the Austrian Archduchy, and more new regiments came from Russia and, burdening the inhabitants with a stand, were stationed at the Braunau fortress. In Braunau was the headquarters of the commander-in-chief Kutuzov.On October 11, 1805, one of the infantry regiments that had just arrived at Brownau, awaiting the inspection of the commander-in-chief, stood half a mile from the city. Despite the non-Russian terrain and setting (orchards, stone fences, tiled roofs, mountains visible in the distance), the non-Russian people, looking at the soldiers with curiosity, the regiment had exactly the same appearance as any Russian regiment that was preparing for a review somewhere in the middle of Russia.
In the evening, at the last crossing, an order was received that the commander-in-chief would watch the regiment on the march. Although the words of the order seemed unclear to the regimental commander, the question arose of how to understand the words of the order: in marching uniform or not? the council of battalion commanders decided to present the regiment in full dress on the grounds that it is always better to bow again than not to bow. And the soldiers, after the 30-verst march, did not close their eyes, they repaired and cleaned themselves all night; adjutants and company officers calculated, expelled; and by morning the regiment, instead of the sprawling, disorderly crowd, which it had been on the last passage the day before, represented a slender mass of 2,000 people, each of whom knew his place, his business, and of whom on each button and strap were in place and shone with cleanliness ... Not only was the exterior in good order, but if the commander-in-chief had liked to look under the uniforms, he would have seen an equally clean shirt on each one and in each knapsack he would have found a legalized number of things, "awning and soap," as the soldiers say. There was only one circumstance about which no one could be calm. It was a shoe. More than half of the people had their boots broken. But this shortcoming did not come from the guilt of the regimental commander, since, despite repeated demands, the goods from the Austrian department were not released to him, and the regiment traveled a thousand miles.
The regimental commander was an elderly, sanguine, general with graying eyebrows and sideburns, stout and wide, more from chest to back than from shoulder to shoulder. He was wearing a brand new uniform, with folded folds, and thick gold epaulettes, which seemed to lift his fat shoulders up rather than downwards. The regimental commander looked like a man happily performing one of the most solemn deeds of life. He walked in front of the front and, as he walked, trembled at every step, slightly bending his back. It was evident that the regimental commander was admiring his regiment, happy with him that all his mental strength was occupied only by the regiment; but, despite the fact that his trembling gait seemed to say that, in addition to military interests, in his soul interests social life and female gender.
- Well, father Mihailo Mitrich, - he turned to one battalion commander (the battalion commander leaned forward smiling; it was obvious that they were happy), - got to the nuts this night. However, it seems, nothing, the regiment is not one of the bad ... Huh?
Pressure is a physical quantity that shows the effective force per unit of surface area perpendicular to this surface.
Pressure is defined as P \u003d F / S, where P is pressure, F is pressure force, S is surface area. From this formula it can be seen that the pressure depends on the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe body acting with a certain force. Than less area surface, the greater the pressure.
The unit of pressure is the newton per square meter (H / m2). We can also convert units of pressure N / m2 to pascals - units of measurement named after the French scientist Blaise Pascal, who derived the so-called Pascal's Law. 1 N / m2 \u003d 1 Pa.
What???
Pressures of gases and liquids - with a pressure gauge, differential pressure gauge, vacuum meter, pressure gauge.
Atmospheric pressure - barometer.
Blood pressure - tonometer.
And so, once again the pressure is determined as P \u003d F / S. The force in the gravitational field is equal to the weight - F \u003d m * g, where m is the mass of the body; g - acceleration free fall... Then the pressure is
P \u003d m * g / S. Using this formula, you can determine the pressure exerted by the body on the surface. For example, a man to the ground.
Atmospheric pressure decreases with height. Dependence atmospheric pressure from altitude is determined by the barometric formula -
P \u003d Po * exp (- μgh / RT). Where, μ \u003d 0.029 kg / m3 is the molecular weight of the gas (air); g \u003d 9.81 m / s2 - free fall acceleration; h - ho– the difference between the altitude above sea level and the altitude accepted by the beginning of the report (h \u003d ho); R \u003d 8.31 - J / mol K - gas constant; Ро - atmospheric pressure at the altitude taken as the origin; T is the temperature in Kelvin.
It has been experimentally established that the atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 760 mm Hg. Art. The standard atmospheric pressure is assumed to be 760 mm Hg. Art., or 101 325 Pa, hence the definition of a millimeter of mercury 101 325/760 Pa \u003d 133.322 368, i.e. 1 mm Hg Art. \u003d 133.322 Pa.
Mercury mercury (Russian Mark: mmHg mmHg
Art .; international: mm Hg Art.) - this is not a systematic unit for measuring pressure, equal to 101 325/760 ≈ 133.32 368 4 Pa; sometimes called "Thor" (Russian tag - torr, Internationale - Torr) in honor of the evangelists of Torricelli.
In the Russian Federation, it is allowed to use a millimeter of mercury as outsourcing without limiting the validity period of “medicine, meteorology, aviation”.
The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) in its recommendation applies the millimeter of mercury to units of measurement “which can be used provisionally up to the date specified in national regulations, but cannot be determined if they are not used”.
The source of this device is connected to a method of measuring atmospheric pressure using a barometer, in which the pressure is regulated by a column of liquid. Liquid mercury is widely used because it has a very high density (≈13,600 kg / m3), which reduces the required liquid column height and low vapor pressure at room temperature.
The atmospheric pressure in the sea is about 760 mm Hg. The standard atmospheric pressure is assumed to be (exactly) 760 mmHg. Art. Or 101 325 Pa, therefore, the determination of a millimeter of mercury (101 325/760 Pa) is assumed. Previously, a slightly different definition was used: the height of the mercury column is 1 mm and the density is 13.5951 x 103 kg / m³ the acceleration of free padeniya9.806 is 65 m / s².
The difference between these two definitions is 0.000014%.
Pressure: a little history and units
Millimeters of mercury are used, for example, in vacuum technology, meteorological reports, and blood pressure measurements. Since vacuum technology is often a pressure measured in millimeters, we simply omit the word "Hg" for the physical transition in vacuum systems of micrometers (microns), usually without pressure "Hg".
When the vacuum pump reads 25 microns, this is the last vacuum created by that pump, measured in microns of the mercury column. Of course, no one uses a Torricelli meter to measure such low pressures.
Use other instruments such as a McLeod pressure gauge (vacuum gauge) to measure low pressure.
Sometimes millimeters of water are used (1 mm Hg \u003d13,5951 mm of water.). The United States and Canada also use the 'v. Hg "(inHg). 1 inches of mercury = 3386389 kPa at 0 ° C
| 1 N / m² | 10-5 | 10.197 10-6 | 9.8692 10-6 | 7,500 10-3 | 1.0197 10-4 | 145.04 10-6 |
| 105 | 1 · 106 dynes / cm² | 1,0197 | 0,98692 | 750,06 | 10197 | 14,504 |
| 98066,5 | 0.980665 | 1 kgf / cm² | 0,96784 | 735,56 | 10 | 14223 |
| 101325 | 1,01325 | 1033 | 1 atm | 760 | 10:33 | 14,696 |
| 133,322 | 1.3332 10-3 | 1.3595 10-3 | 1.3158 10-3 | 1 mm Hg Art. | 13.595 10-3 | 19.337 10-3 |
| 9806,65 | 9 80665 10-2 | 0,1 | 0.096784 | 73556 | 1 m of water. Art. | 1,4223 |
| 6894,76 | 68 948 10-3 | 70.307 10-3 | 68,046 · 10-3 | 51,715 | 0,70307 | 1 lb / in² |
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Notes [| the code]
To find out how many millimeters of mercury are in the atmosphere, you need to use a simple web-based calculator. Enter the number of millimeters of mercury you want to change in the left field. In the box on the right, you will see the calculation result.
If you need to convert millimeters to mercury or other atmospheric units, click on the appropriate link.
What is "millimeter mercury"
Additional system millimeter of mercury (mmHg)
r. mmHg Art.), sometimes called "torr", is equal to 101 325/760 ≈ 133 322 368 4 Pa. Atmospheric pressure was measured with a mercury barometer, hence the name of this unit. At sea level, atmospheric pressure is approximately 760 mm Hg. Art. or 101 325 Pa, so the value is 101 325/760 Pa. This device is traditionally used in vacuum technology, blood pressure measurements, and weather reporting.
Unit converter
Some instruments measure millimeters of water (1 mmHg, V \u003d 13951 mm of water, V.) and "Hg" (Hg) \u003d 3.386389 kPa at 0 ° C ...
What is "atmosphere"
A non-systematic pressure measurement unit that roughly corresponds to atmospheric pressure at the global ocean level.
Besides, two units are technical atmosphere (at, at) and normal, standard or physical atmosphere (atm, atm). One technical atmosphere is a single perpendicular force of 1 kg of force on a flat surface of 1 cm2.
1 at. \u003d 98.066.5 Pa. The standard atmosphere is a 760mm mercury column with a mercury density of 13,595.04 kg / m³ and zero temperature.
1 atm \u003d 101 325 Pa \u003d 1.0323233 atm. The Russian Federation uses only a technical atmosphere.
In the past, the terms "ata" and "ati" were used for absolute and gauge pressure. Overpressure is the difference between absolute and atmospheric pressure when the absolute is greater than atmospheric pressure.
The difference between atmospheric and absolute pressure when the absolute pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure is called a vacuum (vacuum).
Determination of atmospheric pressure is very simple - it is atmosphere pressurethat is in it and on the surface of the planet. In other words, atmospheric pressure is the pressure of one column on top with an area of \u200b\u200b1 square meter.
Measurement of atmospheric pressure
Pressure units are pascal, rods, and millimeters of mercury. The latter is used in barometers (special measuring instruments) and is understandable to ordinary people, since many use barometers.
Many people know that 760 mm of mercury normal pressure (this is the atmospheric pressure at sea, as it is accepted as the norm). Just add that this is normal at 0 ° C.
Another popular unit of measurement that is often used in physics is the pascal. The value of 101325 Pa is called normal pressure and corresponds to 760 mm of mercury.
Well, the last unit of measurement is the bat.
1 bar \u003d 100,000 Pa... In this case, the normal pressure is 1.01325 bar.
Has anyone heard the expression of one atmosphere or three atmospheres, for example?
Mercury mercury
Thus, the atmosphere in this case is called normal pressure (which we talked about above). But a pressure equal to three atmospheres cannot be called normal, since it is three times higher than normal.
To simplify the calculation, in the concept of chemistry standard atmospheric pressure.
This is almost the same as normal - 100,000 Pa (100 kPa) or 1 bar.
Man is far from being the king of nature, but her child, an integral part of the universe. We live in a world where everything is strictly interconnected and subordinated to one single system.
Everyone knows that the Earth is surrounded by a dense air mass, which is usually called the atmosphere. And on every object, including the human body, it "squeezes" an air column that has a certain weight. Scientists have experimentally discovered that every square centimeter of the human body is affected by atmospheric pressure weighing 1,033 kilograms.
And if you do simple math calculations, it turns out that the average person is under pressure of 15550 kg.
The weight is huge, but luckily it is completely insensitive. Perhaps this is due to the fact that dissolved oxygen exists in human blood.
What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on a person? More about this.
Atmospheric pressure rate
Doctors who talk about what atmospheric pressure is considered normal show a range of 750 ... 760 mm Hg.
This distribution is quite acceptable, since the topography of the planet is not entirely uniform.
Meteorological dependence
Doctors say that some people's bodies can adapt to all conditions.
Even such serious tests as long-distance flights from one climatic zone to another are not at all for them.
At the same time, others who do not leave their homes feel the approach of weather changes. This can occur in the form of severe headaches, unexplained weakness, or persistently wet hands, for example.
These people are more likely to have vascular and endocrine disorders than others.
It is especially difficult if the atmospheric pressure is a sharp jump in a short time. According to statistics, the majority of people whose body reacts so strongly to changes in atmospheric pressure indicators are women living in large cities.
Unfortunately, the rigid rhythm of life, overpopulation, ecology are not the best followers of health.
If you want, you can get rid of the addiction. Just go on and constantly have to be. The methods are known to everyone. This is the basis of a healthy lifestyle: training, swimming, walking, running, healthy eatingadequate sleep, elimination bad habits, weight loss.
How does our body react to high atmospheric pressure?
Atmospheric pressure (standard for humans) is ideal 760 mmHg. But this figure is very rare.
Due to the increase in atmospheric pressure, clear weather conditions, sudden changes in humidity and air temperature, there are no. Such changes actively respond to the body of hypertension and allergies.
In a city situation, without wind, it is natural to pollute the gas.
First, there are patients with respiratory problems.
An increase in atmospheric pressure also affects immunity.
Convert millimeters of mercury to atmosphere
This is reflected in a decrease in leukocytes in the blood. A weakened body will not easily control infections.
Doctors advise:
Start your day with some light morning exercises. Take a contrast shower. For breakfast, give priority to foods that contain a lot of potassium (cottage cheese, raisins, dried apricots, bananas). Do not allow more food.
Do not eat. This day is not the most successful for great physical efforts and emotions. When you get home, take a break from one hour, do your usual homework, and leave early.
Low barometric pressure and wellness
Low barometric pressure, that's how much? You can answer the conditional question if the barometer data is less than 750 mm.st. But it all depends on the region of residence.
Especially for Moscow, the figures are 748-749 mm Hg. are the norm.
Among the first, I think that this is a deviation from the norm of the "core" and those who have intracranial pressure. Complaints in general are nausea, frequent migraines, lack of oxygen, difficulty breathing, and pain in the intestines.
Doctors advise:
Get your blood pressure back to normal.
Reduce physical activity. Each hour of work brings ten minutes of rest. Drink fluids more often, prefer green tea with honey. Have your morning coffee. Take the herbal tinctures shown for the sails. Relax in the evening with a contrast shower. Go to bed before your usual hour.
How changes in moisture affect your body
Low humidity 30-40% is not helpful. This irritates the nasal mucosa. First, these deviations are the first, asthma and allergies.
To help in this case, the nosopharynx mucosa can be moistened with a lightly saline water solution.
Frequent rainfall, of course, increases the humidity up to 70-90 percent. It also has negative health effects.
High humidity can worsen chronic kidney and joint disease.
Doctors advise:
If possible, change the climate to dry. Reduce retention time in wet weather. Go for a walk in warm clothes. Remember vitamins
Atmospheric pressure and temperature
The optimum temperature for a person in a room is not higher than +18.
This is especially true for the bedroom.
How does the interaction between atmospheric pressure and oxygen develop?
In the case of an increase in air temperature and a simultaneous decrease in atmospheric pressure, people suffering from diseases, cardiovascular and respiratory organs suffer.
If the temperature drops and the atmospheric pressure increases, it becomes bad for hypertensives, asthmatics and patients with stomach and genitourinary problems.
In the case of sharp and multiple fluctuations in temperature, an unbearably large amount of histamine, the main pathogen that causes allergies, is formed in the body.
Good to know
What is the normal barometric pressure for the person you know now?
This is 760 mm Hg. Art., But such barometers are very rare.
It is also important to know that the change in atmospheric pressure with altitude (with a rapid decline) is quite dramatic. Because of this difference, a person who quickly climbs a mountain may lose consciousness.
In Russia, atmospheric pressure is measured in mm Hg. Art. But the international system has its own unit of measure, Pascal.
At the same time, the normal atmospheric pressure in pascals will be 100 kPa. If you convert our 760mmHg. in Pascal, the normal atmospheric pressure in Pascals for our country will be 101.3 kPa.
In weather forecasts, indicators of atmospheric pressure in mm of mercury are often heard. In science, more common units are used - Pascals. Of course, there is a clear connection between them.
Instructions
1. Pascal is the SI unit of measure for pressure. Pascal is measured in kg / ms². 1 Pascal is the pressure exerted by a force of 1 Newton per square meter.
2. 1 mm Hg is a non-systemic unit of pressure measurement, it is used in relation to the pressure of gases: atmosphere, water vapor, vacuum. The name describes the physical essence of this unit: such a pressure on the base of a mercury column 1 mm high. The exact, physical definition of the unit also includes the density of mercury and the acceleration of free fall.
3. 1 mm Hg \u003d 133.322 N / m² or 133 Pa. Thus, if we talk about a pressure of 760 mm Hg, then in Pascals we get the following: 760 * 133.322 \u003d 101325 Pa or approximately 101 kPa.
Pressure - a physical quantity that shows what kind of force acts on a particular surface. Bodies whose substances are in different aggregate states (solid, liquid and gaseous), apply pressure ideally by different methods. For example, if you put a piece of cheese in a jar, then it will only press on the bottom of the jar, and the milk poured into it acts with force on the bottom and walls of the vessel. In the international system of measurement, pressure is measured in pascals. But there are other units of measurement: millimeters of mercury, newtons divided by kilograms, kilo pascals , hecto pascals etc. The relationship between these quantities is established mathematically.
Instructions
1. The Pascal pressure unit is named after the French scientist Blaise Pascal. It is designated as follows: Pa. When solving problems and in practice, values \u200b\u200bwith multiples or sub-multiples of decimal prefixes are applicable. Let's say kilo pascals , hecto pascals , milli pascals , mega pascals etc. To convert such values \u200b\u200binto pascals , you need to know the mathematical meaning of the prefix. All available attachments can be found in any physical reference book. Example 1. 1 kPa \u003d 1000Pa (one kilopascal equals one thousand pascals). 1 hPa \u003d 100Pa (one hectopascal is equal to one hundred pascals). 1mPa \u003d 0.001Pa (one millipascal is equal to zero integers, one thousandth of a pascal).
2. Pressure solids are usually measured in pascals. But what is physically equal to one pascal? Based on the definition of pressure, the formula for its calculation is calculated and the unit of measurement is displayed. Pressure is equal to the ratio of the force perpendicularly acting on the support to the surface area of \u200b\u200bthis support. p \u003d F / S, where p is the pressure, measured in pascals, F is the force, measured in newtons, S is the surface area, measured in square meters. It turns out that 1 Pa \u003d 1H / (m) squared. Example 2. 56 N / (m) squared \u003d 56 Pa.
3. Pressure of the Earth's air shell is usually called atmospheric pressure and it is measured not in pascals, but in millimeters of mercury (further, mm Hg). In 1643, the Italian scientist Torricelli proposed the skill of measuring atmospheric pressure, which used a glass tube filled with mercury (hence the "mercury column"). He also measured that the typical atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Art., which is numerically equal to 101325 pascals. Then, 1 mm Hg. ~ 133.3 Pa. In order to convert millimeters of mercury to pascals , you need to multiply this value by 133.3. Example 3. 780 mm Hg. Art. \u003d 780 * 133.3 \u003d 103,974 Pa ~ 104kPa.
In 1960, the international system of units (SI) came into effect, in which Newton was included as a unit of measure for force. This is a "derived unit", that is, it can be expressed through other SI units. According to Newton's second law, force is equal to the product of a body's mass by its acceleration. Mass in the SI system is measured in kilograms, and acceleration is in meters and seconds, therefore 1 Newton is defined as the product of 1 kilogram per 1 meter, divided by a second squared.
Instructions
1. Use a metric of 0.10197162 to convert to Newtons quantities measured in units with the name "kilogram-force" (denoted as kgf or kgf). Such units are often used in calculations in construction, because they are spelled out in the regulatory documents SNiP ("Building codes and regulations"). This unit considers the standard force of gravity of the Earth and one kilogram-force can be represented as the force with which a load of one kilogram presses on the scales somewhere on the tier of the sea near the equator of our planet. To convert the famous number kgf to Newtons, it must be divided by the above indicator. Let's say 100 kgf \u003d 100 / 0.10197162 \u003d 980.66501 N.
2. Use your mathematical ability and a trained memory for calculations in the mind for converting quantities measured in kgf into Newtons. If there are any snags with this, then use a calculator - say, the one that Microsoft carefully inserts into the entire distribution operating system Windows. In order to open it, you need to delve into the main OS menu for three tiers. First, click the "Start" button in order to see the items of the first tier, then open the "Programs" section to access the second, and then go to the "Typical" subsection to the lines of the third tier of the menu. Click the one that says "Calculator".
3. Highlight and copy (CTRL + C) in this page the conversion factor from kgf to Newtons (0.10197162). After that, switch to the calculator interface and paste the copied value (CTRL + V) - it's easier than manually typing a nine-digit number. Then click the forward slash button and enter the famous value, measured in kilogram-force units. Click the equal sign button, and the calculator will calculate and show you the value of this quantity in Newtons.
Related Videos
Bar Is a unit of measure for pressure that is not part of any system of units. Nevertheless, it is used in the domestic GOST 7664-61 "Mechanical units". On the other hand, in our country the international SI system is used, in which a unit with the name "Pascal" is prepared for measuring pressure. Fortunately, the relationship between them is not difficult to remember, therefore, converting values \u200b\u200bfrom one unit of measurement to another is not particularly difficult.
Instructions
1. Multiply the value measured in bars by one hundred thousand in order to convert this value to Pascals ... If the translated value is larger than one, then it is more comfortable to use not Pascals, but larger derived values \u200b\u200bfrom it. Let's say a pressure of 20 bar is 2,000,000 Pascals or 2 megaPascals.
2. Calculate the required value in your head. This should not be difficult, because each only requires six places to carry the decimal point in the initial number. If, nevertheless, there are any difficulties with this operation, then it is allowed to use online calculators, and even more excellent online unit converters. Let's say it can be a service built into the Google search engine: it combines both a calculator and a converter. In order to use it, go to the search engine site and enter a correspondingly defined search query. For example, if you need to convert a pressure value equal to 20 bar to Pascals, then the query may look like this: "20 bar to Pascal". After entering the request, it will be sent to the server and processed mechanically, that is, you do not need to press a button to see the result.
3. Use the built-in Windows calculator if you have no internet access. It also has built-in functions for converting values \u200b\u200bfrom one unit to another. To run this application, press the WIN + R key combination, then enter the calc command and press the Enter key.
4. Expand the "View" section in the calculator menu and select the "Conversion" item in it. In the drop-down list "Category" select "Pressure". In the list "Initial value" set "bar". In the Final Value list, click Pascal.
5. Click on the calculator input field, type in the famous value in bars and click the "Translate" button. The calculator will display the equivalent of this value in Pascals in the input field.
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Today there are two measurement systems - metric and non-metric. The latter includes inches, feet, and miles, while the metric includes millimeters, centimeters, meters, and kilometers. The non-metric system of measures, as usual, is used in the USA and the countries of the British commonwealth. Historically, it has been much easier for Americans to measure objects in inches than in meters.
Instructions
1. It has long been believed that the inch determines the average length of the phalanx of the thumb. In the old days, measurements of small objects, as usual, were carried out manually. And so it happened. After that, the inch became the official system of measures in many countries around the world. It is worth noting that the size of an inch in some countries fluctuates within tenths of a centimeter. The generally accepted standard is the size of the English inch. In order to convert inches to millimeters, take a calculator and, using the ratio 1 inch \u003d 25.4 millimeters, calculate the length and dimensions of an object in our usual system of calculus. To do this, type a certain number in inches on the calculator, press “multiply” (traditionally, this mathematical parameter corresponds to the * symbol), enter the number 25.4 and press “\u003d”. The numbers that will be displayed on the monitor screen and will correspond to the length value in millimeters. If you want to convert centimeters to inches, then carry out the same manipulations with the support of the calculator. Just replace 25.4 with 2.54. The last number answers the question, how many centimeters are in an inch.
2. If you ever visit overseas expressways, you will see that distances there are measured in miles. And one mile is equal to 1.609344 kilometers. Perform simple calculations and you will find out the distance to a certain settlement in kilometers. Now, knowing how to convert inches to centimeters and millimeters, you will easily navigate in foreign length values. This is doubly significant if, on duty, you often come into contact with overseas documentation, where values \u200b\u200bin inches and feet are commonly used. Consequently, in order to quickly navigate these values, always have a calculator with you, one that will help you instantly convert inches to centimeters or millimeters. Traditionally, all mobile phones have a calculator. So you avoid the extra expense of purchasing an add-on computing accessory.
Pascals (Pa, Pa) are the bar system unit of measurement for pressure (SI). But much more often a multiple unit is used - kilopascal (kPa, kPa). The fact is that one pascal is a hefty small pressure by human standards. This pressure will exert one hundred grams of liquid, evenly distributed over the surface of the coffee table. If one pascal is compared with atmospheric pressure, then it will be only one hundred thousandth part of each.
You will need
- - calculator;
- - pencil;
- - paper.
Instructions
1. To convert the pressure given in pascals to kilopascals, multiply the number of pascals by 0.001 (or divide by 1000). In the form of a formula, this rule can be written in the following way: Ккп \u003d Кп * 0.001 or Ккп \u003d Кп / 1000, where: Ккп - the number of kilopascals, Кп - the number of pascals.
2. Example: Typical atmospheric pressure is considered to be 760 mm Hg. or 101,325 pascals Q: How many kilopascals is the typical atmospheric pressure? Solution: Divide the number of pascals by 1000: 101,325 / 1000 \u003d 101.325 (kPa) Result: Typical atmospheric pressure is 101 kilopascals.
3. To divide the number of pascals by 1000, easily move the decimal point three digits to the left (as in the example above): 101325 -\u003e 101.325.
4. If the pressure is less than 100 Pa, then to convert it to kilopascals, add the missing insignificant zeros to the number on the left. Example: How many kilopascals is the pressure of one pascal? Solution: 1 Pa \u003d 0001 Pa \u003d 0.001 kPa. Result: 0.001 kPa.
5. When solving physics problems, keep in mind that pressure can be set in other pressure units. Very often when measuring pressure, such a unit as N / m is encountered? (newton per square meter). In fact, this unit is equivalent to a pascal, because it is its definition.
6. Officially, the unit of pressure is a pascal (N / m?) And the unit of energy density (J / m?) Is also equivalent. However, from a physical point of view, these units describe different physical properties. Therefore, do not write down pressure as J / m2.
7. If a lot of other physical quantities appear in the conditions of the problem, then the conversion of pascals to kilopascals is made at the end of the solution of the problem. The fact is that pascals are a system unit and if the other parameters are specified in SI units, then the result will be in pascals (of course, if the pressure was determined).
For the correct solution of problems, it is necessary to ensure that the units of measurement of quantities correspond to an integral system. Usually, the international measurement system is used to solve mathematical and physical problems. If the values \u200b\u200bare given in other systems, they must be converted into international (SI).
You will need
- - tables of multiples and sub-multiples;
- - calculator.
Instructions
1. One of the main quantities that are measured in applied sciences is length. Usually it was measured in steps, elbows, transitions, versts, etc. Today, the core unit of length is 1 meter. Fractional values \u200b\u200bfrom it are centimeters, millimeters, etc. For example, in order to convert centimeters to meters, you must divide them by 100. If the length is measured in kilometers, convert it to meters, multiplying by 1000. To convert national units of length, use the appropriate indicators.
2. Time is measured in seconds. Other famous units of time are minutes and hours. In order to convert minutes into seconds, multiply them by 60. Converting hours into seconds is performed by multiplying by 3600. Say, if the time during which the event happened is 3 hours and 17 minutes, then convert it into seconds in this way: 3? 3600 + 17? 60 \u003d 11820 s.
3. Speed, as a derived quantity, is measured in meters per second. Another famous unit of measurement is kilometers per hour. In order to convert the speed in m / s, multiply it by 1000 and divide by 3600. Say, if the cyclist's speed is 18 km / h, then this value in m / s will be 18? 1000/3600 \u003d 5 m / s.
4. Area and volume are measured respectively in m? them?. When translating, observe the multiplicity of values. Say, in order to translate cm? in m?, divide their number not by 100, but by 100? \u003d 1,000,000.
5. Temperatures are usually measured in degrees Celsius. But in most problems it needs to be converted into absolute values \u200b\u200b(Kelvin). To do this, add 273 to the temperature in degrees Celsius.
6. The unit of pressure measurement in the international system is Pascal. But often in technology, the unit of measurement is 1 atmosphere. For the transfer, use the ratio of 1 atm. × 101000 Pa.
7. Power in the international system is measured in watts. Another famous unit of measurement, in particular, used for the collation of an automobile engine, is horsepower. To convert, use the ratio 1 horsepower \u003d 735 watts. For example, if the motor of a car has a power of 86 horsepower, then in Watts it is equal to 86? 735 \u003d 63210 Watts or 63.21 kilowatts.
In Pascals, the pressure that a force F acts on a surface whose area is S. On the contrary, 1 Pascal (1 Pa) is the magnitude of the effect of a force of 1 Newton (1 N) on an area of \u200b\u200b1 m2. But there are other units of measurement of pressure, one of which is megapascal. So why translate megapascals into pascals?
You will need
- Calculator.
Instructions
1. In advance, you need to deal with those pressure units that are between pascal and megapascal. 1 megapascal (MPa) contains 1,000 Kilopascals (KPa), 10,000 Hectopascals (GPa), 1,000,000 Decapascals (DaPa), and 10,000,000 Pascals. This means that in order to convert a pascal to a megapascal, you need to build 10 Pa to the power “6” or multiply 1 Pa by 10 seven times.
2. In the first step, it became clear what to do in order to take a direct action to switch from small pressure units to larger ones. Now, in order to do the opposite, you need to multiply the existing value in megapascals by 10 seven times. On the contrary, 1 MPa \u003d 10,000,000 Pa.
3. For greater simplicity and clarity, it is allowed to see an example: in an industrial propane cylinder, the pressure is 9.4 MPa. How many Pascals will this same pressure be? The solution to this problem requires the use of the above method: 9.4 MPa * 10,000,000 \u003d 94,000,000 Pa. (94 million Pascals) Result: in an industrial cylinder, the propane pressure on its walls is 94,000,000 Pa.
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Note!
It should be noted that not the classical unit of pressure measurement is used much more often, but the so-called "atmospheres" (atm). 1 atm \u003d 0.1 MPa and 1 MPa \u003d 10 atm. For the example considered above, another result will also be objective: the propane pressure of the cylinder wall is 94 atm. It is also permissible to use other units, such as: - 1 bar \u003d 100,000 Pa - 1 mm Hg (millimeter of mercury) \u003d 133.332 Pa - 1 m.wg. Art. (meter of water column) \u003d 9806.65 Pa
Helpful advice
Pressure is denoted by the letter P. Based on the information given above, the formula for finding the pressure will look like this: P \u003d F / S, where F is the force acting on the area S. Pascal is a unit of measurement used in the SI system. In the CGS system (“Centimeter-Gram-Second”), pressure is measured in g / (cm * s?).
The density of mercury, at room temperature and typical atmospheric pressure, is 13,534 kilograms per cubic meter or 13.534 grams per cubic centimeter. Mercury is the most dense of all liquids currently known. It is 13.56 times denser than water.
Density and Units
Density or bulk density of the mass of a substance is the mass of this substance per unit volume. Most often, the Greek letter ro -? Is used to designate it. Mathematically, density is defined as the ratio of mass to volume. In the International System of Units (SI), density is measured in kilograms per cubic meter. That is one cubic meter mercury weighs 13 and a half tons. In the previous SI system, CGS (centimeter-gram-second), it was measured in grams per cubic centimeter. In the traditional systems of units used to this day in the United States and inherited from the British Imperial system of units, the density can be indicated in ounces per cubic inch, pounds per cubic inch, pounds per cubic foot, pounds per cubic yard, pounds per gallon, pounds per bushel and others. To facilitate comparison of density between different systems of units, it is occasionally indicated as a dimensionless quantity - relative density. Relative density - the ratio of the density of a substance to a certain standard, as usual, to the density of water. Thus, a relative density less than one indicates that the substance is floating in water. Substances with a density less than 13.56 will float in mercury. As you can see in the picture, a coin made of a metal alloy with a relative density of 7.6 floats in a container of mercury, the density depending on temperature and pressure. With increasing pressure, the volume of the material decreases and, consequently, the density increases. As the temperature rises, the volume of the substance increases and the density decreases.
Some properties of mercury
The property of mercury to change its density when heated has been found to be used in thermometers. As the temperature rises, mercury expands more evenly than other liquids. Mercury thermometers are allowed to take measurements in a wide range of temperatures: from -38.9 degrees, when mercury freezes, to 356.7 degrees, when mercury boils. The upper measurement limit can be easily raised by increasing the pressure. In a medical thermometer, due to the high density of mercury, the temperature remains exactly at the same mark that the patient had under his armpit or in another place where the measurement was taken. When the mercury tank of the thermometer is cooled, some of the mercury still remains in the capillary. The mercury is driven back into the reservoir by steep shaking of the thermometer, informing the heavy column of mercury an acceleration many times greater than the acceleration of free flight. True, now medical institutions in a number of countries are zealous to abandon mercury thermometers. The reason is the toxicity of mercury. Once in the lungs, mercury vapors stay there for a long time and poison every organism. The typical work of the central nervous system and kidneys is disrupted.
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Note!
Atmospheric pressure is measured with the support of a barometer, in which a column of mercury is just present. In addition to these 2 units, there are other units: bars, atmospheres, mm of water column, etc. 1 mm of mercury is also called torr.
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1 pascal [Pa] \u003d 0.00750063755419211 millimeter mercury (0 ° C) [mmHg]
Initial value
Converted value
pascal exapascal petapascal terapascal gigapascal megapascal kilopascal hectopascal decapascal decapascal santipascal millipascal micropascal nanopascal picopascal femtopascal attopascal newton per sq. meter newton per sq. centimeter newton per sq. millimeter kilonewtons per square meter meter bar millibar microbar dyne per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per sq. meter kilogram-force per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per sq. millimeter gram-force per square meter centimeter ton-force (short) per sq. ft ton-force (short) per sq. inch ton-force (dl) per sq. ft ton-force (long) per sq. inch kilopound-force per square foot inch kilopound-force per square foot in lbf / sq. ft lbf / sq. inch psi poundal per sq. foot torr centimeter mercury (0 ° C) millimeter mercury (0 ° C) inch mercury (32 ° F) inch mercury (60 ° F) centimeter water column (4 ° C) mm wg. column (4 ° C) inH2O column (4 ° C) foot of water (4 ° C) inch of water (60 ° F) foot of water (60 ° F) technical atmosphere physical atmosphere decibar walls per square meter piezoe of barium (barium) Planck pressure meter seawater feet sea \u200b\u200bwater (at 15 ° C) water meter. column (4 ° C)
More about pressure
General information
In physics, pressure is defined as a force acting per unit surface area. If two equal forces act on one large and one smaller surface, then the pressure on the smaller surface will be greater. Agree, it is much more terrible if the owner of the stiletto heels steps on your feet than the owner of the sneakers. For example, if you press down on a tomato or carrot with a sharp knife, the vegetable will be cut in half. The surface area of \u200b\u200bthe blade in contact with the vegetable is small, so the pressure is high enough to cut the vegetable. If you press with the same force on a tomato or carrot with a blunt knife, then, most likely, the vegetable will not be cut, since the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe knife is now larger, which means the pressure is less.
In SI, pressure is measured in pascals, or newtons per square meter.
Relative pressure
Sometimes pressure is measured as the difference between absolute and atmospheric pressure. This pressure is called relative or gauge and it is it that is measured, for example, when checking the pressure in car tires... Gauges often, though not always, show exactly the relative pressure.
Atmosphere pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the air pressure at a given location. It usually refers to the pressure of a column of air per unit surface area. A change in atmospheric pressure affects weather and air temperature. People and animals suffer from severe pressure drops. Low blood pressure causes problems of varying severity in humans and animals, from mental and physical discomfort to fatal diseases. For this reason, airplane cockpits are kept above atmospheric pressure at a given altitude, because atmospheric pressure at cruising altitude is too low.
Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. People and animals living high in the mountains, such as the Himalayas, adapt to these conditions. Travelers, on the other hand, must take the necessary precautions to avoid getting sick because the body is not used to it. low pressure... Mountain climbers, for example, can get sick with altitude sickness associated with a lack of oxygen in the blood and oxygen starvation of the body. This disease is especially dangerous if you are in the mountains for a long time. An exacerbation of altitude sickness leads to serious complications such as acute mountain sickness, high-altitude pulmonary edema, high-altitude cerebral edema, and the most acute form of mountain sickness. The danger of altitude and mountain diseases begins at an altitude of 2400 meters above sea level. To avoid altitude sickness, doctors advise not to use depressants such as alcohol and sleeping pills, drink plenty of fluids, and climb to altitude gradually, for example, on foot, rather than by transport. It is also beneficial to eat a large amount of carbohydrates and rest well, especially if the climb is fast. These measures will allow the body to get used to oxygen deprivation caused by low atmospheric pressure. If you follow these guidelines, your body will be able to make more red blood cells to transport oxygen to your brain and internal organs. For this, the body will increase the pulse and respiratory rate.
First aid in such cases is provided immediately. It is important to move the patient to a lower altitude where the atmospheric pressure is higher, preferably to an altitude lower than 2400 meters above sea level. Medicines and portable hyperbaric chambers are also used. They are lightweight, portable chambers that can be pressurized with a foot pump. An altitude sickness patient is placed in a chamber that maintains a pressure corresponding to a lower altitude. Such a camera is used only for first aid, after which the patient must be lowered below.
Some athletes use low blood pressure to improve circulation. Usually for this, training takes place in normal conditions, and these athletes sleep in a low pressure environment. Thus, their bodies become accustomed to high altitude conditions and begin to produce more red blood cells, which, in turn, increases the amount of oxygen in the blood, and allows them to achieve better results in sports. For this, special tents are produced, the pressure in which is regulated. Some athletes even change the pressure in the entire bedroom, but sealing the bedroom is an expensive process.
Spacesuits
Pilots and astronauts have to work in a low pressure environment, so they work in space suits to compensate for the low environmental pressure. Space suits completely protect a person from the environment. They are used in space. Altitude compensation suits are used by pilots at high altitudes - they help the pilot to breathe and counteract low barometric pressure.
Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of a fluid caused by gravity. This phenomenon plays a huge role not only in technology and physics, but also in medicine. For example, blood pressure is the hydrostatic pressure of blood against the walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries. It is represented by two values: systolic, or highest pressure, and diastolic, or lowest pressure during the heartbeat. Blood pressure monitors are called sphygmomanometers or tonometers. The unit of blood pressure is taken in millimeters of mercury.
The Pythagorean mug is an entertaining vessel that uses hydrostatic pressure, specifically the principle of a siphon. According to legend, Pythagoras invented this cup to control the amount of wine consumed. According to other sources, this cup was supposed to control the amount of water drunk during a drought. Inside the mug is a curved U-shaped tube hidden under the dome. One end of the tube is longer and ends with a hole in the leg of the mug. The other, shorter end, is connected by a hole to the inner bottom of the mug so that water in the cup fills the tube. The principle of the mug is similar to that of a modern toilet cistern. If the level of the liquid rises above the level of the tube, the liquid flows into the other half of the tube and flows out due to the hydrostatic pressure. If the level, on the contrary, is lower, then the mug can be safely used.
Geology pressure
Pressure is an important concept in geology. Formation of precious stones, both natural and artificial, is impossible without pressure. High pressure and high temperature are also necessary for the formation of oil from the remains of plants and animals. Unlike gemstones, which are mainly formed in rocks, oil forms at the bottom of rivers, lakes, or seas. Over time, more and more sand accumulates over these remains. The weight of the water and sand presses on the remains of animals and plants. Over time, this organic material sinks deeper and deeper into the earth, reaching several kilometers below the earth's surface. Temperatures increase by 25 ° C for every kilometer below the earth's surface, so temperatures reach 50–80 ° C at depths of several kilometers. Depending on the temperature and temperature difference in the formation medium, natural gas may form instead of oil.
Natural gems
Gemstone formation is not always the same, but pressure is one of the main component parts this process. For example, diamonds are formed in the Earth's mantle under high pressure and high temperature conditions. During volcanic eruptions, diamonds are transported to the upper layers of the Earth's surface thanks to magma. Some diamonds come to Earth from meteorites, and scientists believe they formed on Earth-like planets.
Synthetic gemstones
The production of synthetic gemstones began in the 1950s and has been gaining popularity in recent years. Some buyers prefer natural gemstones, but artificial gemstones are becoming more and more popular due to the low price and lack of problems associated with mining natural gemstones. For example, many buyers choose synthetic gemstones because their extraction and sale is not associated with human rights violations, child labor and the financing of wars and armed conflicts.
One of the technologies for growing diamonds in laboratory conditions is the method of growing crystals at high pressure and high temperature... In special devices, carbon is heated to 1000 ° C and subjected to a pressure of about 5 gigapascals. Typically, a small diamond is used as the seed crystal, and graphite is used for the carbon base. A new diamond grows from it. This is the most common method for growing diamonds, especially as gemstones, due to its low cost. The properties of diamonds grown in this way are the same or better than the properties natural stones... The quality of synthetic diamonds depends on the method of growing them. Compared to natural diamonds, which are most often transparent, most artificial diamonds are colored.
Due to their hardness, diamonds are widely used in manufacturing. In addition, their high thermal conductivity, optical properties and resistance to alkalis and acids are appreciated. Cutting tools are often coated with diamond dust, which is also used in abrasives and materials. Most of the diamonds in production are of artificial origin due to the low price and because the demand for such diamonds exceeds the ability to mine them in nature.
Some companies offer services to create memorial diamonds from the ashes of the dead. To do this, after cremation, the ashes are cleaned until carbon is obtained, and then a diamond is grown on its basis. Manufacturers advertise these diamonds as a memory of the departed, and their services are popular, especially in countries with a large percentage of wealthy citizens, such as the United States and Japan.
High pressure and high temperature crystal growing method
The high pressure, high temperature crystal growth method is mainly used to synthesize diamonds, but more recently, this method has helped to refine natural diamonds or change their color. Different presses are used for artificially growing diamonds. The most expensive to maintain and the most difficult of them is the cube press. It is mainly used to enhance or change the color of natural diamonds. Diamonds grow in the press at a rate of approximately 0.5 carats per day.
Do you find it difficult to translate a measurement unit from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and you will receive an answer within a few minutes.
About one third of the world's population is sensitive to environmental changes. Most of all, a person's well-being is affected by atmospheric pressure - the attraction of air masses to the Earth. What atmospheric pressure is considered normal for a person - it depends on the area in which he stays most of the time. Everyone will feel comfortable conditions familiar to him.
What is atmospheric pressure
The planet is surrounded by air mass, which, under the influence of gravity, presses on any object, including the human body. The force is called atmospheric pressure. Each square meter is pressed by a column of air weighing about 100,000 kg. The measurement of atmospheric pressure is carried out with a special device - a barometer. It is measured in pascals, millimeters of mercury, millibars, hectopascals, atmospheres.
The atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Art., or 101 325 Pa. The discovery of the phenomenon belongs to the famous physicist Blaise Pascal. The scientist formulated a law: at the same distance from the center of the earth (it does not matter, in the air, at the bottom of the reservoir), the absolute pressure will be the same. He was the first to propose measuring heights by the method of barometric equalization.
Atmospheric pressure standards by region
It is impossible to find out what atmospheric pressure is considered normal for a healthy person - there is no single answer. By different regions the impact of the globe is not the same. Within a relatively small area, this value can differ markedly. For example, in Central Asia, slightly increased numbers are considered standard (on average 715-730 mm Hg). For middle band Russian normal atmospheric pressure is 730-770 mm Hg. Art.
The indicators are related to the elevation of the surface above sea level, wind direction, humidity and ambient temperature. Warm air weighs less than cold air. Over an area with increased temperature or humidity, the compression of the atmosphere is always less. People living in high mountain areas are not sensitive to such barometer readings. Their body was formed under these conditions, and all organs underwent appropriate adaptation.
How pressure affects people
The ideal value is considered to be 760 mm Hg. Art. What awaits with fluctuations of the mercury column:
- Changes in optimal indicators (up to 10 mm / h) already lead to a deterioration in well-being.
- With a sharp increase, decrease (on average by 1 mm / h), even in healthy people, there is a significant deterioration in well-being. Headache, nausea, loss of working capacity appear.
Meteorological dependence
Human sensitivity to weather conditions - change of wind, geomagnetic storms - is called meteorological dependence. The influence of atmospheric pressure on is not yet fully understood. It is known that when the weather conditions change, internal tension is created inside the vessels and cavities of the body. Meteorological dependence can be expressed:
- irritability;
- pains of various localization;
- exacerbation of chronic diseases;
- a general deterioration in well-being;
- problems with blood vessels.
In most cases, people with the following diseases suffer from meteorological dependence:
- respiratory tract diseases;
- hypo- and hypertension.
High blood pressure response
A decrease in barometer readings by at least 10 units (770 mm Hg and below) has a negative impact on health. People with long-standing diseases of the cardiovascular and digestive systems are especially affected by weather changes. On such days, doctors recommend reducing physical activity, spending less time on the street, not abusing heavy food and alcohol. Among the main reactions:
- a feeling of congestion in the ear canals;
- a decrease in the number of leukocytes in the blood;
- decreased activity of intestinal motility;
- violation of the functionality of the cardiovascular system;
- poor ability to concentrate.
Response to low atmospheric pressure
Lowering the compression of the atmosphere to 740 mm and less causes opposite shifts in the body. Oxygen starvation is the cornerstone of all unfavorable changes. A rarefaction of air is created, a low percentage of oxygen molecules: it becomes harder to breathe. Arise.
