What does mm Hg mean? Normal atmospheric pressure for humans. What is "atmosphere"
For normal atmosphere pressure it is customary to take the air pressure at sea level at a latitude of 45 degrees at a temperature of 0 ° C. In these ideal conditions, a column of air presses against each area with the same force as a column of mercury 760 mm high. This figure is an indicator of normal atmospheric pressure.
Atmospheric pressure depends on the height of the terrain above sea level. On a hill, the indicators may differ from ideal, but they will also be considered the norm.
Atmospheric pressure standards in different regions
With an increase in altitude, atmospheric pressure decreases. So, at an altitude of five kilometers, the pressure indicators will be approximately two times less than below.Due to the location of Moscow on a hill, the norm of pressure here is considered to be 747-748 mm column. In St. Petersburg, the normal pressure is 753-755 mm Hg. This difference is explained by the fact that the city on the Neva is located lower in comparison with Moscow. In some districts of St. Petersburg, you can find the pressure rate in the ideal 760 mm Hg. For Vladivostok, the normal pressure is 761 mm Hg. And in the mountains of Tibet - 413 mm Hg.
Effects of atmospheric pressure on humans
A person gets used to everything. Even if the normal pressure readings are low compared to the ideal 760 mm Hg, but they are the norm for the area, people will.A person's well-being is affected by a sharp fluctuation in atmospheric pressure, i.e. decrease or increase in pressure by at least 1 mm Hg within three hours
With a decrease in pressure, there is a lack of oxygen in the blood of a person, hypoxia of the body cells develops, and the heart rate increases. Headaches appear. There are difficulties in the respiratory system. Due to poor blood supply, a person may be bothered by joint pain, numbness of the fingers.
An increase in pressure leads to an excess of oxygen in the blood and body tissues. The tone of blood vessels increases, which leads to their spasms. As a result, the blood circulation of the body is disturbed. Visual impairment may occur in the form of the appearance of "flies" before the eyes, dizziness, nausea. A sharp increase in pressure to large values \u200b\u200bcan lead to rupture of the ear drum.
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1 millimeter of mercury (0 ° C) [mmHg] \u003d 0.0013595060494664 technical atmosphere [at]
Initial value
Converted value
pascal exapascal petapascal terapascal gigapascal megapascal kilopascal hectopascal decapascal decapascal santipascal millipascal micropascal nanopascal picopascal femtopascal attopascal newton per sq. meter newton per sq. centimeter newton per sq. millimeter kilonewtons per square meter meter bar millibar microbar dyne per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per sq. meter kilogram-force per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per sq. millimeter gram-force per square meter centimeter ton-force (short) per sq. ft ton-force (short) per sq. inch ton-force (dl) per sq. ft ton-force (long) per sq. inch kilopound-force per square foot inch kilopound-force per square foot in lbf / sq. ft lbf / sq. inch psi poundal per sq. foot torr centimeter mercury (0 ° C) millimeter mercury (0 ° C) inch mercury (32 ° F) inch mercury (60 ° F) centimeter water column (4 ° C) mm wg. column (4 ° C) inH2O column (4 ° C) foot of water (4 ° C) inch of water (60 ° F) foot of water (60 ° F) technical atmosphere physical atmosphere decibar walls at square meter barium pieza (barium) Planck pressure meter of sea water foot of sea water (at 15 ° C) meter of water. column (4 ° C)
Thermal resistance
More about pressure
General information
In physics, pressure is defined as the force acting per unit surface area. If two equal forces act on one large and one smaller surface, then the pressure on the smaller surface will be greater. Agree, it is much more terrible if the owner of the stiletto heels steps on your feet than the owner of the sneakers. For example, if you press down on a tomato or carrot with a sharp knife, the vegetable will be cut in half. The surface area of \u200b\u200bthe blade in contact with the vegetable is small, so the pressure is high enough to cut the vegetable. If you press with the same force on a tomato or carrot with a blunt knife, then, most likely, the vegetable will not be cut, since the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe knife is now larger, which means the pressure is less.
In SI, pressure is measured in pascals, or newtons per square meter.
Relative pressure
Sometimes pressure is measured as the difference between absolute and atmospheric pressure. This pressure is called relative or gauge and it is it that is measured, for example, when checking the pressure in car tires... Gauges often, though not always, show exactly the relative pressure.
Atmosphere pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the air pressure at a given location. It usually refers to the pressure of a column of air per unit surface area. A change in atmospheric pressure affects weather and air temperature. People and animals suffer from severe pressure drops. Low blood pressure causes problems of varying severity in humans and animals, from mental and physical discomfort to fatal diseases. For this reason, airplane cockpits are kept above atmospheric pressure at a given altitude, because atmospheric pressure at cruising altitude is too low.
Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. People and animals living high in the mountains, such as the Himalayas, adapt to these conditions. Travelers, on the other hand, must take the necessary precautions so as not to get sick due to the fact that the body is not used to it. low pressure... Climbers, for example, can get sick with altitude sickness associated with a lack of oxygen in the blood and oxygen starvation of the body. This disease is especially dangerous if you are in the mountains for a long time. An exacerbation of altitude sickness leads to serious complications such as acute mountain sickness, high-altitude pulmonary edema, high-altitude cerebral edema, and the most acute form of mountain sickness. The danger of altitude and mountain diseases begins at an altitude of 2400 meters above sea level. To avoid altitude sickness, doctors advise not to use depressants such as alcohol and sleeping pills, drink plenty of fluids, and climb gradually, for example, on foot, rather than by transport. It is also beneficial to eat a lot of carbohydrates, and to rest well, especially if the climb is fast. These measures will allow the body to get used to oxygen deprivation caused by low atmospheric pressure. If you follow these guidelines, your body will be able to make more red blood cells to transport oxygen to your brain and internal organs. For this, the body will increase the pulse and respiratory rate.
First aid in such cases is provided immediately. It is important to move the patient to a lower altitude where the atmospheric pressure is higher, preferably to an altitude lower than 2400 meters above sea level. Medicines and portable hyperbaric chambers are also used. These are lightweight, portable chambers that can be pressurized with a foot pump. An altitude sickness patient is placed in a chamber that maintains a pressure corresponding to a lower altitude. Such a camera is used only for first aid, after which the patient must be lowered below.
Some athletes use low blood pressure to improve circulation. Usually for this, training takes place in normal conditions, and these athletes sleep in a low pressure environment. Thus, their bodies become accustomed to high altitude conditions and begin to produce more red blood cells, which, in turn, increases the amount of oxygen in the blood, and allows them to achieve better results in sports. For this, special tents are produced, the pressure in which is regulated. Some athletes even change the pressure in the entire bedroom, but sealing the bedroom is an expensive process.
Spacesuits
Pilots and astronauts have to work in a low pressure environment, so they work in space suits to compensate for the low environmental pressure. Space suits completely protect a person from the environment. They are used in space. Altitude compensation suits are used by pilots at high altitudes - they help the pilot to breathe and counteract low barometric pressure.
Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of a fluid caused by gravity. This phenomenon plays a huge role not only in technology and physics, but also in medicine. For example, blood pressure is the hydrostatic pressure of blood against the walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries. It is represented by two values: systolic, or highest pressure, and diastolic, or lowest pressure during the heartbeat. Blood pressure monitors are called sphygmomanometers or tonometers. The unit of blood pressure is taken in millimeters of mercury.
The Pythagorean mug is an entertaining vessel that uses hydrostatic pressure, specifically the principle of a siphon. According to legend, Pythagoras invented this cup to control the amount of wine consumed. According to other sources, this cup was supposed to control the amount of water drunk during a drought. Inside the mug is a curved U-shaped tube hidden under the dome. One end of the tube is longer and ends with a hole in the leg of the mug. The other, shorter end, is connected with a hole to the inner bottom of the mug so that water in the cup fills the tube. The principle of the mug is similar to that of a modern toilet cistern. If the level of the liquid rises above the level of the tube, the liquid flows into the other half of the tube and flows out due to the hydrostatic pressure. If the level, on the contrary, is lower, then the mug can be safely used.
Geology pressure
Pressure is an important concept in geology. Formation of precious stones, both natural and artificial, is impossible without pressure. High pressure and high temperature are also necessary for the formation of oil from the remains of plants and animals. Unlike gemstones, which are mainly formed in rocks, oil forms at the bottom of rivers, lakes, or seas. Over time, more and more sand accumulates over these remains. The weight of the water and sand presses on the remains of animals and plants. Over time, this organic material sinks deeper and deeper into the earth, reaching several kilometers below the earth's surface. Temperatures increase by 25 ° C for every kilometer below the earth's surface, so temperatures reach 50–80 ° C at depths of several kilometers. Depending on the temperature and temperature difference in the formation medium, natural gas may form instead of oil.
Natural gems
Gemstone formation is not always the same, but pressure is one of the main component parts this process. For example, diamonds are formed in the Earth's mantle under high pressure and high temperature conditions. During volcanic eruptions, diamonds move to the upper layers of the Earth's surface thanks to magma. Some diamonds fall to Earth from meteorites, and scientists believe they formed on planets similar to Earth.
Synthetic gemstones
The production of synthetic gemstones began in the 1950s and has been gaining popularity in recent years. Some buyers prefer natural gemstones, but artificial gemstones are becoming more and more popular due to the low price and lack of problems associated with mining natural gemstones. For example, many buyers choose synthetic gemstones because their extraction and sale is not associated with human rights violations, child labor and the financing of wars and armed conflicts.
One of the technologies for growing diamonds in laboratory conditions is the method of growing crystals at high pressure and high temperature... In special devices, carbon is heated to 1000 ° C and subjected to a pressure of about 5 gigapascals. Typically, a small diamond is used as the seed crystal, and graphite is used for the carbon base. A new diamond grows from it. This is the most common method for growing diamonds, especially as gemstones, due to its low cost. Properties of diamonds grown in this way are the same or better than properties natural stones... The quality of synthetic diamonds depends on the method of growing them. Compared to natural diamonds, which are most often transparent, most artificial diamonds are colored.
Due to their hardness, diamonds are widely used in manufacturing. In addition, their high thermal conductivity, optical properties and resistance to alkalis and acids are appreciated. Cutting tools are often coated with diamond dust, which is also used in abrasives and materials. Most of the diamonds in production are of artificial origin due to the low price and because the demand for such diamonds exceeds the ability to mine them in nature.
Some companies offer services to create memorial diamonds from the ashes of the dead. To do this, after cremation, the ashes are cleaned until carbon is obtained, and then a diamond is grown on its basis. Manufacturers advertise these diamonds as a memory of the departed, and their services are popular, especially in countries with a large percentage of wealthy citizens, such as the United States and Japan.
High pressure and high temperature crystal growing method
The high pressure, high temperature crystal growth method is mainly used to synthesize diamonds, but more recently, this method has helped to refine natural diamonds or change their color. Different presses are used to artificially grow diamonds. The most expensive to maintain and the most difficult of them is the cube press. It is mainly used to enhance or change the color of natural diamonds. Diamonds grow in the press at a rate of about 0.5 carats per day.
Do you find it difficult to translate a measurement unit from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and you will receive an answer within a few minutes.
Pascal (Pa, Pa)
Bar (bar, bar) - approximately equal to one atmosphere.
One bar equals 105 N / m² or 106 dyne / cm² or 0.986923 atm.
Used also millibar
PSI (lb.p.sq.in.)
millimeter of water column inch of mercury (inHg)
Micron (micron,μ )
| Pascal | Bar | Technical atmosphere | Physical atmosphere | Millimeter of mercury | Pound-force per square inch | Micron | Inch of mercury | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Pa, Pa) | (bar, bar) | (at, at) | (atm, atm) | (mmHg, torr, torr) | (psi) | (μκ, micron) | ("Hg, inHg) | |
| 1 Pa | 1 N m2 | 10-5 | 10.197 10-6 | 9.8692 10-6 | 7,5006 10-6 | 145.04 10-6 | 7,5 | 29.53 10-5 |
| 1 bar | 105 | 1 106 dynes / cm2 | 1,0197 | 0,98692 | 750,06 | 14,504 | 7.5105 | 2,953 |
| 1 at | 98066,5 | 0,980665 | 1 kgf / cm2 | 0,96784 | 735,56 | 14,223 | 7,356 105 | 28,96 |
| 1 atm | 101325 | 1,01325 | 1,033 | 1 atm | 760 | 14,696 | 7.6 105 | 29,9222 |
| 1 mmHg | 133,322 | 1.3332 10-3 | 1.3595 10-3 | 1.3158 10-3 | 1 mmHg | 19.337 10-3 | 1000 | 39.37 10-3 |
| 1 psi | 6894,76 | 68.948 10-3 | 70.307 10-3 | 68.046 10-3 | 51,715 | 1 lbf / in2 | 5.171104 | 0,2036 |
| 1 micron | 0,1333 | 1.333 10-6 | 1.3595 10-6 | 1.3158 10-6 | 10-3 | 19.337 10-6 | 1 μκ | 39.37 10-6 |
| 1 "Hg | 3.386 103 | 0,33864 | 34.531 10-3 | 33.42 10-3 | 25,4 | 4,9116 | 25.4 · 103 | 1 inHg |
Alexey Matveev,
You will need
- - calculator;
- - a computer;
- - the Internet.
Instructions
- When converting pressure to pascals, keep in mind that when measuring blood pressure, in meteorological reports, as well as among vacuum engineers, the name “mm Hg. Art. " to "mm" (sometimes millimeters are also omitted). Therefore, if the pressure is specified in millimeters or just a number is indicated, then most likely it is mm Hg. Art. (if possible, please specify). When measuring very low pressures instead of mmHg. Art. "Vacuum workers" use the unit "micron of mercury", which is usually denoted as "microns". Accordingly, if the pressure is indicated in microns, then simply divide this number by a thousand and get the pressure in mm Hg. Art.
- When measuring high pressures, a unit such as "atmosphere" is often used, which corresponds to normal atmospheric pressure.
Millimeter of mercury
One atmosphere (atm, atm) equals 760 mm Hg. Art. That is, to obtain a pressure in mm Hg. Art. multiply the number of atmospheres by 760. If the pressure is indicated in "technical atmospheres", then to convert the pressure in mm Hg. Art. multiply this number by 735.56.
- Example.
505400 Pa (or 505.4 kPa).
CompleteRepair.Ru
When installing the air conditioner, it is necessary to measure the pressure in the system. Pressure gauges use different units of pressure measurement, which, in turn, may differ from those specified in technical characteristics the air conditioner itself. How to avoid confusion about this variety?
To help novice installers, below is short description various pressure units.
Pascal (Pa, Pa) - equal to the force pressure of one newton per square meter.
Bar (bar, bar)
Used also millibar (mbar, mbar), 1 mbar \u003d 0.001 bar.
Technical atmosphere (at, at) - equal to the pressure of 1 kgf per 1 cm².
Atmosphere standard, physical (atm, atm) - equal to 101 325 Pa and 760 millimeters of mercury.
PSI (lb.p.sq.in.) - pound-force per square inch (lbf / in²) is equal to 6 894.75729 Pa.
Millimeter of mercury (mmHg, mm Hg, torr, Torr) - equal to 133.3223684 Pa. Also used millimeter of water column (1 mm Hg \u003d 13.5951 mm H2O) and inch of mercury (inHg).
Millimeter mercury to pascal
1 inHg \u003d 3.386389 kPa at 0 ° C.
Micron (micron,μ ) - equal to 0.001 mm Hg. Art. (0.001 Torr).
Pressure unit conversion table:
| Pascal | Bar | Technical atmosphere | Physical atmosphere | Millimeter of mercury | Pound-force per square inch | Micron | Inch of mercury | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Pa, Pa) | (bar, bar) | (at, at) | (atm, atm) | (mmHg, torr, torr) | (psi) | (μκ, micron) | ("Hg, inHg) | |
| 1 Pa | 1 N m2 | 10-5 | 10.197 10-6 | 9.8692 10-6 | 7,5006 10-6 | 145.04 10-6 | 7,5 | 29.53 10-5 |
| 1 bar | 105 | 1 106 dynes / cm2 | 1,0197 | 0,98692 | 750,06 | 14,504 | 7.5105 | 2,953 |
| 1 at | 98066,5 | 0,980665 | 1 kgf / cm2 | 0,96784 | 735,56 | 14,223 | 7,356 105 | 28,96 |
| 1 atm | 101325 | 1,01325 | 1,033 | 1 atm | 760 | 14,696 | 7.6 105 | 29,9222 |
| 1 mmHg | 133,322 | 1.3332 10-3 | 1.3595 10-3 | 1.3158 10-3 | 1 mmHg | 19.337 10-3 | 1000 | 39.37 10-3 |
| 1 psi | 6894,76 | 68.948 10-3 | 70.307 10-3 | 68.046 10-3 | 51,715 | 1 lbf / in2 | 5.171104 | 0,2036 |
| 1 micron | 0,1333 | 1.333 10-6 | 1.3595 10-6 | 1.3158 10-6 | 10-3 | 19.337 10-6 | 1 μκ | 39.37 10-6 |
| 1 "Hg | 3.386 103 | 0,33864 | 34.531 10-3 | 33.42 10-3 | 25,4 | 4,9116 | 25.4 · 103 | 1 inHg |
Alexey Matveev,
technical specialist of the company "Rashodka"
In order to find out how many atmospheres are in a millimeter of mercury, you need to use a simple online calculator... Enter in the left field the number of millimeters of mercury you are interested in that you want to convert. In the box on the right, you will see the result of the calculation. If you need to convert millimeters of mercury or atmosphere into other units of measurement, just click on the corresponding link.
What is a "millimeter of mercury"
The off-system unit of a millimeter of mercury (mm Hg; mm Hg), sometimes called "torr", is 101 325/760 ≈ 133.322 368 4 Pa. Atmospheric pressure was measured with a barometer with a column of mercury, hence the name of this unit of measurement. At sea level, atmospheric pressure is approximately 760 mm Hg. Art. or 101 325 Pa, hence the value is 101 325/760 Pa. This unit is traditionally used in vacuum technology, when measuring blood pressure and in weather reports. In some devices, measurements are made in millimeters of water column (1 mm Hg \u003d 13.5951 mm Hg), and in the USA and Canada there is also an "inch of mercury" (inHg) \u003d 3.386389 kPa at 0 ° C.
What is "atmosphere"
A non-systemic unit of pressure that roughly corresponds to atmospheric pressure at sea level. Equally, there are two units - a technical atmosphere (at, at) and a normal, standard or physical atmosphere (atm, atm). One technical atmosphere is a uniform perpendicular force of 1 kgf on a flat surface of 1 cm². 1 at \u003d 98,066.5 Pa.
Calculator Pressure
The standard atmosphere is the pressure of a 760 mm high mercury column with a mercury density of 13,595.04 kg / m³ and zero temperature. 1 atm \u003d 101 325 Pa \u003d 1.033233 at. In the RF, only a technical atmosphere is used.
In the past, the terms “ata” and “ati” were used for absolute and gauge pressure. Gauge pressure is the difference between absolute and atmospheric pressure when the absolute is greater than atmospheric. The difference between atmospheric and absolute pressure, when the absolute pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure, is called a vacuum (vacuum).
Millimeters of mercury and pascals are used to measure pressure. Although the pascal is the official system unit, the off-system millimeters of mercury are as widespread as they are. "Millimeters" even have their own name - "torr" (torr), given in honor of the famous scientist Torricelli. There is an exact relationship between the two units: 1 mm Hg. Art. \u003d 101325/760 Pa, which is the definition of the unit "mm Hg. Art. "
You will need
- - calculator;
- - a computer;
- - the Internet.
Instructions
- To convert the pressure given in millimeters of mercury, multiply the number of mm Hg in pascals. Art. by the number 101325, and then divide by 760. That is, use the simple formula: Кп \u003d Км * 101325/760, where:
Km - pressure in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg, mm Hg, torr, torr)
Кп - pressure in pascals (Pa, Pa). - Using the above formula gives the closest match between the two measurement systems. For practical calculations, use a simpler formula: Kp \u003d Km * 133.322 or simplified Kp \u003d Km * 133.
- When converting pressure to pascals, keep in mind that when measuring blood pressure, in meteorological reports, as well as among vacuum engineers, the name "mmHg." Art. " to "mm" (sometimes millimeters are omitted). Therefore, if the pressure is specified in millimeters or just a number is indicated, then most likely it is mm Hg. Art. (if possible, please specify).
How to convert Pa to mm. rt. Art.?
When measuring very low pressures instead of mmHg. Art. "Vacuum workers" use the unit "micron of mercury", which is usually denoted as "microns". Accordingly, if the pressure is indicated in microns, then simply divide this number by a thousand and get the pressure in mm Hg. Art.
- When measuring high pressures, a unit such as "atmosphere" is often used, which corresponds to normal atmospheric pressure. One atmosphere (atm, atm) equals 760 mm Hg. Art. That is, to obtain a pressure in mm Hg. Art. multiply the number of atmospheres by 760. If the pressure is indicated in "technical atmospheres", then to convert the pressure in mm Hg. Art. multiply this number by 735.56.
- Example.
The pressure in the car tire is 5 atmospheres. What is this pressure, expressed in Pascals? Solution.
Convert pressure from atmospheres to mmHg. Art .: 5 * 760 \u003d 3800.
Convert pressure from mmHg. Art. in pascal: 3800 * 133 \u003d 505400. Answer.
505400 Pa (or 505.4 kPa). - If you have a computer or mobile phone with Internet access, then just find any online service for converting physical units of measurement. To do this, type in a search engine a phrase like "convert from mm Hg to pascals" and use the instructions on the service website.
CompleteRepair.Ru
Converting pascals to millimeters of mercury
When installing the air conditioner, it is necessary to measure the pressure in the system. The pressure gauges use different units of pressure measurement, which, in turn, may differ from those indicated in the technical characteristics of the air conditioner itself. How to avoid confusion about this variety?
To help beginner installers, a brief description of the various pressure units is provided below.
Pascal (Pa, Pa) - equal to the force pressure of one newton per square meter.
Bar (bar, bar) - approximately equal to one atmosphere. One bar is equal to 105 N / m² or 106 dynes / cm² or 0.986923 atm.
Used also millibar (mbar, mbar), 1 mbar \u003d 0.001 bar.
Technical atmosphere (at, at) - equal to the pressure of 1 kgf per 1 cm².
Atmosphere standard, physical (atm, atm) - equal to 101 325 Pa and 760 millimeters of mercury.
PSI (lb.p.sq.in.) - pound-force per square inch (lbf / in²) is equal to 6 894.75729 Pa.
Millimeter of mercury (mmHg, mm Hg, torr, Torr) - equal to 133.3223684 Pa. Also used millimeter of water column (1 mm Hg \u003d 13.5951 mm H2O) and inch of mercury (inHg)... 1 inHg \u003d 3.386389 kPa at 0 ° C.
Micron (micron,μ ) - equal to 0.001 mm Hg. Art. (0.001 Torr).
Pressure unit conversion table:
| Pascal | Bar | Technical atmosphere | Physical atmosphere | Millimeter of mercury | Pound-force per square inch | Micron | Inch of mercury | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Pa, Pa) | (bar, bar) | (at, at) | (atm, atm) | (mmHg, torr, torr) | (psi) | (μκ, micron) | ("Hg, inHg) | |
| 1 Pa | 1 N m2 | 10-5 | 10.197 10-6 | 9.8692 10-6 | 7,5006 10-6 | 145.04 10-6 | 7,5 | 29.53 10-5 |
| 1 bar | 105 | 1 106 dynes / cm2 | 1,0197 | 0,98692 | 750,06 | 14,504 | 7.5105 | 2,953 |
| 1 at | 98066,5 | 0,980665 | 1 kgf / cm2 | 0,96784 | 735,56 | 14,223 | 7,356 105 | 28,96 |
| 1 atm | 101325 | 1,01325 | 1,033 | 1 atm | 760 | 14,696 | 7.6 105 | 29,9222 |
| 1 mmHg | 133,322 | 1.3332 10-3 | 1.3595 10-3 | 1.3158 10-3 | 1 mmHg | 19.337 10-3 | 1000 | 39.37 10-3 |
| 1 psi | 6894,76 | 68.948 10-3 | 70.307 10-3 | 68.046 10-3 | 51,715 | 1 lbf / in2 | 5.171104 | 0,2036 |
| 1 micron | 0,1333 | 1.333 10-6 | 1.3595 10-6 | 1.3158 10-6 | 10-3 | 19.337 10-6 | 1 μκ | 39.37 10-6 |
| 1 "Hg | 3.386 103 | 0,33864 | 34.531 10-3 | 33.42 10-3 | 25,4 | 4,9116 | 25.4 · 103 | 1 inHg |
Alexey Matveev,
technical specialist of the company "Rashodka"
About what atmospheric pressure is, we are told at school at the lessons of natural history and geography. We get acquainted with this information and safely throw it out of our heads, rightly believing that we will never be able to use it.
But over the years, the stress and environmental conditions of the environment will have a sufficient impact on us. And the concept of "geo-dependence" will no longer seem like nonsense, since pressure surges and headaches will begin to poison life. At this point, you will have to remember what it is like in Moscow, for example, in order to adapt to new conditions. And live on.
School basics
The atmosphere that surrounds our planet, unfortunately, literally puts pressure on all living and nonliving. To define this phenomenon, there is a term - atmospheric pressure. This is the force of the impact of the air column on the area. In SI, we are talking about kilograms per square centimeter. Normal atmospheric pressure (for Moscow, the optimal indicators have long been known) affects the human body with the same force as a kettlebell weighing 1.033 kg. But most of us don't notice it. Enough gases are dissolved in body fluids to neutralize all unpleasant sensations.
Norms of atmospheric pressure in different regions are different. But 760 mm Hg is considered ideal. Art. The experiments with mercury were most revealing at a time when scientists were proving that air has weight. Mercury barometers are the most common pressure measurement instruments. It should also be remembered that the ideal conditions for which the named 760 mm Hg are relevant. Art., is a temperature of 0 ° C and the 45th parallel.
In the international system of units, it is customary to determine pressure in Pascals. But for us, the use of fluctuations of the mercury column is more familiar and understandable.
Features of the relief
Of course, many factors affect the value of atmospheric pressure. The most significant are the relief and proximity to the planet's magnetic poles. The norm of atmospheric pressure in Moscow is fundamentally different from the indicators of the same St. Petersburg; and for the inhabitants of some remote village in the mountains, this figure may seem generally abnormal. Already at 1 km above sea level It corresponds to 734 mm Hg. Art.
As already noted, in the region of the earth's poles, the amplitude of the pressure change is much higher than in the equatorial zone. Even during the day, atmospheric pressure changes somewhat. Slightly, however, only 1-2 mm. This is due to the difference between day and night temperatures. It is usually cooler at night, which means the pressure is higher.
Pressure and man
For a person, in essence, it does not matter what atmospheric pressure is: normal, low or high. These are very conditional definitions. People tend to get used to everything and adapt. The dynamics and magnitude of changes in atmospheric pressure are much more important. On the territory of the CIS countries, in particular in Russia, there are quite a few zones. Often, local residents do not even know about it.
The norm of atmospheric pressure in Moscow, for example, may well be regarded as a variable value. After all, each skyscraper is a kind of mountain, and the higher and faster you go up (go down), the more noticeable the drop will be. Some people may well pass out after taking a ride in the high-speed elevator.
Adaptation
Doctors almost unanimously agree that the question "what atmospheric pressure is considered normal" (Moscow or any locality on the planet is not important) is incorrect in itself. Our bodies adapt perfectly to life above or below sea level. And if pressure does not have a detrimental effect on a person, it can be considered normal for a given area. Doctors say that the atmospheric pressure in Moscow and other large cities is in the range from 750 to 765 mm Hg. pillar.
The pressure drop is a completely different matter. If within a few hours it rises (falls) by 5-6 mm, people begin to experience discomfort and pain. This is especially dangerous for the heart. Its beating becomes more frequent, and a change in the frequency of breaths leads to a change in the rhythm of oxygen supply to the body. The most common ailments in such a situation are weakness, etc.
Meteorological dependence
Normal atmospheric pressure for Moscow may seem like a nightmare to a visitor from the North or the Urals. Indeed, each region has its own norm and, accordingly, its own understanding of the stable state of the organism. And since in life we \u200b\u200bdo not concentrate on accurate pressure indicators, forecasters always focus on what kind of pressure it is for a given region - increased or decreased.
After all, not every person can boast that they do not notice the corresponding changes. Anyone who cannot call himself lucky in this matter should systematize his feelings during pressure drops and find acceptable measures to combat. A cup of strong coffee or tea is often enough, but sometimes more serious help in the form of medication is needed.
The pressure in the metropolis
The most weather dependent are residents of megacities. It is here that a person experiences more stress, lives life at a high pace and experiences environmental degradation. Therefore, it is vitally important to know what the norm of atmospheric pressure is for Moscow.
The capital of the Russian Federation is located on the Central Russian Upland, which means that there is a priori a zone of low pressure. Why? It's very simple: the higher above sea level, the lower the atmospheric pressure. For example, on the banks of the Moskva River, this figure will be 168 m. And the maximum value in the city was recorded in Teply Stan - 255 m above sea level.
It is entirely possible to assume that Muscovites will experience abnormally low atmospheric pressure much less frequently than residents of other regions, which, of course, cannot but please them. And yet, what atmospheric pressure is considered the norm in Moscow? Meteorologists say that it usually does not exceed 748 mm Hg. pillar. This means little, since we already know that even a quick ascent in an elevator can have a significant impact on a person's heart.
On the other hand, Muscovites do not feel uncomfortable if the pressure fluctuates between 745-755 mm Hg. Art.
The danger
But from the point of view of doctors, not everything is so optimistic for the inhabitants of the metropolis. Many experts reasonably believe that people are putting themselves in danger by working on the upper floors of business centers. Indeed, in addition to the fact that they live in a zone of low pressure, they also spend almost a third of the day in places with
If we add to this fact the violations of the ventilation system of the building and the constant operation of air conditioners, it becomes obvious that the employees of such offices are the most inoperative, sleepy and sick.
Outcome
Actually, it is worth remembering a few points. First, there is no single ideal value for normal atmospheric pressure. There are regional norms that can differ significantly in absolute terms. Secondly, the characteristics of the human body make it easy to experience pressure drops if it happens rather slowly. Thirdly, the healthier the lifestyle we lead and the more often we manage to observe the daily regimen (rise at the same time, long night sleep, adherence to an elementary diet, etc.), the less we are subject to meteorological dependence. This means that they are more energetic and cheerful.
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1 pascal [Pa] \u003d 0.00750063755419211 millimeter mercury (0 ° C) [mmHg]
Initial value
Converted value
pascal exapascal petapascal terapascal gigapascal megapascal kilopascal hectopascal decapascal decapascal santipascal millipascal micropascal nanopascal picopascal femtopascal attopascal newton per sq. meter newton per sq. centimeter newton per sq. millimeter kilonewtons per square meter meter bar millibar microbar dyne per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per sq. meter kilogram-force per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per sq. millimeter gram-force per square meter centimeter ton-force (short) per sq. ft ton-force (short) per sq. inch ton-force (dl) per sq. foot ton-force (long) per sq. inch kilopound-force per square foot inch kilopound-force per square foot in lbf / sq. ft lbf / sq. inch psi poundal per sq. foot torr centimeter mercury (0 ° C) millimeter mercury (0 ° C) inch mercury (32 ° F) inch mercury (60 ° F) centimeter water column (4 ° C) mm wg. column (4 ° C) inH2O column (4 ° C) foot of water (4 ° C) inch of water (60 ° F) foot of water (60 ° F) technical atmosphere physical atmosphere decibar walls per square meter piezoe of barium (barium) Planck pressure meter seawater feet sea \u200b\u200bwater (at 15 ° C) water meter. column (4 ° C)
More about pressure
General information
In physics, pressure is defined as the force acting per unit surface area. If two equal forces act on one large and one smaller surface, then the pressure on the smaller surface will be greater. Agree, it is much more terrible if the owner of the stiletto heels steps on your feet than the owner of the sneakers. For example, if you press down on a tomato or carrot with a sharp knife, the vegetable will be cut in half. The surface area of \u200b\u200bthe blade in contact with the vegetable is small, so the pressure is high enough to cut the vegetable. If you press with the same force on a tomato or carrot with a blunt knife, then, most likely, the vegetable will not be cut, since the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe knife is now larger, which means the pressure is less.
In SI, pressure is measured in pascals, or newtons per square meter.
Relative pressure
Sometimes pressure is measured as the difference between absolute and atmospheric pressure. This pressure is called relative or gauge pressure and it is it that is measured, for example, when checking the pressure in car tires. Gauges often, though not always, show exactly the relative pressure.
Atmosphere pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the air pressure at a given location. It usually refers to the pressure of a column of air per unit surface area. A change in atmospheric pressure affects weather and air temperature. People and animals suffer from severe pressure drops. Low blood pressure causes problems of varying severity in humans and animals, from mental and physical discomfort to fatal diseases. For this reason, airplane cockpits are kept above atmospheric pressure at a given altitude, because atmospheric pressure at cruising altitude is too low.
Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. People and animals living high in the mountains, such as the Himalayas, adapt to these conditions. Travelers, on the other hand, must take the necessary precautions so as not to get sick due to the fact that the body is not used to such low pressure. Mountain climbers, for example, can get sick with altitude sickness associated with a lack of oxygen in the blood and oxygen starvation of the body. This disease is especially dangerous if you are in the mountains for a long time. An exacerbation of altitude sickness leads to serious complications such as acute mountain sickness, high-altitude pulmonary edema, high-altitude cerebral edema, and the most acute form of mountain sickness. The danger of altitude and mountain diseases begins at an altitude of 2400 meters above sea level. To avoid altitude sickness, doctors advise against using depressants such as alcohol and sleeping pills, drink plenty of fluids, and ascend to altitude gradually, for example, on foot rather than by transport. It is also beneficial to eat a lot of carbohydrates and rest well, especially if the climb is fast. These measures will allow the body to get used to oxygen deprivation caused by low atmospheric pressure. If you follow these guidelines, your body will be able to make more red blood cells to transport oxygen to your brain and internal organs. For this, the body will increase the pulse and respiratory rate.
First aid in such cases is provided immediately. It is important to move the patient to a lower altitude where the atmospheric pressure is higher, preferably to an altitude lower than 2400 meters above sea level. Medicines and portable hyperbaric chambers are also used. These are lightweight, portable chambers that can be pressurized with a foot pump. An altitude sickness patient is placed in a chamber that maintains a pressure corresponding to a lower altitude. Such a camera is used only for first aid, after which the patient must be lowered below.
Some athletes use low blood pressure to improve circulation. Usually for this, training takes place in normal conditions, and these athletes sleep in a low pressure environment. Thus, their bodies become accustomed to high altitude conditions and begin to produce more red blood cells, which, in turn, increases the amount of oxygen in the blood, and allows them to achieve better results in sports. For this, special tents are produced, the pressure in which is regulated. Some athletes even change the pressure in the entire bedroom, but sealing the bedroom is an expensive process.
Spacesuits
Pilots and astronauts have to work in a low pressure environment, so they work in space suits to compensate for the low environmental pressure. Space suits completely protect a person from the environment. They are used in space. Altitude compensation suits are used by pilots at high altitudes - they help the pilot to breathe and counteract low barometric pressure.
Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of a fluid caused by gravity. This phenomenon plays a huge role not only in technology and physics, but also in medicine. For example, blood pressure is the hydrostatic pressure of blood against the walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries. It is represented by two values: systolic, or highest pressure, and diastolic, or lowest pressure during the heartbeat. Blood pressure monitors are called sphygmomanometers or tonometers. The unit of blood pressure is taken in millimeters of mercury.
The Pythagorean mug is an entertaining vessel that uses hydrostatic pressure, specifically the principle of a siphon. According to legend, Pythagoras invented this cup to control the amount of wine consumed. According to other sources, this cup was supposed to control the amount of water drunk during a drought. Inside the mug is a curved U-shaped tube hidden under the dome. One end of the tube is longer and ends with a hole in the leg of the mug. The other, shorter end, is connected with a hole to the inner bottom of the mug so that water in the cup fills the tube. The principle of the mug is similar to that of a modern toilet cistern. If the level of the liquid rises above the level of the tube, the liquid flows into the other half of the tube and flows out due to the hydrostatic pressure. If the level, on the contrary, is lower, then the mug can be safely used.
Geology pressure
Pressure is an important concept in geology. Formation of precious stones, both natural and artificial, is impossible without pressure. High pressure and high temperature are also necessary for the formation of oil from the remains of plants and animals. Unlike gemstones, which are mainly formed in rocks, oil forms at the bottom of rivers, lakes, or seas. Over time, more and more sand accumulates over these remains. The weight of the water and sand presses on the remains of animals and plants. Over time, this organic material sinks deeper and deeper into the earth, reaching several kilometers below the earth's surface. Temperatures increase by 25 ° C for every kilometer below the earth's surface, so temperatures reach 50–80 ° C at depths of several kilometers. Depending on the temperature and temperature difference in the formation medium, natural gas may form instead of oil.
Natural gems
The formation of gemstones is not always the same, but pressure is one of the main components of this process. For example, diamonds are formed in the Earth's mantle under high pressure and high temperature conditions. During volcanic eruptions, diamonds are transported to the upper layers of the Earth's surface thanks to magma. Some diamonds come to Earth from meteorites, and scientists believe they formed on Earth-like planets.
Synthetic gemstones
The production of synthetic gemstones began in the 1950s and has been gaining popularity in recent years. Some buyers prefer natural gemstones, but artificial gemstones are becoming more and more popular due to the low price and lack of problems associated with mining natural gemstones. For example, many buyers choose synthetic gemstones because their extraction and sale is not associated with human rights violations, child labor and the financing of wars and armed conflicts.
One of the technologies for growing diamonds in the laboratory is the method of growing crystals at high pressure and high temperature. In special devices, carbon is heated to 1000 ° C and subjected to a pressure of about 5 gigapascals. Usually, a small diamond is used as a seed crystal, and graphite is used for the carbon base. A new diamond grows from it. It is the most common method for growing diamonds, especially as gemstones, due to its low cost. The properties of diamonds grown in this way are the same or better than those of natural stones. The quality of synthetic diamonds depends on the method of growing them. Compared to natural diamonds, which are most often transparent, most artificial diamonds are colored.
Due to their hardness, diamonds are widely used in manufacturing. In addition, their high thermal conductivity, optical properties and resistance to alkalis and acids are appreciated. Cutting tools are often coated with diamond dust, which is also used in abrasives and materials. Most of the diamonds in production are of artificial origin due to the low price and because the demand for such diamonds exceeds the ability to mine them in nature.
Some companies offer services to create memorial diamonds from the ashes of the dead. To do this, after cremation, the ashes are cleaned until carbon is obtained, and then a diamond is grown on its basis. Manufacturers advertise these diamonds as a memory of the departed, and their services are popular, especially in countries with a large percentage of wealthy citizens, such as the United States and Japan.
High pressure and high temperature crystal growing method
The high pressure, high temperature crystal growth method is mainly used to synthesize diamonds, but more recently, this method has helped to refine natural diamonds or change their color. Different presses are used to artificially grow diamonds. The most expensive to maintain and the most difficult of them is the cube press. It is mainly used to enhance or change the color of natural diamonds. Diamonds grow in the press at a rate of about 0.5 carats per day.
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