Wood carving tools - what does a beginner need? What are the types of wood cutters? What tools are needed for woodworking

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Wood is the most popular material for the manufacture of a huge number of products, it is used everywhere - from the construction of entire houses and other buildings to the installation of partitions, use as finishing material, as well as in the manufacture of furniture, door and window blocks and much more.

But in order to carry out all this work, you will need a tool, our review will be devoted to this aspect, we will consider what everyone should have at hand. home master.

What factors should be considered when choosing a tool?

Regardless of which devices you want to purchase, there are a number of criteria that any device of this kind must meet:

Material quality	The first factor is the quality of the materials used in the manufacture, if the tool does not inspire confidence in appearance, then most likely there will be questions during operation. Especially it concerns hand tools, because they work due to your efforts - a dull chisel or poor-quality hacksaw teeth will significantly reduce labor productivity
Convenience of fixtures	It is very important that the tool lies well in the hand, as long-term work with an uncomfortable tool will cause increased fatigue and negatively affect the quality of processing. It is best if the products are equipped with anti-slip handles and have an ergonomic shape.
Purposes of use	If you are going to be engaged in woodworking all the time, then it is advisable to purchase a power tool, if the work will be periodic, then it is better to pay attention to manual options their price is much lower

Important! We recommend purchasing products from well-known manufacturers, the quality of which is well known in the market, especially when it comes to power tools, nowadays there are a huge number of cheap Asian products on sale that often fail.

Types of devices and their features

We will consider those products that are used most often at home, all of them can be divided into two large groups - manual and electric.

Hand tool

The most common options are the following:

• An ax is necessary for a wide variety of jobs: cutting, splitting, hewing wood. In the old days, it was the main working tool, in our time it is mainly used for rough processing, however, it is difficult to imagine a carpenter's or joiner's set without it.
• used for sawing elements in different directions. Modifications vary in size, as well as the shape of the teeth - there are universal options, and there are hacksaws that are designed for longitudinal or transverse sawing. In addition, the size of the tooth matters, the smaller it is, the cleaner the edges, but the speed is lower, and the larger it is, the higher the performance, but the quality is lower.

• Planers are used for planing the surface and consist of a body with handles and a cutting part, which is adjustable and sharpened if necessary.. To achieve the best quality work, it is necessary to plan in the direction of the grain of the wood and carefully adjust the position of the blade so that it shoots as much as necessary.

• A chisel is used to gouge holes and other depressions in wood, most often a massive device with a strong blade and a reliable handle so that it can be hit with a hammer.
• For more accurate processing, a chisel is used, most often it is advisable to purchase a set of such devices of different widths and configurations. This will allow you to choose best option for any products - straight, semicircular, concave, etc.

Important! If necessary, chisels can be made independently, the main thing is to choose the appropriate workpiece and sharpen it at an angle of 45 degrees for the best quality of work.

• In order to cut the elements at a certain angle, you need such a device as a miter box. It is a design in which there are slots for a hacksaw, which allows you to maintain the ideal geometry of the edges, which is especially important when connecting elements at different angles.

• Hand drills are used for drilling holes.. The configuration of the elements can be different, the most common are classic, as well as feather and screw options. For large holes, use special crowns which are sold in sets.

People learned to process wood many thousands of years ago. In the beginning, for obvious reasons, everything was done by hand. Today there are a large number of power tools, but manual devices have not been forgotten. A woodworking tool is a must for carpenters, joiners and anyone who decides to make something with their own hands.

Variety of tools

Wood processing is understood as a large number of operations, and each of them requires its own tools. A tree can be sawn, drilled, planed, cut out of it objects of a simple or intricate shape. The totality of all tools is divided into two groups:

• manual;
• electrical.

In addition, they are divided into professional, amateur and related to the intermediate category. At home, it is most convenient to perform woodworking with amateur or semi-professional tools. In addition, their price is significantly less than professional ones.

Hand tool

Hand tools are those tools that involve the physical strength of a person. Since woodworking was done at a time when no one knew about electricity, all manipulations with wood can be done manually.

One of the most ancient in origin is considered. It is still used at home - in many private households one cannot do without an ax.

power tool

Electrical devices are easier to use. They allow you to do the job several times faster and with less effort. Power tools for woodworking at home produce mains-operated and battery-powered. When buying such units, you need to pay attention to their power, service guarantee and basic features. The priority should be those functions that you plan to use most often.

It is worth noting that the power tool can also be manual or stationary. Hand power tools for processing wood, you can carry it, perform work, holding it in your hands. In the second case, the tool is fixed, human intervention is minimal, often it is, which can be slotting, milling,.

Tools for sawing wood

You can cut wood or materials made from it with several types of tools:

• saw;

All of them are manual and electric. The hacksaw is perfect for garden work, not too thick bitches, boards, blanks for carpentry work are sawn with it.

With constant sawing of wood at home, it is simply necessary to have a (circular). Curly cuts cannot be made with it, but it cuts boards, plywood, and some types of plastic as quickly as possible.

If you need to cut trees, harvest firewood, then in this case they use chain saws. There are also hand saws for logging, they need to work together.

Jigsaw cut out shapes of arbitrary shape. It is suitable for cutting blanks of layouts, art panels, various crafts, furniture parts, kitchen appliances.

Axes and cleavers for splitting

From time immemorial, carpentry work was performed with axes. They cut logs, made windows, doors, with their help erected log cabins. Axes and cleavers are needed to split logs into firewood. An ax of a certain kind is a military weapon.

Note! Splitting tools differ in size, shape of the metal part and the handle, which is made of wood or fiberglass.

Today, electric splitters (wood splitters) are produced, with which you can quickly chop logs of a certain length and diameter. Their cost is two orders of magnitude higher than conventional high-quality axes.

Planers for planing

Wood must be planed with a planer. It removes a thin layer of chips, allowing you to get a smooth, even surface. Neither a carpenter nor a carpenter can do without a planer. They are used by masters of musical instruments, furniture, dolls, kitchen utensils and much more.

Advice! When choosing an electric planer, pay attention primarily to its power, blade width and planing depth, declared by the manufacturer.

It's nice to have a whole set of planers, in extreme cases, at least one universal one. As you master the work of a carpenter or joiner, you will need other types of planer.

For rough planing, a bear is used, for finishing, a jointer or semi-joiner is suitable, the selection of tongues and grooves is carried out with a groove (tongue). There is also a scraper, calving and many other highly specialized planing tools.

Grinding and roughing tools

To make a tree perfectly smooth, you need. Small figurines and details made of wood are sanded by hand with sandpaper, sandpaper, making monotonous mechanical movements.

To smooth the edges, the ends of the products, rasps are used. These are special files for wood with a large notch.

For large areas, electric woodworking machines are used, these include:

• grinders with grinding nozzles;
• belt grinders;
• eccentric (orbital);
• surface grinding (vibration).

The belt tool is more suitable for rough sanding, removing a thick layer of paint or leveling the surface. Finer grinding is carried out with eccentric and surface grinding units.

Chisels and chisels for chiseling

Spikes and grooves in wood to connect parts are made with chisels and a chisel. This is a hand tool. To gouge a deep and fairly wide nest or eye, a chisel is used. The working part of the chisel is a steel bar sharply sharpened on one side.

Shallow holes are hollowed out with a chisel, the surface of the wood is cleaned, and parts are adjusted. The blade shape of the chisel can be flat or semi-circular.

Before starting work, markup is applied to the part, then it is firmly fixed in a clamp on a workbench and they begin to gouge. The fibers are hemmed at an angle of 45–60°, deepened each time by 4–5 mm, the chips are immediately removed.

Drilling tools

Hand drills, rotators, borers are necessary for drilling holes. It is much easier to carry out woodworking with an electric drill. It will require special nozzles.

There are a large number of types of nozzles, among them are countersink, center (perk), spiral, screw. The drill can drill holes for bolts, spikes and other types of connections. By selecting the nozzle of the desired shape, you can expand the range of work performed.

Frazier

One of the important electric tools for woodworking at home is a hand router. They grind the edge, making it rounded, figured, cut grooves, drill holes. Release different kinds milling cutters with a wide and narrow range of action. They differ in power, cutter shank diameter, top speed rotation. In addition to wood, drywall, plastic, and acrylic are processed with a milling cutter.

Workplace and accessories

Carrying out woodworking work at home, it will not be possible to do without clamps. They help to fix the parts one by one and among themselves when cutting, gouging, drilling, gluing.

Other important tools in woodworking are pliers and nail pullers. They pull nails out of wood, as well as other foreign objects.

In the woodworking process, it is important to properly prepare workplace. Required for locksmith work. First of all, this is a table at which it is convenient to perform various manipulations. The workbench also contains useful tools:

• front and rear screw clamps for fixing workpieces;
• holes for wedges against which the workpiece rests;
• tray for storing carpentry tools.

A rack is often installed near the workbench, where the necessary fixtures, materials, and templates are stored. Required comfortable chair. It is also necessary to take care of the socket for connecting power tools and high-quality lighting.

Additional devices that any master should always have include rulers, protractors, levels, squares. Most likely it will be required consumable(sandpaper, files, circles). Since a full production cycle is usually established in a home workshop, it is necessary to allocate space for varnish, paints, and brushes.

All tools must be in good working order. If a breakdown occurs, then they are restored as soon as possible or removed to a place where they will not interfere.

In order to be able to fully work with wood, you will need a certain set of tools. A home master quite often has a limited area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe workshop, or even has to work literally “on hand”. Therefore, when choosing tools for the home, preference is given to hand power tools.

The question of price also matters, but a high-end hand tool also costs decently. Therefore, the emphasis is still placed on compactness.
In the article you can see the most important tools for woodworking. With the help of such a set, it will already be possible to do serious things, such as making furniture and doors from solid wood.

And also note that most often no one immediately buys the entire set, but adds individual tools as needed and financially possible.

1. Manual circular saw.

A hand-held circular saw can to some extent replace a stationary one, but for this it is necessary to assemble a desktop. At good saws The kit includes special guides that allow you to cut sheet material exactly the right size. There is an option to install such a saw in the "table", in an inverted position, but not all saws can withstand this mode.

2. Drill.

I want to note that no screwdriver can replace an electric drill in terms of power and versatility. Therefore, the drill is the main tool, and the screwdriver is additional.
When choosing a drill, pay attention not only to power.
The cartridge can be 10 mm. or 12 mm. , tighten with a wrench or be self-locking.
A universal drill may have a hammer function, but this is not of much use. It will not replace a real hammer drill, and you can drill a tree or even a brick with an ordinary drill, with a special drill.

3. Electric jigsaw.

4. Grinder.

The first four tools are the basis, with their help you can already process some details. But as for a hand-held circular saw, it will not completely replace a stationary circular saw. circular saw for starters, you can purchase a small one, with a capacity of 1.2-1.5 kW. As a matter of fact, it is with a stationary circular that a carpentry workshop begins.

6. Miter saw.

After a short time working with wood, you will realize that you need another tool, a desktop Miter saw. Although it cannot be said that this tool is universal, it is of particular importance. Trimming at an angle of 45 *, when assembling frames "with a mustache", must be especially accurate.
In addition, even if you tighten wooden parts with self-tapping screws, accurate trimming of the workpieces at an angle of 90 * is necessary.

7. Manual router.

And this is a truly versatile tool. By using manual router you can go through profiles, quarters, grooves, make nests and spikes, article.
I would not advise purchasing a low-power and cheap router, even for a start. More or less decent devices start with a power of 750 watts. If possible, choose a router with an 8 mm replaceable trunnion. and 12 mm. so that you can use any cutter.

Of about a dozen models that I had to work with, the Makita, Bosch and Hitachi brands performed best.
But again, from those that I know well. These routers can also work in an inverted position, this is when installed on a table. When choosing, pay attention to the mark "professional". Main difference professional tool that it can work every day for a long time.

Woodworking tools - types of devices and their features. Hand and electric tools

Wood is the most popular material for the manufacture of a huge number of products, it is used everywhere - from the construction of entire houses and other buildings to the construction of partitions, use as a finishing material, as well as in the manufacture of furniture, door and window blocks and much more.

But in order to carry out all these works, you will need a tool, our review will be devoted to this aspect, we will consider what every home master should have at hand.

In the photo: whole sets can be found on sale hand tool specially designed for woodworking

What factors should be considered when choosing a tool?

Regardless of which devices you want to purchase, there are a number of criteria that any device of this kind must meet:

The first factor is the quality of the materials used in the manufacture, if the tool does not inspire confidence in appearance, then most likely there will be questions during operation. This is especially true for hand tools, because they work due to your efforts - a dull chisel or poor-quality hacksaw teeth will significantly reduce labor productivity.

It is very important that the tool lies well in the hand, as long-term work with an uncomfortable tool will cause increased fatigue and negatively affect the quality of processing. It is best if the products are equipped with anti-slip handles and have an ergonomic shape.

If you are going to be engaged in woodworking all the time, then it is advisable to purchase a power tool, if the work will be periodic, then it is better to pay attention to manual options, their price is much lower

Important! We recommend purchasing products from well-known manufacturers, the quality of which is well known in the market, especially when it comes to power tools, nowadays there are a huge number of cheap Asian products on sale that often fail.

The Makita brand is an excellent solution that is reliable and reasonably priced.

Types of devices and their features

We will consider those products that are used most often at home, all of them can be divided into two large groups - manual and electric.

Hand tool

The most common options are the following:

• An ax is necessary for a wide variety of work: cutting, splitting, hewing wood. In the old days, it was the main working tool, in our time it is mainly used for rough processing, however, it is difficult to imagine a carpenter's or joiner's set without it.
• A wood saw is used to cut elements in different directions. Modifications vary in size, as well as the shape of the teeth - there are universal options, and there are hacksaws that are designed for longitudinal or transverse sawing. In addition, the size of the tooth matters, the smaller it is, the cleaner the edges, but the speed is lower, and the larger it is, the higher the performance, but the quality is lower.

There are hacksaws different sizes, so choosing the right option is not difficult

• Planers are used for planing the surface and consist of a body with handles and a cutting part, which is adjustable and sharpened if necessary. To achieve the best quality work, it is necessary to plan in the direction of the grain of the wood and carefully adjust the position of the blade so that it shoots as much as necessary.

Classic wooden planer - a great option for a home craftsman

• A chisel is used to gouge holes and other depressions in wood, most often a massive device with a strong blade and a reliable handle so that it can be hit with a hammer.
• For more accurate processing, a chisel is used, most often it is advisable to purchase a set of such devices of different widths and configurations. This will allow you to choose the best option for any products - straight, semicircular, concave, etc.

Chisels of various shapes are designed for precise processing of wood products

Important! If necessary, chisels can be made independently, the main thing is to choose the appropriate workpiece and sharpen it at an angle of 45 degrees for the best quality of work.

• In order to cut the elements at a certain angle, you need such a device as a miter box. It is a design in which there are slots for a hacksaw, which allows you to maintain the ideal geometry of the edges, which is especially important when connecting elements at different angles.

Miter box - a simple but very useful device

• For drilling holes, hand drills are used. The configuration of the elements can be different, the most common are classic, as well as feather and screw options. For holes of large diameter, special crowns are used, which are sold in sets.

A device for hand drilling is called a brace.

• Do not forget to take care of purchasing measuring devices - you will need a metal ruler, tape measure and square, for the most advanced a protractor with the ability to set a certain angle is suitable.

Adjustable square with ruler - universal option for work

There is another tool for manual woodworking, this can include a hammer, screwdrivers, nail puller, pliers, clamps, sandpaper for grinding and much more. A specific list should be selected based on their specific tasks.

electric tool

A hand-held power tool for woodworking can greatly simplify many operations, so if you decide to do work all the time, then you should pay attention to this particular group of products:

• Electric jigsaws are used for both straight and curly cutting materials up to 50 mm thick (more is possible when installing canvases of the appropriate length). This tool is simple and functional, especially for those who cut complex shapes from thin materials.

Everyone who works with wood at home should have such a tool.

• For cutting thick materials, either a compact circular saw for wood (the so-called parquet) or a structure mounted on a bed (in the common people - trimming) is used. The thickness of the materials being cut depends on the diameter of the installed disk, so the choice of a specific modification is made according to this parameter. For large items, it is better to purchase a gas or electric saw with a chain and tire.

Circular saw - compact and convenient fixture for cutting

• Electric planers are used for planing the surface, they can have a different size and power, so they need to be selected depending on the characteristics of the work you are doing. To understand the settings, you need to familiarize yourself with the recommendations that the instructions give, which must be included in the package.
• Grinding machines are used for finishing, they can be of three types: belt for large volumes of work, they are characterized by high productivity, vibration with a straight sole - quite powerful with good processing quality, and planetary - in them the round sole vibrates and rotates with an offset relative to the axis , this option allows you to achieve the best surface quality.

Planetary grinder - optimal solution for perfect surface finish

• If you want to make embossed products, then you cannot do without a manual milling cutter, with its help you can give the product different shape and cut on it various patterns and ornaments. The main working element in such devices is cutters of various sizes and shapes, with their help you can perform a wide variety of operations, it is important to choose the right option.

A manual milling cutter is indispensable in the manufacture of furniture with your own hands

• An electric drill is needed for drilling holes of various diameters. Additionally, the device is equipped with a set of drills and crowns, sometimes it is advisable to use adjustable structures, which experts call ballerinas. The power of the drill can be different and depends on the complexity of the work.

Accessories

To use the woodworking tool at home as efficiently as possible, you must have additional designs:

• The workbench is the ideal workspace for most of the operations you perform. Modern options have a wide range of adjustments both in height and in the position of the working surface. In addition, the design contains a vise for secure fixation of the processed elements and boxes for storing all fixtures.

Crafting table - perfect solution for carpenters and joiners

• For extra fixation individual elements clamps of various configurations may be needed, and a carpenter's pencil should be on hand for marking. These seemingly small things significantly increase the convenience of work and allow them to be carried out more accurately.
• Pliers and pliers may be needed to remove studs and pinch small items. To tighten the screws, you need a screwdriver, with it you can also drill holes of small thickness.
• If you decide to make balusters or other elements of a similar shape, then you will need a compact lathe and a set of chisels of various shapes.

Conclusion

Having at hand all the necessary tools, you can perform a wide variety of jobs even at home. in this article will reveal the topic even better and tell Additional information regarding the options discussed above.

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Woodworking tools are designed for manual carpentry work. These include: tools for sawing, chopping and splitting wood, planing, slotting and drilling tools.

Sawing tools are saws and hacksaws.

Each saw and hacksaw on one edge of the blade has a row of teeth that play the role of incisors. Saws for wood are transverse, longitudinal, tape (beam), hacksaws and jigsaws.

Crosscut saws used for cross cutting roundwood, beams and other large-sized timber. The teeth of the cross saws are in the form of isosceles triangles. Crosscut saws can have W-shaped cleaning teeth. With their help, sawdust is cleaned of sawdust.

Rip saws (moss) have a canvas narrowed towards one end. The teeth of the longitudinal saws have the form of oblique triangles with an inclination towards the narrow end of the blade. Two handles are riveted to the canvas. The length of such a saw is 1525 mm and the width is 310 and 155 mm.

Band saws, bow (carpentry) consist of a band saw and a beam machine for tensioning the saw blade. These saws are designed for longitudinal and transverse sawing of small thickness lumber.

Wooden beam machines For band saws consist of two vertical posts, spacers and a twist, reinforced in the bowstring.

For figure cutting, use jig saws , which are stretched in a jigsaw machine.

Hacksaws used for small carpentry and repair work in domestic conditions. They consist of a saw blade and one wooden or metal handle. The tapered hacksaw blade has teeth in the form of oblique triangles inclined to the narrow end of the longitudinal sawing, in the form of isosceles triangles - for transverse sawing. Depending on the width of the blade, there are wide and narrow hacksaws. They also produce hacksaws with interchangeable blades and with blades with double-sided notching of the teeth.

Tools for cutting and splitting wood include axes and cleavers.

Axes are made with a rounded or straight blade of different sizes and weights. They consist of a blade, a blade and a butt, in which there is a hole (insert) for its attachment and fixing the ax (handle). Some axes also have a beard. There are all-steel axes and with a welded blade.

Axes are produced for carpentry, household (for splitting wood), for lumberjacks, hunting and tourist axes.

Carpenter's axes have a wide rounded or straight blade.

For the manufacture of axes, tool carbon steels U7A, U8, U8A, U9, U9A are used.

Cleaver unlike an ax, it has a massive wedge with a narrow blunt blade, their weight is not less than 2.2 kg. Splitters are used to split wood along the grain.

The group of planing tools includes: plows, cycles and various types of planers - sherhebels, jointers, sheet piles, etc.

Struga are used for rough processing of wood and manual removal of bark from tree trunks. The plows consist of a blade with a cutting edge and two shanks, on which wooden handles are mounted.

cycles are metal plates with sharp edges. They are used for finishing wood products. Dimensions, cycles 60 x 120 mm.

planers consist of a wooden or metal block in which a piece of iron is fixed. The cutting edge of the piece of iron is used to process wood materials.

Jointer has a block 700 mm long and a piece of iron with a straight cutting edge: width 65 mm.

For the development of grooves (tongues) in the edges of the boards is used tongue and groove .

Falzgobels serve to sample folds and quarters in frames where panels or glass are inserted.

The group of slotting tools includes chisels and chisels, with which grooves, spikes, and holes are hollowed out. Grooving tools are manufactured from steel grades U7, U7A, U8, U8A, 9HF, 9HS.

Chisels in their shape they can be flat and semicircular. Flat chisels, in addition, are made thick and thin, and semicircular - with internal and external sharpening of the edge.

Flat thick chisels are used for gouging and cleaning nests and grooves, removing edges, thin ones - mainly only for cleaning nests, grooves, and spikes. Semicircular chisels are used for notching and cleaning round spikes, sockets and processing concave and convex surfaces. Chisels end with a shank, on which a wooden handle is mounted.

Chisels by appointment there are carpentry and carpentry. Carpenter's chisels are distinguished by the fact that they have an awl-shaped shank, on which a handle is placed. Carpenter's chisels end with a metal conical tube into which a handle is inserted.

drilling tool designed to produce cylindrical holes in wooden details. Drilling tools include center drills (centura), twisted, spoon drills. These drills are set in motion with the help of a brace. Drills for wood also include a drill.

Drilling tools are made from steel of the same grades as slotting tools.

Rotary drills end with a pyramidal tip, which is inserted into the rotary chuck.

Center drills have a spatulate working part with two cutters;

One straight cutter cuts the wood around the circumference;

The second cuts off the cut part of the wood. In the center of the blade there is a point, which is the guiding axis.

Twisted drills used for deep drilling in wood. They have two incisors, between which there is a point with a screw thread.

Spoon or pen drills the cutting part is made in the form of a narrow long spoon. The sharp oval nose of these drills is the cutting edge. They serve to drill wood along the grain.

Rotate It is a steel bracket, at one end of which a fungus head is fixed, and at the other end there is a cartridge. In the middle of the bracket there is a wooden handle for rotating the brace. There are rotaries with two cams in the chuck, with a screw clamp, and also with a ratchet. Ratchets rotate in one direction only. The direction of the working rotation of the drill can be changed using the adjusting ring.

drills used for deep drilling in wood without a brace. At the end of the shaft of the drill there is an eyelet for a wooden handle, which is necessary for rotation.

To perform various woodwork, in addition to single tools, sets are produced. For example, a set of chisels, a carpentry set, etc. All tools are fixed in the sockets of a suitcase case or in a special case with cells for each tool.

Metalworking tools depending on the characteristics of metal processing, they are divided into tools for filing surfaces, cutting metals and punching holes, drilling, threading, cutting metal, percussion and auxiliary tools.

Metalworking tools are made from high-carbon tool steel, which has great hardness and strength. For parts of some tools, cast iron and aluminum alloys are used.

Surface filing tools metal blanks. These include files, rasps and needle files, which differ in cross-sectional shape, size, type of cut and tooth size.

File consists of a working part and a shank, on which a wooden handle is mounted.

The shape of the files are flat, square, round, semicircular, trihedral, rhombic and hacksaw.

Rasps differ from files mainly in the shape of the notch, which has the form of pyramidal protrusions located on the working part of the rasp in a checkerboard pattern.

Rasps are general purpose (for processing various materials), ungulates (for processing hooves), shoe (for processing leather). They also differ in cross-sectional shape: flat, sharp- and blunt-nosed, semicircular. Files - These are small files used for finishing small surfaces. A double notch is provided on the working surface of the needle file, and its smooth surface is a handle.

The group of metal cutting tools includes:

- metalwork chisels they are distinguished by a straight rod with a wedge-shaped working part, they are used for cold cutting of metal;

- blacksmith chisels they have a more massive rod with a hole for a wooden handle; they are used for hot and cold cutting of metal;

- cross-cuts characterized by a spear-shaped working part, they are used for cutting grooves and keyways.

The group of drilling tools for metal includes drills and drills used to make holes in manual metal processing:

-drill serves to obtain holes in metal (spiral and other types of drills). The twist drill consists of a "working part and a shank. The working part has spiral grooves for chip removal, spiral smooth ribbons for centering the drill during operation and two cutting edges formed by the intersection of the surfaces of the grooves and the lower edges of the drill, sharpened at an angle of 55 to 125 ° The working part of the drill is made of high speed steel.

Drill - an auxiliary tool through which the rotation of the drills is carried out. The drill is clamped by the jaws of the drill chuck. The chuck receives movement when the gears rotate with the help of the handle. There are drills one- and two-speed, with an open and closed case.

Threading tools include:

- taps - rods with left and right threads and several longitudinal concave grooves crossing the thread, they form cutting edges. Taps are used for cutting internal thread in various details. They are made from high speed steels;

- dies are made with round and rectangular outer surfaces and threads on inner surface. For the formation of cutting edges, as well as for taps, there are longitudinal semicircular grooves. They produce dies for cutting external metric or inch threads;

- screw caps and collars- these are tools with which taps and dies are fixed when threading.

Hacksaws for metal consist of a hacksaw blade and a hacksaw. Hacksaw blades for metal are distinguished by their short length (130-300 mm) and fine teeth. Hacksaw machines produce fixed, sliding and adjustable.

Scissors for cutting metal consist of two halves - blades connected by a hinge, and two handles. In addition, some scissors have a spiral band spring, with which the halves of the scissors move apart.

Shears for cutting metal are divided into left, the cutting edge is on the left side, and the right cutting edge is on the right.

The group of impact tools includes:

- hammers - they are divided into locksmith, roofing, shoe, household, universal, they are made of carbon and alloy steel;

- metalwork hammers are produced in two types: with round and square heads, with wooden handles, different sizes and weights.

- roofing hammers produce three numbers - weighing 500, 600 and 800 g;

- economic hammers produce various designs, usually with a nail puller. They can be oxidized, nickel-plated or galvanized;

- universal hammers have a metal handle, which contains a set of various tools: a screwdriver, an awl, a chisel, a chisel, a punch.

Hammers are sold without handles or with handles made of rowan, hornbeam or maple wood.

Sledgehammer- a blacksmith's hammer, which is used to process metal laid on an anvil. Sledgehammers are blunt-nosed and sharp-nosed. Their weight is from 2 to 8 kg.

Auxiliary tools for metal processing are vices, anvils and blacksmith tongs.

Vise usually used to hold metal parts. During locksmith work.

Anvils- auxiliary forging tool. According to the shape of the anvil, there are: two-horned, one-horned and hornless. The working surface of the anvils is hardened by cementation. The weight of the anvils is from 15 to 300 kg.

Blacksmith tongs are used to hold metals during forging. forms of blacksmith jaws: flat, concave, etc.

Mounting tools (screwdrivers, wrenches and pipe wrenches)

used for screwing and unscrewing, as well as for holding parts during installation and other types of work.

Screwdrivers used for screwing or unscrewing screws and screws with a slot in the head. Screwdriver rods are made from tool steel grades U7 and U8. Depending on the design, the handles come with overhead wooden cheeks, a dielectric (plastic) handle, a wire handle, clocks with a metal handle, screwdriver-pencil cases, in the metal handle of which the shafts of screwdrivers with different widths of the working part are stored.

wrenches used in the assembly and disassembly of threaded connections. By design, the keys are: with open throat, union, end and for round nuts.

The most common are open wrenches, which can be single or double sided. By design, wrenches are divided into sliding and fixed.

To tighten round nuts with holes on the side, wrenches with one or more spikes in the head are used. They are used for nuts with an outer diameter of 22 to 220 mm.

Material wrenches steel grades 40XFA, 40X.

Pipe wrenches used for screwing pipes and their fittings. The main types of pipe wrenches are; lever, valuable and spanner keys.

Tools for holding parts and other assembly work. The main tools of this group are pliers, round nose pliers, needle nose pliers, pliers. They are made from tool steel grades U7 and U8.

Pliers are ordinary and combined.

Ordinary pliers have only flat jaws with a notch on the working surface for a better grip on objects,

Combined - additional recess for gripping small diameter pipes and side cutters.

Pliers are used for twisting and cutting wire, holding small parts and other works.

round nose pliers have round lips. They are designed for bending wire and thin sheets of metal.

Needle nose pliers (nippers) are ordinary, lever and side. All types of tools for twisting and cutting wire, designed to work in electrical installations with voltage up to 1000V, are produced with insulated handles. Dielectric covers or non-removable dielectric coatings with a thickness of at least 2 mm are used as insulation.

Ticks used in carpentry and joinery for pulling nails. They consist of two articulated halves with flat jaws that have an elliptical shape when closed. This jaw shape provides a secure grip on nails when pulling out.

carpentry hammers have a round head and a top with

splitter for pulling nails.

In assortment measuring tools includes micrometers, calipers, meters, tape measures, squares, calipers, feelers (a set of plates for measuring gaps), center punches, etc.

For plaster, stone and other construction works produce trowels, dowels, bolts, punches, cutters for wood and linoleum, levels, etc. a brief description of some of the above are presented below.

Micrometers - measurement tools linear dimensions with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. They consist of a bracket, heel, micrometer screw, stopper, stem, drum and ratchet. The objects to be measured are placed between the heel and the micrometer screw. Micrometers are produced for certain measurement limits. The most common are micrometers with a measurement range of 0-25 mm. In addition to the above, other limits for measuring micrometers have been established: 25-50, 50-75.75-100 mm, etc.

Calipers consist of a metal scale bar, a graduated vernier, two jaws, one of which is fixed and fixed on the scale bar, the other is movable and connected to the vernier. Some calipers have a depth gauge. Measurement accuracy with calipers 0.1; 0.05; 0.02 mm. Calipers with measurement limits of 0-125, 0-160 and 0-250 mm are on sale.

Folding rules consist of ten hinged rulers-links with divisions of 1 mm.

Roulette- these are steel tapes with scale divisions in metal or plastic cases.

Rulers produce a length of 15-100 cm with a division price of 1.0 and 0.5 mm.

Metal squares designed to check and mark right angles and to control the mutually perpendicular arrangement of parts. Dimensions of the sides of the squares from 60x40 to 1600x1000 mm .

Thread templates are sets of templates for determining the metric thread pitch (in a set of 20 templates) and the inch and pipe thread pitch (in a set of 16 templates).

Radius templates- this is a set of plates for determining the radii of curvature of convex and concave surfaces from 1 to 25 mm.

Center punches are used to draw the centers of circles or marking lines in the form of small depressions.

For metal processing, tool kits are produced (locksmith, assembly, etc.), as well as tool kits of the same type, but several varieties.