Panel construction: advantages of technology. Frame-panel houses The principle of construction of panel houses

A sandwich panel is a structure that consists of insulation and a few words of roofing material and is used as the main building material for the construction of buildings of varying design complexity. For the manufacture of sandwich panels, only materials that have been tested and are suitable according to standards are used. The basic material for the cover layer is usually "corrugated board" (polymer coated galvanized steel).

Heaters

When choosing sip panels, it is better to still seek help from specialists. But if this is not possible, it is worth studying their characteristics.

There are three main types of insulation:

• polystyrene (expanded polystyrene);
• mineral wool (basalt insulation);
• polyurethane foam.

And each of these heaters has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Styrofoam filling in the panel

Polyfoam is positioned as a heater, distinguished by its durability. Moreover, it is an environmentally friendly material. It is waterproof and sunproof. But at the same time, such material is very flammable and burns quickly.

Mineral wool practically does not burn and is also harmless to health.

This insulation also tolerates biological and chemical influences well. But with a set of such important advantages, basalt insulation has a very low resistance to moisture.

Polyurethane foam does not conduct heat well and is highly flammable, but at the same time has a high insulating threshold.

Polyurethane foam as a starting point for a sandwich panel

The thickness of the building material, and, accordingly, the price directly depends on the thickness of the insulation itself.

The price of the Sip panel is 1,300 rubles per square meter. Its thickness is 174 mm, width - 1250 mm, height - 2500 mm.

In our country and the CIS countries, sandwich panels of the following sizes are used:

12 + 100 + 12 \u003d 124 mm;

12 + 150 + 12 \u003d 174 mm;

12 + 200 + 12 \u003d 224 mm.

OSB (OSB)

OSB for SIP-board

Acquaintance with the concept of OSB boards should start with a general classification. There are four main types of OSB. Each of them differs from others only in its indicators of moisture resistance and strength.

• OSB 1 is a board with the lowest moisture resistance values. This type of board is often used in the assembly of lightweight parts. The advantage of these plates is their low price.
• OSB 2 - has a low moisture resistance threshold and at the same time high strength. Such boards are used mainly for the production of furniture, sometimes for load-bearing elements. Less often OSB 2 is used in the construction industry, and then only for internal structures.
• OSB 3 is one of the most popular types of boards. These boards combine strength and moisture resistance at an attractive price. They are used more often in construction for the construction of both facade and interior finishes. Sometimes OSB 3 acts as a roofing material or overlap.
• OSB 4 - these OSB boards have the highest threshold of strength and moisture resistance. They are used for the construction of structures with a high level of stress and in areas with high humidity.

Construction of houses from sandwich panels: advantages and disadvantages

As with any material, the use of sandwich panels has its own and disadvantages.

First about the pleasant... The main advantage of this building material is the compliance with its quality, which is evidenced by the high strength of the material, relative to the price. This factor plays a very important role in calculating construction estimates. After all, the use of this material significantly reduces costs. Due to the lightness of the panels, the weight of the overall structure is lightened, which means that there is no need for a reinforced foundation.

See more house designs in the heading “House designs” on our website.

House made of sandwich panels with your own hands

Building a house from SIP panels - how to assemble a constructor

The first thing that is needed in this matter is the project of the future building. Special attention should be paid to its construction, not forgetting about the requirements and wishes. If it is not possible to build it yourself based on the complexity of the calculations, then there are many companies ready to help in this matter. We will try to show you all the stages of construction in a photo report, with step by step instructions... But, all houses are individual, our photo can only be viewed as an information guide.

By the way, from SIP panels you can build not only houses, but also to residential buildings. They can accommodate verandas or kitchens.

The next step is to order SIP panels or them. You can order them directly at the enterprise that is engaged in production. Here you can also look at the catalogs and select everything you need for subsequent installation. When choosing panels, do not forget about the base - the foundation. For a structure made of such a material, usually the foundation is installed on screw piles.

Water supply, heating and electricity for the future house need to be diluted even before the foundation is poured.

In order to avoid curvature of corners or mismatch in height, all panels must be checked for integrity and dimensional accuracy before installation. If inaccuracies are noticed, contact the supplier for a replacement material.

After that, you need to make it strapping with a wooden beam. Then the corners are set and holes are made using a percussion tool. Using these holes, the timber is fastened to the concrete with 12 mm anchors. The recommended distance is 2.5 m. Further, the building itself is assembled on the established foundation. The assembly begins with zero overlap, while the first SIP panels are laid on the timber.

Wall frames are assembled from timber. A mortgage board is fixed along its perimeter with special nails. The main thing is to maintain vertical calibration and frame corners here. After all, if you miss at least 1 mm somewhere, the wall will turn out to be crooked and there will be no way to fix it. After installing the frame, panels are applied to it.

After the construction of the general structure, the filling of the holes begins. The joints and corners of the panels are filled with edged boards measuring 25 * 100 mm. All cracks are sealed with polyurethane foam.

Overlappings between floors and everything bearing structures it is better to make wooden. You can use both timber and boards. Photos of the stages of construction are just below.

Foundation for a house from SIP panels

A foundation is, first of all, the foundation of a building. It transfers the entire load of the building to the underlying soil layers. In addition to the strength of the foundation itself, you need to consider:

• the total area of \u200b\u200bsupport on the soil;
• the supporting capacity of the soil itself;
• groundwater levels.

Experts believe that the most common mistake when pouring a foundation is an excessive abundance of concrete and metal in it.

The most popular types of foundations are:

• pile (pile-tape);
• columnar (columnar-tape);
• monolithic shallow slabs;
• tape deepening;
• tape deepening with plinth.

But, it is worth noting that among this variety, for frame panel houses, shallow deepening would be the best option.

Laying the strapping (crown) timber

For laying, a bar of 2.5 * 1.5 cm is taken. Laying should be started from the middle of the foundation, while measuring its horizontal calibration. Further, the timber must be connected at the corners using a cut. After that, the details are fixed. For proper fastening, holes are drilled in the timber 1–1.5 cm long with a diameter of 2 cm and the dowel is driven.

Fastening the timber to the foundation is done using recessed anchor bolts. The fastening distance is about 1.5–2 m. The size of the bolts should be 35 cm in length with a diameter of 1–1.2 cm.

Arrangement of the floor in the house from SIP panels

Another proof of the distinctive property canadian technology construction, the technology of the arrangement of the floor serves.

Floors and ceilings are also built from SIP panels.

Although many contractors recommend laying an ordinary wooden floor in such houses with insulation between the joists and beams. These floors are more reliable and more durable. In addition, this floor will be easier to disassemble or repair.

Erection of walls from SIP panels

When building walls, you need to carefully go to the choice source material, because the quality of the future dwelling largely depends on its quality. The best option for outdoor work would be a beam with a diameter of 15 cm. As for the height, there is a minimum of 1.5 m.For the inside, 10 * 15 cm is suitable. These are acceptable dimensions that will help save on consumables, minimize the number of seams and joints and achieve the ideal smoothness of future walls. Assembling walls is not easy, experience is needed.

Before laying the timber in the crowns, all materials must be adjusted in accordance with the height and given the desired shape. For corner joints, it is best to use the half-tree or root-spike method. It is better to connect the outer parts with a cut or on veneers. And the inner sections of both joints and corners are best connected with a half frame.

To begin, direct installation is necessary with laying a crown bar treated with an antiseptic agent in the foundation.

Arrangement of a roof in a house from SIP panels

The roof for a house built using this technique can be the most common rafter. This type of roof is characterized by a support in the form of grooves or Mauerlat, which are cut into the beams on the attic floor. Rafters are installed on supports, crate is stuffed on them and roofing material is laid.

As for insulation, it is not necessary for a cold attic. But if the plans are to install an attic, then between the rafters it is worth putting insulation and covering it with a vapor barrier film.

In addition to the rafter, a roof made of SIP panels is no less popular. For this type, the first thing to do is to install starting rafters, which are bolted to the Mauerlat. And only after that the panels are laid. The panels are mounted on one side of the roof, gradually increasing in length with the ridge. As soon as work with the first skate is finished, you can proceed to the next one.

This installation method is more painstaking than the traditional one, but no less reliable.

Facade finishing

Facade decoration is the final stage of construction. Each owner makes it according to his taste and financial capabilities. Among the finishing options are now very popular: facing brick, siding, decorative plaster.

Video

Watch an interesting video about building a house from SIP panels.

Large-panel refers to buildings that are assembled from pre-fabricated large-size planar elements of walls, floors, coatings and other structures. Prefabricated structures have increased factory readiness - finished external and internal surfaces, built-in windows and doors.

According to the structural scheme, buildings are: frameless, with longitudinal and transverse load-bearing walls and frame.

The construction of buildings from large panels can significantly increase the degree of industrial construction and labor productivity, reduce construction costs and shorten the construction time of buildings.

Large-panel residential buildings, in which external and internal walls, ceilings and partitions are made of prefabricated enlarged elements, have different design schemes: frameless and with inner frame.

In large-panel houses, sanitary units are currently installed in the form of ready-made cabins equipped with all devices. Sanitary cabins are manufactured at prefabricated house-building factories and delivered to construction sites prepared for installation.

Roof coverings in large-panel residential and public buildings are usually arranged in the form of combined attic roofs.

Buildings in which spatially immutable cells (rooms) are formed by panels of walls and ceilings are called frameless.

Frameless buildingsconsist of a smaller number of prefabricated elements, are easy to install and are primarily used in mass housing construction. In these buildings, the external and internal steps take all the acting loads.

Frameless large-panel houses build with three longitudinal load-bearing walls; with transverse load-bearing partitions, installed with a small step from each other; with transverse load-bearing partition walls installed with a large step.

Frameless building with longitudinal (a) and transverse (b) support of floor slabs

Frameless buildings are made up of fewer prefabricated elements and are characterized by ease of installation and are primarily used in mass housing construction. In these buildings, the outer and inner walls absorb all the loads acting on the building. Spatial rigidity and stability is ensured by the interconnection between the wall and floor panels.

Structural schemes of frameless large-panel buildings: a - with three longitudinal bearing walls; b - with longitudinal and transverse bearing walls; c - with transverse load-bearing partitions

Moreover, there are four constructive options supporting floor slabs: on longitudinal bearing walls; along the contour (for longitudinal and transverse walls); on internal transverse walls; on internal transverse walls; on three sides (on the longitudinal bearing and internal transverse).

These buildings are characterized by the following structural schemes.

With a narrow pitch of load-bearing transverse walls... The walls of the building are transverse and end-bearing. External walls made of single or triple layer panels. Internal walls made of reinforced concrete panels 120 ... 160 mm thick. Overlappings - solid reinforced concrete slabs 120 mm thick.

With a large pitch of load-bearing transverse wallsInternal transverse walls, bearing from single-row or belt-cut panels. Partitions - gypsum concrete 80 mm thick. Overlapping - solid reinforced concrete slabs 160 mm thick or hollow-core slabs 220 mm thick.

Mixed spacing of load-bearing transverse walls... The outer walls are self-supporting from single-row cut panels. Overlapping - solid reinforced concrete slabs 120 ... 160 mm thick, which in narrow cells are supported along the contour, in wide ones - on both sides.

Structural schemes of frameless large-panel buildings: with narrow (a), with large (b) and with a mixed pitch of load-bearing transverse walls (c); 1 - load-bearing outer panels; 2 - the same, panels of transverse walls; 3 - floor slabs; 4 self-supporting outer panels; 5 - bearing partition; 6 - floor slabs

Large-panel houses with three longitudinal load-bearing walls - two outside, one inside. The external wall panels of such houses are made of three-layer heavy concrete with insulation or single-layer of relatively strong lightweight or cellular concrete. With a multilayer structure, reinforced concrete with a thickness of 30-50 mm is laid on the outside - a layer of thermal insulation made of mineral wool slabs, foam concrete or other light materials; from the inside - a finishing layer. The total thickness of such a panel is 200-250 mm. The thickness of lightweight concrete panels depends on their strength, bulk density and thermal conductivity.

For the inner longitudinal wall of this type of house, solid reinforced concrete panels are used with a floor height and a thickness of 120 to 180 mm.

In this case, the intermediate floors are supported by the external and internal load-bearing walls. Partitions are installed on floors; partition panels in such houses are self-supporting and are made of gypsum slag concrete or other materials.

Structural schemes of large-panel houses with load-bearing walls: a - longitudinal, b - transverse; 1 - external load-bearing wall panels, 2 - internal load-bearing wall panels, floor panels, 4 - external self-supporting panels, 5 - internal load-bearing transverse walls (partitions)

Large-panel houses with transverse load-bearing partitions have, in essence, bearing all the main elements: transverse partitions, internal longitudinal and external walls. The floor panels in these houses are supported on all four sides. The outer wall panels are considered to be self-supporting. They are not much different from the external panels in houses with longitudinal load-bearing walls, they are made of the same materials and have the same dimensions. However, since they are less loaded, it is possible to reduce their weight by using less durable and lighter materials, and thereby enlarge the dimensions.

Partition panels in such houses are made of heavy concrete. Panel thickness from 120 to 180 mm. Instead of concrete, vibro-brick panels are also used. An internal longitudinal wall is erected from the same panels.

Floor panels in houses with transverse load-bearing partitions are made in size for a room with a thickness of 100-130 mm. They are made solid from heavy concrete.

Frame-panel buildings unlike large-panel ones, in addition to wall panels and partitions, flights of stairs, balconies and floor slabs, they also have frame elements that absorb the forces acting on the building. The frame is formed by columns and girders resting on them at the level of the floors, on which the floorings or floor panels are laid.

Structural diagram of a building with an incomplete frame: 1 - load-bearing wall panel, 2 - column, 3 - crossbar, 4 - sanitary cabin, 5 - floor panel, 6 - roof combined with the attic floor, 7 - balcony slab, 8 - stairs

The building may have an incomplete frame, when the columns are located only along the inner axes, and the crossbars are laid not only between the columns, but also between the columns and the outer walls. With a full frame, the outer wall panels serve only as a fence, since the frame elements do not rest on them. It is also possible to construct a frame without crossbars. Then the floor panels rest directly on the columns.

Structural schemes of frame-panel buildings: a - with transverse cross-bars; b - with longitudinal crossbars; 1 - 1 - columns; 2 - crossbars laid across the building; 3 - curtain wall panels; 4 - crossbars laid along the building

In frame-panel buildings, functions are clearly delineated between load-bearing and enclosing elements. This allows the use of lightweight hinged panels for buildings of any number of storeys. For such buildings, the most common and characteristic is the structural scheme with a transverse arrangement of crossbars.

The walls of frame buildings are panels of lightweight or cellular concrete with a thickness of 250 - 300 mm. For static work, the walls of such panels are hinged and have a double-row cut. Panels are distinguished by their location in the wall:

• Waist (basement, interfloor, parapet) 3 - 6 m long and 0.9 - 2.1 m high;
  
• Partial 0.3 - 1.8 m wide and 1.2 - 2.7 m high;
  
• Corner
  

The frame of such buildings is a multi-tiered frame capable of absorbing vertical and horizontal loads. Modern frame-panel buildings for static work are referred to as connected ones. Columns and girders in them perceive only vertical loads, and ties - horizontal (wind) loads.

Structural diagram of a frame-panel house: 1 - reinforced concrete frame girder; 2 - inter-window insert panels; 3 - intermediate belt; 4 - cutout for ventilation units; 5 - internal two-story reinforced concrete column; 6 - reinforced concrete floor slab; 7 - wall panel; 8 - wall slab; 9 - reinforced concrete pit ring; 10 - concrete wall block; 11 - reinforced concrete basement piping; 12 - reinforced concrete bottom slab of the pit; 13 - external two-story reinforced concrete column; 14 - slag concrete blocks

Spatial rigidity is provided by:

• Rigid pairing of frame elements at nodes;
  
• Installation (at the level of each floor) stiffening walls associated with columns and ceilings;
  
• Laying tie and wall slabs between the columns of the building;
  
• Sealing joints between floor slabs;
  
• By connecting the walls of staircases and elevator shafts with the building frame.
  

Elements providing the spatial rigidity of the frame-panel building: 1 - rigid coupling of nodes; 2 - stiffening walls; 3 - wall plates; 4 - tie plates; 5 - monolithic seams; 6 - staircase walls; 7 - walls of the elevator shaft

The durability of steel parts (ties) connecting elements of prefabricated buildings depends on their corrosion resistance, which is provided by:

Placing fasteners in the inner part of the wall, which is less prone to freezing and moisture;

Application of protective coatings (polymer, paint and varnish, sprayed) welded seams;

Sealing, insulation and monolithing of joints, excluding leaks, condensation and other influences that cause corrosion;

Frame-panel buildings are widely used in the construction of public buildings. They are characterized by two constructive schemes - with a transverse and longitudinal transom.

AT frame
panel buildings the loads acting on them are perceived by the crossbars and frame posts, and the panels most often perform only enclosing functions. There are the following design schemes: with a full transverse frame; with a full longitudinal frame; with space frame; with an incomplete transverse frame and load-bearing external walls; with the support of floor slabs in four corners directly on the columns; with the support of the plates on the outer panels and on two posts along the inner row. These schemes are especially effective for public buildings.

In frame panel buildings, the loads acting on them are perceived by the crossbars and frame posts, and the panels most often perform only enclosing functions.

Structural schemes of frame-panel buildings: a - with a full transverse frame; b - with a full longitudinal frame; c - with a space frame; d - with an incomplete transverse frame and load-bearing outer walls; d - with the support of floor slabs in four corners directly on the columns (girder-free version); e - with the support of the panels on the outer panels and on two posts along the inner row, a girder-free system with an incomplete frame

Structural diagram of a frame-panel building: a - general diagram; 1 - rack; 2 - crossbar; 3 - floor panel; 4 - wall panel; 5 - window panel; 6 - plasterboard panels of partitions; b- detail of fastening external wall panels to the ceiling

Precast concrete frame elements include columnsrectangular section with a height of one or two floors with one console for the outer row and two brackets for the middle row; crossbarst-section with one or two shelves for supporting floor slabs and flights of stairs; floor slabs(hollow or solid), consisting of intercolumnar (tie), wall with grooves for columns and ordinary slabs 1200, 1500 mm wide.

Column joints types: a - spherical; flat metalless; 1 - spherical concrete surface; 2 - outlets of reinforcing bars; 3 - docking niches; 4 - groove for clamp mounting; 5 - mortar or fine-grained concrete; 6 - centering concrete ledge; 7 - welding of reinforcement outlets	Crossbar-column connection unit: 1 - column; 2 - embedded part; 3 connecting strip; 4 - crossbar; five - cement mortar

The conjugation of frame elements carried out on a support is called a knot. The node includes:

column joint:the column is supported through the concrete projections of the heads, welding the reinforcement outlets and monolithing the joint;

bearing the crossbar on the column console:on the surface of the console, they are fixed by welding embedded parts, at the top - a steel plate welded to the embedded parts of the column and crossbar, then the seams are monolithic with mortar;

supporting the floor slab on the girder:the slabs laid on the girder shelves are interconnected with steel ties, the gaps between them are sealed with mortar.

There are the following frame systems: frame, frame-braced, braced.

Frame systemconsists of columns, rigidly connected with them crossbars of floors, located in mutually perpendicular directions and forming a rigid structural system.

In frame-braced systemsthe joint work of the frame elements is achieved due to the redistribution of the share of participation in it of frames and vertical wall-ties (diaphragms). Walls-diaphragms are placed along the entire height of the building, rigidly fixed in the foundation and with adjoining columns.

They are placed in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the frames, and in their plane. The distance between the bracing walls is usually 24-30 m. These systems are used in the design of public buildings up to 12 storeys high with unified structural planning grids 6 x 6 and 6 x 3 m.

For public buildings with a large number of storeys, they use communication systemsframes with spatial connecting elements in the form of walls rigidly connected to each other at an angle or spatial elements passing along the entire height of the building, forming the so-called core of stiffness. These spatial bracing stiffeners are fixed in the foundations and connected to the ceilings, which form the floor horizontal bracing-diaphragms (discs), which perceive the horizontal (wind) loads transmitted to the walls. Spatial tie elements are usually placed in the central part of high-rise buildings.

Spatial rigidity of frame-panel buildings is provided by: rigid conjugation of frame elements in the nodes; installation of stiffening walls; laying of tie and wall plates between the columns of the building; sealing joints between floor slabs; the device of connections of the walls of staircases and elevator shaft with the frame of the building.

The elements of the precast concrete frame include one- or two-story columns rectangular cross-section with consoles for supporting the girders, crossbars T-section with shelves for supporting floor slabs and flights of stairs, floor slabs.

Reinforced concrete frame nodes include:

- column joints, which are carried out through concrete protrusions on the heads, followed by welding of reinforcement outlets and monolithing of the joint with concrete;

— support of the crossbar on the column console with the fastening of the girder in the lower part by welding the embedded parts, and in the upper zone - with a steel plate connecting the embedded girders and the column console, with subsequent monolithing of the joint;

— support of floor slabs on the crossbar by welding the embedded parts and monolithing the seams between the plates.

Assemblies of the prefabricated reinforced concrete frame: a - joint before the installation of the columns; b - the same, after installing the columns; c - crossbar conjugation with a column; d - support of floor slabs on the crossbar; 1 - column; 2 - outlets of fittings; 3 - concrete ledge; 4 - steel clamp; 5 - capping the joint with a solution; 6 - hidden column console; 7, 8 - embedded parts; 9 - steel plate; 10 - crossbar; 11 - floor slabs; 12 - intercolumnar (tie) plate; 13 - steel tie for anchoring plates

Walls of frame buildings - hinged belt cut panels they are distinguished by location as belt (basement, interfloor, parapet), wall, corner.

The spatial rigidity of frame-panel buildings is ensured by:

- rigid conjugation of the frame elements (at the nodes);

- installation of stiffness diaphragms associated with columns and ceilings;

- laying of tie and wall plates between the columns of the frame;

- sealing joints between floor slabs.

The walls of frame buildings are panels of light or cellular concrete 250-300 mm thick, 3-6 m long and 0.9-2.1 m high; piers0.3-1.8 m wide and 1.2-2.7 m high; cornerfor external and internal corners.

Wall panels can be self-supporting and mounted. The panels are supported on the floor or on an external longitudinal girder. Wall panels are fixed to the column using steel elements welded to the embedded parts.

Exterior wall panels in frameless buildings can be: - single-layerfrom lightweight concrete 300… 350 mm thick;

— three-layer 350 ... 400 mm thick with inner and outer layers of concrete and insulation inside;

— layered 160 mm thick with an internal frame made of wooden blocks, sheathed on both sides with asbestos-cement sheets and insulated inside with filling foam

External wall panels: a - single layer; b - three-layer; c - layered; 1 - bearing layer (inner); 2 - flexible connections; 3 - mounting loop; 4 - insulation; 5 - decorative and finishing layer; 6 - frame bars; 7 - asbestos-cement sheathing sheets; 8 - aluminum profiles fixed with screws

Single-layer wall panel: 1 - outer decorative (protective) layer; 2 - reinforcing cage; 3 - effective insulation; 4 - heating panel; 5 - inner finishing layer; 6 - mounting loop	Two-layer wall panel made of lightweight concrete: 1 - embedded parts for fastening radiators; 2 - embedded parts; 3- mounting loops; 4 - frame; 5 - carrier layer; 6 - finishing layer; 7 - drain; 8 - window board; 9 - coarse-grained (heat-insulating) concrete

An important stage in the design of large-panel buildings is the choice of a wall cutting system, which depends on the design scheme, installation conditions, the type of building and its dimensions.

Schemes for cutting the outer walls on the panel: a - horizontal for one room; b - the same, for two rooms; in - the same, strip; d - vertical; d - the same, strip

The horizontal dividing scheme (Fig. A, b, c) is formed by one-story panels in the size of one room (with one window), into two rooms and a strip (from strip belt and wall panels). Vertical layout formed from panels on two floors (fig. d, e):with one window per floor and a strip of two-storey wall panels and interfloor belt panels. In civil engineering, a horizontal wall cutting scheme has become more widespread.

The adoption of a particular design scheme depends on the type of the projected building, its number of storeys and other factors. So, large-panel residential buildings are designed, as a rule, frameless. These houses, in comparison with frame houses, can reduce the number of standard sizes of prefabricated elements, reduce metal consumption, simplify the installation process, reduce labor costs, avoid the appearance of protruding elements (columns and crossbars) in the interior of the premises, etc. However, frame buildings have less material consumption than frameless ones. per 1 m2 of living space, greater rigidity and stability of the building, which is especially important for high-rise buildings. These schemes are especially effective for public buildings.

In order to ensure rigidity and stability of building structures, external wall panels are interconnected with each other, as well as with panels of internal walls. The connections are made in various ways. The most widely used connections are reinforcing ties-staples, which are inserted into the holes of the loop outlets of the reinforcement at the adjacent panels. To ensure rigidity, such joints are embedded in concrete. Such ties are established at the top and bottom of the vertical joint.

Another connection option is with steel plates welded to the embedded parts of the adjacent panels. Such connections are also embedded in concrete.

Pairing outdoor panels, that is, the interfacing of the panels with each other and with the ceilings is performed:
staplesinserted into the holes of the loop outlets of the fittings of the adjacent panels, at the joint they are installed at the top and bottom;

welded overlaysconnecting embedded parts of adjoining panels;

shaped locksending with a “cam” or “socket”, which allows panels to be installed without being temporarily braced.

Connections of outer panels to ties-staples (a), b - steel plates for welding; 1 - internal wall panel, 2 - loop outlets of reinforcement, 3 - brace ties, 4 - external wall panels, 5 - embedded parts, 6 - overlays welded to the embedded ones; 7- "socket-lock"; 8 - lock "with socket and cam"; 9 - "cam-lock"

External wall jointssubdivided into horizontal and vertical.

Vertical joints by type of termination are: closed; open. They have the form of a "well" formed by the edges of the adjacent panels and filled with in-situ concrete.

Vertical joints by type of terminations are as follows:

closedsealed on the outside with cement mortar, sealing mastic, elastic gasket, and from the inside with a layer of roofing material, an insulating bag and a layer monolithic concrete;

open with a water deflector tape that removes moisture from the joint cavity, and such a seal from the inside, as in closed joints.

Vertical joints by the method of connecting panels to each other and constructive schemedivided into elastic and rigid (monolithic).

Constructions of vertical monolithic reinforced joints of external wall panels: a - three-layer; b - single-layer expanded clay concrete; 1- sealing mastic (sealant); 2 - gasket made of hernite or poroizol; 3 - a liner made of mineral wool boards, wrapped in a polyethylene film, or a liner made of foam plastic; 4 - staples with a diameter of 12 mm; 5 - reinforcing loops; 6 - anchor with a diameter of 12 mm; 7 - heavy concrete MI50

When device elastic joint panels are connected using steel ties welded to the embedded parts of the abutting elements. In the groove formed by the quarters, the wall panel of the inner transverse wall is inserted to a depth of 50 mm. The panels are connected using a strip of steel strip welded to the embedded parts of the panels. To seal the joint, a sealing cord of hernite on glue or poroizol on mastic is inserted into its narrow gap. From the outside, the joint is coated with a special mastic - thiokol sealant. For isolation from moisture penetration from the inside of the joint, they are glued to bituminous mastic a vertical strip of one layer of waterproofing or roofing material. The vertical joint well is filled with heavy concrete.

The design of a vertical elastic-yielding panel joint: 1 - steel plate; 2 - embedded parts; 3 - heavy concrete; 4 - thermal insert; 5 - strip of waterproofing or roofing material; 6 - hernite or poroizol; 7 - solution or sealant

Disadvantage elastic jointsis the possibility of corrosion of steel ties and embedded parts. Such fasteners are malleable and do not always ensure long-term joint operation of the mating panels and, therefore, cannot protect the joint from cracking. This is because the embedded part, as it were, is torn off by the heating during welding from the concrete into which it was cast during manufacture. Atmospheric or condensation moisture penetrating into the slot destroys the lower surface of the embedded part.

More reliable in work are rigid-monolithic joints... The strength of the connection between the abutting elements is ensured by embedding the connecting steel reinforcement with concrete. A monolithic joint of single-layer wall panels is made with looped outlets of reinforcement, connected by round steel brackets with a diameter of 12 mm. A vertical air cavity is formed between the monolithic joint zone and the sealing, which serves as a drainage channel that drains water entering the seam and discharges it outside at the level of the base.

Vertical joints of panels of internal walls and partitions: a-e - joints of load-bearing panels between themselves and with outside wall; g - junction of non-bearing partitions with a wall panel; 1 and 2 - panels of transverse and longitudinal internal walls; 3- partition panel; 4-monolithic concrete; 5 - keyway corrugations of butt edges; 6-elastic pads; 7 - solution; c - outer wall panel

Thus, the main disadvantage elastic-yielding joints is: unreliable long-term joint operation of docking panels. This does not guarantee the joint against cracks; the possibility of corrosion of embedded parts, which can develop not only as a result of moisture penetration through joint cracks or through the pores of concrete, but also when the steel is in the dew point zone; under influence high temperature during welding, the lower plane of the embedded factory part can come off the concrete of the panel and, remaining uncontrolled during installation, rust over time.

More reliable in this regard are rigid monolithic joints of single-layer and three-layer panels, which protect the joint from cracks and exclude the development of corrosion. With such joining in the upper zone of the panel, the reinforcing loops are connected by welding with staples (or straight overlays) and the joint is monolithic.

It is recommended to grout the joint after installing the upper floor panel on mounting brackets or concrete protrusions from the body of the wall panels. The lower part of the wall panel must be placed below the embedment level by at least 20 mm.

		Monolithic (a - c) and platform-monolithic (d - f) joints of prefabricated walls: a, d - external three-layer walls with flexible connections; b, d - internal walls with double-sided support of floor slabs; c, f ¾ the same, with one-sided support

It is recommended to connect prefabricated floor slabs with monolithic joints with welded or loop reinforcement ties, which ensure continuity.

The penetration of rain moisture into the horizontal joint occurs through the capillaries of the mortar in the joint. Unlike the old joint designs, the horizontal joint is now equipped with a rain barrier. In the inclined part of the seam, the solution is interrupted by an air gap that prevents capillary penetration of moisture. Sealing of the seam in the upper part of the barrier is ensured by laying a poroizol tape glued with an insulator.

All embedded parts and additional connecting elements (strips, brackets, etc.) must have factory anti-corrosion protection (protection directly on the site).

Monolithic vertical joint: a - vertical joint; b - the same, with an insulating package; 1 - external expanded clay concrete panel; 2 - anchor with a diameter of 12 mm; 3 - drainage channel; 4 - poroizol tourniquet; 5 - sealant; 6 - gasket; 7 - staples; 8 - concrete; 9 - internal bearing panel made of reinforced concrete; 10 - loop; 11 - mineral wool bag

Horizontal joints have an anti-rain crest. The water-air tightness of such joints is ensured by a sealing mastic, gaskets made of hernite or poroizol, and an insulating liner made of mineral wool boards.

Horizontal (a), vertical closed (b) and open (c) joints of the outer walls: 1 - outer wall panel; 2 - protective coating (cement mortar or polymer composition); 3 - sealing mastic; 4 - top floor panel; 5 - gasket made of hernite or vapor barrier; 6 - solution layer; 7 - interfloor overlap; 8 - insulating package made of mineral wool or expanded polystyrene; 9 - a layer of roofing material; 10 - monolithic concrete; 11 - inner wall panel; 12 - drainage tape; 13 - decompression cavity; 14 - water deflector tape clamped by an apron; 15 - a galvanized apron which is inserted with a waterproof comb with a height of at least 80 mm

Connecting interior wall panels performed by welding steel linings to embedded parts.

Internal walls use horizontal joints platformtype, with the support of wall panels on the floor over the mortar layer, and contact type with the support of the panels on the protrusions of the ventilation block.

Types of horizontal joints between bearing panels: a - platform; b - toothed; в - contact on portable consoles; g - contact-socket

Platform joint, a feature of which is the support of the floor slabs on half the thickness of the transverse wall panels, i.e., the stepwise transfer of forces, in which the forces are transferred from the panel to the panel through the supporting parts of the floor slabs;

toothed joint, representing a modification of the platform-type joint, provides a deeper support of floor slabs, which, like a dovetail, rest on the entire width of the wall panel, and the forces from the panel to the panel are transmitted through the supporting parts of the floor slabs;

contact joint (console) with the support of the ceilings on the outboard consoles and the direct transfer of forces from the panel to the panel;

contact-female joint with the support of the panels also on the principle of direct transfer of forces from the panel to the panel and the support of the ceilings through the consoles or ribs (fingers) protruding from the slabs themselves and laid in the slots specially left in the transverse panels.

The platform joint is the easiest to implement and quite reliable when the height of panel houses is within 25 floors.

Platform joint recommended as a basic solution for panel walls with double-sided support of floor slabs, as well as with one-side support of slabs to a depth of at least 0.75 of the wall thickness. It is recommended to designate the thickness of horizontal mortar joints based on the calculation of the accuracy of manufacturing and installation of prefabricated structures. If the accuracy is not calculated, then the thickness of the mortar joints is recommended to be set equal to 20 mm; the size of the gap between the ends of the floor slabs is taken at least 20 mm.

The upper mortar joint is recommended to be arranged at the level of the upper surface of the floor slabs. When the upper seam is located below the upper surface of the slabs, quality control of the mortar placement in the seam should be provided.

It is recommended to use the contact joint when the floor slabs are supported on cantilever wall extensions or with the help of cantilever protrusions ("fingers") of the slabs. At contact joints, floor slabs can be supported on walls without mortar (dry). In this case, to ensure sound insulation, the cavity between the ends of the slabs and the walls must be filled with mortar and reinforcement ties must be provided that convert prefabricated floor into the horizontal stiffness diaphragm.

Contact joints of the panels of the inner walls: I - with the support of the floors on the wall consoles: a - the horizontal joint on the mortar is located above the level of the floors; b - joint through a monolithic core; c - the joint on the solution at the level of the bottom of the floors; in '- the same, in the zone of connections between floors through the holes in the wall panel;

II - contact-socket joint; III - contact joints on fingers (concrete or steel): a - through a monolithic concrete core; b - through the mortar joint at the level of the bottom of the floors; c - through a monolithic concrete core with the support of the floor panels with fingers made of steel shorties; 1-cement mortar; 2 - monolithic concrete; 3 - reinforcement outlets; 4 - soundproof pads: 5-steel pad; 6-hole in the wall panel; 7-reinforced concrete "finger"; 8-steel finger

Joints in the walls of frame-panel buildings: A - horizontal joint; B - fastening the wall panel to the waist panel; B - the same, waist to the frame column; Г - vertical joint. 1 - basement panel; 2 - the same, waist; 3 - the same, wall; 4 - the same, angular; 5 - fastener; 6 - embedded parts; 7 - protective coating, 8 - sealant; 9 - a sealing gasket; 10 - cement mortar; 11 - steel plate; 12 - fastening hook

The accuracy of the design position of the wall panels (alignment, vertical, etc.) at platform joints is ensured by vertical bolts-fixers. They are placed on the upper support edges of the panels and fit into the corresponding holes in the lower edges of the overlying panels. When placing on the bolts and straightening them, the wall panel is brought to the design position, after which the upper horizontal seam of the platform joint is tightly filled with mortar. Retaining bolts are often used instead of lifting loops and for interfacing wall panels.

Contact joint it is recommended to use it when supporting floor slabs on cantilever wall extensions or using cantilever protrusions ("fingers") of the slabs. At contact joints, floor slabs can be supported on walls without mortar (dry). In this case, to ensure sound insulation, the cavity between the ends of the slabs and the walls must be filled with mortar and reinforcement ties must be provided that turn the prefabricated floor into a horizontal stiffness diaphragm.

Contact joints of prefabricated walls with the support of floor slabs: a - b - "fingers"; d - f - wall consoles

Horizontal joints in which compressive loads are transmitted through sections of two or more types are called combined joints.

In the combined platform-monolithic at the junction, the vertical load is transmitted through the supporting sections of the floor slabs and the concrete for embedding the joint cavity between the ends of the floor slabs. With a platform-monolithic joint, precast floor slabs can be designed as continuous. To ensure the continuity of the floor slabs, it is necessary to connect to each other on the supports by welded or looped ties, the section of which is determined by calculation.

To ensure high-quality filling of the cavity between the ends of floor slabs with a platform-monolithic joint, the thickness of the gap at the top of the slab is recommended to be at least 40 mm, and at the bottom of the slabs - 20 mm. With a gap thickness of less than 40 mm, it is recommended to design the joint as a platform joint.

The joint embedding cavity along the length of the wall can be continuous or discontinuous. The intermittent scheme is used for point support of floor slabs on the walls (using support "fingers"). At a platform-monolithic joint above and below the floor slab, it is necessary to arrange horizontal mortar joints.

The constructive solution of a monolithic joint must ensure its reliable filling with a concrete mixture, including at negative air temperatures. The strength of the concrete for embedding the joint is assigned by calculation.

In the combined contact platform at the junction, the vertical load is transmitted through two support platforms: contact (in the place of direct support of the wall panel through the mortar joint) and platform (through the support sections of the floor slabs). The contact-platform joint is recommended mainly for one-sided support of floor slabs on walls (Fig. 10). The thickness of the mortar joints is recommended to be assigned in the same way as the joints in the platform joint.

It is recommended to designate the design grades of the horizontal joint mortar according to the calculation for force effects, but not lower: grade 50 - for installation conditions at positive temperatures, grade 100 - for installation conditions at negative temperatures. It is recommended to assign the class of concrete for the compressive strength of the embedment of a horizontal joint not lower than the corresponding class of concrete of wall panels.

It is recommended to perceive shear forces in horizontal joints of panel walls during construction in non-seismic regions due to the resistance of friction forces.

It is recommended to perceive shear forces in vertical joints of panel walls in one of the following ways:

• concrete or reinforced concrete dowels, formed by embedding the joint cavity with concrete;
  
• keyless joints in the form of reinforcing bars embedded in concrete from panels;
  
• embedded parts welded together, anchored in the body of the panels.
  

Schemes of perception of shear forces in the vertical joint of panel walls: a, b - with dowels; c - with monolithic reinforcement ties; d - welding of embedded parts; 1 - welded reinforcement connection; 2 - the same, loop; 3 - pad welded to embedded parts

A combined method of perceiving shear forces is possible, for example, with concrete dowels and floor slabs.

It is recommended to design the dowels with a trapezoidal shape. It is recommended to take the depth of the key not less than 20 mm, and the angle of inclination of the crushing area to the direction perpendicular to the shear plane, not more than 30 °. The minimum size in terms of the plane of the joint, through which the joint is monolithic, is recommended to be at least 80 mm. Provision should be made for the compaction of concrete at the joint with a deep vibrator.

Types of vertical joints of panel walls: a - flat; b - profiled keyless; c - profiled keyway; 1 - soundproofing pad; 2 - solution; 3 - concrete for embedding the joint

In keyless joints, shear forces are perceived by welded or looped bonds embedded in concrete in the vertical joint cavity. Keyless connections require an increased (compared to keyed connections) consumption of reinforcing steel.

Welded joints of panels on embedded parts are allowed to be used at the joints of walls for areas with harsh and cold climates in order to reduce or eliminate monolithic work on the construction site. At the joints of the outer walls with the inner ones, the welded joints of the panels on the embedded parts should be located outside the zone where moisture condensation is possible with a temperature difference along the wall thickness.

Connections.In large-panel buildings, for the perception of forces acting in the plane of horizontal stiffening diaphragms, precast reinforced concrete floor slabs and coatings are recommended to be interconnected with at least two ties along each edge. It is recommended to take the distance between the ties not more than 3.0 m. The required cross-section of ties is assigned by calculation. It is recommended that the cross-section of the ties be taken so that they ensure the perception of tensile forces at least the following values:

for ties located in the ceilings along the length of the building extended in the plan - 15 kN (1.5 tf) per 1 m of the building width;

for ties located in the ceilings perpendicular to the length of an extended building in the plan, as well as ties of compact buildings, - 10 kN (1 tf) per 1 m of the building length.

Layout of connections in a large-panel building: 1 - between panels of external and internal walls; 2 - the same, longitudinal external load-bearing walls; 3 - longitudinal internal walls; 4 - the same, transverse and longitudinal inner walls; 5 - the same, external walls and floor slabs; 6 - between floor slabs along the length of the building; 7 - the same, across the length of the building

On the vertical edges of prefabricated slabs, it is recommended to provide key joints that resist mutual displacement of the slabs across and along the joint. Shear forces in the joints of floor slabs resting on load-bearing walls can be perceived without the installation of dowels and ties, if the constructive solution of the junction of the floor slabs with the walls ensures their joint work due to friction forces.

It is recommended to provide key joints and metal horizontal ties in vertical joints of load-bearing wall panels. It is recommended to connect concrete and reinforced concrete panels of the outer walls at least in two levels (at the top and bottom of the floor) with ties with internal structures designed to absorb the pull-off forces within the height of one floor at least 10 kN (1 tf) per 1 m of the length of the outer wall along facade.

With self-wedging joints of external and internal walls, for example, of the " dovetail», Ties can be provided only in one level of overlap and the value of the minimum effort for communication can be halved.

Wall panels located in the same plane may be connected with ties only at the top. It is recommended to designate the bond cross-section for the perception of a tensile force of at least 50 kN (5 tf). In the presence of links between wall panels located one above the other, as well as shear links between wall panels and floor slabs, horizontal links in vertical joints may not be provided if they are not required by calculation.

in walls, for which, according to the calculation, through vertical reinforcement is required to absorb tensile forces arising from the bending of the wall in its own plane;

to ensure the stability of the building against progressive destruction if other measures fail to localize the destruction from emergency special loads (see clause 2.1). In this case, vertical connections of wall panels in horizontal joints (interfloor connections) are recommended to be assigned from the condition of their perception of tensile forces from the weight of the wall panel and floor slabs supported on it, including the load from the floor and partitions. It is recommended, as a rule, to use parts for lifting panels as such ties;

in load-bearing panel walls, which are not directly adjacent to concrete walls in a perpendicular direction.

It is recommended to design connections of prefabricated elements in the form of: welded reinforcing bars or embedded parts; reinforcing loop outlets embedded in concrete, connected without welding; bolted connections. The connections should be located so that they do not interfere with the quality monolithing of the joints.

Steel ties and embedded parts must be protected from fire and corrosion. Protection against fire effects must ensure the strength of the joints for a time equal to the value of the required fire resistance of the structure, which are connected by the designed ties.

Horizontal joints of panel walls should ensure the transfer of forces from eccentric compression from the plane of the wall, as well as from bending and shear in the plane of the wall. Depending on the nature of the support of the floors, the following types of horizontal joints are distinguished: platform, monolithic, contact and combined. At the platform joint, the compressive vertical load is transmitted through the support sections of the floor slabs and two horizontal mortar joints. In a monolithic joint, the compressive load is transmitted through a layer of monolithic concrete (mortar) laid in the cavity between the ends of the floor slabs. In the contact joint, the compressive load is transmitted directly through the mortar joint or elastic pad between the abutting surfaces of the precast wall elements.

Construction on the basis of flat reinforced concrete panels was born at the very beginning of the 20th century. There are many applicants for the world's first large-panel house project - after the First World War, almost all of Europe was busy looking for a quick and cheap solution to the housing problem.

Abroad won't help

In 1927, a large delegation of Soviet specialists went to Germany to study the German experience of mass housing construction in suburban workers' settlements. The system of prefabricated industrial houses based on pumice-concrete panels, developed and actively promoted by German architect Ernst May, is of great interest to our architects and engineers.

A delegation of Soviet specialists gets acquainted with the construction of a workers' settlement designed by Ernst Main in the suburbs of Frankfurt am Main

Panels measuring 3 x 1.10 x 0.20 m and weighing 726 kg are installed with a small crane. Installation of a 2-storey building with a cellar takes from 1.5 to 17 days, depending on the number of workers employed in the construction. Moreover, May put on the conveyor not only the production of houses, but also the entire design system of the working village as a whole.

The working settlement of Praunheim, built according to the project of E. May in 1927-28.

Workers' village, modern look.

Ernst May, along with a large group of foreign architects, was invited to the Soviet Union and worked with us for several years, but he had to design the Soviet cities of the future, located beyond the Urals, not from concrete that is scarce in our country, but mainly from more affordable timber. In 1933, May left the USSR.

From Berezovsk to Sokolinaya Gora

Active scientific development of the problems of industrialization of housing construction began in 1940, at the Research Institute of Construction Technology of the Academy of Architecture of the USSR, by a team led by G. Kuznetsov. However, the war interrupted this work. As a result, the era of large-panel housing construction in our country began only in 1945 and not in Moscow, but in the distant Ural city of Berezovsk. It was there that at the end of 1945, on the basis of the Berezovsky building structures plant built a year earlier, the USSR's first large-panel one-story house with an incomplete frame was assembled according to the project of architects G. Potapov and G. Rostovskaya.

2-storey large-panel house in the town of Berezovsk was built in 1946.

"Berezovskaya" series of low-rise prefabricated large-panel houses was replicated in workers' settlements of the Sverdlovsk region until 1951. For the outer walls, 3 × 3 m panels insulated with mineral felt were used. The panels were connected to each other with mounting loops, the joints were poured with mineral felt. The facades were decorated with concrete cornices, horizontal rods, strips fastened with steel bolts.

In Moscow, experimental series of frame and frame-panel houses were developed in parallel by several teams. Since 1947, almost every year has been marked by the implementation of a new experimental project. In 1947-48, according to a project developed at the Research Institute of Construction Technology of the Academy of Architecture of the USSR (architect B. Bogomolov, engineer G. Kuznetsova), the first experimental frame-panel house with a full steel frame was erected on Sokolinaya Gora.

A house with a corridor-type layout had a three-span transverse steel frame with spans of 5.24 + 1.78 + 5.24 m. In the course of further experiments, the steel frame in residential construction was abandoned in favor of reinforced concrete. It also became clear from the experience of this first house that more reliable and airtight, blow-out solutions were needed for joining and fixing panels. During the construction of the house on Sokolinaya Gora, a significant part of the work fell on the construction site: the installation of heat and vapor insulation of wall panels, interior decoration with small gypsum slabs - everything was done under building conditions, which reduced the construction speed.

Experimental quarter on Khoroshevka

Already in the next year, 1949, in the area of \u200b\u200bKhoroshevskoye highway, construction of a series of experimental frame-panel sectional houses, developed by Mosgorproekt, began (architects M. Posokhin and A. Mdoyants, engineer V. Lagutenko). In 6 houses of the first stage, they did not have time to abandon the steel frame, but later they switched to a reinforced concrete structure.

Block of frame-panel residential buildings 1948-1952, Arch. M. Posokhin, A. Mdoyants, V. Lagutenko

The reinforced concrete frame of the houses of this series consists of two-storey columns with consoles and crossbars resting on consoles. The height of houses from 4 floors in the first stage by the end of construction in 1952 increased to 10 floors. This tendency - to start with a low number of storeys, and then gradually increase it by the end of the experimental period - persisted in the following experimental Moscow series of houses. True, even in this pilot construction project, it has not yet been possible to fully embody the idea of \u200b\u200bindustrial production of all elements of the house: the panels were not cast at the factory, but directly on the construction site in metal formwork, the joints were sealed from the scaffolding. Nevertheless, the house was built in record time: at first in 90-100 days, and by 1951 in just 60 working days. The construction of a similar brick house would have taken at least a year.

Construction of a house on Khoroshevskoe highway: a - general scheme; 1 - rack; 2 - crossbar; 3 - floor panel; 4 - wall panel; 5 - window panel; 6 - plasterboard plates of the partition; b - detail of fastening the external wall panels to the ceiling. Fastening of external wall panels to the frame and ceilings was carried out with strip expansion strips and bolts, followed by concrete coating of the joints. The panels of the outer walls were installed one on top of the other on the mortar, the vertical joints were filled with a warm mortar in order to eliminate blowing and freezing. (Source: Drozdov P.F., Sebekin I.M. Design of large-panel buildings (frame and frameless). M., Stroyizdat, 1967)

In total, from 1949 to 1958, in the area of \u200b\u200bKhoroshovskoye Highway (Kuusinena, Sorge, Dobrolyubov Streets and 1st Khoroshevsky Prospect), 21 experimental frame-panel houses with a height of 4 to 10 floors with cozy courtyards were built. Today, this building is spoiled only by the concrete architectural decor that is crumbling in many places.

Experimental frame-panel houses. 1949-50. arch. M. Posokhin and A. Mdoyants, engineer. V.Lagutenko

Experiments on Sandy

In 1948, the metropolitan press wrote: “These houses are the beginning of a new Moscow street emerging on a vacant lot near the village of Sokol. It will connect the Leningradskoye and Khoroshovskoye highways. 14 residential buildings have been laid down and are under construction. Each has 44 apartments. Various prefabricated parts for construction are produced at once in many factories. " We are talking about the beginning of the mass development of the area of \u200b\u200bSandy Streets, where a large-scale experiment on the high-speed construction of prefabricated frame-panel houses of the experimental series with a new flow method was launched on an area of \u200b\u200babout 300 hectares.

Structural scheme of frame-panel houses on the street. New Sandy in Moscow. Slabs 40 mm thick with ribs along the contour with filling foam concrete blocks volumetric weight 600 kg / m 3

The building was carried out by a team of architects consisting of N. Shvets, A. Bolonov, M. Zilbergleit, G. Andreev, engineer L. F. Brenkevich under the leadership of Z. Rosenfeld. The general plan of the territory was developed by architects Z. Rosenfeld and P. Pomazanov. Thanks to the complex development, the district has received a comfortable, finished layout with cozy courtyards, its own central square and a wide central boulevard.

Novopeschanaya street in the 1960s.

The first stage of construction (1948-1949) included four-storey buildings. The corner buildings, decorating the square, ended with mansards unusual for Moscow, and their central sections had increased number of storeys. The facades of the houses of the first stage are faced with light silicate bricks. The decorative elements on the façade were minimal at that time: the corners of the houses were decorated with concrete blocks imitating rustic wood, the window openings of the first floor were framed with concrete frames. All architectural elements were manufactured at the factory. In addition to the complete factory readiness of the elements, construction was also accelerated thanks to the in-line method, in which all the houses in the quarter were assembled at once. A four-storey building took 96, and a 5-storey one - 120 working days.

On the second stage (1949-51) the number of storeys was raised to 6-8 floors, on the third (1950-1955) - to 6-9 floors. For corner houses, the architects also proposed a more varied architecture - one of the facades was clad with seven-slit ceramic blocks. Multi-story sections, mezzanine, arches and balustrades add variety to the structure of the building. True, some of the concrete decor did not stand the test of time and was dismantled for pedestrian safety reasons. In addition to residential buildings in this microdistrict, schools were built - according to the same frame-panel technology, according to standard projects. In the buildings of the third stage, many of the first floors are reserved for non-residential functions - shops, services of everyday life, kindergartens, etc. Recently, the building ensemble of the area of \u200b\u200bSandy Streets 1947-1955. received the status of a territory of historical and cultural significance.

To be continued

Images: M. Meerovich, archidays.ru, pastvu.com, moya-moskva.livejournal.com, synthart.livejournal.com, frankfurter-bilderbogen.de

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Panel houses are familiar to every Russian because of the numerous high-rise buildings in the sleeping areas of the city. Due to the low quality of construction, a rather skeptical attitude of consumers has developed towards this technology. According to the established opinion, panel technology is applicable only in multi-storey construction of budget housing and does not provide an opportunity to build a warm and beautiful house. We hasten to dissuade you. A panel house is a modern, warm and, in many cases, self-assembled structure.

Competitive technologies for fast construction of buildings

It will be about three technologies: "sip panels", three-layer concrete panels, KA-panels. The cost of building a box of a one-story house of 150 sq. meters with the choice of the project will cost:

• from vulture panels - $ 8.5 thousand, frame erection time - 1-3 weeks;
• from three-layer concrete panels - $ 6 thousand, the construction period of the box is 10 days;
• made of KA-panels (caliar bearing panels) - $ 7.5 thousand, 120-year warranty, construction period - 10-15 days.

The listed construction technologies are offered at comparable prices for building a house box. Each has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, which are worth special attention.

Three-layer concrete panels for home construction

Three-layer concrete panels are considered by many to be more reliable design in comparison with other pre-fabricated technologies. Thanks to the insulation, the house also becomes very warm. Due to the hollow core filled with mineral filler, the structure of the box does not create an increased load on the foundation, while the structure of concrete structures is definitely stronger and more stable than a house made of vulture panels.

For sale are offered house kits for standard projects and with a cladded facade. Buying a ready-made kit allows you to assemble a box in 10 days, which requires only inexpensive repair thanks to perfectly flat walls. The reinforced concrete structure is highly durable. With its help, you can build tall houses.

The disadvantages of this technology include the need for installation using heavy construction equipment. At the same time, panel houses made of three-layer concrete can be built with your own hands a photo that is 20-30% cheaper than a similar structure made of vulture materials. This is a very significant plus and factor contributing to the choice of this particular construction method.

Video review of the construction of villages with reinforced concrete panels

DIY house made of vulture panels: advantages, disadvantages, design and installation supervision

Another option for the construction of a panel house involves the use of vulture panels. These are the well-known special building panels made of expanded polystyrene foam and OSB boards. On sale there are both standard structural elements that can be used to build your home, and ready-made house kits.

The Canadian sip panel is technologically related to multi-layer sandwich panels, it is developed in Canada, so in advertising you often hear about Canadian houses. This material, despite its lightness and apparent fragility, is able to freely withstand temperatures in the range from -50C to + 50C, earthquakes up to 7.5 points. A board based on expanded polystyrene in terms of its heat capacity retains heat 6 times better than brickwork... Despite the porous structure, the sip-panel insulation does not burn.

You can freely build a house according to any selected project from vulture panels with your own hands, this will require 1-2 assistants. The construction can take from 3 weeks to build a box up to 3 months on a turnkey basis, installation can be carried out both in winter and summer. The advantage of this type of building material is the ease of construction, ease of installation and a wide variety of typical projects that can be chosen for the construction of a cottage.

There are many opinions regarding the environmental friendliness of sip technology. Buyers need to independently assess the risks and familiarize themselves with the materials about the two components of the sip board: expanded polystyrene and OSB. Both materials are time-tested and environmentally friendly.

Buying a ready-made house kit will help to avoid mistakes in design calculations. Assembling a house according to your own sketch from standard elements will be cheaper. If there is a need to further reduce the cost, you can make a sip panel yourself. The panel house shown in the video tutorial can be self-assembled video in a few weeks or less. How to design a house, draw up a drawing and make installation is described by an experienced architect in the video.

Video review of vulture panel technology

Video instructions for designing a house from vulture panels

Video instruction for the manufacture of a sip panel

Video review of the step-by-step assembly of a house from vulture panels

House from KA-panels (Vekchel)

KA-panels or caliar bearing panel is a rare panel material for the construction of low-rise buildings with a service life of up to 120 years. The technology was created in Russia and has every chance of great success due to the unique qualities of the building material. The panels are produced by the company "Ecoterm" and represent a metal-reinforced timber structure, which is very convenient for self-assembly and is ideal for quick assembly of a house with your own hands.

Advantages of KA panels:

• full resistance to atmospheric and internal moisture;
• resistance to temperature extremes;
• panels are not subject to rotting and freezing.

The company's production is located in Yekaterinburg, but the cost of delivery of the house kit will be low. The advantage of KA-panels is the availability and fast construction of one- and two-storey houses, cottages.

Ecoterm produces three types of panels: ordinary, corner, lintels with a thickness of 100, 150 and 200 m in accordance with TU 5284-001-24522523-2006. The manufacturer offers standard house designs, for each you can purchase a ready-made house kit. On average, turnkey construction with finishing will cost from 1 million rubles (about $ 17 thousand) to 3 million rubles.

• panel house "Harmony" (136 sq. m.) - 490 thousand rubles, 1.53 million rubles on a turnkey basis;
• panel house "Erker" (240 sq. m.) - 710,800 rubles, 3 million rubles on a turnkey basis.

• prepare the foundation;
• install metal guides;
• set the corner and corner structural elements;
• install wall panels;
• fasten together with plates and screws;
• make the binding of the panels;
• carry out roofing work.

Based on the list of works on the installation of KA panels, this version of the panel construction is more suitable for self-assembly... Simple and fast assembly is undoubtedly the key feature of this construction technology. It is a promising building material.

Conclusion

Buyers today have a choice of how to build a house, a cottage, outbuildings from vulture panels, KA panels or reinforced concrete sandwich panels with their own hands. Each of the described technologies is available for self-construction. The panels allow you to build a house similar to a house made of profiled timber, but the structure will be much cheaper.

Remember the film "The Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath!", Where main character Yevgeny Lukashin goes with friends to the bathhouse on the eve of the New Year and ends up in Leningrad? The address, the facade of the house, the layout of the apartment and even the keys - everything coincides with his Moscow apartment. Already in 1975, when the film was released, the irony of this coincidence did not surprise anyone. And the whole point is in the typical development, which, according to the plot of the film by Eldar Ryazanov, played a very important role in Lukashin's life.

What is a panel house?

Panel houses have become very popular among residential buildings of standard construction. They were identical not only to their reinforced concrete "neighbors", but also to typical buildings in other cities of Russia.

Panel house is a structure erected on the principle of a Lego constructor from precast concrete slabs (panels) manufactured at the plant. Block sections are delivered to the construction site, almost a disassembled house. It remains only to collect it.

The finished reinforced concrete panel resembles a sandwich in its structure: the outer facing layer, reinforced concrete, insulation and reinforced concrete again. The insulation consists of expanded polystyrene or hard mineral wool. These layers are connected by a reinforced concrete flexible connection - a reinforcing cage is laid in the insulation, thereby tightly fastening the layers without gaps. The front side of the panel can be smooth, embossed or lined with decorative facing plates.

The panels are manufactured at specialized enterprises, then they are delivered to the place of the future house on panel trucks. The duration of the assembly of a multi-storey panel house depends on the number of floors, but almost always lasts no more than a year.

There are frame-panel buildings and frameless (large-panel houses). The first type includes a frame of columns, interpanel floors and walls. The frame type of construction is suitable primarily for low-rise construction. In frameless houses, longitudinal load-bearing walls are supported by transverse load-bearing walls.

A feature of a typical construction with panel houses is affordable housing in the shortest possible time. The technology of panel housing construction solves the housing issue to this day. The demand for affordable housing is high, and thanks to developers, the choice of budget housing is becoming wider and more colorful in the literal and figurative sense of the word.

Typical buildings of the past

Typical building in Russia began under Peter the Great in St. Petersburg. Clay houses were built literally from scrap materials, by analogy with village huts. Such housing was very economical and safe, as the clay is fire resistant.

At the beginning of the 20th century, when the times of coups d'état began in Russia, in France the architect Le Corbusier developed a project called "Domino" for the construction of Paris with prefabricated standard houses. The project was not implemented, but it was he who became the starting point of a new modernist branch in architecture - brutalism. The main feature of the style was the finishing of buildings with raw concrete. Monuments of communism in Bulgaria and the countries of the former Yugoslavia can be considered as striking examples of brutalism.

Mount Buzludzha in Bulgaria, a house-monument to communism

In 1920, Corbusier visited Moscow and met the main Soviet constructivists Konstantin Melnikov, Moisei Ginzburg and the Vesnin brothers. Inspired by the ideas of the French architect, they built more than two hundred objects in the capital, one of which is the building of the Moscow Tsentrosoyuz to this day. And so began the era of "dull boxes", which are often called panel houses.

Types of residential buildings

Before we continue talking about "panels", let's look at the existing types of residential buildings. Throughout the existence of a typical building, houses of various series have been designed and built. Some of them bear official names, while the rest are stuck with “popular” nicknames. However, each of these types has its own unique characteristics.

• Block house. The residential building of this series is assembled from concrete blocks. The difference between a block house and a panel house is that the first is assembled from identical blocks (similar to huge bricks), while a panel house is assembled from figured panels. This property of a block structure allows for redevelopment, demolition of interior floors and combining rooms. The disadvantages are low quality plaster and uneven ceilings. Official code series || -18.
• Elite type of residential buildings. Comfortable spacious apartments, high ceilings, easy access. Typically located in the city center. The leading building material is brick or cinder blocks. The construction of "Stalin" was completed in 1956, giving way to budget "Khrushchevs".

• "Khrushchev". Ordinary five-story residential buildings that were built during the reign of Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev from 1956 to 1964. Features of "Khrushchev" - a small kitchen (6 m 2), ceilings 2.5 m and a bathroom. There was no elevator or garbage chute in such houses. Khrushchev buildings were built very quickly, which affected the quality of materials, and mainly near metro stations. One of the disadvantages of this type of building is poor thermal insulation.
• The name came from the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev. The construction of such houses lasted from 1965 to 1980. In fact, it is a "Khrushchev" house brought to mind and comfort: the ceiling height is 2.65 m, the presence of a garbage chute and an elevator. The number of storeys has also risen. Series of residential buildings 1605AM, I-209, P-42.

• Individual types of residential buildings. Today one of the most popular types. Brick multi-storey buildings, the shape and improvement of which are not limited by any framework. The cost of an apartment in such a house is high, but it includes, among other amenities, the close location of ecological territories: park zones, rivers. Residential series P-44K.
• Monolithic type. A unique feature of the monolithic building is the absence of seams on the walls. These houses are made of concrete. Formwork is made right at the construction site and poured with concrete, giving the future building various architectural forms. It is often said about monolithic structures that the walls in such houses do not "breathe", but the concept is nothing more than a popular stereotype.
• Brick-monolithic type. The frame of such houses is erected from monolithic reinforced concrete, and the outer walls are laid out with bricks. Such houses turn out to be resistant to seismic activity and floods. Good sound and heat insulation.
• Brick house. High quality and corresponding price. Multi-apartment brick houses belong to premium housing. The construction of one such multi-storey dwelling (up to 18 floors) takes over two years.
• Panels are divided into three categories:
  1. "137 series" with spacious kitchens (9 m 2) and apartments up to 70 m 2.
  2. "Panels of the six hundredth series" - the middle class of quality and convenience. The area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment is no more than 65 m 2, the kitchen is medium in size.
  3. "504 series" is the cheapest option for panel housing construction. The people are called "ships". Small kitchen (up to 6.3 m 2), no window sills.

Panel house: pros and cons

We have already mentioned that one of the advantages of prefabricated housing is the speed of building construction. Well-known stereotypes about "panels" are cheap housing without comfortable living conditions, low ceilings, poor quality of building materials, lack of individuality. Let's plunge into reality and take a sober look at the qualities of "panels".

• Speed \u200b\u200band speed again. Construction of a panel house takes on average 3 to 12 months, which is beneficial for both buyers and developers. The speed of the entire work allows you to acquire living space without any special risks even at the stage of the excavation, which will significantly reduce the payback period of the project.
• Manufacturing process. The automated panel production process minimizes human waste. The mechanics of creating reinforced concrete block sections ensures high quality and minimal labor costs.
• Large details. Due to the large size of the panels, it is much easier to control the assembly of a panel building, which also affects the quality of the future structure.

The construction of a nine-story panel house takes about 450 panels.

• The season doesn't matter. Panel construction technology allows you not to stop construction works at winter period due to technology and high quality frost-resistant materials.
• Standard. Most often, door and window openings in panel houses of standard sizes - the future owner of an apartment will not have to spend time and money ordering atypical models of doors and windows.
• Cost. Panel houses are considered affordable housing due to the low-cost technology for creating and assembling slabs.
• Life time. The design service life of the "panel" is up to half a century, but the actual service life reaches 100 years or more.
• Repairs. The inner surface of the panel is smooth, which will save future owners from unnecessary costs for additional finishing work. The internal walls of a panel building do not require major preparation before painting or wallpapering.

Sometimes apartments in panel houses are sold immediately with finishing, which will allow you to move into the apartment immediately after the delivery of the object and live for some time without full repairs.

Cons of panel houses:

• Layout. Most of the walls in the apartment of a panel house are load-bearing. Redevelopment in this case is impossible.
• Poor sound and heat insulation. The thickness of the walls in a panel house is not able to protect against poor sound and heat insulation. It will be cold in the apartment in winter, hot in summer. The audibility in panel houses is so excellent that conversations of neighbors in medium tone through the wall are well identified. This is especially true for old panel houses.
• Dampness. Often, due to low-quality materials or a long service life, cracks appear at the joints in the corners of the apartment. Through them, moisture can enter the apartment, which negatively affects expensive repairs. Often in old "panels" there are wet spots on the wall in the corners, under the ceiling or windowsill. If the ventilation in the house is disturbed, fungus will appear in the place of wet spots.

Which house is better - monolithic or panel?

If you are faced with the question of which house is better to buy an apartment in and how does a monolithic house differ from a panel house, let's take a closer look at the leading types of residential buildings.

If the price of the issue does not matter, then you should pay attention to an apartment in a monolithic building. Lack of external interpanel joints, wide footage, unusual layout and the ability to independently (only after obtaining permission from the developer) combine rooms. The walls in a monolithic building do not let the sounds from adjacent apartments pass through, which means that on a weekend you will be able to sleep well and will not have to worry about repairs from neighbors like your own.

Which house is better - brick or panel?

If we consider separately brick and panel houses, it is worth noting that brick houses are erected much less often, since they are very laborious and require large financial costs. Also, brick houses do not have external interpanel joints, the walls retain heat and do not conduct noise.

We will consider the advantages of modern panel houses a little later, since many of the disadvantages of the "panels" of the last century are becoming irrelevant. In the meantime, let us note in the table the important characteristics that should be followed when choosing an apartment.

General indicators	Panel	Brick	Monolith
Insulation level	low	tall	tall
Sound insulation level	low	tall	tall
Design life	50 years	150 years	150 years
Deadline	3-12 months	2–2.5 years ("frozen" for the winter if the bulk of the work has not been completed)	up to 2 years ("frozen" for the winter)
Layout	typical		individual (customer preferences are taken into account)

Sustainability: which house is safer to live in?

Often, due to economy, we ignore the quality of building materials, and sometimes we do not even think about their environmental friendliness and impact on the body.

XXl century is the century of automation and chemicalization of technological processes, including in the construction field. In the manufacture of building materials, be it concrete, ceramic bricks, reinforced concrete, etc., waste from the chemical and metallurgical industries is used, which saves on the cost of materials.

If safety and environmental friendliness of a dwelling is important for you, then brick houses will come out in favor of these qualities. Brick walls are durable and frost-resistant and have good thermal conductivity. The porosity of such walls promotes water absorption and acoustic insulation, creating a favorable environment in the apartment.

Reinforced concrete products (concrete goods) are a durable material that resists physical and chemical influences: they are resistant to corrosion and fire and do not allow moisture to pass through.

Low thermal resistance and air permeability in panel houses adversely affect the living space, disrupting natural ventilation. First of all, this concerns the Soviet "panels".

Ventilation in a panel house

The ventilation system of large-panel houses most often has a supply and exhaust system of functioning. There are two exits from the apartment to the prefabricated common ventilation block - from the kitchen and the bathroom, which do not intersect with each other. Cravings arise in ventilation ducts due to the natural flow of fresh air and temperature differences indoors and outdoors. Simply put, for the natural ventilation of the room to work, you should open the window and let fresh air into the room.

Since one of the disadvantages of a panel house is poor thermal insulation, open windows in winter are unlikely to help. Of course, it will work out to ventilate the room. And it will also turn out to let into the house a portion of harmful gases from the street in exchange for warm room air :) Agree, such a prospect will not please anyone.

In this case, the device will come to the rescue -. The breather cleans the air from harmful gas impurities, dust particles and microbes and ventilates the room even with closed windows. Another unique feature of the breather is the heating of fresh air to room temperature, which means that the temperature indicators in the apartment will not decrease even in winter.

Such a device will be an excellent addition to the forced ventilation of premises in a panel house. The breather works around the clock, without disturbing the peace of the household with noise and cold drafts.

Panel houses then and now

New panel-type buildings differ from their Soviet counterparts in that they are devoid of many of the shortcomings of the past.

• Diversity and recognition. A characteristic feature of many modern panel houses is the numerous variation color solutions for house facades. The era of boring gray "panels" is over.
• Improved layout. The step of the load-bearing walls has increased. In old panel houses, the stride of load-bearing walls was 3.3 m, in new ones - from 4.2 to 6.6 m. The ceilings have become higher, the rooms are wider, the configuration is more convenient.
• Solution of problems. The construction company tries to solve the issue of sound and heat insulation even at the design stage.
• Facilities. You can buy an apartment with a glazed balcony or two bathrooms at once.

In the near future, in the context of commercial development, significant progress is expected. The environmental friendliness and aesthetics of panel houses are improving every year. Already today there is no need to renew or repaint the facade of the house every 10 years, since the latest technology production of reinforced concrete block sections provide for the addition of a coloring element directly to concrete.

Panels of pleasant shades are obtained: azure, heavenly, apricot, turquoise etc.

The design of panel buildings allows balconies and loggias to be placed in different rooms apartments. Thanks to this, engineers are willingly expanding the range of architectural compositions of new panel houses. There is also the possibility of free planning and creation duplex apartments... Underground parking, bright decorative solutions on the facades and street retail - all these are the advantages of new panel buildings, which outwardly now do not differ from elite high-rise buildings.

The first floors are often non-residential, there are offices, shops, beauty salons, pharmacies, all the infrastructure necessary for a comfortable life. in old panel houses it is always cheaper, because living in an “aquarium” is very uncomfortable. You will have to buy blackout curtains, install bars on the windows and a loggia - in a word, turn your apartment into a cave, hidden from the eyes of citizens wandering past the windows.

Each of the above types of construction has its own advantages and disadvantages. Perhaps in the future there will be an ideal house building technology, but for now, when choosing an apartment, it is best to focus on your capabilities and personal preferences.

We hope our article on panel houses was useful for you. Thank you for attention!