METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

THEME #7

Nizhnekamsk

METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

THEME #7:

Basics of survival in various emergencies

Nizhnekamsk

Training and Methodological Center for Civil Defense and

Emergencies Nizhnekamsk

METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

THEME #7

Basics of survival in various emergencies

Methodical development

Discussed and approved

At a methodological meeting

UMC for Civil Defense and Emergencies

Nizhnekamsk

Protocol No. _______

From “____”_________ 2004

Nizhnekamsk

Learning goals:

To bring to the audience how survival is organized in various emergencies.

Time: 2 hours.

Conduct method: Lecture.

Place: Class.

Study questions and timing:

Introductory part:

Checking the readiness of trainees - 5 min.

The main part (studying the issues of the topic):

1. Basics of survival, optimal and emergency

human life conditions. survival threshold

person (conditions, time, the possibility of returning to life) - 20 min.

2. Physiological aspects of human survival.

Possible consequences for the human body

in extreme conditions. - 30 min.

3. Extreme conditions and their impact on humans (heat, cold, wind, dust, mixed conditions - 20 min.

4. Survival in the natural environment. Organization of housing, shelters, food, protection. Location determination. Protection from animals and insects. Moving in the natural environment - 20 min.

Conclusion:

Summing up the lesson - 5 min.

Literature and teaching aids:

1. Textbook survival in extreme situations.-M .: OOO Yauza Publishing House, 2002.-352 p.

2. Library for the protection of the population in emergency situations: Issue 1. Emergencies natural character / Under the total. ed. Vorobiev Yu.L.-M.: CJSC Papyrus, 1998. - 48s.

3. The textbook of the rescuer: Under the general editorship. Yu. L. Vorobiev. -M., 1997.-520s.

Material support:

Posters, schemes.

At the beginning of the lesson, the teacher announces the topic, learning goals, learning questions of the lesson to be learned and the order in which they are processed.

Then the leader of the lesson proceeds to the presentation of the material of the topic according to the questions posed in this development.

During the whole lesson, the teacher organizes an exchange of opinions, achieving the correct answers.

The lesson ends with a debriefing, which should take from 2 to 5 minutes of study time.

Question 1.

Fundamentals of survival, optimal and emergency conditions for human life support. The threshold of human survival (conditions, time, the possibility of returning to life)

Basics

Survival is based on simple things - your mental preparation, the clothes you wear, and everything you take with you. In order to survive, you need to master the art of survival, especially the psychological aspect of it, because this ultimately determines whether you stay alive or die.

The Psychology of Survival

You need survival skills to survive, but they alone won't save you. First of all, you need the right attitude to the situation. All knowledge in a feast loses its value if you do not have the will to live.

The will to live is a fundamental factor in a peak situation. It is known that the mind can give up faster than the body, but with a survival mindset, a person gains tremendous opportunities to get out.

Think about it. No matter what difficult situation you find yourself in, remember that you have the necessary resources to overcome any difficulties. This is your strength of mind and your physical abilities. Make them work effectively for you - and you will achieve excellent results.

HOW TO FOCUS YOUR MIND ON SURVIVAL

Two great dangers to life lurk in our own brains. This desire for comfort and passive contemplation. If they are not suppressed in time, they can lead to demoralization and death. Luckily, both of these threats can be dealt with easily by anyone.

The desire for comfort is a consequence of modern urban living conditions. Their Western standards have made people pampered, because most of them are fenced off from the aggression of the forces of nature and the environment. Western people - perhaps including you - live and work in warm, comfortable and secure buildings, with a high-quality healthcare system and a guaranteed supply of food and water.

In an extreme situation, you probably won't have any of that, at least not at first. You will have only the clothes that you are wearing - no food, no water, no shelter The sudden disappearance of the usual comfortable conditions that you used without hesitation is in itself a big blow to your self-control and can lead to complete demoralization How to fight with this dangerous state of mind caused by the loss of things that you considered absolutely necessary for a normal life?

First, you need to understand for yourself that the values of modern civilization are not fundamental to solving the problem of survival. Just discard them. After all, you can do without delicacies for lunch, TV or air conditioning. Secondly, you will have to understand that the discomfort that you experience is - nothing compared to the troubles that will fall on you if you indulge in despondency and self-pity.

Passive contemplation is also a consequence of communion with the benefits of civilization. A bureaucratic society saves a person from situations in which it is necessary to make a life-critical decision. Virtually all decisions we make are mundane and banal. Initiative languishes and most people tend to be passive, almost sheepish in contemplation. However, once in an emergency situation, you will have to act independently, make all decisions absolutely independently. If something confuses you here, think that the result of passivity, doing nothing, will most likely be your death. The alternative is to take control of the situation and - long life What do you like best?

DON'T BURY YOURSELF EARLY, CHOOSE A GOAL AND ACT!

When conducting RPS in the natural environment, rescuers often have to perform tasks far from populated areas, spend several days in the “field conditions”, and face various extreme situations, which imposes additional requirements on their ability to work in these conditions.

Solid knowledge in various fields, the ability to use them in any conditions are the basis of survival. Going to the RPS, rescuers must, along with tools and protective equipment, have the following set of necessary items that can be useful in any climatic and geographical zone: a signal mirror, with which you can send a distress signal at a distance of up to 30-40 km; hunting matches, a candle or tablets of dry fuel for making a fire or heating a shelter, a whistle for signaling; a large knife (machete) in a sheath that can be used as a knife; axe; shovel; prison; compass; a piece of thick foil and polyethylene; fishing equipment; signal cartridges; emergency kit of medicines; supply of water and food.

Signaling. Rescuers must know and be able to put into practice special signals.

Rescuers can use fire smoke during the day and bright lights at night to indicate their location. If you throw rubber, pieces of insulation, oil rags into a fire, black smoke will be emitted, which is clearly visible in cloudy weather. To get white smoke, which is clearly visible in clear weather, green leaves, fresh grass, and damp moss should be thrown into the fire.

To give a signal from the ground to an air vehicle (aircraft) Signaling by a mirror, you can use a special signal mirror. It is necessary to keep it at a distance of 25-30 cm from the face and look through the sighting hole at the aircraft, turning the mirror, combine the light spot with the sighting hole. In the absence of a signal mirror, objects with shiny surfaces can be used. For sighting, you need to make a hole in the center of the object. The light beam must be sent along the entire horizon line, even in cases where the noise of the aircraft engine is not heard.

At night, the light of a hand-held electric flashlight, a torch, a fire can be used for signaling.

A fire built on a raft is one of the distress signals.

Good funds signaling - brightly colored objects and a special coloring powder (fluorescein, uranine), which are scattered on snow, earth, water, ice when an aircraft (helicopter) approaches.

In some cases, sound signals (shout, shot, knock), signal rockets, smoke bombs can be used.

One of the latest developments in the development of "target designation" is a small rubber balloon with a nylon sheath, covered with four candles

Content | Index

Chapter 3

Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations

Content | Index

lingering colors, under which a light bulb flashes at night; the light from it is clearly visible at a distance of 4-5 km. Before launch, the balloon is filled with helium from a small capsule and held at a height of 90m by a nylon cable. The mass of the set is 1.5 kg.

In order to facilitate the search, it is advisable to use the International Ground-to-Air Air Signals Code Table. Its signs can be laid out with the help of improvised means (equipment, clothing, stones, trees), directly by people who must lie down on the ground, snow, ice or trampled on the snow.

Along with the ability to give signals, rescuers must be able to work and live in the field, taking into account meteorological (weather) factors. Monitoring the state and forecasting of the weather is carried out by special meteorological services. Weather information is transmitted by means of communication, in special reports, is applied to maps using conventional signs.

In the absence of information about the weather, rescuers must be able to determine and predict it according to local characteristics. To obtain reliable information, it is advisable to make a weather forecast simultaneously for several of them.

International Code Table for Airborne Ground-to-Air Signals:

1 - Need a doctor - serious bodily injury;

2 - Medicines are needed; 3 - Unable to move
sya; 4 - Need food and water; 5 - Requires weapons and
ammunition; 6 - Map and compass required; 7 - Need
we have a signal lamp with a battery and a radio station;
8 - Specify the direction of travel; 9 - I move
I am moving in this direction; 10 - Let's try to take off;
11 - Vessel seriously damaged; 12 - Here you can
safely land; 13 - Fuel required
in and oil; 14 - All right; 15 - No or deny
meaningfully; 16 - Yes or positive; 17 - Did not understand;
18 - Need a mechanic; 19 - Operations completed;

20 - Nothing found, keep searching;

21 - Information received that the aircraft is on
walks in that direction; 22 - We found everyone
of people; 23 - We found only a few people;
24 - We are unable to continue, we return
going to the base; 25 - Divided into two groups, each
follows in the indicated direction.

Gomel engineering institute Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus

Life safety

Basics of Survival

Prepared

Aniskovich I.I.

Gomel 2009

Basic concepts of survival

Human life has always been fraught with danger. It is no coincidence that our distant ancestors, taking their first steps along the path of evolution, learned to use the stone not only as a tool of labor, but also as a weapon.

The struggle for existence forced people by hook or by crook to cling to life, to adapt to any adversity, no matter how difficult they may be, to boldly go towards dangers. The desire to realize the seemingly impossible, permeating the entire history of mankind, helps to understand the incredible efforts made by people in different areas world in order to adapt to harsh natural conditions. Man has always had the ability to adapt to the natural and artificial environment - from primitive hunters who went out to the beast with a stone ax in their hands, to space travelers of the second half of our century, who have been in a state of weightlessness for a long time, mobilizing all their physical and mental capabilities. Survival is active, expedient actions aimed at preserving life, health and performance in an autonomous existence. It is for people whose lives are constantly fraught with dangers that preliminary preparation, both physical and psychological, is very important. Rescuers, military personnel of many branches of the armed forces, tourists who go on long routes, many scientists and researchers must first go through a complete adaptation process, as a result of which the body gradually acquires resistance to certain environmental factors that was previously absent and, thus, gets the opportunity to "live in conditions previously incompatible with life”, which means complete adaptation to the conditions of the polar cold, hot deserts or lack of oxygen at mountain heights, fresh water in the salty sea. People who have undergone full adaptation have a chance not only to save life itself, but also to solve problems that were previously unsolvable.

The adaptation process is very complex and multi-stage. At its first stage, the stage of adaptation to any new factor, the body is close to the maximum of its capabilities, but it does not solve the problem that has arisen completely. However, after some time, if a person (or animal) does not die, and the factor requiring adaptation continues to operate, the possibilities of the living system increase - the extreme, or urgent, stage of the process is replaced by the stage of effective and stable adaptation. This transformation is the key link in the whole process, and its consequences are often striking. Extreme conditions - an event (or a sequence of events) in which a person, through his own preparedness, the use of equipment and gear, as well as the involvement of additional, pre-prepared resources, has the opportunity to prevent an emergency, and, if necessary, help himself and others after an emergency. An extreme situation is an event outside of personal human experience, when a person is forced to act (or remain inactive) in the complete absence of equipment, equipment and initial training. (Basic information about ways to overcome the ES is not formalizable in principle, based on the very definition of an extreme situation). Most people and animals placed in extreme situations from which there is no way out do not die, but acquire one or another degree of adaptation to them and save their lives until better times. Such stressful situations - long periods of hunger, cold, natural disasters, interspecific and intraspecific conflicts - are always widely represented in the natural habitat of animals. The same scheme operates in the human social environment. During a relatively short period of its history, mankind went through periods of slavery, serfdom, world wars, but did not degrade, demonstrating high efficiency of adaptation to extreme situations. Of course, the price of such adaptation is unreasonably high, but these indisputable facts inevitably lead to the conclusion that the body must have sufficiently effective specialized mechanisms that limit the stress response and prevent stress damage and, most importantly, allow one to save life and health. In general, all this corresponds to a well-known everyday observation - people who have gone through severe life tests acquire a certain resistance to damaging environmental factors, i.e. resilient in any extreme situation. Imagine that a miracle happened, and today's man suddenly found himself in the primitive conditions of the existence of mankind. Making his way along the damp walls of the cave, to the sonorous chatter of his own teeth, our hero recalls the fire with unexpected joy. What about chopping wood? Well, okay, you can break the branches. He habitually hits himself in the pocket. Oh, horror, no matches! At first, our time traveler does not realize the full depth of the catastrophe that has befallen him. But in a minute it is covered with cold sweat. He has no idea how to make a fire without matches! Feverish attempts to make fire by rubbing wooden sticks against each other, cutting sparks lead to nothing - kindling stubbornly does not want to flare up. Further, with inexorable consistency, it turns out that a representative of our time cannot hunt without a gun, fish without fishing lines and hooks, cannot build even the most primitive shelter, has no idea how to protect his mortal body from hundreds of dangers lurking from all sides. Hunted looking around, he rushes through the ancient forest, occasionally attacking the berries, which do not saturate at all. Our contemporary is doomed. He has to survive in conditions of autonomous existence. Autonomous existence is the activity of a person (a group of people) without outside help. The only chance to prolong their existence is to seek help from the local natives. It's nothing you can do! And then he meets the real masters of that era: the genius of getting food, the genius of making fire. With great effort, starting from the very basics, the unlucky traveler comprehends the science of "survival", with difficulty pulling himself up to the level of development of primitive man. There is nothing exaggerated in this fantasy. Even astronauts, before taking their place in a spaceship, walk hundreds of kilometers along the paths of survival - forest wilds, hot sands of deserts. A modern person, and even more so a professional rescuer, regardless of the planned actions and the route of movement in terrestrial and extraterrestrial space, timing and geographical location, must be ready to act in an emergency, without communication with the outside world, when you can rely only on yourself. For a person who finds himself in an extreme situation due to unforeseen circumstances, such as a plane crash, a shipwreck, military personnel, as well as lost tourists, survival is mainly a psychological issue, and the most important factor in this case is the desire to survive. Regardless of whether a person is left alone or as part of a group, emotional factors may appear in him - experiences due to fear, despair, loneliness and boredom. In addition to these mental factors, trauma, pain, fatigue, hunger, and thirst also influence the will to survive. How long will a person in trouble have to stay in conditions of autonomous existence in extreme conditions? It depends on a number of reasons that determine the duration of autonomous existence.

The reasons for the duration of autonomous existence:

Remoteness of the area of search and rescue operations from settlements;

Violation or complete absence of radio communications and other types of communications;

Unfavorable geographical, climatic and meteorological conditions of the area of search and rescue operations;

Availability of food stocks (or lack thereof);

The presence in the area of search and rescue operations of additional search and rescue forces and means.

Goals and tasks of rescuers on survival issues

The goal of training rescuers for survival is to develop in them stable skills for actions in various conditions of the situation, to develop high moral and business qualities, self-confidence, reliability of rescue equipment and equipment, and the effectiveness of search and rescue support.

The basis of survival is solid knowledge in various fields, from astronomy and medicine to the recipe for cooking dishes from caterpillars and tree bark.

Survival techniques in each climatic and geographical region are different. What can and should be done in the taiga is unacceptable in the desert and vice versa.

A person must know how to navigate without a compass, give a distress signal, go to a settlement, get food with the help of gathering, hunting, fishing (including without a gun and the necessary gear), provide himself with water, be able to protect himself from natural disasters and much more. other.

The practical development of survival skills is extremely important. It is necessary not only to know how to behave in a given situation, but also to be able to do it. When the situation becomes threatening, it is too late to start learning. Prior to high-risk trips, it is necessary to conduct several emergency field exercises that are as close as possible to the real situation of future routes. It is necessary to calculate in advance theoretically and, if possible, check almost all possible emergencies.

The reasons for the duration of autonomous existence:

Remoteness of the area of search and rescue operations from settlements;

Violation or complete absence of radio communications and other types of communications;

Unfavorable geographical, climatic and meteorological conditions of the area of search and rescue operations;

Availability of food stocks (or lack thereof);

The presence in the area of search and rescue operations of additional search and rescue forces and means.

Goals and tasks of rescuers on survival issues

The basis of survival is solid knowledge in various fields, from astronomy and medicine to the recipe for cooking dishes from caterpillars and tree bark.

Survival techniques in each climatic and geographical region are different. What can and should be done in the taiga is unacceptable in the desert and vice versa.

The main tasks of training rescuers for survival are to provide the necessary amount of theoretical knowledge and teach practical skills for:

Orientation on the ground in various physical and geographical conditions;

Providing self- and mutual assistance;

The construction of temporary shelters and the use of improvised means of protection from the effects of adverse factors external environment;

Obtaining food and water;

Use of means of communication and signaling for the withdrawal of additional forces and means to the area of search and rescue operations;

Organization of crossings through water barriers and swamps;

Use of rescue boats;

Preparation of sites for landing helicopters;

Evacuation of victims from the disaster area.

Factors affecting survival

Training in survival actions is the main factor determining the favorable outcome of autonomous existence.

Risk factors

Climate. Unfavorable weather conditions: cold, heat, strong wind, rain, snow can reduce the limit of human survival many times over.

Thirst. Lack of water entails physical and mental suffering, general overheating of the body, rapidly developing thermal and sunstroke, dehydration in the desert - inevitable death.

Hunger. Prolonged lack of food depresses a person morally, weakens physically, increases the impact on the body of adverse environmental factors.

Fear. Reduces the body's resistance to thirst, hunger, climatic factors, leads to the adoption of erroneous decisions, provokes panic, mental breakdowns.

Overwork. It appears as a result of strenuous physical activities, insufficient food supply, difficult climatic and geographical conditions, due to the lack of proper rest.

Natural disasters: hurricanes, tornadoes, snowstorms, sandstorms, fires, avalanches, mudflows, floods, thunderstorms.

Diseases. The greatest threat is caused by injuries, diseases associated with exposure to climatic conditions, poisoning. But we should not forget that in an emergency, any neglected callus or microtrauma can lead to a tragic outcome.

Survival Factors

Will to live. With a short-term external threat, a person acts on a sensual level, obeying the instinct of self-preservation. Bounces off a falling tree, clings to stationary objects when falling. Another thing is long-term survival. Sooner or later, a critical moment comes when exorbitant physical, mental stress and the seeming senselessness of further resistance suppress the will. A person is seized by passivity, indifference. He is no longer afraid of the possible tragic consequences of ill-conceived overnight stays, risky crossings. He does not believe in the possibility of salvation and therefore perishes without exhausting his reserves of strength to the end.

Survival, based only on the biological laws of self-preservation, is short-lived. It is characterized by rapidly developing mental disorders and hysterical behavioral reactions. The desire to survive must be conscious and purposeful. You can call it the will to live. Any skill and knowledge becomes meaningless if a person resigns himself to fate. Long-term survival is ensured not by the spontaneous desire “I don’t want to die”, but by the goal set – “I must survive!”. The desire to survive is not an instinct, but perceived need! Survival tool - various standard and homemade emergency kits and emergency supplies (for example, a survival knife). If you are going on a dangerous journey, you need to complete emergency kits in advance, based on the specific conditions of the trip, terrain, time of year, and the number of participants. All items must be tested in practice, repeatedly checked, duplicated if necessary. General physical preparation does not require comments. Psychological preparation consists of the sum of such concepts as the psychological balance of each member of the group, the psychological compatibility of the participants, the similarity of the group, the real idea of the conditions of the future route, training trips that are close in terms of loads and climatic and geographical conditions to the real upcoming ones (or better twice exceeding them). Of no small importance is the correct organization of rescue work in a group, a clear distribution of duties in marching and emergency modes. Everyone should know what to do in the event of a threat of an emergency.

Naturally, the above list is far from exhausting all the factors that ensure long-term survival. Once in an emergency, first of all, it is necessary to decide what tactics should be followed - active (independent exit to people) or passive (waiting for help). In passive survival, when there is absolute certainty that the missing person or group is being sought, that the rescuers know their whereabouts, and if there is a non-transportable victim among you, you should immediately start building a capital camp, installing emergency signals around the camp, providing food on the spot.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Yakutsk 2014

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

FGAOU VPO "North-Eastern federal university named after M.K. Ammosov"

Mining Institute

Department of "Protection in emergency situations"

COURSE WORK

on the topic: "The basics of survival of rescuers in extreme situations"

Completed by: student gr.PB-11

Dmitriev A.G.

Checked: Tarsky V.V.

Introduction

1.4 Special Signals

1.6 Organization of the bivouac

1.8 Obtaining food and water

lifeguard survival rescue disease

Introduction

Survival is active, expedient actions aimed at preserving life, health and performance in an autonomous existence. It is for people whose lives are constantly fraught with dangers that preliminary preparation, both physical and psychological, is very important. Rescuers must necessarily go through, beforehand, a complete process of adaptation, as a result of which the body gradually acquires, previously absent, resistance to certain environmental factors. Thus, it gets the opportunity to "live in conditions previously incompatible with life," which means complete adaptation to the conditions of the polar cold, hot deserts or lack of oxygen at mountain heights, fresh water in the salty sea. People who have undergone full adaptation have a chance not only to save life itself, but also to solve problems that were previously unsolvable.

An extreme situation is an event (or a sequence of events) in which a person, through his own preparedness, the use of equipment and gear, as well as the involvement of additional, pre-prepared resources, has the opportunity to prevent an emergency, and, if necessary, help himself and others after an emergency.

1. Actions of rescuers in extreme conditions

1.1 Aims and tasks of rescuers in terms of survival

The basis of survival is solid knowledge in various fields, from astronomy and medicine to the recipe for cooking dishes from caterpillars and tree bark.

Survival techniques in each climatic and geographical region are different. What can and should be done in the taiga is unacceptable in the desert and vice versa.

The main tasks of training rescuers for survival are to provide the necessary amount of theoretical knowledge and teach practical skills for:

Orientation on the ground in various physical and geographical conditions;

Providing self- and mutual assistance;

The construction of temporary shelters and the use of improvised means of protection from the effects of adverse environmental factors;

Obtaining food and water;

Use of means of communication and signaling for the withdrawal of additional forces and means to the area of search and rescue operations;

Organization of crossings through water barriers and swamps;

Use of rescue boats;

Preparation of sites for landing helicopters;

Evacuation of victims from the disaster area.

1.2 Factors affecting survival

Training in survival actions is the main factor determining the favorable outcome of autonomous existence.

Risk factors:

1. Climate. Adverse weather conditions: cold, heat, strong wind, rain, snow can reduce the limit of human survival many times over.

2. Thirst. Lack of water entails physical and mental suffering, general overheating of the body, rapidly developing heat and sunstroke, dehydration in the desert - inevitable death.

3. Hunger. Prolonged lack of food depresses a person morally, weakens physically, increases the impact on the body of adverse environmental factors.

4. Fear. Reduces the body's resistance to thirst, hunger, climatic factors, leads to the adoption of erroneous decisions, provokes panic, mental breakdowns.

5. Overwork. It appears as a result of strenuous physical activities, insufficient food supply, difficult climatic and geographical conditions, due to the lack of proper rest.

6. Natural disasters: hurricanes, tornadoes, snowstorms, sandstorms, fires, avalanches, mudflows, floods, thunderstorms.

7. Diseases. The greatest threat is posed by injuries, diseases associated with exposure to climatic conditions, and poisoning. But we should not forget that in an emergency, any neglected callus or microtrauma can lead to a tragic outcome.

Survival Factors

If you are going on a dangerous journey, you need to complete emergency kits in advance, based on the specific conditions of the trip, terrain, time of year, and the number of participants. All items must be tested in practice, repeatedly checked, duplicated if necessary. General physical preparation does not require comments. Psychological preparation consists of the sum of such concepts as the psychological balance of each member of the group, the psychological compatibility of the participants, the similarity of the group, the real idea of the conditions of the future route, training trips that are close in terms of loads and climatic and geographical conditions to the real upcoming ones (or better, twice exceeding them).

Of no small importance is the correct organization of rescue work in a group, a clear distribution of duties in marching and emergency modes. Everyone should know what to do in the event of a threat of an emergency.

1.3 Life support. Assessing the situation and making an informed decision

How to behave in extreme cases? Let's start with the basics and remember the key word for this situation "SURVIVAL":

S - evaluate the situation, recognize dangers, look for ways out of a hopeless situation.

U - excessive haste harms, but make decisions quickly.

R - remember where you are, determine your location.

V - conquer fear and panic, constantly control yourself, be persistent, but if necessary - obey.

I - improvise, be creative.

V - cherish the means of existence, recognize the limits of your capabilities.

A - act like a local, know how to evaluate people.

L - learn to do everything yourself, be independent and independent.

A group of people. First of all, it is necessary to choose an elder, a person who knows and is able to take all the necessary measures aimed at survival. If your group takes the following tips into account, then the chances of being rescued and returning home will increase significantly. Should:

Decisions are made only by the senior group, regardless of the situation;

Follow the orders of the senior group only;

To develop a sense of mutual assistance in the group.

All this will help to organize the activities of the group in such a way as to best ensure survival.

First of all, it is necessary to assess the current situation, which in turn consists of an assessment of the factors affecting survival.

1. health status of group members, physical and mental state;

2. the impact of the external environment (air temperature and the state of atmospheric conditions in general, terrain, vegetation, the presence and proximity of water sources, etc.).

3. availability of emergency supplies of food, water and emergency equipment.

Provide self- and mutual assistance (if necessary) and draw up an action plan based on specific conditions, which should include:

1. carrying out orientation on the ground and determining your location;

2. organization of a temporary camp. Choosing a suitable place for building a shelter, taking into account the relief, vegetation, water sources, etc. Determination of the place of cooking, food storage, placement of a latrine, location of signal fires;

3. provision of communications and signaling, preparation of radio facilities, operation and maintenance of them;

4. distribution of responsibilities among group members;

5. establishment of duty, tasks of duty officers and determination of the order of duty;

6. preparation of means of visual signaling;

As a result, an optimal mode of behavior in the current situation should be developed.

1.4 Special signals

Rescuers must know and be able to put into practice special signals. Rescuers can use fire smoke during the day and bright lights at night to indicate their location. If you throw rubber, pieces of insulation, oil rags into a fire, black smoke will be emitted, which is clearly visible in cloudy weather. To get white smoke, which is clearly visible in clear weather, green leaves, fresh grass, and damp moss should be thrown into the fire.

To give a signal from the ground to an air vehicle (aircraft), a special signal mirror can be used (Fig. 1). It is necessary to keep it at a distance of 25-30 cm from the face and look through the sighting hole at the plane; turning the mirror, match the light spot with the sighting hole. In the absence of a signal mirror, objects with shiny surfaces can be used. For sighting, you need to make a hole in the center of the object. The light beam must be sent along the entire horizon line, even in cases where the noise of the aircraft engine is not heard.

Rice. 1 Special signal mirror

At night, the light of a hand-held electric flashlight, a torch, a fire can be used for signaling.

A fire built on a raft is one of the distress signals.

Good means of signaling are brightly colored objects and a special coloring powder (fluorescein, uranine), which are scattered on snow, earth, water, ice when an aircraft (helicopter) approaches.

In some cases, sound signals (shout, shot, knock), signal rockets, smoke bombs can be used.

One of the latest developments in target designation is a small rubber balloon with a nylon shell, covered with four luminous colors, under which a light bulb flashes at night; the light from it is clearly visible at a distance of 4-5 km. Before launch, the balloon is filled with helium from a small capsule and held at a height of 90 m by a nylon cable. The weight of the kit is 1.5 kg.

In order to facilitate the search, it is advisable to use the International Code Table of Air Signals "Ground - Air" (Fig. 2). Its signs can be laid out with the help of improvised means (equipment, clothing, stones, trees), directly by people who must lie down on the ground, snow, ice, trampled on the snow.

Rice. 2 International Code Table for Airborne Ground-to-Air Signals

1 - Need a doctor - serious bodily injury;

2 - Medicines are needed;

3 - Unable to move;

4 - Need food and water;

5 - Requires weapons and ammunition,

6 - Map and compass required:

7 - We need a signal lamp with a battery and a radio station;

8 - Specify the direction of travel;

9 - I am moving in this direction;

10 - Let's try to take off;

11 - Vessel seriously damaged;

12 - Here you can safely land;

13 - Fuel and oil required;

14 - All right;

15 - No or negative;

16 - Yes or positive;

17 - Did not understand;

18 - Need a mechanic;

19 - Operations completed;

20 - Nothing found, keep searching;

21 - Information received that the aircraft is in this direction;

22 - We found all the people;

23 - We only found a few people:

24 - We are unable to continue, returning to base;

25 - Divided into two groups, each follows the indicated direction.

1.5 Determination of weather conditions

Signs of persistent good weather :

1. It is quiet at night, during the day the wind intensifies, and in the evening it calms down;

2. The direction of the wind near the ground coincides with the direction of movement of the clouds;

3. At sunset, the dawn is yellow, golden or pink with a greenish tint in the distant space;

4. At night, fog accumulates in the lowlands;

5. After sunset, dew appears on the grass, with sunrise it disappears.

6. In the mountains, haze covers the peaks;

7. Cloudless at night, clouds appear in the morning, increase by noon and disappear by evening;

8. Ants do not close the passages in the anthill;

9. Hot during the day, cool in the evening.

Signs of approaching storm :

1. The wind intensifies, becomes more even, blows with the same force both day and night, sharply changes direction;

2. Cloudiness intensifies. Cumulus clouds do not disappear by evening, but are added;

3. Evening and morning dawns are red;

4. In the evening it seems warmer than during the day. In the mountains, the temperature drops in the morning;

5. There is no dew at night or it is very weak;

6. Fog appears near the ground after sunset, by sunrise it dissipates;

7. During the day, the sky becomes cloudy, becomes whitish;

8. Crowns around the Moon decrease;

9. The stars twinkle strongly;

10. Hens and sparrows bathe in dust;

11. Smoke begins to creep along the ground.

Signs of persistent bad weather :

1. Fine continuous rain ;

2. Fog, dew near the ground;

3. Both at night and during the day it is moderately warm;

4. Dampness in the air day and night, even in the absence of rain;

5. Small crowns closely adjacent to the Moon;

6. Stars shimmer with red or bluish light;

7. Ants close the passages;

8. Bees do not leave the hive;

9. Crows scream heart-rendingly;

10. Small birds clog in the middle of the tree crown.

Signs that the weather is changing for the better

1. The rain stops or comes intermittently, in the evening a creeping fog appears, dew falls;

2. The difference between day and night temperatures increases;

3. Sharply cold;

4. The air becomes drier;

5. The sky in the gaps is clear;

6. The crowns around the Moon increase;

7. The twinkling of stars decreases;

8. The evening dawn is yellow;

9. The smoke from the chimneys and from the fire rises vertically;

10. The bees in the hives are noisy. Swifts and swallows rise higher;

11. Mosquitoes swarm;

12. The coals in the fire are quickly covered with ash;

Signs of stable partly cloudy weather

1. The predominance of the north or northeast wind;

2. The wind speed is small;

3. Creeping fog at night;

4. Abundant frost on grass land or tree branches;

5. Rainbow pillars on the sides of the Sun or a reddish pillar across the solar disk.

6. Sunset with a yellowish tint;

Signs of a change to cloudy, snowy weather

1. Change in wind direction to the southeast, then to the southwest;

2. Wind change from south to north and its strengthening - to a snowstorm;

3. Increased cloudiness;

4. Light snow begins;

5. The frost is weakening;

6. Blue spots appear over the forest;

7. Dark forests are reflected in low dense clouds.

Signs of persistent cloudy, snowy weather without major frosts

1. Slight frost or, with a southwesterly wind, a thaw;

2. By the thaw, blue spots over the forest intensify;

3. Steady southeast or northeast wind;

5. Light continuous snow;

Signs of a change to frosty weather without precipitation

1. The wind from the southwest turns to the west or northwest, the frost intensifies;

2. Cloudiness decreases;

3. Frost appears on the grass land and trees;

4. Blue spots over the forest weaken and soon completely disappear.

1.6 Organization of the bivouac

The weather imposes certain requirements on the organization of a bivouac, temporary housing, life and rest during multi-day search and rescue operations. With this in mind, rescuers organize a bivouac. It should be located in avalanche-safe and rock-fall-safe areas, close to a source of drinking water, have a supply of deadwood or firewood. It is impossible to arrange a bivouac in the dried up beds of mountain rivers, near the shallows, in dense shrubs, coniferous thickets, near dry, hollow, rotten trees, in thickets of flowering rhododendron. After removing stones, branches, debris from the site and leveling it, rescuers can proceed with setting up the tent. (Fig. 3)

Tents differ in design features, capacity, material. Despite this, they are all designed to protect a person from cold, rain, wind, dampness, and insects.

The procedure for setting up the tent is as follows:

1. unfold the tent;

2.stretch and fix the bottom;

3. install racks and tighten guy wires;

4. fasten the exit and tighten the roof braces;

5. eliminate folds on the roof by tightening (loosening) the braces;

6. dig a ditch around the tent 8-10 cm wide and deep to drain water in case of rain.

Under the bottom of the tent, you can put dry leaves, grass, ferns, reeds, moss. When setting up a tent on snow (ice), empty backpacks, ropes, windbreakers, blankets, foam rubber should be placed on the floor.

The pegs are hammered at an angle of 45° to the ground to a depth of 20-25 cm. Trees, stones, ledges can be used to secure the tent. The back wall of the tent must be placed in the direction of the prevailing winds.

In the absence of a tent, you can spend the night under a piece of tarpaulin, polyethylene, or equip a hut from improvised materials (branches, logs, spruce branches, leaves, reeds). It is installed on a flat and dry place, in a clearing or the edge of a forest.

Rice. 3 Options for setting up tents

In snowy winter conditions, rescuers must be able to arrange shelters in the snow. The simplest of them is a hole dug around a tree, the size of which depends on the number of people. From above, the pit must be closed with branches, dense cloth, covered with snow for better thermal insulation. You can build a snow cave, a snow dugout, a snow trench. When entering a snow shelter, you should clean your clothes from snow and dirt, take a shovel or knife with you, which can be used to make ventilation holes and a passage in case of snow collapse.

1.7 Use of a fire as a means of escape

For cooking, heating, drying clothes, signaling, rescuers use fires of the following types: "hut", "well" ("log house"), "taiga", "nodya", "fireplace", "Polynesian", "star", " pyramid".

"Shalash" is convenient for making tea quickly and lighting the camp. This fire is very "gluttonous", it burns hot.

“Well” (“log house”) is kindled, if you need to cook food in a large bowl, dry wet clothes.

In the "well" the fuel burns out more slowly than in the "hut"; a lot of coals are formed, which create a high temperature.

On the "taiga" you can cook food at the same time in several pots. On one thick log (approximately 20 cm thick), several thinner dry logs are placed, which approach each other at an angle of 30 °. necessarily on the leeward side. Fuel burns for a long time. Near such a fire you can stay for the night.

"Nodya" is good for cooking food, heating during the night, drying clothes and shoes. Two dry logs up to 3 m long are placed close to each other, flammable fuel (thin dry twigs, birch bark) is ignited in the gap between them, after which a third dry log of the same length and 20-25 cm thick is placed on top. To prevent the logs from rolling, with flyers are driven into the ground on two sides of them. They will simultaneously serve as supports for the stick on which the bowlers are hung. The “nodya” flares up slowly, but it burns with an even flame for several hours. Any fire must be made only after careful preparation of the site: collection of dry grass and deadwood, making a deepening in the ground, fencing with stones the place where it will be bred. The fuel for the fire is dry forest, grass, reeds, shrubs. It has been noticed that burning spruce, pine, cedar, chestnut, larch give a lot of sparks. Quietly burning oak, maple, elm, beech.

To quickly kindle a fire, kindling is needed (birch bark, small dry branches and firewood, a piece of rubber, paper, dry fuel). It fits tightly with a "hut" or "well". To make the kindling light up better, put a piece of candle in it or put dry alcohol. Thicker dry branches are laid around the kindling, then thick firewood.

In wet weather or during rain, the fire must be covered with a tarpaulin, a backpack, or a thick cloth. You can kindle a fire with matches, a lighter, sunlight and a magnifying glass, friction, flint, a shot. In the latter case, you need:

1. open the cartridge and leave only gunpowder in it;

2. lay dry cotton wool on top of the gunpowder;

3. shoot at the ground, while observing security measures;

4. smoldering cotton wool will provide a fire.

To set up a fire in winter, it is necessary to clear the snow to the ground or build a deck of thick logs on the snow, otherwise the melted snow will extinguish the fire.

To prevent a fire from causing a fire, it should not be made under low-lying tree branches, near flammable objects, on the leeward side, relative to the bivouac, on peat bogs, near reeds and reeds, dry grass, moss, in spruce and pine undergrowth. In these places, the fire spreads at high speed and is difficult to extinguish.

In order to prevent the spread of fire, the fire must be surrounded by a ditch or stones. The safe distance from the fire to the tent is 10m. To dry clothes, shoes, equipment near the fire, they should be hung on poles or ropes located on the leeward side at a sufficient distance from the fire. An obligatory rule is to extinguish the fire (with water, earth, snow) when leaving the bivouac.

1.8 Obtaining food and water

A person who finds himself in conditions of autonomous existence must take the most energetic measures to provide himself with food by collecting edible wild plants, fishing, hunting, i.e. use everything that nature gives.

Over 2,000 plants grow on the territory of our country, partially or completely suitable for food.

When collecting plant gifts, care must be taken. About 2% of plants can cause severe and even fatal poisoning. To prevent poisoning, it is necessary to distinguish between such poisonous plants, like a raven's eye, a wolf's bast, poisonous milestones (hemlock), bitter henbane, etc. food poisoning cause poisonous substances contained in some mushrooms: pale grebe, fly agaric, false honey agaric, false chanterelle, etc.

It is better to refrain from eating unfamiliar plants, berries, mushrooms. When forced to use them for food, it is recommended to eat at a time no more than 1 - 2 g of food mass, if possible, drinking plenty of water (vegetable poison contained in such a proportion will not cause serious harm to the body). Wait 1-2 hours. If there are no signs of poisoning (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, intestinal disorders), you can eat an additional 10-15 g. You can eat without restrictions a day later.

An indirect sign of the edibility of a plant can be: fruits pecked by birds; many bones, scraps of peel at the foot fruit trees; bird droppings on branches, trunks; plants gnawed by animals; fruits found in nests and burrows. Unfamiliar fruits, bulbs, tubers, etc. it is desirable to boil. Cooking destroys many organic poisons.

In conditions of autonomous existence, fishing is perhaps the most affordable way to provide yourself with food. Fish has a higher energy value than vegetable fruits, and is less labor intensive than hunting.

Fishing tackle can be made from improvised materials: fishing line - from loose shoelaces, thread pulled out of clothes, untwisted rope, hooks - from pins, earrings, hairpins from badges, "invisible", and spinners - from metal and mother-of-pearl buttons, coins and etc.

It is permissible to eat fish meat raw, but it is better to cut it into narrow strips, dry them in the sun, so it will become tastier and last longer. In order to avoid fish poisoning, certain rules must be observed. You can not eat fish covered with thorns, spikes, sharp growths, skin ulcers, fish that are not covered with scales, devoid of lateral fins, having an unusual appearance and bright color, hemorrhages and tumors internal organs. You can not eat stale fish - with gills covered with mucus, with sunken eyes, flabby skin, with bad smell, with dirty and easily detached scales, with meat easily lagging behind the bones and especially the spine. It is better not to eat unfamiliar and dubious fish. You should also not eat fish caviar, milk, liver, because. they are often poisonous.

Hunting is the most preferred, in winter the only way to provide food. But unlike fishing, hunting requires sufficient skill, skills, and a lot of labor from a person.

Small animals and birds are relatively easy to catch. To do this, you can use traps, snares, loops and other devices.

The mined meat of the animal, the birds are fried on a primitive spit. Small animals and birds are roasted on a spit without skinning or plucking. After cooking, the charred skin is removed, and the carcass is cleaned of the inside. It is advisable to burn the meat of larger game after gutting and cleaning over high heat, and then roast it on coals.

Rivers, lakes, streams, swamps, accumulation of water in certain areas of the soil provide people with the necessary amount of liquid for drinking and cooking.

Water from springs and springs, mountain and forest rivers and streams can be drunk raw. But before you quench your thirst with water from stagnant or low-flowing reservoirs, it should be cleaned of impurities and disinfected. For cleaning, it is easy to make the simplest filters from several layers of fabric or from empty tin can, punching 3 - 4 small holes in the bottom, and then filling it with sand. You can dig a shallow hole half a meter from the edge of the reservoir, and after a while it will be filled with clean, clear water.

The most reliable method of water disinfection is boiling. In the absence of dishes for boiling, a primitive box made of a piece of birch bark will do, provided that the flame only touches the part that is filled with water. You can boil water by lowering heated stones into a birch bark box with wooden tongs.

1.9 Disease prevention and treatment

In conditions of autonomous existence, when a wide variety of injuries, bruises, burns, poisoning, diseases, etc. are possible, knowledge of self-help techniques is especially necessary, because you have to rely on your own strength.

To protect against mosquitoes, midges must be lubricated open areas bodies with a thin layer of clay. Smoked bonfires are widely used to repel insects. To drive insects out of the hut before going to bed, burning coals are placed on a thick piece of bark, and covered with wet moss on top. The smoke oven is brought into the shelter, kept there until it is filled with smoke, and then it is well ventilated and the entrance is tightly closed. At night, the smoker is left at the entrance on the leeward side so that the smoke, repelling insects, does not penetrate into the shelter.

During the transitions, care must be taken not to step on the snake. In case of an unexpected meeting with a snake, it is necessary to stop, let it crawl away and not pursue it. If the snake is aggressive, immediately deliver a strong blow to the head, and then finish it off. When bitten poisonous snake it is necessary to carefully suck out the poison (if there are no cracks in the mouth and lips) and spit it out. Wash the wound and apply a bandage.

In the treatment of diseases, certain plants should be widely used.

Ash bark has an anti-inflammatory effect. To do this, remove the bark from a not very young, but not very old branch and attach the juicy side to the wound. Fresh crushed nettle leaves help well. They promote blood clotting and stimulate tissue healing. For the same purposes, the wound can be sprinkled with greenish-brown pollen of a mature puffball mushroom, tightly clamping the cut with the velvety skin of the same fungus turned inside out.

Fireweed fluff, reeds, linen and hemp tow can be used as cotton wool.

The burning reddish juice of the lungwort can replace iodine. And white moss is used as a dressing with a disinfectant effect. Fresh juice of plantain and wormwood stops bleeding and disinfects wounds, has an analgesic and healing effect. This remedy is also indispensable for severe bruises, sprains, as well as for the bites of wasps and bumblebees. The leaves of plantain and wormwood are crushed and applied to the wound.

Bibliography

1. Accidents and catastrophes. M., Publishing House of the Association of Construction Universities, 1998.

2. Military topography. M., Military Publishing, 1980.

3. Survival. Mn., "Lazurak", 1996.

4. Catastrophes and people. M., "Publishing house AST-LTD", 1997.

5. First aid for injuries and other life-threatening situations. St. Petersburg, DNA Publishing House LLC, 2001.

6. Search and rescue operations. M., EMERCOM of Russia, 2000.

7. Self-rescue without equipment. M., Russian Journal, 2000.

8. Tutorial"Fundamentals of military topography" Svetlaya Grove, IPPC Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus, 2001.

9. http://www.geoenv.ru/science/osipov_paper/osipov_paper-rus.htm.

10. http://www.ecosafe.nw.ru/Danger/mainDang.htm.

11. www.bgd-ru.ru.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Survival in emergency. How to Focus Your Mind on Survival The Basics of Survival in Extreme Situations

Goals and tasks of rescuers on survival issues

Factors affecting survival

Survival Factors

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

1.4 Special Signals

1.6 Organization of the bivouac

1.8 Obtaining food and water

lifeguard survival rescue disease

Introduction

Risk factors:

1. Climate. Adverse weather conditions: cold, heat, strong wind, rain, snow can reduce the limit of human survival many times over.

2. Thirst. Lack of water entails physical and mental suffering, general overheating of the body, rapidly developing heat and sunstroke, dehydration in the desert - inevitable death.

3. Hunger. Prolonged lack of food depresses a person morally, weakens physically, increases the impact on the body of adverse environmental factors.

4. Fear. Reduces the body's resistance to thirst, hunger, climatic factors, leads to the adoption of erroneous decisions, provokes panic, mental breakdowns.

5. Overwork. It appears as a result of strenuous physical activities, insufficient food supply, difficult climatic and geographical conditions, due to the lack of proper rest.

6. Natural disasters: hurricanes, tornadoes, snowstorms, sandstorms, fires, avalanches, mudflows, floods, thunderstorms.

7. Diseases. The greatest threat is posed by injuries, diseases associated with exposure to climatic conditions, and poisoning. But we should not forget that in an emergency, any neglected callus or microtrauma can lead to a tragic outcome.

Survival Factors

Of no small importance is the correct organization of rescue work in a group, a clear distribution of duties in marching and emergency modes. Everyone should know what to do in the event of a threat of an emergency.

1.3 Life support. Assessing the situation and making an informed decision

How to behave in extreme cases? Let's start with the basics and remember the key word for this situation "SURVIVAL":

S - evaluate the situation, recognize dangers, look for ways out of a hopeless situation.

U - excessive haste harms, but make decisions quickly.

R - remember where you are, determine your location.

V - conquer fear and panic, constantly control yourself, be persistent, but if necessary - obey.

I - improvise, be creative.

V - cherish the means of existence, recognize the limits of your capabilities.

A - act like a local, know how to evaluate people.

L - learn to do everything yourself, be independent and independent.

A group of people. First of all, it is necessary to choose an elder, a person who knows and is able to take all the necessary measures aimed at survival. If your group takes the following tips into account, then the chances of being rescued and returning home will increase significantly. Should:

Decisions are made only by the senior group, regardless of the situation;

Follow the orders of the senior group only;

To develop a sense of mutual assistance in the group.

Signs of persistent good weather :

1. It is quiet at night, during the day the wind intensifies, and in the evening it calms down;

2. The direction of the wind near the ground coincides with the direction of movement of the clouds;

3. At sunset, the dawn is yellow, golden or pink with a greenish tint in the distant space;

4. At night, fog accumulates in the lowlands;

5. After sunset, dew appears on the grass, with sunrise it disappears.

6. In the mountains, haze covers the peaks;

7. Cloudless at night, clouds appear in the morning, increase by noon and disappear by evening;

8. Ants do not close the passages in the anthill;

9. Hot during the day, cool in the evening.

Signs of approaching storm :

1. The wind intensifies, becomes more even, blows with the same force both day and night, sharply changes direction;

2. Cloudiness intensifies. Cumulus clouds do not disappear by evening, but are added;

3. Evening and morning dawns are red;

4. In the evening it seems warmer than during the day. In the mountains, the temperature drops in the morning;

5. There is no dew at night or it is very weak;

6. Fog appears near the ground after sunset, by sunrise it dissipates;

7. During the day, the sky becomes cloudy, becomes whitish;

8. Crowns around the Moon decrease;

9. The stars twinkle strongly;

10. Hens and sparrows bathe in dust;

11. Smoke begins to creep along the ground.

Signs of persistent bad weather :

1. Fine continuous rain ;

2. Fog, dew near the ground;

3. Both at night and during the day it is moderately warm;

4. Dampness in the air day and night, even in the absence of rain;

5. Small crowns closely adjacent to the Moon;

6. Stars shimmer with red or bluish light;

7. Ants close the passages;

8. Bees do not leave the hive;

9. Crows scream heart-rendingly;

10. Small birds clog in the middle of the tree crown.

Signs that the weather is changing for the better

1. The rain stops or comes intermittently, in the evening a creeping fog appears, dew falls;

2. The difference between day and night temperatures increases;

3. Sharply cold;

4. The air becomes drier;

5. The sky in the gaps is clear;

6. The crowns around the Moon increase;

7. The twinkling of stars decreases;

8. The evening dawn is yellow;

9. The smoke from the chimneys and from the fire rises vertically;

10. The bees in the hives are noisy. Swifts and swallows rise higher;

11. Mosquitoes swarm;

12. The coals in the fire are quickly covered with ash;