How to make a pitched roof. Single-pitched roofs of one-story houses: the advantages of original solutions Projects of houses and cottages with a pitched roof

Realized projects of houses with pitched roofs or roofs with several pitches at different levels are becoming popular. Modern technologies open up the most daring and original solutions for designers and architects.

Advantages of houses with pitched roofs

A flat roof for private houses looks unusual in our country. More often we see them in foreign films with actions taking place in the southern countries of the New World. Or in southern Europe, such as the Balkans, where flat red tiled roofs are popular. For us, the reason for the low popularity lies in the harsher climate. The thick snow cover requires a solid roof and conditions for the snow crust to slide down, which has not reached a large mass.

For these reasons, one pitched roof not used as often as traditional gable or hipped roofs.

However, the benefits from the use of pitched roofs are undeniable, and therefore the number of customers is gradually increasing. The list of advantages of this solution is convincing:

The disadvantages of a pitched roof are obvious only with poor design, construction and relate to the appearance, the danger of overloading from the snow cover and the need for high-quality waterproofing.

Design options for houses with a pitched roof

Currently, design and construction companies offer different options for the use of pitched roofs or roofs with multiple pitches located at different levels and in different planes. It is safe to say that in this variety you can always find a solution that will suit the most demanding customer.

When designing houses of this type, some technical and regulatory aspects should be analyzed. Unlike houses with a gable roof, the wind resistance of the gable version is higher. However, if the designers propose an extension of the roof in the form of a canopy over a veranda or over a parking lot, then this solution requires careful calculations. The additional open roof area dramatically increases windage and can cause damage. Therefore, it is important to provide additional fasteners in the form of reinforced racks or additional beams.

House project with a pitched roof

Houses with one pitched roof are usually of medium size and small in size. When designing them, you should pay attention to rational use useful space. Due to the uneven height of the ceilings, the highest rooms should be reserved for common rooms and living rooms. Rooms with lower ceilings can be allocated for bedrooms and auxiliary rooms.

For example, let's take a project country house, originally inscribed in the surrounding landscape. This house is a harmonious and practical solution. A single roof made of wood over the entire interior space of the dwelling gives it a natural, natural look.

Large overhangs of the roof do not pose a risk of destruction, since the surrounding trees reliably protect the house from the wind

The practicality of using different room heights is almost perfect here. The staircase, terrace and large slope-side windows provide additional visibility and also leave space for the hallway and utility compartments under the top of the roof. The roof attachment is secured by additional reactive supports. Warmth, coziness and a realized dream blows from such a house.

Project of a log house with a pitched roof

The design of this log house in nature is unpretentious, but very harmonious. An impeccable place for family holidays, fishing and hunting. And not only in the summer, since a house made of timber can be heated quite quickly in winter, turning it into a warm, cozy place for leisure. A pitched roof provides the possibility of arranging additional camp berths. The terrace and summer terrace can become a comfortable place for relatives and friends without special expenses. A canopy or tent will quickly turn it into a comfortable overnight camp.

The gable roof successfully crowns an elegant house on the shore of a reservoir, which can be used for living when going fishing or hunting

Houses from ordinary logs are traditionally built with a gable roof. However, now it is not uncommon for cases when the version of a pitched roof is also used.

Photo gallery: options for log cabins with a pitched roof

A log house with two single-pitched roofs is quite suitable for year-round living A log house with a single-pitched roof is ideal for a bathhouse The roof slope can have a wavy shape

Projects of houses with a pitched roof and a garage

A pitched roof with its inherent lack of incompleteness is radically transformed in a solution with several slopes at different levels. Separate blocks of the house, garage or terrace perfectly balance the appearance, giving it a complete and harmonious look. All the practical advantages of a pitched roof are retained.

1. A room for a garage fits well into such a composition. This is especially true when there is a separate passage from the house to it. For dynamic people who value every minute, this advantage is undeniable.

   The auxiliary garage roof with an oppositely oriented slope successfully compensates for the height of the main house

2. Similar associations are evoked by a site with a house and a full complex of buildings made of pitched roofs. The uniform style of all buildings creates a harmonious ensemble.

   If all buildings on the site have the same roofs, it looks stylish and rather peculiar.

3. The project of a two-storey spacious house with a built-in garage seems to be interesting and original. A flat roof, a large area of \u200b\u200bthe house on a small plot of land, solves the issue of using usable space with maximum efficiency.

   Large single-pitched roof with a minimum angle of inclination allows the most efficient use of the space on the second floor

4. The original result when designing houses based on pitched roofs is achieved if the dwelling is divided into separate blocks. Each such block can have its own pitched roof, but their direction can be very different. Architects are developing original options such structures, each of which carries its own individuality. For the northern regions, the slope of the roof should provide guaranteed snow cover without accumulating a large mass on the surface.

   The originality of such a project is achieved due to the multidirectional planes of pitched roofs

Country house with a pitched roof

It is convenient to build a country house with a pitched roof on an inclined site. At the same time, the natural slope can be practically used to reduce costs by fitting part of the living space into the existing relief. Such a "dugout" for utility rooms is practically useful: it is cool in summer, warm in winter. The large glass-walled terrace provides an excellent view of the open landscape.

In the part of the house, located on the slope, utility rooms are successfully located, in which a comfortable climate is always created

Sloped roofs on non-residential buildings and structures

The sloping roof is gradually becoming common for buildings of various purposes, from summer country houses for seasonal living to all kinds of outbuildings. This roof structure is well suited for the installation and maintenance of solar cells. The high cost of energy and its shortage makes any alternative energy supply solutions a priority. This is one of the reasons that many cannot afford to live in green areas due to the high cost of heating.

Greenhouse project with shed roof made of polycarbonate

A sloped shed roof for a greenhouse is a good solution to minimize the money spent on its construction. Since such structures are often made on their own, it is recommended to correctly design them in terms of strength and efficiency. Excessive requirements for strength can lead to an unjustified rise in the cost of the object. At the same time, insufficient strength can cause destruction from the wind or from the load of the snow cover.

When correct calculation the height and slope of the greenhouse roof, snow can be easily removed from it

Shed roof shed projects (3x6, 4x6)

The most common use of pitched roofs in the construction of various economic structures, sheds, poultry houses. When using a log for the construction of a barn, the construction of a strong foundation is not required, given the low weight of the tree. The issue of ensuring tightness in order to exclude the penetration of rodents is urgent. To do this, the joints of the walls and the roof must be connected with minimal gaps, and buried masonry made of special bricks can be used as a foundation.

Sheds from blocks with a pitched roof are equipped with strong beams to prevent destruction from the wind. Fastening to such beams allows you to evenly distribute the load on the walls.

For outbuildings, the use of pitched roofs is the most common option.

Features of the design of pitched roofs

Designing houses with a pitched roof has a number of technical and architectural features. If you take them into account correctly, the result will be of high quality. It is also important to follow all the necessary rules for the operation of the roof. Here are some of these features and rules:

1. It is necessary to carefully design the exterior of the house. The participation of an experienced designer and architect will certainly be needed here. A flat roof eliminates many of the finishes that are acceptable for a gable roof.
2. When designing a roof, it is necessary to provide high-quality waterproofing, since the vulnerability and tendency to leakage in flat roof much higher. For example, the need to periodically clean the roof from snow mechanically can easily damage the outer protective layer of the roof, and therefore durable materials should be used.
3. During the construction of the roof, the participation of professional roofers is also necessary in order to exclude defects or deviations from building standards.
4. It is necessary to regularly monitor the condition of the roof, since the timely elimination of defects will significantly reduce the cost of maintaining the house.

When designing shed roofs, the initial data for calculations are the following information:

1. Terms of reference for design. It can be a traditional regulatory document or a design project, sketch, drawing.
2. Maximum snow load data.
3. Planned angle of inclination of the roof.
4. Bearing wall material.
5. Ultimate wall loads.
6. Preferential wind direction data.
7. The layout of the premises.
8. Foundation design.
9. The total budget of the object.

The most important point in the design of a pitched roof is the choice of the version of the rafter system. The type of trusses and the number of spacers are determined by the distance between the walls of the house.

The design of the rafter system is determined by the length of the building span

Any roofing material can be used as a roof covering. Appropriate changes are made to the roof structure depending on the planned coverage. This applies to the lathing scheme, dimensions and strength of the materials used.

Video: designing a roof slope

Shed roofs, roofs with several sloping slopes at different levels, awnings open up many rational options when designing a home. Modern durable materials allow you to implement the most original design solutions. These and other factors make it possible to increase the number of developers who have chosen shed roofs.

If you want to build an extraordinary, unlike the neighbors' house, take a closer look at houses under a pitched roof. It gives the building originality. In addition, the pitched roof is the easiest to use. So simple that you can do it yourself.

Advantages and disadvantages

Shed roofs are considered the most inexpensive and easiest to install. And this is true, especially with a small width of the building. Nevertheless, in our country, houses with pitched roofs are quite rare. For the most part, this is due to the fact that two or four pitched roofs are more familiar to us - they look more familiar. The second snag is to find a project adapted to our weather conditions. There are a lot of projects on Western resources, but they are designed for a milder climate, as a rule, they have a large glazing area. Finding an architect who will competently change a project you like is very difficult. But if it succeeded, and the harmony of the building was not disturbed, the house turns out to be very original.

Many are intimidated by uneven ceilings in some part of the building. They are, of course, more difficult to beat than the standard ones, but the result is also obtained on a completely different level - original by 100%. True, this time it is very difficult to find a designer who can develop such an interior in the vastness of our Motherland, nevertheless, it is possible.

There is another way out - to level the ceilings by overlapping, and use the free space under the roof as technical rooms. Such options have been implemented and the owners are very satisfied. Yes, the technical rooms are in the basement and upstairs, but there are no problems with groundwater.

These are, perhaps, all the disadvantages or pitfalls that a pitched roof can bring. There is, however, one more thing that can hardly be called a drawback. Due to the peculiarity of the structure, the roofing material on such houses is not visible from the ground. If the terrain is flat, without large differences in height, it makes no sense to bother with the appearance of the roof. It is better to choose simple-looking, but high-quality materials, quiet (the plane is large, it makes a lot of noise when it rains) and reliable. One of the most popular options is a seam roof. It provides the proper degree of tightness and is not very noisy. Another option is made of modern materials. These roofs are even quieter, and modern materials can be operated for 20-30 years without repair.

Shed roof device

Organize the required slope of the pitched roof due to the difference in heights of the opposite walls. One wall of the building turns out to be much higher than the other. This leads to an increased consumption of materials for the walls, but the rafter system is very simple, especially for buildings of small width.

With sufficient bearing capacity of the walls, the shed roof rafter system rests on a Mauerlat fixed to the wall. To distribute the load more evenly, the upper row of the wall masonry is reinforced with longitudinal reinforcement (for brick walls, from concrete blocks) or on top of the last row an armo-belt is poured (for walls made of limestone, shell rock). In the case of a wooden or frame structure, the role of the mauerlat is usually performed by the last crown or upper strapping.

With insufficient strength of the building material of the walls, most of the load can be transferred to the floor. For this, racks are installed (step - about 1 meter), on which the girders are laid - long bars running along the building. Then the rafter legs rest on them.

When pouring the armopoyas or laying the last row, studs are installed in it, with a step of 80-100 cm, with which the Mauerlat is then attached to the walls of the building. In wooden houses, if you do not make an armored belt, it is impossible to lay studs. In this case, installation on hex pins is allowed. A hole is drilled under the pin through the Mauerlat, a couple of millimeters less than the pin diameter. A metal rod is hammered into it, which attracts a wooden beam to the wall. The connection is tightened with the correct size hex wrench.

Shed roof rafter system

Such roofs are especially popular in the construction of yard buildings - sheds, garages. It's just that the size of the buildings allows the use of not very powerful beams, and beams are required in small quantities. With a building width up to 6 meters, the shed roof truss system contains almost no additional reinforcing elements (supports and girders), which is beneficial. Also attractive is the lack of complex knots.

For Central Russia, for a span of up to 5.5 meters, beams of 50-150 mm are taken, up to 4 meters, 50-100 mm is enough, although in an amicable way, you need to consider the snow and wind load specifically in your region, and, based on this, determine with the parameters of the beams.

With a distance between the walls up to 4.5 meters, the pitched roof consists of two Mauerlat bars fixed to the walls, and rafter legs, which rest on the Mauerlat. A very simple construction indeed.

With a span width of 4.5 meters to 6 meters, a bed is also required, fixed on a higher wall at the floor level and under rafter leg, which rests against the beam almost in the middle. The slope angle of this beam depends on the distance between the walls and the level of installation of the slope.

More complex rafter systems in a pitched roof with buildings more than 6 meters wide. In this case, it is optimal if the house is designed so that inside there is also a load-bearing wall on which the racks rest. With a house up to 12 meters wide, the trusses are still simple and the roofing costs are minimal.

For buildings more than 12 meters wide, the system becomes more complicated - there are more rafter legs. In addition, making beams over 6 meters long is expensive. If an increase is required only by the width of the roof overhangs, the beams are grown along the edges with fillets. These are pieces of beams of the same section, connected to the beam and fixed on the sides by two wooden plates at least 60 cm long, fastened with bolts or nails, allow the use of mounting plates.

If the total length of the beams is more than 8 meters, they are usually spliced. The joints are additionally reinforced by nailing boards or mounting plates.

Options for attaching the rafters to the Mauerlat: sliding glory at the top and rigid at the top right. At the bottom right, the option of a tie-in without overhangs (used very rarely)

There may still be questions about how to attach the rafters of pitched roofs to the Mauerlat. There are no fundamental differences. All the same, a cutout is made in the rafter leg, with which the bar rests against the Mauerlat. In order not to suffer with each rafter leg, leveling its landing, sawing out the first one, from a piece of board, thick plywood or timber they make a template that exactly repeats the resulting "drank". All subsequent rafters are filed before installation. A template is applied to them in the right place, a recess of the required shape and size is outlined and cut out.

This was about the rigid attachment of the rafter legs to the Mauerlat. It is used on all buildings that exhibit low shrinkage. On wooden houses, this method of fastening cannot be used - the house settles all the time or rises slightly, which may cause a distortion. If the roof is fixed rigidly, it can break. Therefore, when installing a shed or any other roof on wooden houses, a sliding connection of rafters and Mauerlat is used. For this there are the so-called "sliding". These are plates, a state of corners that are attached to the Mauerlat and metal strips movably connected to them, which are attached to the rafter leg. There are two such slides on each rafter.

The choice of the angle of inclination of the roof

The slope angle of the roof is determined by a set of indicators - wind and snow load and type roofing material... First, they are determined with an angle according to climatic conditions (depending on the amount of precipitation and wind loads). Then they look at the minimum recommended slope for the selected type of roofing material (in the table below).

If the desired angle is larger, everything is fine, if it is smaller (which is very rare), increase it to the recommended one. Making a roof with an angle less than the minimum angle recommended by the manufacturer of the roofing is not unambiguous - it will leak at the joints. To make it easier to navigate, let's say that for Central Russia the recommended slope of a pitched roof is 20 °. But it is desirable to count the figure for each region, and even for the different location of the building on the site.

By the way, keep in mind that different manufacturers of the same type of roofing material may require different minimum slope... For example, one brand can be produced on a roof with a minimum slope of 14 °, another - at 16 °. And this despite the fact that GOST defines a minimum slope of 6 °.

It is also worth remembering that with a slope up to 12 °, in order to ensure the tightness of any roofing material, it is necessary to coat all the joints of the material with a liquid waterproofing compound (usually with bitumen mastic, less often with a roofing sealant).

Determine the height to which you want to raise the wall

To ensure the found slope angle of the pitched roof, one of the walls must be raised higher. How much higher we learn by recalling the formulas for calculating a right-angled triangle. On them we find the length of the rafter legs.

When calculating, do not forget that the length is obtained without taking into account the overhangs, and they are needed to protect the walls of the house from precipitation. The minimum overhang is 20 cm. But with such a small ledge outside the building, the lean-to roof looks scanty. Therefore, overhangs of at least 60 cm are usually made on one-story buildings. On two-story ones, they can be up to 120 cm. In this case, the width of the overhang is determined based on aesthetic considerations - the roof should look harmonious.

The easiest way to determine how much you need to extend the roof is in design programs that allow you to draw a building to scale and play with overhangs. Everything should be displayed in 3 dimensions (the most popular program is ScratchUp). Twist in it different sizes overhangs, decide which one looks better (if there is no project), and then order / make rafters.

Photo report from the construction site: a pitched roof on a house made of aerated concrete

A house was built in St. Petersburg. There was no project, there was a general idea, which is presented in the photo. The house is made of aerated concrete, the finish is plaster, the roof is folded, selected based on its low cost, reliability, ease of installation.

After the walls were kicked out, an armored belt was poured into them, into which studs (Ø 10 mm) were installed every meter. When the concrete in the armored belt reached the required perversity, a layer of waterproofing was laid on the bitumen mastic ("Gidroizol", cut lengthwise into strips of the required width). Mauerlat is laid on top of the waterproofing - a bar of 150-150 mm. All lumber used for roofing is dry, processed protective impregnations, fire retardants.

The beginning of the installation of a shed roof - laying the Mauerlat

First they put it in place (it lies on the hairpins, held by the assistants), walk along, knocking with a hammer on those places where the hairpins are. In the bar, the places where the studs stick out are imprinted. Now they drill holes and simply push it onto the studs.

Since the span turns out to be large, supports from a bar (150-150 mm) are placed, on which a girder is laid, which will support the rafter legs.

The width of the roof is 12 meters. This is taking into account the overhang of 1.2 meters from the front. Therefore, the beams of the Mauerlat and the run "stick out" beyond the walls exactly at such a distance.

At first there were doubts about such a large offset - the rightmost beam hangs 2.2 meters. If this offset is reduced, it will be bad for the walls, and appearance will get worse. Therefore, it was decided to leave everything as it is.

Laying rafters

Rafters are laid from two spliced \u200b\u200bboards 200 * 50 mm, with a step of 580 mm. The boards are knocked down with nails, in a checkerboard pattern (top-bottom), with a step of 200-250 mm. Heads of nails right, left, in pairs Two top / bottom right, two top / bottom left, etc.). We spread the splice points of the boards by less than 60 cm. The resulting beam is much more reliable than a similar solid bar.

Further, the pie of a pitched roof for this case is this (from the attic side to the street): vapor barrier, stone wool 200 mm, ventilation gap (lathing, counter-lathing), moisture insulation, roofing material. In this case, it is a dark gray pural.

We will carry out the insulation from the inside later, but for now we are laying a hydro-wind-protective membrane Tyvek Solid (vapor-permeable) on top of the rafters.

The membrane is laid from bottom to top, fastened with staples from a stapler. The fabric that is rolled higher goes to the already laid one by 15-20 cm. The joint is glued with double-sided tape (bought together with the membrane). Then, over the membrane, strips are stuffed, on them - a crate for a folded roof.

First, a lathing was made from a board of 25 * 150 mm with a step of 150 mm. After installation, walking on the roof, it was decided to strengthen the crate. To do this, between the already laid boards, we fill boards 100 mm wide. Now there is a gap of 25 mm between the boards.

Shed roof lathing as a result

Further, on the lower pediment, hooks were filled for. They are packed unevenly, since due to the large length of the pediment, it was decided to make two receiving funnels at a distance of 2.8 meters from the edge. To ensure the flow in two directions, such a relief was made.

Next, you need to bring in pieces of metal (paintings) 12 meters long. They are not heavy, but you cannot bend them, therefore the "sled" disappears. For lifting, a temporary "bridge" was built connecting the ground and the roof. The sheets were lifted along it.

Next comes the roofing work, which differs depending on the type of roofing material. In this case, it was necessary to solve the problem of thermal expansion of the material - galvanized steel (pural) significantly changes its dimensions when heated / cooled. To ensure the freedom of expansion, it was decided to fasten the material to the crate for the fold with movable clamps with a freedom of movement of 15-20 mm.

After laying the roofing material, the overhangs are hemmed, and they are no different.

The roof needs to be brought "to mind" - the overhangs must be hemmed, but basically it is already ready

Well, in the photo below is what happened after finishing. Very modern, stylish and unusual.

House with a pitched roof - almost finished

Projects and photos of houses with a pitched roof

As already mentioned, it is difficult to find interesting projects of residential buildings with a pitched roof. While these buildings are unpopular with us. Perhaps, just because of its eccentricity. This section contains several projects or photos of already built houses. Maybe someone will be useful at least as an idea.

Large windows are beautiful, but irrational in our climate

Split-level house - an interesting completed project

This is the prototype of what is above

The original house. Under one shed roof there is a house and a household building, and even a part - a canopy over the yard between two buildings

A pitched roof is not so often used for arranging the roof of private houses, although the structure itself and its installation are much easier than a gable. It is believed that this type of roof does not retain heat well enough in the house, therefore, it is more often used in the construction of country houses and sheds. However, it should be noted that this structure can be made warm and even arrange an additional room under it, if the thermal insulation is correctly mounted.

A do-it-yourself gable roof is made according to preliminary drawings made on the basis of the calculations performed. This is especially important in cases when it is planned to make a living space under it.

The main advantages and disadvantages of the design

The advantages of this design include the following:

• Saving money on the purchase of building materials.
• Simplicity of design, and hence of installation.
• Low weight, compared to the gable version - less load is placed on the walls.
• High resistance to wind and load from snow accumulated on the roof.
• The structure can be erected in different angles - from 5 to 45º.
• The sloping roof, made at a slight angle, allows you to install a hot water tank or solar panels on it, as well as arrange a place for rest.
• Such a structure can be covered with any of the existing roofing materials, of course, taking into account the conditions of its operation and the angle of inclination.

Naturally, like any design, a pitched roof has its drawbacks, which you also need to know when choosing this option:

• A roof with one slope requires more serious insulation than, since there is not so much space under it that creates an air gap. Without the provision of reliable thermal insulation in the summer months, the attic space will be very hot, and in the winter, it will cool down, and in either case, transferring the temperature to the house. However, if you correctly calculate and install all the elements, then this drawback can be avoided.
• If the overlap is done immediately under the roof, arranged at a small angle, then the house loses not only the upper air layer, but also the attic, which means that the opportunity to arrange an additional room - this can be considered the second design flaw. But, if the attic space is planned a little differently, then this drawback can be dealt with.

• Another drawback of a single-pitched roof refers only to a structure with a slight slope of 5-10º - it is a poor descent of snow masses from it. So, in case of a large accumulation of snow, the roof will have to be cleaned manually or a heated roof system should be made using a heating cable.

Prices for heating cables and accessories

Heating cable and accessories

Video: a small country house with a pitched roof

Calculation of the structure of a shed roof

If a decision is made to arrange a pitched roof, then first you need to make the calculations and make sure they are correct, having personally seen the preliminary result on the drawing. Only in this case can you get exactly the option that is ideal for a particular building and its residents.

In order to draw up such a scheme, you will need to determine the following parameters:

• The total width of the structure and the length of the spans between the load-bearing walls.
• The estimated angle of inclination of the ramp.
• The total length of the roof.
• Desired material for the roof.
• The height and width of the load-bearing walls.

If the roof is planned for a country house or, then it is enough to make the front wall of the building slightly higher than the back one to a certain height in order to deduce the slope angle.

- The internal distance between the walls will determine how much the rafters should be strengthened and how many beams are required.

- Before executing the drawing, it is necessary to decide whether it is planned to arrange a living room in the attic room - the angle of inclination of the slope and the height of the gable to be erected will depend on this decision.

- Also, the angle will depend on how much you plan to make the trump card to to the lynx in front and behind the structure.

- In addition, you need to decide on the location of the veranda or terrace, since the roof can cover it in front or behind the house.

- The above factors directly affect the length, and the total length of the building - on their number.

- The rafters are laid across the structure at a distance of 500 to 800 mm from each other. The wider the building, the longer and more massive the rafters should be. Their cross-section varies from 80 × 150 mm and above. For example, if the rafters are fixed over a span of 6-7 meters, then the size in the cross-section of the rafters should be at least 110 × 200 mm.

- For the manufacture of rafters, high-quality, well-dried lumber is selected that does not have cracks and large knots, especially in the areas of their connection with other parts. made from thick boards or timber.

- When the length of the workpieces is not enough due to the large width of the structure, they have to be joined. The connection of two parts of the rafters into a single piece is recommended to be placed on the support beams or, if they consist of boards, one of them should be at least 500 mm on top of the other.

- Sometimes the rafters are even made up of three parts. In this case, the central part of the rafter extends to the extreme ones also at a distance of 500 mm.

- So that over time the rafters do not sag, they are propped up and fixed with various elements of the rafter system - struts, crossbars and posts. Such additional details are used if the span width exceeds a distance of 5 meters.

The cross-sectional dimensions of these reinforcing elements should be at least 50 × 100 mm, and for gaskets and beds — 100 × 150 mm.

- With a span of 12 m, a stand must be installed in the middle of the floor beam, which also serves to support the rafter leg.

- If the length between the opposite walls exceeds 12 m, then, in addition to the rack, additional rafter legs are installed - they will give rigidity to the flooring.

- With a distance between load-bearing walls 15 meters or more, there should be at least two racks, and each of the rafter legs is installed as close as possible to the middle of the rafter span between the pediment wall and stanchion... Additionally, in the center of the structure, the racks are fastened together with a scraper bar - this distance should be one third of the width of the structure.

- At whatever angle the pitched roof is arranged, the rafters are laid on, fixed on the walls and on the pediment.

The diagrams show options for supports in rafter systems, with spans of different sizes between the walls. You can easily navigate by them, drawing up a project diagram for a specific building.

The roof drawing should contain all the necessary information about all the dimensions of the structural elements and the distances between them. Having such a scheme at hand, it will be easy for it do work, therefore, the drawing must be made very carefully and accurately.

Calculation of the roof slope angle

• It is calculated based on the fact that the roof has the shape of a triangle, with one corner always right. This angle is formed by legs from the floor beams and the pediment part of the structure, and the rafters in this figure play the role of the hypotenuse.

In the figure, the following conventions are used:

— Lc - the length of the rafter leg;

— Lbc - the height of the gable from the floor beams to the intersection with the roof plane;

— Lsd - the width of the house;

— AND - the selected or calculated slope of the slope.

If you recall the basic school course in gas metering and arm yourself with a calculator, then it will not be difficult to calculate all the parameters of the future roof, based on the initial values. The width of the building is easy to measure, and either the desired gable height or the selected roof slope angle can act as the second parameter.

So, if the width of the building and the planned height of the pediment are taken as a basis, then the slope angle is easy to calculate with the formula:

TgA = Lbc: Lсд

If the selected angle of the roof slope is taken as the basis for calculations, then the height of the pediment will be equal to:

Lbc \u003dTgA× Lsd

Lc \u003d Lsd: CosAND

At the same time, do not forget that the length of the rafter, calculated in this way, is only up to the intersection with the plane of the walls, excluding the canopies on the front and back of the building.

• The slope of the slope angle is selected depending on some criteria, one of which is the selected type of roofing material, since for each of them it is recommended to choose a certain value or parameter that is as close as possible to it, for example:

- Decking requires a slope of at least 8º.

- When changing metal tiles, you can make a roof with a slope of 30º.

- For slate, an angle of 20-30 ° is well suited.

- For rolled roofing materials, such as roofing felt, as well as other soft roofs, a slope angle of 5-7 ° is recommended, but not less.

If the roof does not have a heating system, and the building is located in a region where winter time Since a large amount of precipitation falls, the best option would be a shed roof, arranged at an angle of 40-45 °, no matter what roofing material it is covered with.

In addition to the above data, you need to understand what types of rafter systems are.

Types of rafter systems on a pitched roof

When arranging a pitched roof, it can be performed in one of three options, the choice of which depends on the type and size of the structure:

• The hanging system is installed in rare cases, when there are no capital partitions between the main load-bearing walls. When building such a roof, for the convenience of work, a temporary flooring of boards is laid on the floor beams. On this basis, the trusses of the truss system are assembled. For the hanging system to be reliable, the parallel walls on which the floor beams will be laid must be brought out to the same height. If necessary, this type of construction is used in houses built from any types of materials used in construction.

If a room is planned in the attic, then ventilation is arranged as for a living room.

If the structure will only serve as an attic, then ventilation should be strengthened, since the room will not be heated. Ventilation in this case should function effectively so that moisture does not accumulate here and dampness and mold do not appear, which will eventually appear in the house.

• Roof rafter systems are distinguished by the fact that they are installed in buildings with internal capital partitions, which become additional supports for floor beams.

In layered systems, the rafters are installed rigidly on the pediment wall, on which in advance installed mauerlat, and their lower edge can be fixed both rigid and sliding mounts. These shed roof structures are mainly used to cover brick or stone houses.

For structural rigidity, additional spacers are installed. There are several systems for their installation, depending on how much free space should be in the attic, the slope angle of the slope and the massiveness of the rafters.

• The sliding rafter system is mainly used for log cabins, as it avoids deformation of the roof structure if the house shrinks. When installing this type of roof, the rafters are rigidly fixed on the pediment wall, on the Mauerlat, and their lower part is attached to the Mauerlat exclusively with sliding fasteners, which, when the walls of the house vibrate, allow the rafters to take a comfortable position.

Shed roof installation

Having specified inall the necessary nuances, making calculations, drawing up a roof drawing and purchasing in required for work materials, you can proceed with the installation of the structure.

• To make the work easier and safer, the building must be immediately covered with beams attic floor... They are laid on strips of waterproofing made of roofing material laid on the walls. The beams are placed at the same distance from each other as the rafters will be installed in the future - it usually ranges from 500 to 800 mm.

Timber prices

• On the rear lower wall of the building, along its entire length, on top of the floor beams, a Mauerlat is laid from a massive bar.
• Further, a flooring of boards should be laid on the beams - it will be safe to walk on it and it will be more convenient to continue the construction of the structure.

• The next step is the erection of the pediment wall, it is built from the same material as the entire building, or from another, lighter one. For example, if the building is made of bricks, then the pediment can be raised from bars and planks.
• Floor beams, previously closed with waterproofing, are embedded in the wall. The pediment is raised to the height provided in the drawing.
• On the pediment wall, as well as on the opposite one, the Mauerlat timber is fixed.
• Further, markings are made on the lower wall, and fasteners are screwed to install the rafters.
• On the rafters, for their rigid attachment, according to the drawing, grooves are cut with which they will be put on on mauerlat on the upper wall and the lower, if provided.

• Then they are fixed with special corners and fasteners. On the pediment, the rafters are screwed tightly, while on the lower Mauerlat they can be installed in sliding mounts, depending on the type of construction chosen.

• There is a sequence of cutting the rafters: first, the extreme elements of the entire rafter system are installed, then a cord is pulled over them, which will become the level for the remaining parts. Distance between rafters must comply distance between floor beams.
• For stability, the installed rafters are connected to the floor beams with racks, struts and other elements, which were discussed above. They are fastened with metal brackets and corners, which adds rigidity to the structure.

If it is necessary to lengthen the rafters beyond the level of the walls, "filly" are mounted to them

• If it was supposed to extend the roof for the device of a terrace, or veranda, then additional boards, which are called "filly", are additionally attached to the rafters.

Video: the process of building a layered shed roof

Prices for various types of fasteners for rafters

Fasteners for rafters

After completing the installation of the rafter system, it is necessary to move on to insulation measures, since the pitched roof especially needs thermal insulation, even if an ordinary attic is located under the roof.

Suitable for this , descriptions of which can be found on our website by following the link.

The lathing device for the roof or the continuous sheathing of the roof is carried out taking into account the selected roofing material - each of them has its own technology for such work.

Video: solid cladding of a single-pitched garage roof with boards

The construction of any roof is a responsible and time-consuming process, and because of the work at height, it is also quite dangerous. Therefore, without experience in the construction craft, it is better to entrust the installation to masters who know their business, since an unsuccessfully built base for the roof threatens that the walls of the house will also be subject to deformation.

6 main types of rafter systems

	A photo	Name	Rating	Price
#1			⭐ 100 / 100
#2		Tent rafter system	⭐ 100 / 100
#3			⭐ 100 / 100
#4			⭐ 99 / 100
#5			⭐ 99 / 100
#6			⭐ 98 / 100

Gable rafter systems are the most popular for single-story private houses. They look neat, fit well into any style of construction, are reliable and can be used, depending on the angle of their slope, to equip an attic for living rooms, utility rooms, or simply to create an air gap that keeps heat in a building.

• high reliability;
• simplicity of design;
• a gable roof with an angle of more than 50 degrees is practically not afraid of snow drifts, a large snow cap will not form on it.
Tent rafter system
• for buildings with hipped roof gables are not provided, which greatly reduces the consumption of materials and work for the construction of gables and filing of overhangs;
• a roof of this type has excellent aerodynamic properties, it is not afraid of strong winds, and the design features will not allow precipitation to fall into the attic;
• the surface of such a roof warms up sunbeams from several sides at once, on sunny days the room under an uninsulated roof will be warmer;
• the slopes of such a roof are located at a certain angle, which helps to drain rainwater and melting snow from the roof.
  
• the hipped roof is quite complicated in design and construction;
• the structure of this roof is replete with a large number of joints, beams and rafters, it is necessary to strictly monitor the reliability of all nodes and joints, in order to avoid loss of rigidity and plane shape during the construction of the roof;
• large waste when using most roofing coatings (especially metal tiles).
  

Lomanes are called attic rafter systems, which are used in cases where it is planned to equip a living room in the attic space, since this structure forms the most spacious area of \u200b\u200bfuture rooms. Each of the two slopes of the broken rafter system consists of two planes - upper and lateral.



• additional living quarters;
• an attic is cheaper than building a full-fledged second floor or expanding the perimeter of housing;
• the appearance of a private house with a sloping roof is superior to a classic gable roof.
• the inability to create a spacious room in the attic, because the height of the walls is limited by the roof;
• heat and waterproofing will be carried out using more complex techniques and using special materials;
• skylights increase the requirements for roofing and accumulate more snow on them.

The multi-slope rafter system can be called the most complex of all existing ones, since it often includes different forms of roofs - it can be gable and single-slope, hip-roof, hip or half-hip in various combinations. A similar option is chosen for houses with a complex internal layout, and there are last years becomes more and more.



• reliable, durable and solid construction;
• due to the large slope of the roof, the risk of stagnant melt water and precipitation is reduced to zero;
• fits perfectly with any architectural form;
• the presence of a balanced rafter system.
• the complexity of the installation work;
• the device of a large number of valleys;
• high consumption of building and roofing materials;
• complex care and maintenance of the structure.

Hip roofs have four slopes, with the pediment sides having a triangular flat shape, and the side slopes of the structure - trapezoidal. It is the triangular slope that is called the hip - it joins the trapezoidal plane at a certain angle.



• does not undergo deformation;
• snow does not linger;
• will perfectly withstand strong winds, for regions where hurricanes and tornadoes are not uncommon - a big plus;
• places of eaves overhangs are less subject to destruction.
• has a higher cost than gable;
• the design turns out to be complex, usually the construction of a hip roof is trusted by specialists, and this is again additional costs;
• equip an attic under hip roof - a difficult task, often simply insoluble.

As the name implies, this roof has a single slope. If the building is small in size and is completely erected from brick or concrete, then the rafters of the structure are laid on the front load-bearing high and on the rear low wall. If the distance between the facade of the building and the rear wall is six or more meters, then retaining posts are installed between the front and rear walls.



• profitability (almost double the savings of sawn and roofing materials compared to a gable roof);
• low weight of the roof (makes it possible to erect it on buildings with a lightweight foundation without the use of lifting equipment);
• the possibility of arranging a pitched roof on large houses;
• maintainability (ease of movement on the roof, especially at small angles of inclination);
• high dependence on snow loads (requires correct calculations of sections of structural elements during design);
• reinforced heat and waterproofing of the roof (important for small angles of inclination);
• unsightly appearance, which requires increased attention to the quality of facade work and the use of modern roofing materials.

A pitched roof, according to modern architects, is of major decisive importance in the development of not only economy class housing, but also stylish one. After all, those efforts and costs that usually go to the construction of a multi-slope can now be directed to the exterior. For example, for the construction of a swimming pool in front of the house or an extension of a barbecue terrace. And the rest of the lean-to roof is not inferior at all in anything.

Therefore, it does not mean at all that a house with a pitched roof will turn out to be unprepossessing or too simple. On the contrary, by playing with the slope and direction of such a structure, roofing material and interior space, you will get a unique architectural project, which none of your friends will definitely have. And our site will make such a house inexpensive in construction and modern both inside and outside!

Architectural Advantages of Shed Roofs

Of course, where gable roofs have existed for thousands of years, everything unusual seems ugly and ridiculous. But the Eiffel Tower in France in the first years of its construction confused the locals with its "unprepossessing".

The fashion for single-slope European villas came to the Russian open spaces quite recently. And until now, individual architects rebel against this trend, calling mono-pitched roofs exclusively "sheds" and claiming that clients do not even look at such projects.

But in fact, not only the customers of their future "dream house", but self-builders with golden hands are increasingly making the roofs of their buildings exactly one-pitched, with a different angle, direction and combination with other roofs. Because, in addition to the more dynamic look that only an inclined plane can give, pitched roofs are actually more functional and even economical.

Most often, in world practice, pitched roofs can be found in Finnish houses, which are known for their pleasant combination of modesty and restraint:

.

In warm and hot countries, houses with a pitched roof are especially popular: you do not need any insulation from the inside, the design always looks original, and in terms of costs, such a roof is much cheaper. So the northern countries began to adopt this useful fashion.

For example, not so long ago, a new type of residential building was created in Norway - a high-tech one, with a sloping roof of 19 °. He generates energy himself, thanks to solar panels on the roof: the atrium has enough thermal mass to accumulate enough heat during the day and release it all night. And not only give, but also provide the whole house with electricity.

And for water heating of walls and floors, rainwater heated by the sun is used, which flows down the pitched roof directly into the drain. With a conventional gable or hip roof, none of this would have been possible!

Is it worth doing a “one-roll” for a residential building?

Until recently, pitched roofs could not be called popular in Russia. It so happened historical that due to the winds and heavy snows in this country, the most practical proved to be gable roofs, which were sharp in the more snowy regions, and shallow in the more windy ones.

And purely visually, the indigenous population is used to seeing roofs on houses with a slope of at least 30-40 °, where there is a traditional attic for storing various things. And lean-to roofs carry such inconveniences:

1. An obscure space at the upper Mauerlat. You don't use it under the attic, but the attic turns out to be unusual. Leave without an attic - then all geometry indoor space will appear broken and uncomfortable.
2. On a gable roof, rainwater exerts twice as much pressure as on a gable. Why? It's simple: all the liquid that falls on it flows along one slope until it falls to the ground. And if you take and break this slope in half, with a "house", now the water will split into two streams at the ridge. And this is half the number and the influx. This is why pitched roofs are problematic in terms of leaks, especially if the choice of roofing material is wrong.
3. The pitched roof is one integral plane, and this is a real sail. That is why such roofs are the first to suffer in storms and strong winds.
4. The need for a solid rafter system. The load here is always less distributed than that of a gable roof, and therefore the rafters will have to be made thicker and stronger.
5. A complicated ventilation system, which is sometimes not given any attention at all, and then they are surprised at the short service life of such roofs.
6. Another disadvantage of such a roof is that during heavy snowfalls it will have to be cleaned, otherwise a break in the roofing material and the building system may occur. And on ordinary days, on the contrary, the snow itself comes off such a roof, and not like an avalanche, but gradually.
7. Unpopularity of experiments. Even more: neither the rich nor the poor want to risk their own investments in construction, and the designers completely fall into despair from any unusual roof.

Because of all these reasons, pitched roofs in our country in 99% of cases are found only in saunas, garages and summer cottages. Although, at the same time, in a region with little snow and not particularly windy, such a roof could bring many bonuses, including the same unusual stylish design.

Frame houses with a pitched roof are generally considered the most energy-efficient. This does not take into account the fact that the area of \u200b\u200bthe southern wall in such a house will be the largest, and the northern wall - the smallest. Now see the difference with gable designs? Moreover, the north side itself is still being built without windows, and serves as one of the walls of the utility room: a boiler room, a boiler or a locker where garden tools are stored. But the presence of an attic under the roof in private construction is already considered obsolete.

The shed roof is remarkable in that it has:

• Simple construction. So simple that with a small private construction they don't even make particularly accurate calculations for it. There is no need to adjust the slopes to each other, to achieve the identity of their weight and load on the walls. There is no need for complex support systems that are often found in other types of roofs.
• High practicality. In addition to the basic functions of the roof, it is also used as an open area for a variety of purposes at a minimum angle of inclination.
• Reliability. Due to its simplicity and unpretentiousness, such a roof is actually the most reliable among all others.

And from the practical aspects, we highlight the following:

1. The ability to arrange a house without an attic and the problems associated with it.
2. The original geometry of the ceiling, which is used as a separate design element.
3. The absence of a ridge and crevices under it.
4. The ability to drain rainwater and snow from the roof only in one direction - where the slope is inclined. This is important if people walk right in front of your house (like on the streets of a city) or you have laid out a beautiful garden and do not want to flood it in the rain.

And of course simplicity construction works:

Know-how: pitched roof combinations

There is one new architectural fashion: a gable roof, which consists of two pitched roofs, but not connected in a ridge. And technologically, we are still talking about two separate pitched roofs, which are built according to all the rules. And in the middle, either a flat part or an open terrace is placed between the two halves of the house. An incredibly successful and functional solution, we note, which allows you to add more natural light to the house.

Houses with a pitched roof are recognized worldwide as the most favorable in terms of energy savings. Which is not surprising, because the cube also takes the first place in this regard, but what then is such a house, if not a cube?

Now we will tell you a secret: it's all about compactness. Any structure is called compact if it has as little as possible the area of \u200b\u200ball external surfaces. So, the house is sometimes built according to rather intricate projects, when almost every room has three outer walls, plus an even complex roof. And sometimes it happens that the rooms have only one such wall, and the roof is generally pitched.

What's the point? The fewer external surfaces that come into contact with the cold outside air, the warmer the house itself will be. This is why compactness is so important in construction!

In this design, everything is simple: single-pitched roofs are built according to the same patterns, but they are based on two parallel Mauerlat-girders. And the main plus is that such an unstretched structure does not "push apart" the walls of the house with its pressure, which means that there are much fewer strength requirements for the frame structure itself. True, such a house should have at least two internal walls.

And in modern architecture, a new style has appeared relatively recently: roofs combined into a single whole, which have a slope in different directions.

Modern frame house: from foundation to roof

A frame house with a pitched roof is a structure made of lumber and fixed timber panels. The very frame of such a house must be built either from metal or from a bar of hard rocks. It is solid, while the rafters on the roof should be done just from conifers. Let's explain now.

The fact is that hardwoods tend to keep a geometric shape and do not change over time: do not dry out, do not sit down, do not twist. And, naturally, they do not work well for bending due to such properties. But conifers are just good because they perfectly cope with dynamic loads, which is why the walls are made static and durable, and the rafters are more flexible and withstand both the shrinkage of the house, and a slight deflection due to snow.

Although on metal frame you get wonderful houses:

Foundation device for a frame house

It is easiest to make a columnar foundation for a small one-story house. But, if you are building a solid two-story frame house with a pitched roof, the technology will be a little different.

The fact is that a simple columnar foundation will no longer work here. A frame house tolerates seasonal ground movements, subsidence of the earth or other similar problems worse than any other, and therefore experienced builders advise making a slab foundation for it. This takes all the dynamic loads on itself, and the integrity of the frame is preserved.

Therefore, for a two-story house, make just such a foundation:

Or a more modern insulated Swedish plate:

Wall frame construction technologies

In total, there are two main frame construction technologies.

Frame-panel technology

In this case, the frame house is built from different individual building materials: beams, cladding, insulation, interior decoration, steam and waterproofing. All this is attached to the frame in its own sequence, and as a result we have a house that is not worse in quality than a construction from a bar.

Here good example construction using this technology:

And the main components of a house built using this technology look like this:

Frame-panel technology

For the assembly of such houses, a detailed project is initially made, according to which shields of the required size are already manufactured in the factory. We are talking about multi-layer panels, which already initially include internal cladding, insulation and all types of insulation. All you need to do is fix these shields to the frame of the house, which generally takes only two days. As a result, the whole house, from design to roof arrangement, is built in just a week.

Thus, insulated SIP panels are most popular in frame-panel technology. SIP is a wall panel designed to carry longitudinal loads. Frame house by canadian technology, which provides for the use of SIP, turns out to be especially warm and coherent.

And when building a frame house from such a material, the following question arises: should the roof be made of the same material, or is it traditional? With beams, rafters and battens? The fact is that the length of the overlap decides everything here.

So, with small spans, up to 5-6 meters, the pitched roof of a frame house may well be SIP. It will already be insulated, durable and easy to perform. Moreover, SIP has good bending strength. But for large spans, it is better to build a traditional floor and reinforced rafters. After all, SIP cannot be made complex roof, but just a single-slope one is quite easy:

It is only important to know how to correctly connect the floor beams to such walls:

Shed roof device on a frame house

A pitched roof in the design world is also called a monoskat roof. Modern architects see a house with such a roof somehow differently than a lean-to or hip-roof: lighter, more airy and stylish.

A pitched roof behaves remarkably where spans are from 6 to 8 meters. Usually, the slope of the slope is made to the north, and large windows are equipped in the southern facades. Often, external insulation of such a roof is practiced: on top of extruded polystyrene foam, which is filled with a cement screed, and on top of it - a roofing carpet.

What is also good, the drainage system in such a roof is simplified and is needed only on one side, and not on two or four at once. But this is not necessary: \u200b\u200bon the south-facing slope, solar collectors are often equipped abroad.

Step 1. Design

A single-pitched roof of any format always differs from a gable roof in that here the rafters are not connected in the ridge, but are attached to the walls of the building with both ends. Those. there is no skate as such. The only exception is the girder on which the layered rafters are attached, but in height it never exceeds the level of the entire ramp.

If you are building using frame-panel technology, then the easiest way for you is to create a difference in the walls:

But if you use sip panels or the walls are already made of the same height, then you will have to make trusses.

Sloped rafters in a pitched roof are made when the building has an internal strong partition. After all, the longer the rafter leg, the more there is a danger of its deflection or eversion. And therefore, if there is an opportunity to support such rafters, you need to use it.

In this case, a purlin is attached to the load-bearing partition:

Now we are making the rafters two times shorter - so that each of them rests on the wall with one end, and on the run with the other. And be sure to check laser level the angle of inclination of such rafters - it must completely match. And outwardly, such a roof will not differ from simpler pitched roofs.

But in general, layered rafters of a pitched roof can be in all these options:

Although layered rafters in a single-pitched roof of a frame house can be generally non-thrustable:

Hanging rafters are good because they can be built right on the ground, in the form of ready-made trusses. After all, their main difference from the layered ones is that the load is now transferred to the rafter triangle itself, and not to the walls of the building. And this is quite reasonable, because most often pitched roofs are arranged just on small buildings, such as a bathhouse, a garage or a change house. And the walls of those usually do not please with a special fortress.

So decide: if your building does not differ in the monumentality of the walls, do hanging rafters, and if more or less strong and there are inner walls - then layered. The choice is pretty simple!

Step 2. Cutout for Mauerlat

Have you decided? Then specify the future angle of inclination of such a roof and make a template for the rafters:

And the cutout itself must be made in order to support the rafters of the pitched roof on the Mauerlat. The main task of the Mauerlat is to compensate for the horizontal unevenness of the walls. That is why when laying it, be sure to arm yourself with a building level.

Step 3. Making rafters

For this task you will need the following fasteners:

And how difficult your rafters will be, depends on what load is planned for them. The higher, the rafters should be more reinforced from the inside:

Step 4. Calculation of the lathing

Once you've secured the rafters, move on to the sheathing. The smaller the slope of the pitched roof, the more often the lathing should be (up to solid):

And on steeper slopes - whatever your heart desires, just calculate in advance the weight of the roof covering for the whole house and foundation:

It remains only to lay the selected roofing and organize the drain. Which, fortunately, in a pitched roof is done only on one side:

Step 6. Glazing

Since relatively recently, in frame construction a new squeak of fashion appeared: cleanliness, laconism and many glass surfaces. What is most easily achieved precisely by frame technology, for which the presence of a single-pitched roof instead of massive and awkward multi-pitched roofs is a real outlet:

According to modern architects, the easiest way to bring more light and lightness into a frame house is to make transparent inserts in the roof or even some part of it to be light-transmitting. For example, over a covered veranda or part above the attic. Moreover, in fact, we are not talking about glass at all, but just about modern roofing polycarbonate, which is more often used monolithic or corrugated. There is a separate article on this on our website, but here we will only note some technical points.

When choosing the thickness of the polycarbonate that you are going to use for the roof construction, calculate in advance the climatic and static loads. You've probably seen a photo where the roofs of beautiful durable greenhouses are completely broken in the spring? And all because when buying, the owners decided to save on quality, not calculating, such tons of snow fall in the harsh Russian winters. You wouldn't want something like this to happen to the roof of your house, would you? After all, replacing the top of an ordinary greenhouse will not be difficult, but replacing the roof of a house is a real problem.

It is necessary to fasten the profiled polycarbonate sheets to the roof using the same fastening that is used for the metal profile. These are self-tapping and self-drilling screws of the STSD type. The sheets themselves are fastened together with special profiles, which are equipped with EPDM rubber seals. All this is necessary so that such a beautiful roof does not leak. There is also a special connecting aluminum profile for sale - for P-6066 polycarbonate. It consists of a special clamping bar and a seal, but it already needs to be fixed with self-tapping screws directly to the pipe or crate.

In addition, if you have residual polycarbonate (after all, the sheets are standard), use it for glazing utility rooms:

And so do not apply excess from another roofing.

A house with a pitched roof, built using frame technology, with a competent approach, will be the most modern and stylish!