In autumn, all the trees shed their foliage, and the forest beauty is a spruce, and it remains green and smart all winter. They say the truth: in winter and summer in one color.

In fact, green needles-needles are modified leaves. The needles are so small and there are so many of them that if the tree sheds its thorny outfit, it will not have enough spring to re-dress in thick needles. And yet the tree, like all conifers, changes its green outfit, but it does so very slowly. In order for all the old needles to be replaced, at least 9 years must pass.

Spruce has various shapes, differing in the color of the needles, the type of crown, and also in size. In addition, spruce retains its decorative effect all year round, so the gardens in which it grows never look dull and lifeless.

Evergreen - in botany, a plant whose foliage persists throughout the year and each leaf stays on the tree for more than 12 months.

Chlorophyll has green color, therefore, the corresponding color is acquired by the organs of the plant where it is present.

In contrast to evergreens, there are so-called deciduous plants whose foliage falls off at certain times of the year due to cold or arid climates; and semi-deciduous plants whose foliage falls off due to unfavorable weather conditions.

The retention of leaves on evergreens varies greatly: in some plants they fall off a little more than a year later and are immediately replaced by new ones; in others, they last for many years. The record for the preservation of the same leaves belongs to the spinous pine, or durable pine (Pinus longaeva) - its needles last up to 45 years. However, only a few species do not shed their leaves for more than 5 years.

The record for the preservation of the same leaves belongs to the bristlecone pine, or durable pine (Pinus longaeva) - its needles last up to 45 years!

Most tropical rainforest plants are evergreen because they lack two factors that make plants deciduous - cold and drought. Plants in cooler or drier climates can be deciduous or evergreen. In cold temperatures, only a relatively small number of species, mainly conifers, remain evergreen.

In cold temperatures, only a relatively small number of species, mainly conifers, remain evergreen.

Evergreens in adverse climatic conditions have other signs of adaptation to low content nutrients... Deciduous plants reduce nutrient requirements with foliage, and winter time all the necessary nutrients are obtained from the earth, including for the reproduction of new leaves. When only a small amount of nutrients are available, evergreens have the advantage, even though their leaves and needles must be able to withstand cold or drought, and are thus less efficient at photosynthesis.

When only a small amount of nutrients are available, evergreens have the advantage

In warmer regions, many species of evergreens, such as some pines and cypresses, grow in poor soil and disturbed soil. Some species of rhododendron, a genus of evergreen broadleaf plants, grow in mature forests, but usually choose places in very acidic soil where nutrients are less available to plants. In taiga or arctic forests, evergreens also have an advantage, as the land is cold enough for the rapid decay of organic matter.

In temperate climates, fallen leaves or needles of evergreen plants have a higher carbon nitrogen content than deciduous trees, thus contributing to higher soil acidity and lower soil nitrogen content. Such conditions promote the growth of evergreens and, conversely, prevent the development of deciduous ones.

Why are conifers evergreen trees?

All trees feed on leaves. Their surface absorbs sunlight, and water flows from the roots through numerous tubules. A special green substance found in all leaves - chlorophyll - converts these two components into food for the tree. Moreover, b aboutmost of the water evaporates from their wide surface. With the onset of cold weather, deciduous trees receive less sunlight and water from the frozen soil. To winter, they store required amount nutrients and moisture, shed their leaves and hibernate. Their trunk and branches are reliably protected from frost by bark.

Pine and spruce leaves - needles - are thin needles covered with a thick shell. Due to this, they almost do not lose moisture from the surface and can remain on the tree in the cold season. They also accumulate a small amount of water and sugars to feed the tree in winter, as well as oils that prevent the needles from freezing in frost. Pine and spruce needles fall off, but this happens gradually, and new ones immediately grow in their place.

The needles accumulate a small amount of water and sugars to nourish the tree in winter, as well as oils that prevent the needles from freezing in frost

Therefore, conifers are evergreen trees.

The famous Russian poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev wrote a poem about this:

Let the pines and spruces
They stick out all winter
In the snow and blizzard
Wrapped up, they sleep, -
Their skinny greenery
Like the needles of a hedgehog
Though it never turns yellow
But never fresh.
Did you know that in ancient times our ancestors-Slavs met New Year with cherry blossoms? Shortly before the holiday, the tub in which the tree grew was brought into the house. In the warmth, buds developed, and the tree was densely covered with a delicate white-pink color.

People were having fun around the New Year's cherry - they danced and sang songs. The flowering tree remained in the house until spring. Then he was planted in the warmed up spring soil.

Later an evergreen herringbone replaced the whitening cherry.

In our area, the holiday of the New Year tree was introduced by a special decree by Tsar Peter the First in the year 1700. The decree was to the liking of both the nobility and the common people. Since then, a beautiful tradition, familiar to us, has appeared to decorate a Christmas tree before celebrating the New Year.

Evergreen beauty in landscape design

Evergreen spruce - showy plantthat lends a unique charm to any fit. The prickly beauty often becomes the accent of a landscape composition, creating a unique artistic effect, filling it with depth of color, volume, and setting a cozy and slightly mysterious mood.

There are more than 50 species of this plant, common in the Northern Hemisphere. In nature, conifers grow in mountain forests, occasionally found in flat areas.

Spruce in landscape design for relatively small areas is mainly used medium-sized (10-15m in height) or dwarf species (up to 2.5 m), since traditional beauties can reach heights of 40-50m and higher.

Representatives of decorative forms of spruce

Decorative forms of coniferous trees have consistently slow growth rates and small dimensions. Aesthetic attractiveness and practicality - these two principles, on which breeders were based, creating new subspecies of spruce, are fully embodied in representatives of popular breeds. with spherical, cushion or conical crown configuration.

Tufty, Cinderella, Petra, Hillside Upright, Emsland are the most attractive forms that delight the eye with golden-green and bluish shades of needles. Dwarf beauties have a dense compact crown, while the lower branches cover the near-trunk area of \u200b\u200bthe earth.

Quite remarkable is Picea glauca with bluish needles and its varieties Conica, Cupido and Pixie, which gardeners consider to be the shortest forms. The original representative of the Rainbow's End conifer family in summer period unusually beautiful and elegant thanks to the milky-white young shoots. The unusual shape of the crown and juicy shades of the needles make her a desirable inhabitant of the garden.

Spruce blue or prickly is one of the most decorative and unpretentious breed in care. Distinctive feature Picea pungens are four-sided and rather spiny needles that change shades of color from green, gray-gray, bright blue to almost white. The depth of the shade depends on the wax coating that envelops the young needles. The photophilous beauty grows well on light fertile loams. Medium-sized varieties of the breed have a conical crown: Snowkist, Hunnewelliana.

Landscaping and conifers

• Dwarf tree forms with different shades of conifers look interesting on rocky slopes by a stream, alpine hills... Successful neighborhood of babies with ornamental shrubs, perennial flowers and ground cover plants. Spruce goes well in composition with heathers, erik.
• A variety of shapes and shades of conifers allows you to create a rocky landscape corner, which will delight the eye all year round.
• The prickly beauty is easy to cut, which allows you to create original formsgrowing decorative hedges with a height of 1.5-3 meters.

Spruce in landscape design is good in any form: whether it be a separately growing dominant, a group planting of conifers along an alley or a composition with flowering shrubs and flowers.

• A tree planted with solitaire looks most advantageous against the background of an emerald velvet lawn.
• A medium-sized spruce, planted near the house as a dominant plant, can act as a visual counterweight to the volumetric structure of a building.
• The freestanding coniferous beauty is spectacular in winter period as the main element of the New Year holidays.

However, it should be borne in mind that the superficially located roots of the plant do not tolerate compaction and damage. For round dances around the dressed-up beauty, you should cover the near-trunk area with a protective tiled path.

If you compare any coniferous tree with any deciduous tree, then first of all such a difference will catch your eye - one has needles on the branches, and the other has leaves. However, despite their differences, even these parts of the plant are similar to each other. After all, those and others have a green color. They have the same biological function - they produce the sap vital for the tree.

This juice is called sucrose or sap. It nourishes both the tree itself and the fruits ripening on it. Without it, no tree could live.

Why these organs are green, everyone knows from school courses biology. Probably no other botanical word is repeated in school as often as the name of the process "photosynthesis". In another way, this process can be called the "respiration" of the plant. As a result of the absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide by leaves or needles, chlorophyll is formed in their organic cells, and oxygen is released into the air.


Chlorophyll is green, so the plant organs where it is present also acquire the corresponding color. It's very simple, but new question occurs with the onset of autumn. If the previous comparison of needles and leaves was carried out in the summer, then the next one should be carried out during the "lush wilting nature".

Everyone knows perfectly well that the foliage falls off before the onset of winter, having previously turned yellow or taking on some other color, for example, red or crimson. If we compare the autumn leaf with the autumn needles, then there will be more differences between them than in summer. Now they will differ not only in shape, but also in color. The leaves turned yellow, and the needles remained green as they were. Moreover, they will have the same color in winter and spring, and next summer, etc.

But how can this be, if both organs and others have the same biological function? It's all about the shape of these organs. The leaves are too large to withstand the harsh conditions. If the foliage on the tree remained by the onset of winter, the plant would die from a lack of moisture, since a lot of water evaporates from a large area. The needles of pine and spruce are very thin, their area is small, so such trees can withstand prolonged drought, and in winter they will not be left without the required amount of water.

Also, due to its small area, the needles are protected from snow adhesion. If they had the same area as leaves, a lot of snow would stick to them, and under its weight the branches would break. In general, nothing prevents pines and spruces, even in winter, to remain as green as they are in summer.

Chlorophyll still remains in them and performs its main function. And deciduous trees are forced to shed their foliage and fall into a kind of hibernation in order to safely survive the harsh conditions and, with the onset of spring, begin to enrich our atmosphere with oxygen again.
(Oldykh A.A.)

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Deciduous plants of temperate climates shed their foliage for the winter. In the fall, maples, ash trees, birches turn yellow or red, the leaves rapidly change their color in order to die and fall off. But coniferous evergreens do not fit into the general routine.

Only larch sheds its needles, while the rest of the conifers - spruce, pine, cedar and others, remain green throughout the year. Why does the general law have no power over them? It turns out that there are legitimate reasons for this. Nature leaves spruce trees green for a reason.

Deciduous plants and the changing seasons

Plants with wide leaves remain green in summer, and shed their leaves completely in winter. They will still be useless in the frosty period, since they do not have resistance to cold, they will wither at the first frost. Therefore, it is easier to get rid of them by falling into a kind of hibernation in the cold season in order to grow fresh greens in the spring.

All young leaves are green, which is provided by chlorophyll. At the expense of of this substance photosynthesis occurs - a process that provides plants with nutrition. It occurs in the presence of a sunny color, and its "side" effect is the release of oxygen into the atmosphere. At night, when due to darkness the plants are unable to produce photosynthesis, they breathe like ordinary earthly creatures, breathing in oxygen and emitting carbon dioxide. Only the presence of good lighting allows them to act differently.

In hot countries, where there are no frosts that are harmful to foliage, and there is enough sunlight all year round, local plants remain evergreen. Among conifers, the only recognized southern ones are cypress and some pines, mainly mountain ones. Most of them are conifers - typical northern plants. In harsh latitudes, summer is short, there is less sun. It is more profitable for deciduous foliage to get rid of the foliage every year in order to survive the winter - with it excess moisture is dumped, which could create a threat of trunk cracking in the frost. Chlorophyll disappears from the leaves, they acquire bright shades, then fall off. But conifers do not need to hibernate.

Why does the tree need needles?

Thin, long needles are able to withstand cold weather, they are not threatened by the usual winter risks. They are modified leaves that differ in their minimal surface and compactness. This reduces the usable area in which photosynthesis can occur, but also reduces the risk of damage from cold and wind. Problems with a small area of \u200b\u200ba separate photosynthetic needle are easily solved by the density of the needles.

What helps the needle to survive the winter?

Resinous juice helps the needles not freeze, do not die off when low temperatures in winter, they contain less water than leaves ordinary trees, this makes them less vulnerable to frost. In addition, each needle has a thin but dense waxy film, which also plays a protective function. In severe frosts, part of the needles can really die off, but these will be extremely young shoots that have not yet managed to create sufficient protection from the vagaries of nature.

Why are conifers always green?

Ate does not hibernate, although growth in winter slows down, actually stops. New shoots appear in spring, cones bloom and form in summer when it's warm. In winter, the plant simply continues its very slow existence. Chlorophyll does not leave the needles, they remain green. That is why conifers are always green. To maintain them, very few nutrients are needed, a thorny crown is not burdensome for a tree, there is no point in dumping it.

Are the needles falling off?

The needles are replaced annually, like the leaves of other plants, up to 70-80 percent of needles change per year... The process is not noticeable, it occurs gradually - therefore, the spruce constantly looks green, lush. If a coniferous plant massively drops needles, the process speaks of it severe illness... Massively yellowed, brown needles also speaks of this. Normally, spruce, fir and pine remain green all the time.

Interesting fact: larch is the only exception - in autumn its needles turn yellow, then fall off. New ones appear only in the spring.

Even a felled tree remains green for several weeks. Only then the needles begin to crumble, the needles no longer look so attractive. Deciduous plant it fades much faster.

Thus, the green color of the needles is provided by chlorophyll, which is contained in them, providing photosynthesis and normal plant life. Greens are present all year round, since conifers are not associated with the need to shed the crown for the winter, the needles tolerate frosts well, and do not require serious expenditures of nutrients from the plant for its maintenance. Pines and spruces can afford the luxury of being evergreen even in the harsh northern climate, which is probably why they are such a favorite New Year's decoration.

GCD abstract for preparatory group

Topic: "Why does the Christmas tree have green needles in winter?"

goal: to introduce children to the tree, which has become a symbol of the New Year, to talk about how the fir tree benefits people. To expand the knowledge of children about the phenomena of living and inanimate nature: why the leaves turn yellow and fall off, and the needles are always green. To teach to explore the needles, to empirically conclude about the presence of a green substance in the needles, to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Exercise in sound analysis of words, in dividing two-three-syllable words into parts; pronounce every part of the word; understand the consistent sound of syllables in a word. Activate the dictionary on the topic (Chlorophyll). Improve the ability to solve math problems for addition and subtraction. Develop fine motor skills.

Cultivate curiosity, the ability to interact with each other. To cultivate love for nature and respect for it.

National-regional component... Continue to acquaint children with the genres of oral creativity, sayings, riddles, tongue twister on the topic (Yakut folklore)

Integration: speech development, cognitive development.

Preliminary work: conversations, reading fiction, learning poetry, songs, tongue twisters. Observing the trees.

Material and equipment: interactive whiteboard, slides, markers, artificial tree, object pictures with Velcro, pieces of white cloth, wooden cubes, spruce needles for the experiment.

Handout: object pictures, silhouettes of Christmas trees with dotted lines.

Methods and techniques.

Verbal (conversation, explanations, questions of a cognitive nature, artistic word, solving a problem situation, individual answers of children, riddles, proverbs, puzzles)

Gaming (riddles, "Decorate the Christmas tree", "Solve the puzzles", dynamic game "Christmas tree")

Visual (number cards, slides)

Practical (conducting an experiment, solving a mathematical problem, exercise "Herringbone" (fine motor skills)

Course of the lesson

1 We have an unusual activity today. And what we will talk about in the lesson, you will learn by guessing the puzzle. (A series of subject pictures appear on the interactive whiteboard.) To do this, you need to compose a word from the first sounds of the words-names of the objects shown in the pictures. (Children make up the word "Herringbone", which appears under the object pictures).

2 Game "Make a story". Drawing up a story about eating according to plan. Presentation (slide show)

1 Which tree?

2 What does this tree love?

3 What is the tree trunk?

4 What branches does the spruce have?

5 What are the bumps?

6 What are the benefits of this tree?

3 In Yakut folklore, there are sayings about bad character. A man like a spruce being dragged to the top. A man like a fir tree that has fallen across the highway. Why was a stubborn person compared to spruce?

And what kind of rhymes about spruce are in our folklore. (Children read rhymes)

4 - Not a single New Year's holiday is complete without a beautiful green Christmas tree. But why are we dressing this particular tree? This custom has come to us from time immemorial. The spruce aroused special respect from our distant ancestors because it remained green when all other trees shed their foliage. That is why it was considered a sacred tree.

Experience.

Tasks: Investigate the needles, empirically make a conclusion about the presence of a green substance in the needles.

Problematic question:

Why do leaves turn yellow in autumn? Why do you think the tree is green?

The fact is that the leaves and needles are green due to the green substance. Now we will conduct an experiment, find out why the needles are green? Take the needles and place a piece of white cloth inside a half-bent piece of cloth. Now tap hard with a wooden cube through the fabric. What did you find during the experiment? (Green spots appeared on the fabric.) This green substance is called chlorophyll, and it turns green.

Conclusion: when autumn comes and it gets colder and less sunny, this green substance gradually decreases until it disappears completely. The leaves do not tolerate cold and wind, so they fall off. There are fewer chlorophyll grains in each needle than in the leaf, but there are much more needles than there are leaves on the sprawling tree itself. The needles are covered with a special wax, moisture evaporates from its surface very slowly. Therefore, in winter, when water is scarce, only such trees can afford to retain their leaves and remain green. That is why it was considered a sacred tree and decorated for the holiday.

Game "Decorate the Christmas tree". Work on the sound, syllabic structure of the word.

Let's also decorate our Christmas tree with toys. First, decorate with toys, the names of which consist of the 1st part (syllable), then with toys, the names of which are divided into 2, 3 parts. Children take turns taking toys and deciding which ones to hang on the tree. Well done, we have decorated the Christmas tree!

Dynamic game "Yes or no". Children walk in circles. "Yes" - clap their hands three times, "No" - squat down and change the direction of movement.

Are there toys on the tree? Cheerful parsley? Big firecrackers? Dried frog? Colored flags? Meat pies? Bright pictures? Torn shoes? Smoked sausage? etc.

Solving problems "New Year in the forest" (Slides)

1 Look, birds have arrived on our tree. She will shelter them from the blizzard, and shelter them at night, and treat them with seeds. How many birds have arrived? Three flew back. How much is left?

2 on our Christmas tree in the meadow, not only birds flew in, children also came for the New Year. They brought with them toys - five balls and three crackers. How many toys did the children bring? Make a mathematical expression. And the Christmas tree in response "I don't need toys, I have a snow coat"

Why do you think she doesn't need toys? What is she thinking about?

Christmas tree complaint... “I am sad and lonely in the forest. I was left all alone. But ten beautiful Christmas trees once grew around me. But on New Year's Eve, cruel people with axes appeared in the forest, cut them down to the very spine and took them away. A few days later the bullfinches arrived and said that they put the forest beauties in the rooms, dressed them up, admired them for several days, and threw them into the trash. And slender green Christmas trees turned into useless garbage ... and how nice they were ... True, I feel sorry for the children too: what a New Year without a tree. How to be?"

Solving a problem situation: What will you do: cut down a Christmas tree or buy an artificial one, put it at home and decorate with toys ...

Reading the poem "Live, Christmas tree!" (slide show "Exhibition of Artificial Christmas Trees")

In the forest at the edge, they did not cut it

And they made a Christmas tree at a good factory

Good uncles, funny aunts ...

And the forest tree remained alive,

Stands at the edge

Nodding with the top of his head ..

Finger gymnastics "Herringbone"

Let's sing about our Christmas tree. To the tune of the song "A Christmas tree was born in the forest," the children repeat the movements behind the teacher.

A Christmas tree was born in the forest (they point the thumb behind the back, "swing the baby", draw three Christmas tree triangles in the air with both hands)

She grew up in the forest (the same actions, raise their hands up)

In winter (trembling, chattering teeth)

And in the summer (wiping the sweat from their forehead)

Slim (draw a thin trunk in the air with both hands)

It was green (with both hands draw three Christmas tree triangles in the air)

Exercise "Herringbone" on the development of fine motor skills, correct hand position. Learning to write. It is necessary to trace the silhouette of the Christmas tree without taking your hands off the line. What a beautiful Christmas tree turned out!

Outcome: What new have you learned? What did you like more?

As you know, pine and spruce leaves do not fall off in autumn. Why are conifers evergreen trees?

All trees feed on leaves. Their surface absorbs sunlight, and water flows from the roots through numerous tubules. A special green substance found in all leaves - chlorophyll - converts these two components into food for the tree. Moreover, b aboutmost of the water evaporates from their wide surface. With the onset of cold weather, deciduous trees receive less sunlight and water from the frozen soil. To winter, they store the required amount of nutrients and moisture, shed their leaves and hibernate. Their trunk and branches are reliably protected from frost by bark.

Pine and spruce leaves - needles - these are thin needles covered with a thick shell. Due to this, they almost do not lose moisture from the surface and can remain on the tree in the cold season. They also accumulate a small amount of water and sugars to feed the tree in winter, as well as oils that prevent the needles from freezing in frost. Pine and spruce needles fall off, but this happens gradually, and new ones immediately grow in their place.

Therefore, conifers are evergreen trees.

The famous Russian poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev wrote a poem about this:

Let the pines and spruces
They stick out all winter
In snow and blizzard
Wrapped up, they sleep, -
Their skinny greenery
Like the needles of a hedgehog
Though it never turns yellow
But never fresh.

The tradition of the appearance of an evergreen spruce or pine as a New Year's guest

Do you know that in ancient times our Slavic ancestors celebrated the New Year with cherry blossoms? Shortly before the holiday, the tub in which the tree grew was brought into the house. In the warmth, buds developed, and the tree was densely covered with a delicate white-pink color.

People were having fun around the New Year's cherry - they danced and sang songs. The flowering tree remained in the house until spring. Then he was planted in the warmed up spring soil.

Later, the evergreen Christmas tree replaced the whitening cherry. There is a holiday in our area christmas tree introduced by a special decree of Tsar Peter the First in the year one thousand seven hundred. The decree was to the liking of both the nobility and the common people. Since then, the familiar to us appeared beautiful tradition decorate a Christmas tree before celebrating the New Year.