During puberty and. Puberty in girls. Signs of puberty in girls, or what is happening in the body

In order to get a rich harvest of apples, it is necessary to timely introduce all the necessary nutrients into the soil in which the fruit tree grows. And for this you need to clearly understand during the ripening of the fruit.

During fruit ripening the apple tree especially needs feeding, since it spends all its nutrients on the formation of the future harvest.

Summer is the most crucial time of the year when you need to take care of your fruit trees, providing them with the necessary nutrients for the ripening of a delicious harvest.

Most experienced gardeners their fruit trees in order to increase the number and, most importantly, quality of flavoring properties of the future harvest.

If a in the spring, 2 feeding of apple trees is carried out at the very beginning of flowering (for which the root method of introducing nutrients is used. For this, up to 5 buckets of last year's humus are introduced into the soil along the near-stem circle of the fruit tree), then from the second half for the third time, as it enters the phase of fruit formation.

Summer feeding is carried out in order to so that the fruit can get the optimal amount of essential minerals, which in the future have a direct impact on the taste and quantity of apples.

On a note! For summer feeding of apple trees, you can use a solution of mullein or bird droppings.

To prepare the solution, you must:

1. Prepare a container, it is best to use a two-hundred-liter barrel;
2. Fill the barrel with water;
3. Dissolve half a ten-liter bucket of fresh slurry or bird droppings in water.

One two-hundred-liter barrel of the prepared solution is enough to feed 5 adult fruit trees.

Top dressing must be applied in the evening or in the morning. in order to protect nutrients from premature evaporation.

Feed introduction progress:

1. Initially, you need to shed the apple tree trunk circle with a bucket of water;
2. Then, at a distance of half a meter from the trunk of the tree, introduce the prepared fertilizing solution;
3. After the introduction of nutrients for the apple tree, spill the entire trunk circle with another bucket of water.

This method of feeding will allow deliver trace elements as quickly as possible and nutrients into the root system of the fruit tree, thereby replenishing the nutritional supply of the apple tree.

Types of fertilizers for feeding apple trees

Top dressing of apple trees during the period of apple pouring includes saturation of the fruit tree with the following types of fertilizers:

• Mineral fertilizers - most often used for spraying the crown of a tree with potassium phosphate;
• Sodium mixture;
• Nitrogen-containing fertilizing - urea solution or ammonium sulfate is often used.

At the beginning summer period apple trees need minerals... Therefore, it is recommended to feed the apple trees with fertilizers containing phosphorus and potassium in early June.

To do this, it is necessary to dilute potassium sulfate with water in a ratio of 1 tablespoon to a ten-liter bucket of water. With this solution, it is necessary to spray the entire crown of the tree so that the leaves are processed on both sides.

All the necessary nutrients will be absorbed in a very short time, in just a couple of days. It is best to spray the apple tree either early in the morning or in the evening, when the sun is already at sunset.

Mineral fertilizers.
Nitrophoska.
Ammonium sulfate.

How to feed an apple tree in the summer during fruiting after applying mineral fertilizers?

After a couple of weeks, you can feed the apple tree with nitrogen-containing fertilizers, which contribute to the development of new shoots, the early formation of fruits and make the crown of the fruit tree more lush and beautiful.

For this, a urea solution is most often used. With this solution, you can feed the apple tree in two ways:

• If the summer is very hot and dry, then it is better to add a urea solution through spraying the crown of the tree;
• If the summer is rainy, then the most effective fertilization will be through the root system of the fruit tree, for this you just need to spill the apple tree trunk circle with fertilizer.

Important! Before fertilizing the apple tree with urea, it is recommended to test the concentration of the prepared solution and its absorption by the tree.

How not to harm an apple tree when feeding with urea during fruiting?

To do this, you need to spray one branch of the apple tree with the prepared fertilizer and wait a few days. If the leaves on the branches do not change color and look healthy, then you can spray the entire apple tree.

If the leaves change color and look burnt, then you should reduce the concentration of the solution... This test is also recommended before the root fertilization method during the fruiting period.

When the first fruits begin to form on the apple trees, it is recommended to carry out the third summer feeding... In this case, what is the best way to feed the apple tree during the period of fruit ripening?

A good option - use of sodium mixture... To prepare it, you need to take nitrophoska - one kilogram, sodium humate - one tablespoon and 200 liters of water.

Initially, you need to dilute the dry mass of fertilizers with a small amount of water to thoroughly dissolve, then mix the resulting mixture with the rest of the liquid.

Spill the apple tree trunk circle with this solution in the evening. One two-hundred-liter barrel of the prepared solution is enough to feed 5 adult apple trees, while spending three to four buckets of fertilizer for feeding one tree.

Features of root and foliar feeding

Root feeding of apple trees during fruiting is the introduction of nutrients into the soil structure. Fertilizer is applied at a distance of about half a meter from the trunk of the fruit tree.

It is at this distance that the most active root processes are located, capable of assimilating the greatest amount of nutrients in a shorter time. This method is necessary for the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers in spring and autumn, as well as for feeding in the summer, especially if summer season turned out to be very rainy.

On a note! In order for the fruit tree to receive nutrients as quickly as possible, a foliar feeding method is used.

This fertilization method is also used in cases where the root system of the fruit tree is very weak (when planting young seedling), or amazed by something (weather conditions).

To achieve the most effective result, you should adhere to the general rules of how to feed an apple tree during ripening in a foliar way:

The foliar feeding method is used only during flowering, fruit ripening and to strengthen immunity at the end of the summer after harvest, when the crown of the tree is still green.

Useful video

Also watch an entertaining video about summer fertilization of fruit trees and plants in the garden:

Conclusion

It is not difficult to feed apple trees during the fruiting period and take care of them, the main thing is to know what, when and how to carry out all the manipulations. Here are some tips for beginner gardeners:

• When using the root method of fertilization it is important to apply fertilizers at a distance of 50-60 cm from the apple tree trunk.
• In the rainy season you do not need to bother preparing solutions, but just scatter dry fertilizers around the perimeter of the trunk circle at the same distance from the tree trunk.
• Liquid fertilizers of organic and mineral origin for their speedy assimilation are best applied to special holes, dug along the perimeter of the trunk circle to a depth of 30 cm.

Timely care and the introduction of nutrients for the apple tree guarantee a stable, rich and tasty harvest from fruit trees.

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All gardeners know that watering is one of the most important conditions for obtaining a good harvest of vegetables, berries and fruits. After all, the productivity of plants directly depends on their balanced nutrition, which comes in the form of solutions. Therefore, those gardeners who want to harvest large harvests need to know how to properly water these plants. After all, excessive watering will make the fruits of tomatoes less sugary and even watery. Cracks may appear on them, and plants will be affected by fungal diseases. At the same time, irregular watering with prolonged drying out of the earth will lead to shedding of the ovary and buds, and the fruits may be affected by apical rot.

1. Watering tomatoes is recommended infrequently, but abundantly. These plants are distinguished by a sufficiently developed root system. The roots, which are located at a depth of 1-1.5 m, can easily draw nutrients from the soil. Therefore, tomatoes are watered on average twice a week. However, this is provided that the soil under the plants is loose and capable of absorbing a lot of moisture.
2. If the soil is dry at a depth of 2-3 cm, then it is time to water the tomatoes, and if it is still wet, you can wait a little longer with watering. Too dry soil must first be slightly moistened with water, and only when this moisture is absorbed, can the tomatoes be watered more abundantly.
3. For the best effect, water the tomatoes along the furrows or under the root, so that water does not get on the fruits, leaves and stem. Water droplets in bright sunlight can cause burns on tomatoes. An excellent option would be drip irrigation of tomatoes.
4. On a hot sunny day, tomatoes should be watered either early in the morning or two hours before sunset. On a cloudy day, you can water the tomatoes at any time. After each watering, the soil around the tomatoes must be loosened, preventing the formation of a crust on the soil.
5. To better retain moisture in the ground, tomato plantings can be mulched with straw, compost, humus. In extreme heat, it will not hurt to pour tomato or sawdust around the trunks.

How to water tomatoes when the plants already have fruits?

When the tomatoes begin to sing, they should be watered more frequently to avoid drying out the soil under the plants. One tomato bush will require 3 to 5 liters of water. However, this general rules, and when growing short and tall varieties, there are some differences in watering.

Many gardeners are wondering whether it is necessary to water the tomatoes at all, when they turn red, and when to finish watering them.

1. Low-growing varieties at the onset of the ripening time of the fruits begin to water less, and about a month before the start of harvesting, their watering is stopped altogether. This will contribute to the early and more amicable ripening of tomatoes. At the same time, the quality of their quality improves. This method can protect your crop from cracked fruit, brown spots, or late blight.
2. Ripening of tall varieties of tomatoes occurs gradually. As a rule, watering the tomatoes during the ripening of the fruits, when they ripen, should be done with the same frequency - once every four days. Pour up to 10 liters of water on one bush of these tomatoes. This method will allow you to grow good harvest pretty large tomato.
3. Tomatoes grown in a greenhouse are watered in about the same way as in open ground... However, keep an eye on humidity to avoid the greenhouse effect in the greenhouse. With excessive moisture, both the plant itself and its fruits begin to hurt, and the yield of the bushes decreases. To prevent this, the greenhouse must be well ventilated after each watering. To water greenhouse tomatoes follows with warm, settled water and only under the root of the plant.

Puberty usually begins in adolescence. During this period, the child's body will go through a series of biological changes: rapid growth, weight gain, genital development, and body hair growth.

These changes mean that yesterday's child is gradually turning into an adult.

What is puberty?

These are sequential biological and physical changes in the child's body, which lead to the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the emergence of the possibility of conceiving and having children.

Adult conversation

When does puberty start?

Puberty begins at different times for everyone. As a rule, in girls it occurs between 10 and 14 years old, and in boys from 12 to 16.

Nowadays, teenage girls develop faster than boys. So, average age the appearance of the first menstruation in 1900 was 15 years. In 1990 - already 12.5 years.

Scientists believe factors such as overnutrition and obesity cause early puberty in girls.

According to some studies, starting hormonal changes in a child's body too early can increase the risk of cancer in older age.

What physical changes occur during puberty?

Development of secondary sexual characteristics

The first sign of the onset of puberty in girls is breast development... It begins at about 11 years old with the beginning of the production of female sex hormones - estrogens. Then it usually happens hair Growth on the pubis and in the armpits.

The next stage is the onset of ovulation (maturation of eggs ready for fertilization in the ovaries) and onset of menstruation.

The main sign of the onset of puberty in boys is increase in testicular size... It starts at about 11 years old and lasts about six months. Then, in adolescents, the penis increases in size, and pubic hair and armpits appear.

Under the influence of the male hormone testosterone, which begins to be produced in the body, in boys the voice grows rough and muscle mass increases... At the same time, the boys begin to produce sperm capable of fertilization.

The last stage of puberty is the appearance of facial hair.

Growth spurt

Puberty in both sexes is usually accompanied by rapid body height growth. During this period, it increases by an average of 17-18 percent.

In girls, the growth spurt begins on average two years earlier - about six months before the first menstruation.

Skeleton growth

The period of puberty is characterized by growth and increased bone density in adolescents. In girls and boys, this process reaches its peak immediately after the growth spurt.

Important! Bones first grow in length, and only then the bone density increases. Because of this, adolescents are prone to high risk of fractures.

Weight change

During puberty, girls begin to actively form adipose tissue in the body, mainly on the hips and buttocks.

In boys, fat also begins to be deposited, but outwardly this is not so noticeable, since in parallel, increased growth occurs muscle tissue... By the end of puberty, its mass in a male adolescent becomes one and a half times greater than that of a girl of the same height and weight.

Other changes

Along with puberty in adolescents, the final formation of the cardiovascular system and lungs occurs. This leads to an increase in the efficiency of these organs. This process is especially effective if the teenager goes in for sports.

The most important

Puberty isn't just about menstruating in girls or facial hair in boys. This is also a period of active growth and development of the whole body of a teenager.

The time of puberty, or puberty, occurs in girls between the ages of 8 and 13, plus or minus 1 year. The first period usually occurs 2 years after the onset.

What Happens During Puberty?

During puberty, a girl's reproductive system changes in such a way as to prepare her for the birth of a child. This process takes place in several stages:

1. The girl's mammary glands begin to enlarge. This process can take up to 5 years for the breasts to reach their final size and shape. Therefore, a teenager should not worry if the current bust does not match the ideal appearance presented.
2. Hair begins to grow in the underarm and pubic areas.
3. At this time, a very rapid growth of the body occurs, the second fastest after the breast period of life.
4. The shape of the body is changing. Weight gains, small fat deposits appear on the thighs and abdomen. During this period, it is harmful to follow a low-calorie diet.
5. The smell of the skin changes, there is increased sweating in the armpits.
6. Acne occurs on the face, chest, back.
7. Vaginal discharge appears or changes.
8. Teens experience changes in emotions and sexual sensations.
9. Menarche occurs - the first menstruation, a regular menstrual cycle is getting better (read about this important period in the girl's life).

Forms and stages of puberty

How long is puberty for girls?

Its normal duration is 2 to 4 years. Each girl has an individual rate of development, so all the onset and duration of puberty can shift by 1 year or even more.

Signs of the onset of puberty are breast enlargement and hair growth in the pubic region. Some girls develop mammary glands first, and there are no other noticeable manifestations of puberty. In others, secondary hair growth appears earlier, and the breast develops later. This is a normal process. A delay in any of the symptoms does not necessarily mean that there are any pathological changes in the girl's body.

Premature puberty is often a subset of the norm. However, parents should consult a doctor if a girl's pubic hair begins to appear at the age of 7-8.

In some cases, puberty is delayed. This may be due to illness or, for example, the adolescent's obsession with low-calorie diets and malnutrition. A doctor should be consulted if a girl does not have breast augmentation by the age of 14. Also, an unfavorable sign is the absence of menstruation 5 years after the start of breast growth.

Early puberty

It starts with increasing the size of the hands and feet. At the same time, a "breast bud" begins to form - a small knot of tissue under the areola of the nipple. It can be a little painful, soft, or quite dense, and asymmetrical development is possible. This process takes about 6 months and is controlled by estrogen.

After the initial development of the mammary glands, vaginal discharge appears. They have increased acidity and can cause irritation of the genital skin and inflammation - vulvovaginitis (you can talk about the peculiarities of the course and treatment of the disease in women, adolescents and children). Therefore, it is important to teach the girl the rules of personal hygiene, start using panty liners, and when diaper rash or irritation appear, use creams with panthenol or zinc oxide.

Second puberty

Includes active hair growth in the pubic area. After this, signs of skin irritation caused by discharge of more early age, disappear. Along with the growth of pubic hair, acne can occur.

Acne is a common companion to puberty.

Rapid growth occurs as well as changes in facial features. Within six months after the beginning of the second stage of puberty, girls grow by 5-7 cm, and their weight can increase by 4-5 kg \u200b\u200bduring the same time. Then menstruation begins. This process usually occurs when a teenager turns 11.

When does it end?

It is believed that puberty ends by the time that menstruation begins. However, after that, the girl will continue to grow. Over the next 2 years, she will add about 5-10 cm in height. The achieved body length will be almost final, in the next years the growth may not increase so much. The mammary glands continue to develop until the age of 18.

Hormonal changes

In girls, the features of the course of puberty are caused by hormones circulating in the blood.

The primary mechanism that triggers the production of gonadotropin-releasing factor in the hypothalamus is still unclear. Regardless of the mechanism, this process is gradual. This is evidenced by the slowly increasing concentration of gonadotropic hormones and estrogens over several years.

Under the influence of this factor, synthesis is activated first during sleep, and then at other times of the day. Later, from about 10-11 years old, and begins to stand out. The activity of these two substances is equalized throughout the year. After the onset of menstruation, the secretion of gonadotropic hormones becomes cyclical.

The pituitary gland, in addition to gonadotropins, during puberty also secretes a small amount of prolactin, a hormone that affects the development of the mammary glands.

The synthesis of steroid hormones - androgens by the adrenal glands - is enhanced. In girls, their concentration increases from 6-7 years old, but does not have a significant effect on sexual development.

An increase in the plasma level of gonadotropic hormones leads to stimulation of the ovaries, as a result of which these organs begin to synthesize estradiol, a female sex hormone. He is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics - the growth of the mammary glands, the redistribution of fat, and others. The ovaries increase in volume from 0.5 cm 3 to 4 cm 3.

Under the influence of estradiol, the uterus also develops. If in little girls it has a teardrop shape, the neck is up to 2/3 of the length of the entire organ, then during puberty it becomes pear-shaped, and its body increases in size relatively more than the neck.

Wave-like fluctuations in the level of follicle-stimulating hormone and the accompanying changes in the amount of estrogen at first do not reach the concentration required. However, the endometrium in the uterus is more sensitive, and preparatory processes take place in it for the change of proliferation and regression. When the amount of hormones reaches a certain peak level, menarche occurs. At this time, the uterus is already completely ready for cyclical changes.

Emotional changes

The psychology of puberty is associated with a variety of emotional experiences. It is better if the girl has a trusting relationship with her mother, who can answer the questions that arise.

The main changes in the emotional state:

• Emotional instability

The girl experiences many emotions, she has a lot of thoughts and ideas. She may feel embarrassed and uncomfortable, especially when dealing with boys. She is also easily upset and offended, first of all, at family and friends. Whims, unreasonable tears and a minute later laughter is a normal state for a teenager. You should pay attention to depressed mood and sadness if they last more than 1 week.

• Constant fatigue

The child may get tired quickly or constantly feel hungry. Puberty is a time of very rapid growth, so you need at least 9 hours of sleep a day. He should eat a variety of healthy foods. These are whole grain breads, rice, vegetables, dairy products, meat and fish. Eating this way will help your teen feel more active and reduce emotional instability. It is better to give up sweets, chips and fast food products. They are not only capable of provoking acne, but also cause excess weight - a real "scourge" of the modern girl.

• Dissatisfaction with your appearance

Teenagers often feel uncomfortable about their appearance, they are embarrassed by the changes taking place. Comparing herself to her friends, the girl sees a difference in their development. However, you need to understand that the puberty period is different for everyone, so such differences are normal, and body changes will eventually lead to the formation of a feminine figure.

• Relationship changes

The girl's relationship with her family is changing. She prefers to spend time with friends rather than relatives. Sometimes she gets the feeling that her parents do not want to know about her experiences. This is a normal psychological reaction. In fact, parents need to be ready to subtly help a growing girl, to give her confidence that she can always count on them.

Formation of the menstrual cycle

Menstruation can begin at any time of puberty, but usually it occurs after the body has undergone the changes listed above, that is, secondary sexual characteristics have formed. Here are some facts to know about your menstrual cycle:

• It is impossible to know the first day of menarche in advance. It usually occurs after about 2 years after the onset of breast development. The first menstrual period may appear as a few drops of blood or be profuse enough. Before it begins, cramps in the lower abdomen may bother you, but this is not a mandatory sign.
• Sometimes a teenage girl is worried. This is a complex of physical, emotional and mental changes that lasts several days before the onset of menstruation, including the first. The child may complain of nausea or headache, cry frequently, and may develop bloating or swelling. In the first days of menstruation, pain in the lower abdomen is often present, sometimes quite severe. If this condition appears constantly after the onset of the menstrual cycle, it is necessary to consult a pediatric gynecologist to avoid hormonal disorders.
• In the first months, the cycle is often irregular. Sometimes your period doesn't start every month. There may even be breaks of several months between them. This is normal, but for control, you should immediately start a special "menstrual" calendar. If the cycle does not return to normal within a year, you should consult your doctor.
• During your period, it is more convenient to use pads than tampons. If your period starts unexpectedly and irregularly, you should always have a spare hygiene product with you. They should be changed at least every 4 hours. If a girl uses hygienic tampons, they must be removed at night to avoid a serious complication - toxic shock syndrome.
• Pregnancy can occur after the first menstrual period with unprotected sex. This can happen even with an irregular cycle. Ovulation usually occurs only 6-9 months after the onset of menstruation, but it is impossible to predict the first ovulatory cycle. Do not bypass such questions, and, if necessary, gently advise your daughter to use condoms.
• After the onset of menstruation, the mammary glands acquire a rounded shape. At this time, you can already use a small bra in order not to tighten, but already to support the forming breast.

In the article earlier, we already talked about how the menstrual cycle is established in adolescent girls, what is considered the norm, and what is a violation? Read on for more details.

Changes in organs and systems during puberty

Under the influence of hormones, changes occur not only in the reproductive system, but also in other organs. This is sometimes associated with some symptoms that bother the child and parents. As a result, they are treated for a long time and unsuccessfully; over time, all these physiological changes disappear on their own. Of course, if you have doubts about the health of a child, you need to show it to a doctor. However, it is worth knowing some of the signs that are characteristic of the puberty period in girls.

• The cardiovascular system

The rapid growth of bones and muscles outpaces the increase in the heart and vascular bed. Therefore, for the normal supply of the growing body with blood, the heart beats more often. Many girls have a tendency to decrease blood pressure... Against the background of a rapid heartbeat, cardiac output decreases. Under the action of any pathological influences (stress, being in a stuffy room, fatigue), this can cause fainting. A single such case is not dangerous, but if fainting occurs regularly, it is necessary to show the child to a doctor.

• Digestion

The digestive system of a teenager is very active. Therefore, muscle cramps, recurrent abdominal pains, a tendency to loose stools, and nausea are possible. It is necessary to establish regular good nutrition for the girl and be sure to monitor her weight. At this age, both weight loss and overweight are dangerous.

• Breath

Sometimes girls complain of feeling short of breath. This is due to the increased need of the body for oxygen. Therefore, the child should be in a ventilated area, more in the fresh air. Bronchial asthma at this time rarely occurs for the first time, but if there are attacks of dry cough, it is necessary to consult a pulmonologist.

• Nervous system

The brain and peripheral nerves are already well formed. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to any signs of trouble - headaches, cramps, dizziness, numbness or tingling in the limbs. There should be no such signs during the normal course of puberty.

Hypothalamic syndrome

One of the common disorders is the hypothalamic syndrome of puberty. This is a condition associated with impaired secretion of the releasing factor by the hypothalamus, which triggers the entire hormonal axis "pituitary gland - ovaries - uterus". The reasons for this pathology have been little studied, but it is known that it often occurs in girls whose parents have endocrine diseases (obesity, diabetes). Increased physical or emotional stress, diets, overeating, improper sleep patterns and other disorders of a healthy lifestyle can become a provoking factor. The disease more often occurs in adolescents who, in infancy, suffered a birth trauma, encephalopathy, and other conditions that could negatively affect the development of the nervous system.

Hypothalamic syndrome is less common in girls than in boys. It develops after the end of puberty, 2-3 years after the onset of menstruation. Its manifestations are associated with excessive secretion of gonadotropins, androgens, gestagens, as well as with a relatively low amount of estrogen.

The main symptoms of pathology:

• increased body weight and accelerated growth;
• heart palpitations;
• feeling hot, sweating;
• facial hair growth;
• headache;
• an increase in body temperature for no apparent reason;
• emotional disturbances - changes in eating behavior, apathy, lethargy, drowsiness.

Hypothalamic syndrome in adolescents does not have clear diagnostic criteria, and its existence is not recognized by all doctors. Usually, girls are prescribed treatment, including balanced nutrition, sedatives and hormonal drugs, restorative agents.

Puberty anomalies

Premature puberty is diagnosed with pubic hair or breast augmentation in girls 7 years old. In this case, an in-depth examination of the child is necessary to identify the following diseases:

• brain tumors;
• recklinghausen neurofibromatosis;
• hypothyroidism;
• congenital adrenal hyperplasia;
• hyperinsulinism.

Delayed puberty is considered cases of absence of enlargement of the mammary glands at the age of 13, or if menarche does not occur within 3 years after the beginning of the formation of the mammary glands. If menstruation does not occur at the age of 16, they speak of primary.

In these cases, it is necessary to exclude such diseases and conditions:

• eating disorder (anorexia);
• polycystic ovarian changes;
• agenesis or infection of the vagina.

The sooner the disease is identified, the more effective its treatment. In the future, such girls have more chances for a normal pregnancy and external compliance with the accepted norms of a female figure.

Treatment for delayed or premature puberty is individualized. It is appointed by a pediatric gynecologist after the obligatory consultation of an endocrinologist. A gentle regimen, good sleep, no negative emotions are recommended, healthy eating... If necessary, hormonal drugs are prescribed. If the cause of changes is in the anatomical defects of the genital organs (for example, with vaginal atresia), best method treatment - surgical.

A man's puberty is identified with his fertility, that is, the ability to conceive. In fact, this is a combination of the development of primary and secondary male characteristics, indicating the transformation of a boy into an adult man. The boy's puberty takes place in several stages. The peculiarity of the manifestation of sexual characteristics on each of them is a tendency to increase.

Male sexual development begins in the womb. At the 16th week of pregnancy, the formation of the reproductive organs ends - the penis, scrotum and testicles. With the physiological development of the fetus, a few weeks before delivery, the testes descend into the scrotum.

The second stage of sexual development is called childhood. There is a physiological growth of the skeleton, muscles, organs. The boy has rounded "childish" facial features, sloping shapes. The period lasts 9-11 years from the moment of birth.

If a boy's endocrine system is working normally, puberty begins at the age of 11-12. Due to the individual characteristics of the child's body, hereditary predisposition, the environment, the timing varies within 1–2 years. The manifestation of the first signs at 10-13 years old is considered the norm.

There are 3 stages of puberty:

• The initial stage (puberty, puberty) - preparatory stage organism. External signs consist in the accelerated growth of the boy: the pituitary gland produces somatotropin and follitropin, which stimulate the growth of the skeleton. The production of gonadoliberin begins - the pituitary hormone, which activates the work of the gonads and the synthesis of sex hormones. The influence of gonadoliberin is manifested by the growth of the genitals. Average age indicators of the onset of puberty in boys are 11–12 years.
• Active puberty begins in a boy at the age of 13-14 and lasts 2-3 years. Gonadoliberin, previously only produced at night, is now produced by the pituitary gland around the clock, stimulating testosterone production. Due to its increased concentration in the blood, an intensive growth of the genitals is observed, secondary sexual characteristics appear, the boy has his first ejaculation.
• The final stage of puberty covers the age from 16-17 to 18-19 years. The boy's body adapts to the production of sex hormones. The reproductive system is ready to reproduce. The figure of a young man is finally formed, growth stops.

Sexual maturity affects the physiological and psychological aspects development of a teenager. During this period, it is important to monitor the boy's health, as well as his sexual education.

Signs

During puberty, guys show an active development of primary sexual characteristics - the growth of the testicles and penis. From birth to the onset of puberty, the size of the testicles changes imperceptibly. Active growth of genitals is observed in boys from 11 years old with an increase in the concentration of androgens in the blood. Appearance the scrotum changes: the smoothness of the skin is lost, pigmentation and coarse hairs appear. The enlargement of the boy's penis follows the enlargement of the testicles.

The first erections appear in future men at the age of 12-13 years with a feeling of sexual desire. At the age of 14, the seminal vesicles begin to produce sperm. An enlargement of the prostate gland and the secretion of secretions by it are observed. A clear sign of a boy's puberty is nocturnal emissions, which mean the young man is ready to conceive a child.

Secondary sexual characteristics appear in a boy with an increase and depend on the activity of the sex glands:

• Overgrowth of hairline. One of the first manifestations of puberty is the appearance of hair at the base of the penis, followed by spread to the pubis. Hair growth is observed in the center of the abdomen, in the groin folds, armpits. The first hair on the boy's face is noticeable at the age of 14-15. The fluff is located above the upper lip, near the ears. The next place for hair growth is inner surfaces hips, chest. Towards the end of puberty, the growth of facial hair forms a mustache. Following them, the appearance of dense hair on the cheeks is noticed.

• Active growth. The first acceleration of growth is observed at the very beginning of maturation - 11–12 years. Under the influence of androgens and somatotropin, the boy grows 10 cm.After the jump, growth slows down. The boy gains 7–8 cm in the active phase of maturation and another 4–5 cm to the end. At the age of 18-22 years, an increased content of estrogen in the blood causes ossification of the growth zones of long bones - growth stops.

• Change in physique. The cause of the overgrowth of the shoulder girdle and stretching pelvic bones the boy has an increased testosterone concentration. There is a disproportionate increase in the limbs - first, the hands and feet increase, after which growth in height begins. For this reason, the boy may experience psychological discomfort, but the body quickly becomes proportional. In the active phase of sexual development, boys are thin. Muscle mass recruited closer to 17-19 years, when the hormonal storm passes.

• Voice change. The hormonal surge leads to an increase in the larynx due to the growth of the boy's thyroid cartilage. As a result, stretched vocal cords emit sounds of different tonality, which is popularly called "voice mutation". By the age of 17, the thyroid cartilage is maximally enlarged, forming the "Adam's apple", and the strengthened ligaments emit stable sounds called the male timbre.

• At the end of puberty, the boy's facial features change. This happens due to the growth of the jaws. Childish roundness gives way to masculine angularity.
• Hormonal surges in the boy's body cause an increase in the intensity of sweating, the acquisition of a characteristic odor, and an increase in the activity of the sebaceous glands of the skin. As a result, acne and acne appear in adolescents aged 14–15 years.

Increased blood concentrations of female sex hormones - estrogens - provoke pinpoint seals in the boy's chest, as well as enlargement of the nipples. Gynecomastia symptoms disappear on their own after a few months.

Deviations

If a boy under 9 years of age develops primary and secondary male sexual characteristics, we can talk about early puberty.

The reasons for the onset of puberty too early are:

• Pathological development of the genitals.
• Brain trauma.
• Genetic predisposition.
• Malfunctions of the thyroid gland.
• The appearance of tumors in the brain.
• Obesity.
• History of infectious diseases.

Men who become sexually mature early have a strong sexual constitution. The dangers of early maturation of the boy are hidden in the cessation of growth due to ossification of the zones of enlargement of large bones. The negative point is the influence of powerful doses of sex hormones on the boy's body, which is not yet ready for such a surge. As a result, hormonal disruptions occur, disruptions in the work of all body systems occur.

Premature ripening.

The premature maturation of the boy is manifested by too early enlargement of the genitals, as well as the acquisition of secondary male characteristics: early mutation of the voice, intensive growth, growth of hair according to the male type of hair growth.

Treatment is prescribed by an endocrinologist. Androgen synthesis inhibitors are prescribed to eliminate symptoms. Therapy continues until the physiological onset of sexual development.

Late puberty

If, at the age of 13, the boy does not have an increase in the genitals, the endocrinologist notes a delay in the onset of puberty. The condition is not considered pathological if, before the age of 15, the boy shows signs of puberty, and further sexual development occurs without deviations. When a 15-year-old boy does not have the first signs of maturation, the specialist states late sexual development. It can be provoked by:

• Chromosomal abnormalities.
• Disorders of the endocrine system.
• Hereditary factor.

Late puberty is fraught with underdevelopment of the genitals and even infertility for a man. The problem is corrected by sex hormone replacement therapy, as well as by eliminating the underlying disease.

Premature ripening.

What Parents Should Know

The process of male puberty involves physiological changes that affect the emotional state of the boy. It is important for parents to control both aspects of growing up. A disproportionate physique, a change in one's own odor, involuntary ejaculation - all signs of sexual development have a physiological explanation, which must be conveyed to a growing up young man in an accessible format.

A boy's puberty takes a time span of 5–6 years. This is the time of the rapid transformation of a young man into an adult man. Understanding and support from parents is important on the path of becoming a son's personality. Knowledge of the basic aspects of male physiology, as well as the psychology of adolescents, will help in this.