The largest part of the pelvic bone. Pelvic Bone: Human Anatomy. Building without details

The pelvic bone is the largest bone structure in the human body.

In addition to the function performed by the pelvis, determined by the property of connecting with the lower extremities, it is entrusted with the implementation of a variety of functional tasks. Since one of the functions is to maintain normal support, the pelvic girdle is designed in such a way that in the female and male structure of the skeleton, it is characterized by the difference in the functional characteristics assigned to it.

Human pelvis anatomy

The anatomy of the human pelvis has clearly demarcated structures that interact with each other in various ways (from adjacent touch to direct dependence of one on the other). For each bone tissue a certain function is predetermined, which must be successfully reproduced in order to exclude a malfunction of the entire system of the skeleton, soft tissues, tendons and muscles.

The hip bone plays a significant role in the functioning of both legs, the part close to the pelvis of which is articulated and surrounded by the hip joint. Since the anatomy of the structure of the skeletal column and adjacent bone structures of the female and male body are different, it is necessary to thoroughly understand the natural location and structure of the pelvis.

Pelvic bones

The bones of the pelvis of the human skeletal column are formed under the fusion of two components: two unnamed hip bones and a sacral region. Their strengthening occurs due to the ligamentous apparatus and the joint, characterized by low mobility. The exit and entry holes of the pelvic bone are covered muscle tissue... This is pretty important feature structure, allowing the normal passage of the natural process of childbirth. Nerve fibers and blood vessels pass through the multiple lumens of the pelvic bone.

The structure of the pelvic bones is such that its anterior and lateral zones end in nameless bones. The posterior zone is limited by the sacrum and coccyx, which is the final structure of the spinal column.

Unnamed bones

The anonymous bones of the human pelvis are located somewhat apart, have three bone formations in their structure. AT early age before reaching the age of 16, the bone tissues are endowed with articular properties; subsequently, the lower branch is connected by the acetabulum. The pelvis is strengthened by muscle tissue and ligaments. The natural location of the anonymous bone implies the union of the iliac, pubic, ischial hard tissues.

The iliac is located in the region of the acetabulum, has a wing. Its inner surface is represented by a concave shape; intestinal loops are located in the adjacent space. Just below the unnamed border overlaps the pelvic opening. In the female body, this place is important for medical diagnosis during pregnancy.

The outer surface is dotted with three lines, to which the gluteal muscles are attached. The edge is presented in the form of a comb, which ends with natural structures. The iliac wings, characterized by the presence of inner and outer layers, play an important role in the structure of the skeleton. From the lower to the iliac, bone structures are important anatomical landmarks in medical practice.

Differences between the female and male pelvis

Distinctive features the pelvic region is the difference in the structure of the skeleton of the female and male body. Since the female pelvis involves the reproduction of offspring, it is the main participant in childbirth. Medical practice highlights special meaning not only clinical, but also X-ray anatomy.

Functions

The human pelvis is equipped with massive strong joints, provides the main function - supporting. That is why the strength of the pelvic bone tissue is quite important, which allows it to withstand increased stress. The part of the pelvic bone tissue that follows the pelvis consists of the thigh, knee pads, lower legs and feet.

The pelvic girdle assumes the following functions of this part of the skeleton:

• support and movement (the entire weight of the mass of the upper body of a person is superimposed on the pelvis);
• protective function involves the protection of the internal organs of the hip girdle.

Support and movement

The anatomical structure of a person implies the presence of a high-strength element in which the individual merge together, forming a strong massive bone. In its central part on the outer surface there is a depression called the acetabulum, which is articulated with the head of the femur. This place is the main point that takes on the pressure of body weight, as well as the epicenter of motor activity in the upper part of the human body.

Hence, the conclusion follows: the pelvic bone should have an optimally strong structure, large diameter, sufficient depth and a steep edge. In it, the pelvic bones grow together during growing up (sciatic, iliac, pubic).

The human pelvis also functions as a movement in space. This function ensures a person's upright posture. Thanks to the pelvic bones, the skeleton axis is maintained and the correct distribution of the body weight load on the lower limbs.

Since the function of support and movement allows a person to carry out physical activity, in case of diseases of the musculoskeletal system, it loses its effectiveness.

Protection

Since the human body contains many vital organs, the protective function is of great importance for their normal functioning. Thanks to the protection, the safety of the spine, the anterior abdominal wall, and other internal structures, consisting of their soft tissues, cartilage, tendons and muscles, is ensured.

The pelvic bone is one of the largest and most powerful bones in the human body. It performs many functions, since it connects the body to the lower limbs. It has a peculiar, atypical structure, since it performs the most important function of the pelvis - the supporting one. Also, thanks to the pelvic bone, a person is able to move, walk and sit. The bones of the pelvis make up the so-called pelvic girdle, which consists of an upper part (pelvis) and a lower part (small pelvis).

The structure and function of the pelvic bone

The anatomical structure of the pelvic bone is due to its important role. What is it? First of all, it should be noted that the sacrum, together with the pelvic bone, forms the bony pelvis, which is the most massive joint, without which a person simply could not exist.

An individual feature of this anatomical region is the fact that until about adolescence, the pelvis consists of three bones, which are separated from each other. And as they grow older, these bones grow together, forming one whole joint.

Thus, the pelvic bone has the following structure:

• ilium;
• pubic;
• ischium.

Ilium

It is a massive body with a large depression. It is this bone that helps attach the pelvic bone to the head of the femur.

Pubic

Consists of three elements and connects the ilium to the ischium.

Sciatic

The connecting bone, which attaches to the pubic bone and forms a closure opening with it.

As a result of such a powerful anatomical design, the person moves with ease and does not experience any difficulty in walking. The unique structure of the pelvic bone allows a person to walk upright (in an upright position), while maintaining balance during walking and distribution of the load on all joints. After all, no one saw that a person would fall to the right, left, forward or backward when walking. Walking upright is the uniqueness of the human body, none of the animals possesses it. Also, the pelvic bone is a support for the spine, since it supports it in a straight position.

All of these bones are connected by one cartilage. The structure of the pelvic bone has sex differences. For example, the pelvic bone looks different in women than in men. It is wide and low, since its direct purpose is reproductive function. The so-called iliac wings and sciatic processes in women are strongly deployed to the sides, and the most massive and important muscles of the body are connected to the pelvic bones.

The pelvic bone performs the following functions:

1. Supporting. Thanks to the bones of the pelvis, a person stands firmly on his feet, since the entire body weight falls on him. The probability of fractures depends on its strength and strength.
2. Protective. This massive bone prevents damage to the internal organs located in the lower abdomen from direct mechanical impact.
3. Motor. The bones are so mobile that they allow you to move, run and sit calmly.

Pelvic bone injury

Most often, pelvic injuries occur due to:

• car accidents;
• falls from a great height;
• increased fragility of bones in the elderly (in the presence of osteopenia and osteoporosis).

The most common injuries are due to car accidents and road accidents.

Falls from a height most often occur in everyday life (for example, when harvesting, apples, plums or pears, people fall from trees) in construction, injuries often occur when builders fall out of the windows of a multi-storey building, fall from the forests. When squeezing the pelvis during collapses and falls of massive objects.

Pelvic fractures in older people are caused by thinning and brittle bones. In this case, even the smallest injuries lead to damage to the pelvic bones.

The most severe pelvic injuries are those that injure internal organs. As a rule, it is damaged:

• bladder;
• female organs;
• lower intestine.

Symptoms of a hip fracture

The symptoms of a pelvic fracture are divided into two main groups:

• local manifestations;
• common manifestations.

Local signs

These include the following symptoms:

• sharp pain;
• deformation of the pelvic bones;
• hematoma;
• edema;
• crepitus of bones (sound phenomenon);
• shortening of limbs (with displacement of bone fragments).

Symptoms depend on which part of the pelvis is damaged.

Common symptoms

These include:

• traumatic shock;
• massive bleeding;
• squeezing of nerve endings;
• tachycardia (rapid heart rate);
• drop in blood pressure (blood pressure);
• loss of consciousness.

As a result of severe blood loss, traumatic shock develops. The shock is accompanied by sticky sweat and pallor of the skin. Sometimes a fracture of the pelvic bone is accompanied by damage to internal organs. AT abdominal a hematoma may form. If the urethra (urethra) is damaged, bleeding from the canal and urinary retention occur. The gap bladder manifested by the presence of blood in the urine (hematuria). Pelvic injuries are classified as follows:

1. Certain bone fractures. These fractures heal quickly and are fairly stable. The recovery period is short, however, only on condition that the patient respects bed rest.
2. Unstable fractures in which the pelvic bones are displaced horizontally.
3. Fracture of the acetabulum. The bottom or its edges are traumatized.
4. Fractures accompanied by dislocations.
5. Bilateral and unilateral fractures.

Treatment of pelvic fractures

Immobilization is paramount in the treatment of pelvic fractures. It is especially relevant in the context of first aid. For this, the patient should be laid on his back, his legs should be taken slightly to the sides, and bent at the knees. It is advisable to place a cushion or pillow under the knees for the patient's convenience. This position of the patient is called the "frog pose".

In some cases, if a certain part of the pelvis is fractured, this position is strictly prohibited. Since even the smallest leg spread causes the patient severe pain and can lead to repeated displacement of debris and additional injury. As a rule, in such situations, the patient is placed on a stretcher and a pillow is placed under his feet. You can also bandage your legs towards each other.

Currently, modern ambulances are equipped with a vacuum immobilizing mattress - stretcher and a compression pneumatic suit. Vacuum mattresses are filled with air, after which they take the shape of the human body, which makes transportation much more comfortable and less painful.

Compressive pneumosuits are used for extensive bleeding. Such a suit provides hemostasis and directs blood from peripheral vessels to central ones, which improves blood filling of the heart and blood. If no suit is available, a pelvis bandage may be applied to reduce bleeding.

In the hospital, the pelvic bones are immobilized, and they are also fixed in the correct physiological position. Then anesthesia is carried out with anesthesia. An examination is then carried out and the patient is diagnosed.

Rehabilitation after such a complex injury can take a long time, ranging from six months to a year. Therefore, it is better to avoid situations that can cause such extensive damage, requiring complex treatment and long rehabilitation.

One of the largest and most massive bones in the human body is the pelvic bone. It performs many functions thanks to which a person can walk, and indeed move. But not every person thought about its structure.
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The structure of the pelvic bone

First of all, it is worth noting that the pelvic bone and sacrum together form a bony pelvis, without which a person simply could not exist.

Until about 16 years old, this human bone consists of three separate bones, which, after a while, will gradually grow together until you get one whole bone.

So, the pelvic bone consists of:

• Iliac. It is the largest bone in the entire pelvis and is a massive body with a large depression. Thanks to this bone, the attachment of the pelvic bone and the head of the thigh occurs
• Pubic. This bone consists of three parts and is a kind of connector
• Sciatic. This is the trailing bone that connects to the pubic bone, and together with it forms the obturator opening

Thanks to such a powerful structure of the pelvic bone, a person does not experience any difficulties in movement.

• The pelvic floor has several important functions, including:
• Support. It is thanks to this bone that a person stands exactly in place. All the load, all the weight falls on her. Therefore, the likelihood of fractures and other injuries depends on how strong the pelvic bone is.
• Protection. This bone protects many organs that are located in the lower abdomen from direct external influences
• Traffic. The bones are connected so neatly that a person can walk calmly without falling or waddling from side to side

The structure of the pelvic bone is very unusual. But all its features can be noticed only when it has not yet grown together into a single whole, that is, until the age of 16.

Causes of pelvic pain

Often, people complain of unpleasant and painful sensations that occur in the pelvic area. There are many reasons why they might appear. It is customary to refer to the main ones:

• High stress during training, as well as during simple sports. This happens when a person does a lot of squats and also lifts too much weight.
• Tumors of a different nature. As a rule, tumors block the path for normal blood circulation, and also affect nerve endings, thereby provoking the appearance of unpleasant sensations
• Bone problems, which can manifest as fragility, brittleness, etc.
• Taking medications, as well as hormones that have a direct effect on the entire human body
• Congenital disorders in the structure of the pelvic bone
• Diseases of the circulatory system
• Diseases of the genitourinary and reproductive system
• Long stay in the same position. This usually happens with those people who are forced to lie down due to health problems.
• Pregnancy
• Fractures

Quite often, discomfort in the pelvic area is triggered by an infection in the body, as well as a slight destruction of cartilage. It should be noted that if even a weak, but unpleasant sensation appears, it is necessary to consult a doctor in order to find out the true cause of the discomfort, and, if necessary, begin treatment.

Pregnancy and pain

This is the most beautiful period in the life of any woman. But in most cases it is overshadowed by various painful sensations. The most common complaint of expectant mothers is pelvic pain.

It must be said right away that these pains do not indicate the presence of some kind of defect, they only indicate that the woman's body is gradually preparing for childbirth.
Painful sensations appear because every day the uterus grows in size, and it needs more and more space.

That is why the ligaments begin to stretch. But, as a rule, not all ligaments and tendons are designed to be stretched. And fast growth always brings discomfort.

Many women note that they only experienced such pain in the third trimester. They begin to appear especially strongly a few days before childbirth, when, as doctors say, "the bones begin to separate."

In this case, you do not need to do anything, you just need to wait and endure, since this is a completely normal physiological process. The only thing you can do is try to avoid sudden movements.

In the event that a person suddenly began to be bothered by unpleasant and painful sensations in the pelvic region, then an urgent need to visit a doctor. You should contact either a gynecologist or a traumatologist.

The pelvic bone is one of those bones that is under enormous stress every day. That is why, you need to carefully monitor your own, since any injury to the pelvic bone can lead, at best, to temporary immobility.

As a whole bone is present in adults. Until the age of 14-16, this bone consists of three separate bones connected by cartilage: the ilium, pubic and sciatic. The bodies of these bones on their outer surface form the acetabulum, which is the glenoid fossa for the femoral head. The acetabulum is deep, bounded around the circumference by a high edge, which on its medial side is interrupted by the notch of the acetabulum. For articulation with the head of the femur, the acetabulum has a semilunar surface that occupies the peripheral part of the acetabulum. The center of the acetabulum - the acetabulum fossa - is rough and somewhat deep.

Ilium consists of two sections: the lower thickened section - the body of the ilium participates in the formation of the acetabulum; the upper, extended section is the wing of the ilium. The wing of the ilium is a wide, curved plate, thinned in the center. Towards the periphery, the bone plate thickens, fan-shaped upward, and ends with a convex edge - the ileal ridge. On the iliac crest, three rough lines are well defined for the attachment of the broad abdominal muscles: the outer lip, the inner lip, and the intermediate line. The iliac crest in front and behind has bony protrusions - the upper and lower iliac spines. In front is the superior anterior iliac spine. Below it, separated by the notch, is the lower anterior iliac spine.

At the posterior end of the ridge, a protrusion is visible - the upper posterior iliac spine, and slightly below it - the lower posterior iliac spine.

On the outer surface of the wing of the ilium, three weakly expressed rough lines are noticeable. Of these, the anterior gluteal line is better visible. It is the longest, starting from the superior anterior iliac spine, arched towards the greater ischial notch of the ischium. The posterior gluteal line is much shorter, located below the previous one, and is oriented almost vertically. The inferior gluteal line is shorter than other lines, begins between the superior and anterior inferior iliac spines and runs in a gentle arc over the acetabulum to the greater sciatic notch.

On the inner concave smooth surface of the wing of the ilium, there is a gently sloping depression - the iliac fossa. The lower border of the iliac fossa is the arcuate line. The beginning of this line is the ear-shaped surface of its anterior edge. This surface serves for articulation with the same surface of the sacrum. The arcuate line continues anteriorly into the ilio-pubic eminence. Above the auricular surface is the iliac tuberosity for the attachment of the interosseous ligaments.

Pubic bone has an expanded part - a body and two branches. The body of the pubic bone forms the anterior acetabulum. From it, the upper branch of the pubic bone is directed forward, bearing the ilio-pubic elevation, located along the line of fusion of the pubic bone with the ilium. The anterior part of the upper branch bends sharply downward and is regarded as the lower branch of the pubic bone. In the place where the upper branch passes into the lower, in the region of the medial edge there is an oval symphysial surface, which serves to connect with the pubic bone of the opposite side. On the upper branch of the pubic bone, departing from the medial end by about 2 cm, there is a pubic tubercle, from which the pubic ridge is directed laterally along the posterior edge of the upper branch, continuing further posteriorly to the ilio-pubic eminence on the lower surface of the upper branch of the pubic bone. In the direction of the back, in front and medially, there is an obturator groove for the vessels and nerve of the same name.

Ischium has a thickened body, which complements the bottom of the acetabulum and passes into the branch of the ischium. The body of the ischial bone makes an angle with the branch, open anteriorly. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe corner, the bone forms a thickening - the sciatic tubercle. Above this tubercle, the ischial spine departs from the posterior edge of the body, with which two notches are separated: the lower is the small ischial notch and the large ischial notch, which is at the level of the upper edge of the acetabulum. The branch of the ischial bone is connected to the lower branch of the pubic bone, thus closing the oval obturator opening of the pelvic bone from below.

Pelvic girdle consists of two pelvic bones. It provides firm and stable support for the lower limbs, which are carrying the weight of the body. The pelvic bones connect to each other anteriorly at the pubic symphysis (a disc of fibrous cartilage). With the sacrum and coccyx, the two pelvic bones form a "medical tray"-like structure called the pelvis. After a person is born, each pelvic bone is made up of three separate bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubic. These individual bones ultimately join to form one pelvic bone, the junction area is a deep hemispherical cavity called the acetabulum (this cavity connects to the head of the femur). Although the pelvic bone is a single bone, it is usually described as having three parts.

Ilium

Ilium is the large, expanding bone that forms the largest and upper portion of the pelvic bone. When a person puts his hands on his hips, the iliac spines are felt. Each spine ends anteriorly in the form of the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS); and posteriorly in the form of the posterior iliac spine (PSIS) (this spine is difficult to feel, but its position is indicated by the cavity of the skin in the sacral region, approximately at the level of the second sacral foramen).

Ischium

Ischium is the lower, back part of the pelvic bone, resembling an arc in shape. At the base of the ischium, there are rough and thickened tubercles (sometimes called "sitting bones" because when a person is seated, their weight is transferred entirely to the ischial tubercles).

Pubic bone

Pubic bone is the front and bottom of the pelvic bone.