What plants live in the forest. Survival school: Edible plants, or what you can eat in the forest. Coniferous forest vegetation

Medicinal plants of the forest.
A set of 32 postcards.
Publishing House "Fine Art" Moscow 1986.
Artist A.K. Shipilenko.
Circulation 200,000 copies.
The price is 1 ruble 02 kopecks.

In terms of forest reserves, the Soviet Union ranks first in the world. Our country contains about 1/3 of the world's forest reserves of more than 1 billion hectares, which is about 50% of the territory of the USSR. The forest landscapes of our Motherland are extremely diverse. Here and the age-old taiga, and majestic coniferous-deciduous forests, and light birch groves, and mighty oak forests.

The flora is very rich, and almost all of its representatives have medicinal properties, they are, as they are called, medicinal plants. That is why the forest can rightfully be called a forest green pharmacy. Treatment with medicinal herbs has a long tradition. From the beginnings of medicine to the present day, people have used a wide variety of methods and treatments. As medical knowledge improves in medical practice, more and more therapeutic agents appear, but only herbal medicine (treatment with plants), which originated in ancient times, has survived in the arsenal of therapeutic agents until our days.
The properties of many medicinal plants were known to our ancestors - the Slavs. In "Izbornik Svyatoslav" (1073) - this remarkable monument of ancient Russian culture - a description of medicinal plants used in Russia is given. The collectors of these plants have been called herbalists since ancient times. The descriptions of these plants, which they made up, were called the same or healers. Especially many handwritten medical books appeared in the middle of the 17th century, when a special Pharmaceutical Order was created, which was in charge of supplying medicinal herbs to the royal court and the army. The significance of these manuscripts cannot be overestimated: they helped to preserve many recipes of traditional medicine, brought the medicinal properties of a large number of plants to our days.
The choice of medicines in the "green pharmacy" is rich and varied, but be careful: poisoning with medicinal plants is possible even now, if you are treated by healers and self-medicate. Therefore, you should apply to the "green pharmacy", as well as to the usual one, only with a doctor's prescription, after a precisely established diagnosis of the disease. Remember this always.

T.D. Nikitochkina.

Photos in the album“Medicinal plants of the forest. "

This delicate herb is not very common, but very popular. People call it for the spicy aroma of forest mint, incense, and perfume.
Oregano is a perennial herb of the labiate family. Rhizome branched, creeping, forming long thin adventitious roots. The stem is straight, tetrahedral, reddish, soft-haired, branched from the base, about 50 cm high. The leaves are opposite, petiolate, oblong-ovate, entire. Small purple flowers grow in the axils of ovoid bracts of the same color and form a dense raceme. Blooms in June - August.

Oregano has a vast distribution area throughout the European part of the Union, except for the Far North, southern Siberia, the Caucasus, Central Asia and the Caucasus. It grows in forest clearings and forest edges, in dry open meadows, hills, between bushes.
The grass is collected like this: it is cut, tied into bunches and quickly dried.
Oregano enjoys great and long-standing popularity in folk medicine... It is used for insomnia, liver diseases, stomach, colds, various female diseases. It is an excellent expectorant. The herb is included in the collection for gargling, soothes coughs, and is also used for baths with rickets and scrofula in children. Oregano is a folk remedy for moth control. Oregano essential oil is used in the perfumery industry.

Raspberry is a semi-shrub up to 1.5-2 m high, with erect one-two-year-old shoots covered with thorns and pubescence, of the Rosaceae family. Raspberry leaves are trifoliate, white-tomentose below. Prefabricated drupes, spherical-oval, raspberry-red, sweet, aromatic. Blossoms in June-July; bears fruit in late July-August.

On the territory of the USSR, raspberries are ubiquitous in mixed and coniferous forests, between shrubs in clearings, clearings, forest edges, in ravines, along the banks of rivers and streams. Ripe raspberries are harvested, laid out on a sieve in a layer of 1-2 fruits in the sun for drying, and then dried in a special dryer or a cool oven.
Fresh berries quench thirst well and improve digestion. IN Ancient Rus in the morning they drank a vzvarets made from raspberries and cranberries. Raspberries are often used in dietary nutrition, especially for children. The diaphoretic and antipyretic effect of raspberries has long been known, which depends mainly on the content of salicylic acid in the berries. Dry berry tea is an excellent remedy for colds.
Berries are used in folk medicine to improve digestion, scurvy, anemia, stomach pains. Infusions and decoctions of flowers are used externally for erysipelas of the skin and for acne on the face. Raspberry syrup improves the taste of baby potions.

Among the shrubs of the underbrush, it is the most durable. Plants at the age of 300-400 years are often found. Juniper thickets are a natural laboratory for healthy air. One hectare per day releases up to 30 kg of phytoncides that can clean the air of a big city from bacteria.
Juniper is an evergreen coniferous shrub with a height of 1-3m of the cypress family. The branches are pressed against a thin trunk, in rags of fragile bark. Covered with short, hard, sharp, as if frosty needles, which are grouped in triple whorls. Flowers are dioecious, male and female inflorescences are located in the leaf axils. Juniper fruits are called cone-berries. They are in time for the second year. One bush has green and black berries. Ripe berries are juicy, sugary, with a pleasant resinous aftertaste.
Grows in the undergrowth of coniferous and coniferous-small-leaved forests, often forms thickets. Found in the European part of the USSR, Western Siberia and partly in Eastern Siberia.

Juniper fruits are harvested in autumn, usually at the end of September. Raw materials contain up to 3% essential oil, invert sugar, resin, organic acids. Cones-berries are one of the oldest and most popular remedies widely used in the form of infusion, decoction, extract and powder for various diseases: malaria, scabies, lichen, nervous, rheumatic and female diseases.
Juniper is part of the diuretic collection (tea). The berries are edible, stimulate appetite and aid in digestion.

John's wort is not called this plant in vain. Although it is curative, it is poisonous, even the hay made from St. John's wort causes painful sores on the skin of livestock. The popular name of this ancient medicinal plant is ailment, hare blood, blood. People believed that he had magical powers and hung a bunch of grass outside the door to scare away wild animals. Hence the name "St. John's wort".
St. John's wort is a rhizome perennial 50-70 cm tall of the family of St. John's wort. The bare stem is covered with small oblong-ovate leaves with dots that are translucent to the light, as if perforated. Golden-yellow five-petal flowers are collected in a thyroid or broad-panicle inflorescence.

The plant blooms from June to autumn. Widely distributed in forest and forest-steppe zones. It grows in clearings, along forest edges, in clearings, in oak forests, birch groves.
The herb is harvested at the time of flowering. Only the tops of the shoots are cut off along with the flowers. Raw materials are dried in the attic or in a cooled oven.
St. John's wort is popularly called a remedy for 99 diseases, or a cure for all ailments. It has a complex chemical composition. It has antimicrobial action. St. John's wort is curative in fresh and dry form, no mixture can do without it medicinal herbs... It is a valuable raw material for obtaining imanin, a powerful wound-healing agent. St. John's wort oil is prepared from grass, used for compresses in the treatment of wounds, ulcers, burns; in small doses, this oil is used orally to treat ulcers and gastritis. Fresh grass St. John's wort is rubbed and applied for bruises.

In nature, there is no natural product richer in vitamin C than rose hips. These are the fruits of life. They protect against diseases, give strength, and increase efficiency. Rosehip is a beautiful shrub 1.5-2 m high of the Rosaceae family, with shiny red-brown thorns bent downwards. Leaves are pinnate, with ovoid leaves. Single, fragrant pink or dark red flowers. Fruits are false berries, orange-red, spherical in shape. Blooms from May to late July. The fruits ripen in August - September, remaining on the branches until winter.

Grows in forests, shrub thickets, on river floodplains in the European part of the USSR, Western Siberia and in some regions of Eastern Siberia.
Rosehip fruits and flowers were in high esteem in Russia. They were used to treat many diseases. Rosehip infusion was given to the wounded. Rosehip oil has been used to treat head injuries. From scurvy, which then raged in the troops, it was advised to rub the gums and teeth with the fruits of rose hips.
Rosehips are harvested from the end of August until the onset of frost. Dry the collection, avoiding overheating. Well-dried berries are bright red or deep red in color.
Thanks to the complex of vitamins, ready-made preparations, infusions and teas from rosehip are very useful for atherosclerosis, anemia, depletion of the body with various diseases

Kalgan, stuck root, uzik, dubrovka, mighty, whisper - there are many names for this plant.
Cinquefoil is a small, 15-50 cm tall, perennial herb of the Rosaceae family. Stem leaves are sessile, trifoliate, with two large stipules, from which the entire leaf seems to be five-fingered. The flowers are regular, single, on long thin pedicels, four-petalled, golden yellow, with a red spot at the base. Blooms in May - July.

Distributed almost throughout the European part of the USSR. It grows unpretentious, mainly in sparse coniferous forests, in clearings, meadows, pastures.
The rhizomes are thick and short. They contain one and a half times more tannins than oak bark. Most of them accumulate in the budding phase. At this time or in autumn, rhizomes are harvested. Dug out, cleaned, washed and dried in the usual way. Shelf life is more than three years. Plants, although they reproduce well by seeds, grow extremely slowly, therefore, when harvesting, 3-4 strong flowering plants should be left per square meter.
Since ancient times, cinquefoil is revered as medicinal plant... It is used for inflammation and stomach ulcers. It is used as an astringent, hemostatic and bactericidal agent. Infusions treat disorders of the intestinal tract. Gargle with sore throat, mouth with stomatitis and toothache

Birch is a fast-growing light-loving tree up to 25 m high of the birch family. The genus of birches contains 120 species. The most common warty birch lives up to 100-150 years. The white bark is smooth, thin, easily flaking. The leaves are alternate, dense, almost rhombic, pointed. Leaves and twigs are dotted with resinous glands, fragrant. Birch trees bloom in April - May. Flowers are collected in earrings.
Birch grows almost everywhere - from the borders of the tundra to the Crimea and the Caucasus, forming in some places forests, which are popularly called birch groves. Birch is the only tree with a snow-white bark, painted white with a special dye betulin.
Birch provides a number of medicinal products: birch buds, young leaves, birch juice, birch tar and coal.
The buds are harvested before the buds swell and open in the clearings in the forestry enterprises together with the branches, which are dried in the cold. The dried buds are threshed.
Birch buds are curative for many diseases, their infusions are used as a choleretic, and with decoctions they treat old wounds and eczema. In early spring, birch is generous with sweet, incomparable in taste, transparent juice. It is drunk as a vitamin remedy. Dry distillation of wood produces tar and coal. Tar is used as an external disinfectant. Coal in the form of powder or tablets "Karbolen" - for flatulence. In folk medicine, birch leaves are used for abscesses, applying them with the outside to the sore spot, and with the inside for cuts.

Sunny tree. It seems that the sun is hidden in the very copper-casted trunks. Indeed, even on a rainy day, they emit warmth and light. This tree is popularly known as the pearl of the northern forest. It's evergreen conifer tree up to 40 m high, with a straight trunk, conical or rounded crown. The needles are long, bright green or bluish green. Located in pairs. Blooms in June. Seeds ripen in cones in the second or third year.
It grows almost throughout the entire territory of the Soviet Union. Every fifth tree in our forests is pine. Pine is one of the oldest medicinal plants, and mention of it can be found in the oldest surviving recipes. The Slavs covered the wounds with powder from dried pine juice, tried to reduce lichens and eczema with tar. The antiscorbutic properties of pine have been known to sailors from time immemorial.
Pine buds and needles are used in medicine. Pine buds are aromatic, contain resin, essential oil, turpentine, starch, mineral salts, tannins and other substances. Pine tar, turpentine, rosin, turpentine oil are obtained from the resin of a tree - sap.
Pine buds are harvested in early spring when they are in the swelling stage. The needles are collected all year roundby cutting off the ends of branches (legs) 15-20 cm long.
Pine buds in the form of a decoction, infusion and tincture are used as an expectorant and disinfectant. Needles are prepared fortified

Ny infusion. In the factory, the needles are processed into a coniferous chlorophyll-carote paste for the treatment of skin diseases.

It is a perennial spore herb, 30-60 cm tall, of the centipede family, with a powerful, thick, obliquely growing brown rhizome. Pinnately compound leaves

Large, one meter or more long, densely covered with brownish scales. Young leaves are wrapped like a snail shell. On the underside of the leaves, by the end of summer, sporangia develop, collected in rounded sori, located in two rows on the sides of the midrib. The plant reproduces by spores.
Distributed in the European part of the USSR, on Far East, The Caucasus, Altai, Tien Shan and the Sayan Mountains, grows in damp and shady forests. Its natural reserves are rapidly decreasing.
The medicinal properties of the fern have been known for a long time. Ancient Greeks and Romans considered it a medicinal plant. It is mentioned in the writings of Dioscorides and Pliny. However, in the Middle Ages, the fern was forgotten. Nowadays, drugs are prepared from the fern rhizome.
Rhizomes are harvested in autumn, in September - October, or in early spring. They are cleaned of roots, scales and dry residues, quickly dried in the shade without cutting. Raw materials are stored for no more than a year. Full-fledged, fresh rhizomes have a green color at the break.
Fern rhizome preparations are used against tapeworms. They are used only as directed by a doctor, as they are poisonous. In folk medicine, infusion of rhizomes is used for baths for various diseases.

Rod bushes are not very noticeable in summer, but they seem to bloom again in autumn. The less leaves remain on the trees, the more the grass fades, the brighter and more beautiful the goldenrod seems, or, as the people aptly dubbed it, the golden rod.
The golden rod is a perennial plant with an erect stem up to 1 m tall, on which there are lanceolate leaves of the Asteraceae family. The stems end in a straight raceme of golden-yellow colored baskets supported by a multi-row wrapper. On a filmless receptacle there are only yellow flowers, in the middle are bisexual, tubular; the extreme ones are pistillate, ligulate. Fruits - achenes, blooms from July to October.
Distributed in forest and forest-steppe zones. It is found in abundance in forests in sunny clearings, on slopes and along ravines.
Collect the grass during the flowering period. Cut to half the stem, dry in bunches. The raw material has an astringent taste, contains tannins, saponins, a little essential oil, alkaloids, bitterness and ivercitrin.
In an ancient herbalist about the common goldenrod it is said: "It has a subtle smell, a bitter taste, purifying, strengthening and healing power ..."

It is used in the form of teas as a diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant and astringent.
In folk medicine, a decoction of the herb is used for tuberculosis, the treatment of gout and as a choleretic. Fresh leaves are used to treat wounds.

Drupe is a small perennial herb of the Rosaceae family. The stem is erect, up to 30 cm high, at the base it gives creeping lashes, with the help of which the plant reproduces. The leaves are trifoliate, on long petioles, covered, like the stem, with spinous hairs. Flowers are white, in a thyroid inflorescence, bloom in late spring. Fruits are red drupes with juicy pulp of sour taste, collected in several pieces on a receptacle. The drupe ripens in July - August.
Grows in the forests of the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. IN middle lane The USSR is especially often found in oak forests and mixed spruce forests, in the north - in sparse coniferous forests.
Berries contain vitamin C, many pectin substances, organic acids, minerals and other substances. Boneberry is known as a medicinal berry. In folk medicine, its fruits are used for anemia, colds, gout, inflammation of the joints. The fruits are eaten fresh, and also dried in sunny days under a canopy or in attics like raspberries. Dried berries are stored in a dry place.
In folk medicine, a decoction of the whole plant with a rhizome is used for shampooing. A decoction of sterile shoots is taken for postpartum hemorrhage, nervous system disorders, pain in the heart.

According to legend, the ancient Greeks noticed that this plant appears with the arrival of swallows and withers with their departure, and therefore they called it “swallow grass”. This plant is also called pure, warthog, yellow milkweed.
Celandine is a perennial herb with a short hollow rhizome and taproot, 25-80 cm high in the poppy family. The leaves are graceful, deep-feathery

Separate. The flowers are bright yellow, collected in 3-8 in simple umbrellas. The fruit is a pod capsule. In the USSR, with the exception of Central Asia, it is widespread. Grows in shady places, between bushes, along ravines in forests; does not form large thickets.
All parts of the plant contain a sharp-smelling poisonous orange-yellow milky sap, from which 14 different alkaloids, carotene and vitamin C have already been isolated. The plant and its alkaloids have bactericidal properties. Collect the entire flowering aerial part of the plant in May - June, dry quickly and well.
Nowadays, celandine raw materials are used in the form of an ointment for skin tuberculosis (lupus).
In folk medicine, decoctions of celandine herb are used for diseases of the liver, gallbladder, peptic ulcer, and also as an analgesic, laxative and diuretic. Sometimes celandine herb powder is sprinkled on wounds and ulcers, and is also used for various skin diseases (and for removing warts).

The beautiful viburnum is elegant in spring, when the shrub is strewn with snow-white lace of flowers, and in late autumn, when bright red clusters of fruits are burning and beckoning among the lilac-crimson leaves. In folklore, viburnum is adjacent to mountain ash and is not inferior to her in popularity.
Viburnum - high, up to 1.5-Zm, branched shrub of the honeysuckle family with three-lobed leaves and thyroid inflorescences white... Its gray bark is dotted with longitudinal cracks. The fruit is a bright red spherical drupe with one flat bone, tart and bitter in taste. After freezing, the bitter taste disappears. Blossoms in May and June, bears fruit in August and September.

Viburnum grows in the undergrowth of mixed and deciduous forests and river valleys in almost all regions of the USSR.
The first indications of the therapeutic use of viburnum appeared in the herbalists of the 16th century. Viburnum berries tone the body, improve heart function, are useful for vascular spasms, hypertension, neuroses, and have a calming effect. They are used as an astringent and diuretic. In folk medicine, juice and a decoction of berries with honey are drunk for colds of the upper respiratory tract. Medicinal value has a bark. Harvested in early spring from trunks and branches and air dried. Viburnum bark is used as a styptic and astringent.

Many kind words can be said about the blood-red hawthorn. It got a somewhat unusual name for the color of its fruits.
Hawthorn is a tall shrub, sometimes a small tree with thorns up to 4 m in height of the Rosaceae family. Lives over 300 years. Flowers up to 1.5 cm in diameter, white and pinkish, collected in shields. Blooms in May - June. In autumn, the plant is covered with red globular fruits with two to five seeds.
Occurs in the eastern regions of the European part and in the south of Siberia, along forest edges and clearings, sometimes under a forest canopy, in river valleys.
Pharmacists prepare medicines from inflorescences and fruits to help treat heart disease.
The inflorescences are harvested during the flowering period. Cannot be harvested after rain or morning dew. Cleaned from twigs and dried in ventilated areas. In September, ripe fruits are harvested and dried in ovens at 50-60 ° C. When stored properly healing properties fruits last eight years.
Hawthorn preparations, tincture and extract are prescribed for cardiovascular diseases. Hawthorn extract is a part of the well-known complex drug cardiovalene, intended for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

In folk medicine, the infusion of fruits and flowers has long been used for insomnia, fever, shortness of breath, heartbeat, cough, and as a sedative in case of nervous excitement.

The euonymus is especially decorative in autumn with its pale pink, fawn and purple foliage and graceful red-black "earrings" of fruits. It is a perennial shrub 120-180 cm high in the euonymus family. Branches with frequent blackish warts. Leaves are opposite, elliptical, whole, finely serrate, with drooping stipules. The flowers are reddish-brown, regular, the corolla is 4-5-lobed. Blooms in May and June. By autumn, red-orange rounds with a black pupil hang from its branches. These are black seeds, half covered with bright red scales. People call them "magpie glasses". The scientific generic name comes from the Greek "glorious", "famous", which is given for the healing properties of certain types of shrubs.

Euonymus is common in the European part of the USSR, in the Caucasus. Grows in woodlands, along forest edges, near rivers, in the undergrowth of deciduous, coniferous or mixed forests.
The bark of the stems and especially the roots of this plant contains gutta-percha in an amount of 8 to 20% of the dry bark weight.
For medicinal purposes, bark extract is used as a laxative.

Veronica officinalis is a small perennial herb with creeping, creeping stems, covered with ovoid serrate and soft-fluffy leaves, from the family of creepers. The flowers are located in the leaf axils and form a brush. They have a four-part calyx and a four-toothed blue, sometimes purple and even white corolla and two stamens. Veronica officinalis blooms in June - July. The fruit is a box.

Grows in abundance in dry forests, forest glades and clearings on sunny slopes throughout the forest zone of the USSR.
Grass is collected at the time of flowering, cut with a knife or sickle near the ground and carefully, quickly dried to avoid shedding flowers and loss of natural color.
You cannot mix this herb with other types of Veronica, in particular with Veronica Dubravna. The stems of the oak veronica are ascending or straight, pubescent only on two sides, the flowers are scattered, bright blue with dark shading.
Raw materials contain tannins, bitterness, a little essential oil. Veronica officinalis is another remedy for colds and coughs. Her decoctions act as an expectorant and diaphoretic. In a mixture with other herbs, it is included in breast tea.
In folk medicine, tea from Veronica officinalis is used for chronic skin diseases.

CHEREMUCHA REGULAR
Bird cherry, or carp, opens the wonderful spring flowering of trees, popularly known as "green noise". It is a tree or shrub from 2 to 15 m tall of the Rosaceae family. The trunk and branches are covered with a matte black-gray cracking bark. White flowers are collected in dense drooping clusters with a strong aroma. The fruits are black shiny drupes with one stone, astringent and sweet pulp.

The forest beauty, as the bird cherry is often called among the people, is widespread almost throughout the Soviet Union. More often it grows along the banks and floodplains of rivers, in shrubs, in spruce and pine small-leaved and mixed forests. It is often cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant.
Bird cherry has long been known as a medicinal plant. The fruits, rarely the bark and flowers of bird cherry, are used in medicine.
The fruits of bird cherry are used internally as an astringent for intestinal disorders, brewing them as tea, alone or mixed with blueberries. From fresh flowers distilled with water, "bird cherry water" is obtained, which is used for eye diseases in the form of lotions. Bird cherry leaves boiled with boiling water are used by people for gastrointestinal pain and diarrhea. The bark of bird cherry also has medicinal properties, which is considered by the people to be a good diuretic and diaphoretic. Her broth is drunk for rheumatism and gout. Bird cherry is an insecticidal plant with a large amount of very active phytoncides. A decoction from the bark is used in the fight against various insects.

Who among us in childhood did not go to the forest for lilies of the valley and who did not leave these walks in their souls with the brightest and most joyful memories! Slender and unusually graceful lily of the valley flowers are known to everyone.
It is a perennial herb of the liliaceae family 15-20 cm tall with a creeping rhizome. Leaves (two, rarely three) are oblong-elliptical, basal, long-petiolate. On a slender arcuate flowering stem of a lily of the valley there is a one-sided cluster of pearl buds and pale white drooping six-toothed bells. Translated from Latin lily of the valley means "lily of the valleys, blooming in May." After pollination, green and then red-orange spherical berries appear. The entire lily of the valley plant is poisonous, as it contains glycosides of the heart.

It grows in shady and deciduous forests and between shrubs almost throughout the forest zone of the European part of the USSR to the Urals, in the Caucasus and the Far East.
The companion of shady forests may lily of the valley is one of the plants medicinal properties which have become known to people since ancient times and have not lost their importance in medicine to this day.
Lily of the valley preparations are used for heart neuroses. In folk medicine, lily of the valley has long been used against dropsy, epilepsy, heart disease, eye diseases, and fever. Lily of the valley essential oil is prized in the perfumery industry.

In May, the lungwort blooms, one of the best spring honey plants. It is a small perennial rhizomatous plant 8-10 cm high in the borage family. Basal leaves are cordate, with long petioles. Stem leaves are smaller, almost sessile, more oblong. The rhizome is thin, creeping obliquely. Flowering stems are rough-bristly, up to 20-25 cm long, with large root scales at the base. Flowers at the ends of the stems are collected in inflorescences - curls, bell-shaped, five-toothed. Young, newly opened corollas are painted in a bright purple color, old ones fade and turn blue-violet. The lungwort blooms in early spring. For its honey tribute in early spring, this plant is called lungwort.

The lungwort grows on shady black-woods in oak forests and groves. It is found everywhere. Grass is collected at the time of flowering where it grows in abundance. They are cut off at the very ground, they never stand, they dry quickly.
The herb of lungwort contains tannins, silicic and ascorbic acids are found in it, as well as manganese, which easily passes into decoctions.
In folk medicine, it is used for diseases of the respiratory tract and pneumonia. Decoctions of this herb have been treating children from scrofula since ancient times.

This plant is also called "tormentor", "bear berry", "bear ear". The drooping bearberry leaves with rounded tops really resemble the ears of animals.
Bearberry is a small evergreen shrub resembling in appearance the lingonberry, of the heather family. The stem is creeping, branched, the leaves resemble lingonberry leaves, but denser and dark green on both sides, their edges are even, and in lingonberries they are slightly twisted down. The flowers are pink, collected in short drooping racemes at the ends of the branches. The fruits are very attractive, red, but completely tasteless, mealy. Blossoms in May-June, fruits ripen in July-September. Bearberry lives for a long time, sometimes reaching 100 years of age.
Bearberry grows in sparse dry pine forests, in burnt-out areas and clearings, in the northern and middle zones of the European part of the USSR, in Siberia and the Far East.
For medical purposes, the leaves are harvested in two periods: in spring, before flowering, and in autumn, from the moment the fruits ripen until they fall off. Bearberry is harvested by cutting off small leafy twigs with a knife. It is impossible to pluck the leaves from growing plants, since you can pull out the entire bush, and the bearberry resumes very slowly, and the thickets are quickly depleted.
In folk medicine, it is used as an astringent for digestive disorders. Bearberry is widely used as a disinfectant, anti-inflammatory and diuretic for diseases bladder and urinary tract.

Plauns are the oldest inhabitants of our planet. Once upon a time in the Carboniferous period, ploons reached large sizes. Now these are small herbaceous plants that cover the soil in damp forests.
Clavate crimson is a perennial evergreen spore plant of the clucaceae family. It has long, undivided stems, which spread widely in all directions along the soil in the form of green ropes, forked and root in places. The stems are densely covered with small pointed leaves resembling scales. Spore-bearing branches usually end with two, less often with three or four spikelets on long thin legs. In July, when the spores ripen, the spikelets turn yellow.
Plouns are found in the northern and middle zones of the European part of the USSR, in Siberia, in the Far East. Grows in coniferous and mixed forests, along the edges, in areas covered with green moss.
Medicinal uses are spores called lycopodium purveyors. Spores contain a lot of light, greasy, yellowish oil floating on water, which ignites and explodes in a fire.
Spikelets are harvested in late July-early August, before they are fully ripe, usually early in the morning, in the dew, with special scissors with soldered metal box and put in bags of dense fabric. After the ears are dried, the spores are sifted out on thin sieves.
Spores are used as baby powder for bedsores and for sprinkling pills. In folk medicine, the herb and spores of the plum are used as a diuretic.

Lingonberry, boletus, boletus, lingonberry - an evergreen shrub 8-30 cm high of the lingonberry family; leaves are shiny, leathery, dark green above, with depressed veins, matte below, with edges curled downwards. The flowers are white or pink, collected in a racemose apical inflorescence. The berry is round, greenish white at first

Oh, and then red, juicy, sweet, with a slightly bitter aftertaste. Blossoms in May-June, berries ripen in August-September. It is widely distributed throughout the forest zone of the USSR in coniferous and deciduous forests, in sunny meadows, near peat bogs, as well as in the forest-tundra, reaching in the north to the Arctic Ocean.
Lingonberry berries and leaves contain vitamin C, carotene, tannins and organic acids. In medicine, the lingonberry berry is often recommended for vitamin deficiencies, gastritis with low acidity of gastric juice, with high blood pressure.
In folk medicine, lingonberry leaves are used, collected in spring before flowering and in autumn at the same time as berries. Leaves need to be collected from no more than one third of the branches of the shrub, dried in the shade. The berries are harvested as they ripen.
The abundance of biologically active substances in lingonberry leaves determines the versatility of their application. Infusions and decoctions from them have diuretic, antiseptic and astringent properties. A decoction of lingonberry leaves is considered one of the best folk remedies for the treatment of rheumatism. The water infusion of berries quenches thirst well in case of fever.

Valerian is a perennial herb of the valerian family; the stem is single, fistulous, warty, up to 150 cm high. Leaves are compound, pinnate, opposite, basal, on long petioles, the upper ones are sessile. The stems are richly branched at the ends and end in beautiful corymbose-paniculate inflorescences. The flowers are small, pale pink or pale purple, fragrant, have a five-pointed corolla and three stamens. The fruit is achene. Blooms from June to August.

The area of \u200b\u200bValerian officinalis is very wide and occupies almost the entire territory of the USSR, with the exception of the Far North, Siberia and the desert regions of Central Asia. It grows mainly in wet meadows, between bushes, in forests, in grass and peat bogs. Since the natural harvest is insufficient, valerian is cultivated.
Medicinal raw materials are rhizomes with roots. They are dug up in the fall after shedding the seeds, shaken off the ground, washed with water and then dried. Raw materials give off a pungent and distinctive aroma.
The medicinal use of valerian has been known for a long time. She is one of the oldest medicinal plants. She was treated by the doctors of Ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. In the 18th century, it was one of the most important medicines in all of Europe.
Valerian has a calming effect on nervous system and is used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, is used for the manufacture of cardiovalene, valocardin, Zelenin drops and other drugs.

The tree is magnificent both in size, and appearance, and longevity, and those gifts that people have been using for many centuries. Linden reaches 30 m in height and 1 m in diameter, lives 300-400 years. The trunk is straight, strongly branches at the top, forming a wide domed crown, the leaves are alternate, heart-shaped, the flowers are yellowish-white, fragrant, collected in corymbose inflorescences, blooms in July. During flowering, bees collect as much honey from one tree as a whole hectare of buckwheat gives. The fruit is an unopening nutlet with a narrow bracts.
In the USSR, the most common linden is small-leaved. By shade tolerance hardwood linden comes second after beech. It grows in the Asian and European parts of the USSR, entering Karelia in the north, Crimea and the Caucasus in the south. It is widely used in landscaping.
The beginning of the use of linden in medicinal purposes lost in the mists of time. Knowing about the anti-rotting properties of lime coal, our ancestors sprinkled them with abscesses, rotting wounds, drank in a mixture in water for gastrointestinal diseases. In medicine, "linden blossom" is used - inflorescences with bracts. Flowers are harvested from both wild and cultivated trees when most of the flowers are in full bloom. Raw materials are dried in the shade, gently stirring. For a long time, "linden blossom" in the form of a hot infusion is used as a diaphoretic, it is good for them to gargle, especially with tonsillitis. In folk medicine, it is used as a remedy for colds and coughs. For a headache, the leaves are tied around the head. In addition, linden tea is used as a substitute for Chinese tea, as well as in cosmetics.

Blueberry is a beautiful and medicinal plant, nicknamed in the old days "raven berry"; small shrub 15-40 cm tall, strongly branched, with light green ovoid leaves falling for winter, of the lingonberry family. It blooms in late May-June with small greenish-pink single flowers, ripens in July-August. The berries are spherical, slightly flattened at the top, black with a bluish waxy bloom. The flesh of the berry is juicy, reddish-purple, the taste is pleasant, sour, astringent.

Blueberries grow in pine forests, mixed and spruce forests of the European part of the USSR, Siberia, Ukraine and the Caucasus.
Blueberries rank first among all berries and fruits in terms of manganese content, they are rich in iron, and in terms of vitamin A content, they are twice as rich as milk.
Blueberry leaves are harvested in May - June, berries - during ripening. The leaves are dried in the shade. The berries are dried in the sun and then dried in the oven.
As a medicinal plant, it is mentioned in medieval herbalists. Blueberries are used in medicine in the form of jelly or infusion as an astringent for diarrhea, mainly for children.
In folk medicine, blueberries are used for kidney stones, gout, rheumatism, anemia, skin and other diseases. Blueberry juice - a good gargle for inflammation of the oral mucosa, improves vision. Bilberry leaves are also of medicinal value for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, as they have insulin-like effects.

Common oak - translated from Latin means "beautiful strong tree". It reaches 40-50 m in height, 100-150 cm in diameter, belongs to the beech family. Leaves are pinnate, alternate, spreading crown, large twigs. Fruits (acorns) ripen in autumn. Oak is one of the most durable trees, lives up to 500-1000 years. In the first years it grows very slowly, in 20-30 years gives the first acorns. Blooms in May. Flowers are small, gathered in drooping earrings.

The Slavs at the dawn of their history worshiped this tree of stately beauty, composed myths, legends, songs, and epics about it.
Oak is common in the middle and southern zones of the European part of the USSR. Often forms large forests - light oak forests.
In medicine, the bark of young trunks and branches ("mirror oak bark"), which contains 10-20% tannins, is used. Decoctions from the bark are used as a home astringent and hemostatic agent for various inflammatory processes of the mouth and throat.
In folk medicine, oak galls ("ink nuts") are brewed like tea and drunk for pulmonary tuberculosis. Gall ointment is used for eczema and lichen. Coffee made from lightly toasted acorns is considered a good remedy for scrofula. Ancient Russian doctors advised treating wounds with "oak leaves" and finely ground oak bark.

People have long noticed that it is worth cutting down alders and trouble is on the doorstep: rivers become shallow, groundwater is leaving. Alder is a fast-growing tree up to 20 m high, with smooth gray bark, of the birch family. The scientific name of the genus comes from the Celtic words "at the shore". The specific name (translated as “grayish”) is given for the color of the bark. Leaves are alternate, ovate, double-serrate at the edges, thin-hairy. Alder blooms in March - April. Flowers are unisexual, collected in inflorescences - earrings. When the fruit ripens, the bracts of female earrings grow and grow stiff, thus forming a compound fruit in the form of a small cone.

Alder is widespread in the European part of the USSR, less often in the Caucasus. Grows along the banks of rivers, lakes, reservoirs. Sometimes forms small groves and forests - riverbed black alder stands.
Alder leaves contain a lot of salicyl. In the pharmacopoeia, cones and bark are used. Alder cones are rich in tannins: they contain about 2.5% tannin and almost 4% gallic acid. They are collected in late autumn and winter.
Broths of cones are used as an astringent for gastric diseases and hemostatic. The pharmaceutical industry produces an extract from alder cones and bark - thmelin. In folk medicine, young fresh leaves are applied to purulent wounds, boils. A decoction of flower earrings is used as a lotion for diathesis and eczema. In the old days, a person who fell ill with a cold was covered with a heap of alder leaves moistened with warm water.

This shrub is popularly called "wolf berries". Wolf means inedible, which can cause poisoning.
. Buckthorn is a shrub 2-5 m in height of the buckthorn family, akin to the laxative joster. The branches break easily, which explains the name. Leaves are elliptical, whole-cut. The bark is gray-brown, shiny and as if with a white speck. Flowers are small, inconspicuous, collected in bunches in the leaf axils. Fruits - drupes, sit on legs; first green, then red-violet

Mi, when ripe, almost black, shiny. At this time, the bush is beautiful and decorated.
It grows almost everywhere in the European part of the USSR and in Western Siberia, in mixed and deciduous forests, along the edges and clearings, river valleys, often together with alder, bird cherry and mountain ash, in damp meadows.
The bark, which is harvested in spring, during the period of cambium swelling, from trunks and thick branches, has medicinal value. On the trunk and branches, two longitudinal cuts are made to the wood with a length of about 30 cm, then they are connected with transverse cuts and the bark is easily removed along the cambium, while it rolls up into even tubes. The bark dries well outdoors or under awnings. The harvested bark is consumed only after a year, since fresh bark causes nausea and vomiting.
The first information about the medical use of buckthorn bark dates back to the Middle Ages. Bark is a good decoction and extract laxative. It is part of laxative teas and anti-hemorrhoid preparations.

Strawberries are one of the most healing berries. This berry has no equal in taste and aroma. This is a short, 5-12 cm, herbaceous perennial plant from the Rosaceae family with filamentous creeping shoots rooting at the nodes. Leaves are basal, trifoliate, on long petioles, with silky hairs below. The flowers are white, medium-sized, on long peduncles, collected in inflorescences. The fruit is a round-drop-shaped berry (false), formed from an overgrown receptacle, from pale pink to dark red. Ripens in June - July.

Strawberries are common in forests throughout almost the entire territory of the USSR, growing on dry grassy edges, clearings, clearings, among bushes.
The berries are tasty, aromatic; contain vitamins A, B, C, P, sugars, organic acids; rich in iron, phosphorus. They quench thirst well, increase appetite and have a beneficial effect on digestion.
Usually berries and leaves are picked at the same time. Leaves are torn off by hand or cut with a knife so that the petiole does not exceed 1 cm.Dried in the usual, air-shaded way,
Juice and water infusion of berries has a diaphoretic and diuretic effect. In folk medicine, all parts of strawberries have been used for a long time and very widely for a wide variety of diseases. So, a decoction of leaves and rhizomes is used for colitis, jaundice, tuberculosis, urolithiasis, old ulcers and rashes, for rinsing with tonsillitis and bad breath. Juice and water infusion of berries are used for cosmetic purposes

The Russian mountain ash, as it is popularly called, is one of the most popular plants. From time immemorial, she has enjoyed love and respect among the people. Many songs, poems and legends have been written about her. In the old days, she personified the family hearth.
Rowan is a shrub in a shady forest or a slender tree up to 4-10 m in height of the Rosaceae family. Leaves on petioles, openwork, pinnate, with 5-9 pairs of lateral leaflets. The flowers are small, white, with a strong almond scent, collected in fluffy inflorescence caps. Fruits - juicy and berry-shaped 2-5-nested apples, up to 1 cm in diameter, red-orange

Astringent and bitter taste. The fruits are harvested after the first frost, when they acquire a more pleasant bitter-sour taste.
Rowan is widespread in forests everywhere from the south of Ukraine and the Kuban to the forests of the Khibiny, Kolyma, Kuril Islands. It grows along forest edges, along the cliffs of the banks of forest rivers.
In terms of carotene content, rowan fruits are not inferior to carrots, parsley leaves, sea buckthorn fruits, yarrow. The fruits contain a significant amount of vitamins C, P and tannins.
Rowan fruits are used fresh and dried for the prevention and treatment of vitamin deficiencies. It is part of the vitamin fees.
Sorbitol in rowan fruit reduces the amount of fat in the liver and cholesterol in the blood. In folk medicine, mountain ash has a variety of uses. Dry fruits, juice of fresh berries and rowan flowers are used for dysentery. Water decoctions are used as a diuretic, choleretic and hemostatic agent.

ORDINARY HAZEL (HAZEL). The first among the shrubs to bloom is hazel, heralding spring. It is a large branched shrub up to 8 m in height of the birch family. The leaves are rounded, on short, glandular-pubescent petioles, peaked, double-toothed along the edge. The plant is monoecious. Bloom late February to April. The fruit is a single-seeded nut wrapped in overgrown fruit wrappers. Nuts ripen at the end of August - September. They have various shapes, smooth brown shells and a tasty oily seed, which contains a lot of fatty oil and proteins that are well absorbed by the human body. Nuts are a valuable food product. Wild hazel is found in forests, ravines, mountains throughout the European part of the USSR, with the exception of the northern regions, and in the Caucasus. In folk medicine, nuts are used for urolithiasis, for rheumatism, anemia and as a general tonic, they are especially useful with honey. Hazel oil is applied to the head to strengthen the hair. Mixed with protein, burns are treated. The leaves and bark of hazel have a vasoconstrictor effect. From the leaves of hazel, tea is prepared, which has a diuretic effect.

On the territory of Russia there are such forests as coniferous, mixed and deciduous. These forests are rich in a variety of beautiful vegetation. Various species of shrubs, trees and grasses are represented in Russian forests.

Vegetation of deciduous and mixed forests
Closer to the south of the taiga, deciduous and mixed forests originate, which consist of different trees. Aspen, birch and linden grow in these places. In this part of Russia, the climate is milder than in the north, so deciduous trees develop in full force, they mix and form mixed forests. In the forest zone, in fact, apart from pine trees, there are no conifers. Their places were taken by broadleaf breeds.

Trees that grow in deciduous forests vary in height and grow in tiers. The highest are oak and ash, a little lower - linden, ligature, maple, and even lower field maple, wild apple and pear trees. Shrubs grow under the trees, these include buckthorn, raspberry, hazel, viburnum and others. The grass cover is very well developed here. In such places, many types of medicinal herbs grow, you can also find plants that are listed in the Red Book.

Moss in mixed forests can only be seen in damp and dark places. The fertility of these forests is manifested in a wide variety of mushrooms and berries. In mixed forests, many light-loving berry plants grow, namely strawberries, blueberries, raspberries and drupes.

Coniferous forest vegetation
Conifers, or as they are also called evergreens, grow in most of Europe and Russia. These trees are called conifers because they have needles instead of leaves, that is, small green needles that perform the same function as leaves, namely, they absorb carbon dioxide and emit oxygen. Note the fact that coniferous forests produce a lot of oxygen, thereby providing life for the entire planet.

The most common conifers are spruce, pine, fir, larch and cedar. They grow in large tracts, in forests and in the taiga. These kinds of trees live apart. There are pine forests where only pines grow, there are parts of the forest in which only spruces grow, and they are called spruce forests. And now we will find out what other plants grow in the forest besides trees.

In coniferous forests you can find yellow acacia, red elderberry, strawberries, nettles, celandine, bracken fern. From flowers, snowdrops can be distinguished shepherd's purse. Grasses that grow in coniferous forests are able to adapt to not very sunny summers and cold winters.

But to be honest, there are not so many herbaceous plants growing in coniferous forests, and this is because in such forests there is very little sunlight, as it is absorbed by the tall crown of trees. Therefore, only the most stable survive in this place. And they feel especially good in this place, such herbaceous plantslike lichens and mosses.

Now you know what plants grow in mixed and coniferous forest.

Medicinal plants of the forest.
A set of 32 postcards.
Publishing House "Fine Art" Moscow 1986.
Artist A.K. Shipilenko.
Circulation 200,000 copies.
The price is 1 ruble 02 kopecks.

T.D. Nikitochkina.

Photos in the album“Medicinal plants of the forest. "

Oregano has a vast distribution area throughout the European part of the Union, except for the Far North, southern Siberia, the Caucasus, Central Asia and the Caucasus. It grows in forest clearings and forest edges, in dry open meadows, hills, between bushes.
The grass is collected like this: it is cut, tied into bunches and quickly dried.
Oregano enjoys great and long-standing popularity in folk medicine. It is used for insomnia, liver diseases, stomach, colds, various female diseases. It is an excellent expectorant. The herb is included in the collection for gargling, soothes coughs, and is also used for baths with rickets and scrofula in children. Oregano is a folk remedy for moth control. Oregano essential oil is used in the perfume industry.

On the territory of the USSR, raspberries are ubiquitous in mixed and coniferous forests, between shrubs in clearings, clearings, forest edges, in ravines, along the banks of rivers and streams. Ripe raspberries are harvested, laid out on a sieve in a layer of 1-2 fruits in the sun for drying, and then dried in a special dryer or a cool oven.
Fresh berries quench thirst well and improve digestion. In Ancient Russia, in the morning they drank vzvarets made from raspberries and cranberries. Raspberries are often used in diet food, especially for children. The diaphoretic and antipyretic effect of raspberries has long been known, which depends mainly on the content of salicylic acid in the berries. Dry berry tea is an excellent remedy for colds.
Berries are used in folk medicine to improve digestion, scurvy, anemia, stomach pains. Infusions and decoctions of flowers are used externally for erysipelas of the skin and for acne on the face. Raspberry syrup improves the taste of baby potions.

The plant blooms from June to autumn. Widely distributed in forest and forest-steppe zones. It grows in clearings, along forest edges, in clearings, in oak forests, birch groves.
The herb is harvested at the time of flowering. Only the tops of the shoots are cut off along with the flowers. Raw materials are dried in the attic or in a cooled oven.
St. John's wort is popularly called a remedy for 99 diseases, or a cure for all ailments. It has a complex chemical composition. It has antimicrobial action. St. John's wort is curative in fresh and dry form, not a single mixture of medicinal herbs can do without it. It is a valuable raw material for obtaining imanin, a powerful wound-healing agent. St. John's wort oil is prepared from the herb, which is used for compresses in the treatment of wounds, ulcers, burns; in small doses, this oil is used orally to treat ulcers and gastritis. Fresh grass St. John's wort is rubbed and applied for bruises.

Distributed almost throughout the European part of the USSR. It grows unpretentious, mainly in sparse coniferous forests, in clearings, meadows, pastures.
The rhizomes are thick and short. They contain one and a half times more tannins than oak bark. Most of them accumulate in the budding phase. At this time or in autumn, rhizomes are harvested. Dug out, cleaned, washed and dried in the usual way. Shelf life is more than three years. Plants, although they reproduce well by seeds, grow extremely slowly, therefore, when harvesting, 3-4 strong flowering plants should be left per square meter.
Since ancient times, Potentilla has been revered as a medicinal plant. It is used for inflammation and stomach ulcers. It is used as an astringent, hemostatic and bactericidal agent. Infusions treat disorders of the intestinal tract. Gargle with sore throat, mouth with stomatitis and toothache

Birch is a fast-growing light-loving tree up to 25 m high of the birch family. The genus of birches contains 120 species. The most common warty birch lives up to 100-150 years. The white bark is smooth, thin, easily flaking. The leaves are alternate, dense, almost rhombic, pointed. Leaves and twigs are dotted with resinous glands, fragrant. Birch trees bloom in April - May. Flowers are collected in earrings.
Birch grows almost everywhere - from the borders of the tundra to the Crimea and the Caucasus, forming in some places forests, which are popularly called birch groves. Birch is the only tree with a snow-white bark, painted white with a special dye betulin.
Birch provides a variety of medicinal products: birch buds, young leaves, birch sap, birch tar and coal.
The buds are harvested before the buds swell and open in the clearings in the forestry enterprises together with the branches, which are dried in the cold. The dried buds are threshed.
Birch buds are curative for many diseases, their infusions are used as a choleretic, and with decoctions they treat old wounds and eczema. In early spring, birch is generous with sweet, incomparable in taste, transparent juice. It is drunk as a vitamin remedy. Dry distillation of wood produces tar and coal. Tar is used as an external disinfectant. Coal in the form of powder or tablets "Karbolen" - for flatulence. In folk medicine, birch leaves are used for abscesses, applying them with the outside to the sore spot, and with the inside for cuts.

Sunny tree. It seems that the sun is hidden in the very copper-casted trunks. Indeed, even on a rainy day, they emit warmth and light. This tree is popularly known as the pearl of the northern forest. It is an evergreen coniferous tree up to 40 m high, with a straight trunk, conical or rounded crown. The needles are long, bright green or bluish green. Located in pairs. Blooms in June. Seeds ripen in cones in the second or third year.
It grows almost throughout the entire territory of the Soviet Union. Every fifth tree in our forests is pine. Pine is one of the oldest medicinal plants, and mention of it can be found in the oldest surviving recipes. The Slavs covered the wounds with powder from dried pine juice, tried to reduce lichens and eczema with tar. The antiscorbutic properties of pine have been known to sailors from time immemorial.
Pine buds and needles are used in medicine. Pine buds are aromatic, contain resin, essential oil, turpentine, starch, mineral salts, tannins and other substances. Pine tar, turpentine, rosin, turpentine oil are obtained from the resin of a tree - sap.
Pine buds are harvested in early spring when they are in the swelling stage. The needles are harvested all year round, cutting off the ends of the branches (legs) 15-20 cm long.
Pine buds in the form of a decoction, infusion and tincture are used as an expectorant and disinfectant. Needles are prepared fortified

Ny infusion. In the factory, the needles are processed into a coniferous chlorophyll-carote paste for the treatment of skin diseases.

It is a perennial spore herb, 30-60 cm tall, of the centipede family, with a powerful, thick, obliquely growing brown rhizome. Pinnately compound leaves

Large, one meter or more long, densely covered with brownish scales. Young leaves are wrapped like a snail shell. On the underside of the leaves, by the end of summer, sporangia develop, collected in rounded sori, located in two rows on the sides of the midrib. The plant reproduces by spores.
Distributed in the European part of the USSR, the Far East, the Caucasus, Altai, Tien Shan and the Sayan Mountains, grows in damp and shady forests. Its natural reserves are rapidly decreasing.
The medicinal properties of the fern have been known for a long time. Ancient Greeks and Romans considered it a medicinal plant. It is mentioned in the writings of Dioscorides and Pliny. However, in the Middle Ages, the fern was forgotten. Nowadays, drugs are prepared from the fern rhizome.
Rhizomes are harvested in autumn, in September - October, or in early spring. They are cleaned of roots, scales and dry residues, quickly dried in the shade without cutting. Raw materials are stored for no more than a year. Full-fledged, fresh rhizomes have a green color at the break.
Fern rhizome preparations are used against tapeworms. They are used only as directed by a doctor, as they are poisonous. In folk medicine, infusion of rhizomes is used for baths for various diseases.

Drupe is a small perennial herb of the Rosaceae family. The stem is erect, up to 30 cm high, at the base it gives creeping lashes, with the help of which the plant reproduces. The leaves are trifoliate, on long petioles, covered, like the stem, with spinous hairs. Flowers are white, in a thyroid inflorescence, bloom in late spring. Fruits are red drupes with juicy pulp of sour taste, collected in several pieces on a receptacle. The drupe ripens in July - August.
Grows in the forests of the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. In the central zone of the USSR, it is especially often found in oak forests and mixed spruce forests, in the north - in sparse coniferous forests.
Berries contain vitamin C, many pectin substances, organic acids, minerals and other substances. Boneberry is known as a medicinal berry. In folk medicine, its fruits are used for anemia, colds, gout, inflammation of the joints. The fruits are eaten fresh, and also dried on sunny days under a canopy or in attics, like raspberries. Dried berries are stored in a dry place.
In folk medicine, a decoction of the whole plant with a rhizome is used for shampooing. A decoction of sterile shoots is taken for postpartum hemorrhage, nervous system disorders, pain in the heart.

The beautiful viburnum is elegant in spring, when the shrub is strewn with snow-white lace of flowers, and in late autumn, when bright red clusters of fruits are burning and beckoning among the lilac-crimson leaves. In folklore, viburnum is adjacent to mountain ash and is not inferior to her in popularity.
Viburnum - tall, up to 1.5-Zm, a branched shrub of the honeysuckle family with three-lobed leaves and white thyroid inflorescences. Its gray bark is dotted with longitudinal cracks. The fruit is a bright red spherical drupe with one flat bone, tart and bitter in taste. After freezing, the bitter taste disappears. Blossoms in May and June, bears fruit in August and September.

Viburnum grows in the undergrowth of mixed and deciduous forests and river valleys in almost all regions of the USSR.
The first indications of the therapeutic use of viburnum appeared in the herbalists of the 16th century. Viburnum berries tone the body, improve heart function, are useful for vascular spasms, hypertension, neuroses, and have a calming effect. They are used as an astringent and diuretic. In folk medicine, juice and a decoction of berries with honey are drunk for colds of the upper respiratory tract. The bark has a medicinal value. Harvested in early spring from trunks and branches and air dried. Viburnum bark is used as a styptic and astringent.

Many kind words can be said about the blood-red hawthorn. It got a somewhat unusual name for the color of its fruits.
Hawthorn is a tall shrub, sometimes a small tree with thorns up to 4 m in height of the Rosaceae family. Lives over 300 years. Flowers up to 1.5 cm in diameter, white and pinkish, collected in shields. Blooms in May - June. In autumn, the plant is covered with red globular fruits with two to five seeds.
Occurs in the eastern regions of the European part and in the south of Siberia, along forest edges and clearings, sometimes under a forest canopy, in river valleys.
Pharmacists prepare medicines from inflorescences and fruits to help treat heart disease.
The inflorescences are harvested during the flowering period. Cannot be harvested after rain or morning dew. They are cleaned of twigs and dried in ventilated areas. In September, ripe fruits are harvested and dried in ovens at 50-60 ° C. With proper storage, the healing properties of the fruit persist for eight years.
Hawthorn preparations, tincture and extract are prescribed for cardiovascular diseases. Hawthorn extract is a part of the well-known complex drug cardiovalene, intended for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

In folk medicine, the infusion of fruits and flowers has long been used for insomnia, fever, shortness of breath, heartbeat, cough, and as a sedative in case of nervous excitement.

It grows in shady and deciduous forests and between shrubs almost throughout the forest zone of the European part of the USSR to the Urals, in the Caucasus and the Far East.
The companion of shady forests May lily of the valley is one of the plants, the medicinal properties of which have become known to people since ancient times and have not lost their importance in medicine to this day.
Lily of the valley preparations are used for heart neuroses. In folk medicine, lily of the valley has long been used against dropsy, epilepsy, heart disease, eye diseases, and fever. Lily of the valley essential oil is prized in the perfumery industry.

Plauns are the oldest inhabitants of our planet. Once upon a time in the Carboniferous period, ploons reached large sizes. Now these are small herbaceous plants that cover the soil in damp forests.
Clavate crimson is a perennial evergreen spore plant of the clucaceae family. It has long, undivided stems, which spread widely in all directions along the soil in the form of green ropes, forked and root in places. The stems are densely covered with small pointed leaves resembling scales. Spore-bearing branches usually end with two, less often with three or four spikelets on long thin legs. In July, when the spores ripen, the spikelets turn yellow.
Plouns are found in the northern and middle zones of the European part of the USSR, in Siberia, in the Far East. Grows in coniferous and mixed forests, along the edges, in areas covered with green moss.
Medicinal uses are spores called lycopodium purveyors. Spores contain a lot of light, greasy, yellowish oil floating on water, which ignites and explodes in a fire.
Spikelets are harvested in late July-early August, before they are fully ripe, usually early in the morning, in the dew, with special scissors with a soldered metal box and put into bags of dense fabric. After the ears are dried, the spores are sifted out on thin sieves.
Spores are used as baby powder for bedsores and for sprinkling pills. In folk medicine, the herb and spores of the plum are used as a diuretic.

The area of \u200b\u200bValerian officinalis is very wide and occupies almost the entire territory of the USSR, with the exception of the Far North, Siberia and the desert regions of Central Asia. It grows mainly in wet meadows, between bushes, in forests, in grass and peat bogs. Since the natural harvest is insufficient, valerian is cultivated.
Medicinal raw materials are rhizomes with roots. They are dug up in the fall after shedding the seeds, shaken off the ground, washed with water and then dried. Raw materials give off a pungent and distinctive aroma.
The medicinal use of valerian has been known for a long time. She is one of the oldest medicinal plants. She was treated by the doctors of Ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. In the 18th century, it was one of the most important medicines in all of Europe.
Valerian has a calming effect on the nervous system and is used to treat cardiovascular diseases, it is used to make cardiovalene, valocardin, Zelenin drops and other drugs.

The tree is magnificent both in size, and appearance, and longevity, and those gifts that people have been using for many centuries. Linden reaches 30 m in height and 1 m in diameter, lives 300-400 years. The trunk is straight, strongly branches at the top, forming a wide domed crown, the leaves are alternate, heart-shaped, the flowers are yellowish-white, fragrant, collected in corymbose inflorescences, blooms in July. During flowering, bees collect as much honey from one tree as a whole hectare of buckwheat gives. The fruit is an unopening nutlet with a narrow bracts.
In the USSR, the most common linden is small-leaved. Linden ranks second after beech for shade tolerance of deciduous trees. It grows in the Asian and European parts of the USSR, entering Karelia in the north, Crimea and the Caucasus in the south. It is widely used in landscaping.
The beginning of the use of linden for medicinal purposes is lost in the mists of time. Knowing about the anti-rotting properties of lime coal, our ancestors sprinkled them with abscesses, rotting wounds, drank in a mixture in water for gastrointestinal diseases. In medicine, "linden blossom" is used - inflorescences with bracts. Flowers are harvested from both wild and cultivated trees when most of the flowers are in full bloom. Raw materials are dried in the shade, gently stirring. For a long time, "linden blossom" in the form of a hot infusion is used as a diaphoretic, it is good for them to gargle, especially with tonsillitis. In folk medicine, it is used as a remedy for colds and coughs. For a headache, the leaves are tied around the head. In addition, linden tea is used as a substitute for Chinese tea, as well as in cosmetics.

Many herbaceous plants are edible. Most of them contain almost all the substances a person needs. Foods from plants are richer in carbohydrates, organic acids, vitamins and mineral salts. Leaves, shoots, plant trunks, as well as their rhizomes, tubers and onions are eaten. The underground parts of plants, as natural stores of nutrients, are very rich in starch and are of the highest value based on the beliefs of providing nutrition. Plants with edible leaves and shoots are widespread. Their main advantage is ease of collection, the ability to be eaten raw, also in the form of salads, soups and additives to other products. The substances found in herbaceous plants are able to partially restore the expended energy, support the current strength of the body, stimulate the cardiovascular, digestive and nervous systems.

One of the most common forest plants is stinging nettle (Urtica dioica). Its trunks are straight, tetrahedral, unbranched, up to one and a half meters high. The leaves are obstinate, ovate-lanceolate, with large teeth on the sides. The whole plant is covered with stinging hairs. Nettle grows (photo 16) in shady wet forests, clearings, burnt-out areas, along ravines and coastal bushes. For its great nutritional value, nettles are sometimes called "vegetable meat". Its leaves contain a huge amount of vitamin C, carotene, vitamins of group B and K, various organic acids. Nettle has long been used as a food plant. Very savory greenish cabbage soup is prepared from its young leaves. Scalded with boiling water, nettles go to salads. Young, not hardened trunks are chopped, salted and fermented like cabbage. Inflorescences are brewed instead of tea. Nettle also has countless pharmaceutical qualities. They use it mainly as not a bad hemostatic agent. The freshest juice (one teaspoon three times a day) and infusion (10 grams of dry leaves per glass of boiling water, boil for 10 minutes and drink half a glass twice a day) are used to heal internal bleeding. Externally, the freshest leaves or powder from dried leaves are used to heal festering wounds.

Dandelion (Taraxácum officinále) is also common in the forest flora - a long-term plant from 5 to 50 cm in height with a thick, upright, practically unbranched root; collected in a basal rosette with oblong, pinnate toothed leaves and bright yellow braids of flowers (photo 17). The dandelion settles on poorly soddy soils - in the floodplains of rivers, along roadside ditches, on the slopes. Often found in forest clearings and forest edges, along the sides of forest roads. Dandelion can be fully classified as a vegetable (in Western Europe it is grown in vegetable gardens). The plant is rich in protein, sugars, calcium, phosphorus and iron compounds. All parts of it contain a very bitter milky juice. The freshest young leaves are used to make salads. The bitterness is simply eliminated if the leaves are kept in salt water for half an hour or boiled. Peeled, washed and boiled roots make food as a second course. The boiled roots can be dried, ground, and added to tortilla flour. Ground dandelion root can change tea. The dug out and peeled rhizome of the plant is first dried until milky juice is released at the break, then dried and fried. To get an amazing brew, all that remains is to finely crush it.

Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) grows in river plains, along sandy coasts, in meadows in spruce, light coniferous, birch and mixed forests. In the spring, its pale spore-bearing trunks appear from the ground, similar to densely spaced arrows with brown tips, and a month later they are replaced by greenish "fir-trees" that do not dry out until the daylight. It's weird ancient plant (photo 18) edible. Young spring spore-bearing shoots are used for food - they make a salad, cook soup, or eat them raw. You can also eat ground nuts - nodules growing on the rhizomes of horsetail - they are rich in starch, taste sweet and can be eaten raw, baked or boiled. Horsetail (herringbone) herb is rich in valuable pharmaceutical substances and has long been used in medicine. Possessing hemostatic and antiseptic qualities, the infusion (20 grams of horsetail per glass of boiling water), powder or juice of the freshest grass is used to heal festering and cut wounds. Horsetail infusion is used to rinse the larynx for sore throat and gum disease. All of the above applies only to the horsetail; other types of horsetails contain alkaloids.

Among the vast amount of grasses in the forest, there is nothing more common than burdock (Arctium tomentosum). In hollows and ditches, in the forested area, on bushy slopes to the river - everywhere you can meet this greenish bulk, sometimes exceeding human growth. The trunk is sinewy, fleshy with a reddish color. The leaves, green yards long, seem to be covered with felt on the seamy side (photo 19). In Siberia, burdock has long been considered a vegetable plant. In spring young savory leaves are boiled in soups and broths. But the main thing in burdock is a long massive root vegetable that can change carrots, parsley, parsnips. Fleshy burdock roots can be eaten raw, boiled, baked, fried, used in soups instead of potatoes, cooked from their cutlets. In the marching criteria, burdock roots are painstakingly washed, cut into slices and baked over a fire until golden brown. The freshest burdock leaves are used as compresses for joint pain and bruises.

In the spring, when the buds on the trees begin to unfold slightly in forest clearings and thickets, along the banks of rivers and in thickets of bushes, primrose stalks (Primula veris) appear, similar to bundles of golden keys. It is a long-term plant with a straight flower arrow and large, woolly, whitish, wrinkled leaves. The bright yellow corollas of flowers with five teeth are fragrant with honey. Primrose (photo 20) in some countries is bred as salad greens. Its leaves are a storehouse of ascorbic acid. It is enough to eat one leaf of a primrose to replenish the daily need for vitamin C. In early spring, the freshest leaves and flower arrows of this plant are a good insides of a vitamin salad. Soothing and diaphoretic teas are made from primrose leaves and flowers.

One of the first spring herbs is oxalis acetosella. Unsightly and imperceptibly this is a simple forest plant (photo 21). The sorrel has no stems. Fleshy green leaves in the form of a heart leave immediately from the roots. Dense thickets of this grass can often be found under the trunks of firs. It grows everywhere in shady and wet forests. Oxalis leaves contain oxalic acid and vitamin C. Along with sorrel, it is used for dressing cabbage soup and soups. Sour juice perfectly refreshes, therefore, an acidic drink is prepared from crushed sour, which perfectly quenches thirst. Sour can be put in a salad, brewed as tea, or eaten fresh. Applied to purulent wounds, boils and abscesses, crushed sour leaves or their juice have a wound-healing and antiseptic effect.

At the end of spring, in forest glades in the middle of the grass stand, it is easy to find a straight stalk with a tassel of spotted plants and oblong / flower-like leaves, also covered with spots. This is the orchis. It is clear from the Latin name that this plant is an orchid. Indeed, the first thing that appears in sight is a purple flower - a clear, reduced copy of a tropical orchid. In addition to beauty, the orchis (photo 22) has long attracted people with its juicy tuber, which is rich in starch, protein, dextrin, sugar and a whole lot of other nutrients and medicinal substances. Kissels and soups, cooked from orchis rhizomes, perfectly accumulate strength, help out from exhaustion. 40 grams of crushed tubers powder contains the daily requirement of nutrients, needed by a person... Orchis tubers, possessing enveloping qualities, are used for indigestion, dysentery and poisoning.

On wet edges, lowland and watershed meadows, grassy swamps, swampy shores of water bodies, the snake mountaineer (Polygonum bistorta) grows - a long-term herbaceous plant with the highest, up to a meter, stem; large basal leaves as long as a palm, but significantly narrower and sharper. The upper leaves are small, linear, wavy-notched, gray below. Flowers are pink, collected in a spikelet. The snake mountaineer (photo 23) is edible. Young shoots and leaves are mainly used for food, which, after removing the middle veins, can be boiled or eaten fresh or dried. The aerial part of the plant contains a significant amount of vitamin C. The rhizome of the plant is thick, curvy, resembling a cancerous neck, and is also edible. It contains a lot of starch, carotene, vitamin C, organic acids. But due to the huge amount of tannins, the rhizomes need to be soaked. Then they are dried, pounded and added to flour when baking bread and flat cakes. Knotweed root is used as a powerful astringent for acute disorders of the intestinal tract. Externally, decoctions and tinctures cure old wounds, boils and ulcers.

The very first newcomer to forest fires is Ivan tea (Chamaenerion angustifolium). It lives on forest edges, in tall-grass meadows, on clearings and slopes. This is a plant with a smooth, tall, ankle stem, on which successive leaves, cut with a net of veins, sit (photo 24). Ivan tea blooms all summer - from afar, its purple-red or purple flowers, collected in longish brushes, appear in sight. The leaves and roots of fireweed contain a huge amount of protein substances, carbohydrates, sugars, organic acids. Almost all parts of the plant can be used for food. So, young leaves taste no worse than salad. Leaves and unblown flower buds are brewed like tea. Fireweed roots can be eaten both raw and cooked like asparagus or cabbage. Flour from dried rhizomes is suitable for baking flat cakes, pancakes and making porridge. An infusion of fireweed leaves (two tablespoons of leaves, brewed with a glass of boiling water) is used as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and tonic.

Sorrel (Rumex acetosa) grows on forest edges, roadsides and wastelands. This plant (photo 25), which has long been introduced into culture and moved to vegetable gardens, is understandable to everyone - everyone has tried its sour spear-shaped leaves on long cuttings. The trunk of the plant is straight, furrowed, from time to time up to a meter high. Leaves grow from a lush root rosette. Just three weeks after the ground thaws, the sorrel leaves are ready to harvest. In addition to oxalic acid, the leaves contain a lot of protein, iron, and ascorbic acid. Sorrel is used to make soup, sour cabbage soup, salads, or eaten raw. A decoction of seeds and roots helps with indigestion and dysentery.

Another edible herb - runny (Aegopodium podagraria) - is often found in a wet shaded forest, along ravines and supports, and damp stream banks. This is one of the very first spring herbs that appears in the forest at the same time as the shoots of nettles. Runny (photo 26) from the umbrella family - the inflorescences are fixed on thin knitting needles, which spread out in circular directions as rays. At the top of the plant is the largest fist-sized umbrella. In those places where there is not enough light, the runny forms thickets, entirely consisting of leaves without flowering stems. In glades rich in sun, the plant acquires a fairly tall stem with a snow-white umbrella. Even in the heat, the leaves of the plant are covered with water droplets - this is perspiration that seeped through the water gaps in the greenish plates. Cabbage cabbage soup cooked from dream is not inferior to cabbage. Prepare young, not unfolded leaves and petioles. They also go to food and trunks, from which the skin is cut off earlier. Petioles and trunks put in a salad will give it a special taste. As a very nutritious and vitamin-rich product, wild dream greens were widely used by metropolitan canteens in the spring of 1942 and 1943. Dozens of people went to the forests near Moscow to harvest this weed. In those languid years, she helped out in winter - she was chopped and salted in advance, like cabbage. Dream soup is prepared as follows: chopped and fried petioles of dream leaves, onions, finely chopped meat are placed in a pot, poured with meat broth and put on fire. Crushed leaves of dream is added to the slightly boiled broth and boiled for another 30 minutes, and fifteen minutes before the end of cooking, add salt, pepper, bay leaf.

One of the few forest plants in which both leaves, and trunks, and rhizomes are suitable for food, is hogweed. Among our herbs, there is hardly another such giant. The most powerful ribbed, covered with bristles, the trunk of this plant sometimes reaches 2 meters in height. The trifoliate leaves of the hogweed are also unusually large, rough, woolly, cut into large pieces. No wonder the popular name of the hogweed is "bear paw". This is an ordinary inhabitant of forest edges, forest meadows, wastelands, roadsides. Its peeled trunks have a sweet, pleasant taste, somewhat reminiscent of that of a cucumber. They can be eaten raw, boiled, or fried in oil. In spring, the hogweed (photo 27) is tender, and its young leaves with a taste of carrots are also edible. All types of hogweed contain essential oils and therefore smell harsh. The cow parsnip greens are usually first scalded in order to reduce the pungent smell, and then put in the borscht or put to stew. The hogweed broth resembles chicken broth. The sweetish rhizome of the plant, containing up to 10% sugar, does not yield to garden vegetables and corn in terms of calorie content and taste. The juice of some hogweed contains furocoumarin, which can cause skin burns. Therefore, when collecting this plant, you need to be careful.

In clearings and fires, in damp and shady places, often immense areas are covered with chic fans of the bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum). Its thick brown rhizome is overgrown with filamentous roots; large pinnately compound leathery leaves emerge from the top of the rhizome (photo 28). The bracken differs from other ferns in that the bags with spores are placed under the curled edges of the leaves. As a food product, bracken is widely used in Siberia and the Far East. Its young shoots and leaves are boiled in large amounts of salt water and thoroughly washed to remove all scales from the leaves. Bracken shoots soup tastes like mushroom soup.

Rhubarb (Rheum) is another inhabitant of the forest, which has passed over and cultivated in the gardens. In rhubarb, from the underground shoot (rhizomes), long-petiolate leaves with more or less wavy plates are collected in a rosette. It grows on forest edges, along streams and rivers, on the slopes of hills (photo 29). They eat fleshy leafy cuttings, which, having peeled off the skin, can be eaten raw, boiled or prepared from them to compote, fruit drink. In the UK, rhubarb is used as a soup.

Dense thickets of cattail (Typha angustifolia) can be found in the water along the banks of rivers, marshes and lakes. Its black-brown inflorescences, reminiscent of a ramrod on long, almost leafless stems, cannot be confused with anything (photo 30). Fleshy rhizomes containing starch, proteins and sugar are usually consumed in food. They can be cooked or baked. Pancakes, flat cakes, porridge are baked from dried and ground cattail roots. To make flour, the rhizomes are cut into small slices, dried in the sun until they break with a dry crack, after which they can be ground. Young spring shoots, rich in starch and sugar, are eaten raw, boiled or fried. When cooked, cattail shoots taste very much like asparagus. The yellow-brown pollen of flowers, mixed with water to a mushy state, can be used to bake small loaves.

One of the most beautiful plants forests - snow-white water lily (Nymphaea candida). It grows in quiet waters, on stagnant and slowly flowing waters. The leaves of the water lily are large, their upper side is greenish, the lower one is purple (photo 31). Its highly developed rhizome is eaten boiled or baked. The roots are also suitable for making flour. In this case, they are cleaned, divided into narrow strips, cut into centimeter-long pieces and dried in the sun, and then pounded on stones. To remove tannins from the purchased flour, it is poured with water for four to five hours, draining the water a couple of times and replacing it with the freshest. After that, the flour is sprinkled in a narrow layer on paper or fabric and dried.

Another inhabitant of water bodies is also edible - chilim, or water nut (Tgara natans). It is an aqua plant with large green leaves, very similar to those of currants. Longish thin trunks stretch from the leaves to the very bottom (photo 32). If you lift them, then under the leaves on the stem you can see small blackish boxes with five thorns. Chillim is similar in size and taste to chestnuts. The local population sometimes picks it up in sacks in autumn. In some countries, the water nut (Tgara bicornis) is widely cultivated. Chilim can be eaten raw, boiled in salted water, baked in ash, like potatoes, and made into soup. Bread is baked from a nut ground into flour. The boiled fruits of this plant are sold everywhere in China.

Calla palustris has long been called the marsh breadbasket. This remarkable swamp dweller is not tall and, being a relative of exotic callas, has many similarities with them. “Leaves on long stalks - flush with the stem. Any plate is wide, pointed, with a contour like a heart, sparkles with lacquered green ... But first, this plant stands out with an ear, in which small flowers are collected. Such ears whiten with a stearin candle in the middle of thickets of marsh grasses. One and a half, or even three centimeters, an ear of calla rises, exposing the coverlet - the covering leaf forward. This leaf is fleshy, pointed, white on the inside and greenish on the outside, ”- such a description of calla (photo 33) is given by A.N. Strizhev and L.V. Garibova. All parts of the plant and in particular the rhizome are poisonous. Therefore, before eating, the calla root is cut into small slices, dried, ground, and the resulting flour is boiled. Then the water is drained, and the thick is dried again. After such processing, calla root flour loses its bitterness and toxic characteristics and can be completely used for baking bread. The white calla bread is fluffy and moist.

Along the banks of rivers and lakes, in swampy meadows, the susak grows, nicknamed the wild bread. The adult plant is large - up to one and a half meters in height, usually lives in water (photo 34). On its straight, standing stem, umbrellas of white-pink or greenish flowers stick out in all directions. There are no leaves on the stem, and therefore the flowers are especially noticeable. Triangular leaves of the susak are very narrow, longish, straight. They are collected in a bunch and rise from the very base of the stem. The thick, fleshy rhizomes are edible. Once peeled, they are baked, fried, or boiled like potatoes. The flour obtained from the dried rhizome is suitable for baking bread. Rhizomes contain not only starch, but a lot of protein and even a certain amount of fat. So, in terms of nutritional value, it is even better than ordinary bread.

Blueberry

Taiga berry is a small shrub. The berries and leaves of blueberries are used in folk medicine. It grows in the taiga zone, in swamps. The berries have a pleasant, sweet taste. They are used in the treatment of eyes, gastrointestinal tract, etc. Bilberry fixes, it is used for diarrhea, with an excess, it causes constipation.

Strawberry

It is found in almost any forest - pine or mixed, loves meadows. Strawberries are considered one of the most delicious forest berries, due to this, the average person can consume a very large number of berries at a time, forgetting about what he collected for the future. Strawberries contain many nutrients, vitamins, acids and trace elements. It is used to treat atherosclerosis, neurasthenia, insomnia and hypertension, as well as in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Lingonberry

Lingonberry grows in peat bogs, as well as in dry forests with a predominance of various vegetation. Berries are widely used in food, from which jam is made or eaten fresh. Lingonberries, like cranberries, never spoil due to the content of a natural preservative - benzoic acid, an analogue of which (sodium benzoate) is used in the food industry. In medicine, lingonberry leaves are used, and they are also brewed and obtained a wonderful drink. Lingonberry is used for kidney diseases, diabetes, rheumatism, tuberculosis and high blood pressure.

Cranberry

Cranberries grow in swamps everywhere. Usually, where there are cranberries, there are sphagnum thickets. Even the photo shows this friendship between the moss Sfagnum and the taxon Cranberry. Chemical composition This berry is diverse, contains a large amount of various acids, which is felt by its sour taste. Just like lingonberries, they contain benzoic acid and never spoil. The photo shows already ripe cranberries, dark in color, it tastes the least sour. Cranberries are full of vitamins and minerals - they are just a storehouse of useful substances. It removes radionucleides, which is extremely important for a city dweller. Portal to Free Will! recommends this wonderful berry to you!

Blueberry

It grows throughout the northern hemisphere. Likes to grow in mountainous areas, on the border of taiga and tundra. It is easier to find this berry in the mountain tundra than in the low-lying forest. The berries are similar to blueberries. The antioxidants in blueberries are said to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Berries strengthen the walls of blood vessels, normalize the functioning of the digestive system and heart. With regular use, the berries relieve eye strain and help restore vision.

Vodyanika (Shiksha)

Many of you will say: "What kind of crowberry is this?" But such a berry! It grows mainly on the border of the forest and the tundra, at least, I met her only in such a zone. Also grows in swamps. It tastes watery, which justifies its name. Crowberry contains various nutrients, vitamin C, carotene, sugar and manganese.

Rosehip

Another wonderful taiga product. Grows everywhere in the taiga forest. Contains a large amount of vitamin C, also carotene, vitamins P, B1, B, K, E and trace elements. Rose hips are ready to eat in the fall, from September to October. But even with the first frost, they can also be eaten, only they will taste dryish, overripe. In folk medicine, rosehip tea is used, as well as vapor, water infusion and alcohol tincture for scarlet fever, typhoid, tuberculosis, kidney inflammation, diseases of the intestines, liver, stomach.

Raspberry

It is also one of our popular and beloved wild berries. It grows mainly in mixed or pine forests. And also in your garden) Raspberries are a very tenacious shrub, growing, occupying the entire undergrowth of a mixed forest. Raspberries contain vitamins C, A, B, sugar, acids. The seeds contain ~ 20% fatty oil. Raspberries are used to treat colds and flu. After you have eaten raspberries to the dump, do not be in a draft, otherwise you can be easily blown through, since raspberries are a diaphoretic.

Black currant

Another berry that grows, first of all, in every gardener in the garden. But it can also be found in the wild, in the taiga zone, but rarely, since it does not like acidic soil. Currants have diaphoretic, diuretic properties, and just like rose hips, they contain a large amount of vitamin C. As well as other useful substances that I don't want to list. And what to list them - you need to take and eat! Personally, among other things, I also like to make tea leaves. The result is a very aromatic forest tea. In medicine, currant berries are used to treat the gastrointestinal tract, ulcers, gastritis.

Cloudberry

Honestly, I haven't tried it even once. Probably because it grows mainly in mountainous regions and in the northern hemisphere, in the tundra. For example, in Yamal, beyond the Arctic Circle. It can also be seen in sphagnum bogs. Contains sugars, proteins, acids and vitamins. Contains a lot of potassium, phosphorus, iron, cobalt, anthocyanins, tannins and pectin substances. Cloudberry is used in dietary and medical nutrition, for the treatment of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases, burns and skin diseases, in case of poisoning heavy metalsas an antifebrile agent. Cloudberries have antimicrobial, diaphoretic, antispasmodic effects. In terms of provitamin A content, cloudberries are superior to carrots.

Fruits and leaves in the form of infusion are taken in folk medicine as a diuretic, for gastritis with low acidity, malignant tumors. Cloudberry roots are used as a diuretic, for kidney disease, vitamin deficiency, metabolic disorders, colds and malaria. Cloudberry juice is applied to areas of the skin affected by scabies. Cloudberry is effective in healing non-healing wounds. In this case, berries and other parts of the plant are used: leaves, roots, sepals.

Mosses and lichens

Sphagnum

In my opinion, the most popular type of moss in the taiga forest. Its presence indicates a swampy soil. By the way, peat is formed from sphagnum. Sphagnum is very hygroscopic and is almost entirely water. It is widely used in construction, plugging the cracks between the logs with it. It prevents decay due to the preservatives it contains. During the two world wars, soldiers, in the absence of medicines, used sphagnum as a bandage that promotes rapid healing of wounds.

Kukushkin flax

Another representative of mosses. In Russia, it is found in the northern and middle zone, mainly in forest areas. Grows in damp taiga forests, wet meadows and swamps.

Reindeer moss

Yagel, or white moss, is edible. It is also called deer moss due to the fact that it is eaten by reindeer. Yagel is not afraid of any frost and contains ustinic acid, which has antibacterial properties. The indigenous peoples of the north put raw meat in the moss, which does not spoil in it for many days. Moss has a high nutritional value: 1 part of moss replaces 3 parts of potatoes. Therefore, it can be eaten even by humans.

What plants live in the forest. Survival school: Edible plants, or what you can eat in the forest. Coniferous forest vegetation

Blueberry

Strawberry

Lingonberry

Cranberry

Blueberry

Vodyanika (Shiksha)

Rosehip

Raspberry

Black currant

Cloudberry

Mosses and lichens

Sphagnum

Kukushkin flax

Reindeer moss

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How to heat a room in the absence of electricity?

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How to build a garden house with your own hands

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What plants live in the forest. Survival school: Edible plants, or what you can eat in the forest. Coniferous forest vegetation

Blueberry

Strawberry

Lingonberry

Cranberry

Blueberry

Vodyanika (Shiksha)

Rosehip

Raspberry

Black currant

Cloudberry

Mosses and lichens

Sphagnum

Kukushkin flax

Reindeer moss

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