In Soviet times, furniture was harmful to health. Hazardous materials that are part of our furniture. The influence of furniture on health. Symptoms of acute and chronic formaldehyde poisoning

Today on the site "To whom over 30" we will talk about the impact of furniture on human health. The thing is that it is not only an important element of the interior, but source of danger... Harmful furniture can cause various ailments for family members.

Today, find an apartment or a house in which all the furniture would be made of natural wood is extremely difficult. And all because only people with high income can buy it. Alternatively, the interior is usually filled with furniture made of chipboard, cheaper and more affordable.

It is precisely such furniture that is harmful, or to be more precise, the problem is hidden in its plywood and wood paneling... To glue individual pieces of furniture made of chipboard, use formaldehyde resins... Formaldehyde begins to be released during the operation of furniture and, thus, has an effect on the human body.

There is an opinion that only recently purchased furniture... This is partly true, but this does not mean that after a couple of months, it will stop emitting formaldehyde. You will still breathe it, the only thing is that its concentration will decrease somewhat.

Warning signs of poisoning

Harmful furniture, especially if it was made by low-quality manufacturers who save on everything they can, can disturb the state of health all family members. By itself formaldehydea powerful enough substance that irritates the eyes, skin and upper respiratory tract. Long-term inhalation of it can provoke the development of cancer, asthma, depression, lead to headaches and insomnia.

To understand how harmful your furniture is, the site advises you to pay attention to its following symptoms:

• You and other family members very often complain of headaches;
• Your family has a dry cough from time to time;
• Your mood changes for no reason, usually it is bad and dreary;
• You and other family members feel much better after airing the apartment;
• Symptoms described above do not appear if you and your family live in another place for several days and have no contact with harmful furniture;
• With the beginning of the heating season, your well-being deteriorates sharply(during the heating season, the concentration of toxic substances usually increases).

If you really began to notice an incomprehensible change in mood or a deterioration in general well-being, this already largely indicates that harmful furniture is the culprit of all troubles.

Harmful furniture: how to deal with it

Based on statistical data, then formaldehyde level in the air should not exceed 0.04-0.06 ppm, although in most apartment interiors this indicator is significantly overestimated and amounts to 0.07-0.09 ppm.

To find out what level of formaldehyde is in your apartment, you need to contact an expert organization for help. True, their service will cost money, and a lot. In the meantime, you are still wondering whether to summon or not, try to do something yourself.

Of course, you are unlikely to have a desire to get rid of harmful furniture, because you have just bought it or you simply do not have the means that will allow buy natural wood furniture... Then one thing remains, use the following tips:

• Find some free time and inspect all furniture - beds, bedside tables, wardrobes, shelves. If you notice cracks or scratches on its surface, cover them with PVA glue or furniture varnish. This will prevent the release of harmful toxins.
• Beds, chairs, tables, sofas made of chipboard cover with some material... For example, you can put a beautiful bedspread on the sofa, and the chairs can be covered with cotton material.
• Make sure that harmful chipboard pieces of furniture are at a decent distance from each other. Accumulation of such furniture in one place increases the concentration of toxic substances in the atmosphere of your home.
• As often as possible ventilate the premiseswhere the furniture is made of chipboard. This will prevent your family from inhaling too much formaldehyde.
• It will be better if harmful furniture does not stand in the children's room. Better to spend more, but buy good natural wood furniture for children.

Let's make a conclusion

Now it became clear to you what harmful furniture is. Of course, to find furniture that would completely safe, almost impossible. And, nevertheless, if you have the opportunity, then, without hesitation, buy furniture from natural materials.

Still, whatever one may say, but concentration harmful substances it is more or less close to the norm. Otherwise, follow the recommendations described above.

Furniture production includes operations, in which the employee exposes his health to harmful factors. These are works performed by profession:

Typesetter facing materials for furniture employed in works using synthetic adhesives containing phenol, formaldehyde, formalin and urea;

· A veneer of furniture parts, engaged in veneering parts in hydraulic presses using synthetic adhesives;

· Preparer for padding and flooring materials, working with polyurethane foam and other synthetic padding materials;

· Operator for the manufacture of glue thread;

· Manufacturer of products from foaming materials;

· Operator of drying plants, engaged in drying stuffing materials;

· Workers engaged in soldering, gluing, welding of products from PVC film.

Therefore, such workers employed in difficult and hazardous industries, labor legislation provides certain benefits and compensation. These include various types of additional cash payments, additional vacations, the provision of free meals, overalls, and so on.

The list of industries, workshops, professions and positions with harmful working conditions, giving the right to additional leave, and approved by the Resolution of the USSR State Committee for Labor, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions Presidium of October 25, 1974 No. 298 / P-22. Decree of the USSR State Committee for Labor, All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions of November 21, 1975, No. 273 / P-20, approved instructions on the procedure for applying the list of production workshops, professions and positions with harmful working conditions, work in which gives the right to additional leave and a shorter working day.

In accordance with Article 146 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, remuneration for workers engaged in heavy work, work with harmful, hazardous and other special working conditions is made at an increased rate.

In accordance with article 147 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the remuneration of workers engaged in heavy work, work with harmful and (or) hazardous and other special working conditions is set at an increased rate compared to tariff rates, salaries (official salaries) established for different types work with normal working conditions, but not lower than the size established by labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms.

The minimum wage increase for workers engaged in heavy work, work with harmful and (or) dangerous and other special working conditions, and the conditions for the increase are established in the manner determined by the Government Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian tripartite commission for the regulation of social and labor relations.

Article 219 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation determines that the amount of compensation to workers engaged in heavy work, work with harmful and (or) hazardous working conditions, and the conditions for their provision are established in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian tripartite commission on regulation of social labor relations.

Until the Government has established the amount of compensation, production organizations have the right to be guided by the sectoral lists of the specified works, approved by the Resolutions of the USSR State Committee for Labor and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

The standard regulation on the assessment of working conditions at workplaces and the procedure for the application of sectoral lists of work on which additional payments to workers for working conditions can be established was approved by the Decree of the USSR State Committee of Labor and the Secretariat of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions of the USSR No. 387 / 22-78 dated October 3, 1986 assessment of working conditions at workplaces and the procedure for applying industry-specific lists of jobs on which additional payments to workers for working conditions may be established. "

Increased or additional compensation for work on heavy work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions can be established by a collective agreement, a normative act, taking into account the financial and economic situation of the employer (Article 219 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

The specific amounts of additional payments are determined on the basis of certification of workplaces and an assessment of working conditions in them in accordance with the Model Regulations approved by Resolution No. 387 / 22-78.

Note!

With regard to the taxation of personal income tax and UST of these amounts, we note the following. Thus, employees of the financial department believe that if an organization makes an additional payment to employees for difficult and harmful working conditions, then such payments increase the amount of remuneration for workers employed in jobs with harmful working conditions, as provided for in Article 147 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, that is, they are equal to amounts for wages. Therefore, the calculation of personal income tax and UST is carried out in the usual manner (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 24, 2006 No. 03-05-02-04 / 166).

Employees associated with difficult and harmful working conditions in accordance with the provisions of Article 117 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation are provided with additional holidays annually.

Note that Resolution No. 298 / P-22 contains a list of workers engaged in the manufacture of furniture, who are granted additional leave.

Furniture production belongs to the woodworking industry. An employee engaged in hazardous production, depending on the profession, may be granted an additional leave of 6 to 18 days.

In accordance with article 116 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, annual additional paid vacations are granted to employees employed in jobs with harmful and (or) hazardous working conditions, employees with a special nature of work, employees with irregular working hours, employees working in the Far North and equated to localities, as well as in other cases provided for by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and other federal laws.

Article 117 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation defines the procedure for granting an additional annual leave to employees engaged in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions.

Article 120 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation establishes that additional (however, as well as basic) vacations are calculated in calendar days. In the Resolution No. 298 / P-22, the number of days is set in working days. To get rid of this "discrepancy", the organization should indicate in the collective agreement how many calendar days correspond to working days.

For more details on the issues related to the accrual of "vacation" and the procedure for their payment, you can find in the book of the authors of JSC "BKR INTERCOM-AUDIT" "Vacation".

Payment for additional leave for the purpose of taxation of profits in accordance with clause 7 of Article 255 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation is included in labor costs. It should be borne in mind that for the purposes of Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the costs of additional vacation can be taken into account in taxation only if the vacation provided to the employee by the employer does not exceed the period provided for in Resolution No. 298 / P-22. If the duration of the additional vacation exceeds the specified norms, then the employing organization should include the payment of "extra-standard" days as expenses that do not reduce taxable profit (clause 24 of Article 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Employees of the financial department adhere to a similar position (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 20, 2006 No. 03-03-04 / 1/846).

When concluding with an employee, the employer bears certain obligations in relation to this employee, that is, he must ensure safe working conditions and labor protection. One of these responsibilities is to provide the employee with special clothing and personal protective equipment. According to article 212 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the employer is obliged to ensure the purchase and issuance of certified special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment, washing and neutralizing agents, in accordance with the established standards, to employees engaged in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions. , as well as work performed in special temperature conditions or pollution related.

The rules for providing workers with special equipment were approved by Resolution No. 51.

Lists of professions, names and norms of the issued workwear are established by the following documents:

Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of December 16, 1997 No. 63 "On the approval of standard industry norms for the free issue of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment to workers";

Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of December 25, 1997 No. 66 "On the approval of standard industry norms for the free issue of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment to employees";

Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of December 29, 1997 No. 68 "On the approval of standard industry norms for the free distribution of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment to employees";

Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation No. 69 of December 30, 1997 "On Approval of Standard Norms for Free Distribution of Special Clothing, Special Footwear and Other Personal Protective Equipment to Employees of Cross-cutting Professions and Positions in All Sectors of the Economy";

Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of July 22, 1999 No. 26 "On the approval of standard industry norms for the free distribution of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment to workers in chemical industries";

Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of August 30, 2000 No. 63 "On the approval of standard industry norms for the free distribution of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment to bank employees";

A number of other regulatory documents.

Note!

The provision by the employer of free overalls and shoes and other personal protective equipment, washing and disinfecting agents, is precisely compensation payments related to the performance of the employee's work duties. And the amounts of compensation payments in accordance with the tax legislation of the Russian Federation are not subject to personal income tax (article 217 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) and UST (article 238 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated April 18, 2006 No. 03-05-01-04 / 91) ...

In addition, in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 10 Federal law dated December 15, 2001 No. 167-FZ "On compulsory pension insurance in the Russian Federation", these amounts are not charged on compulsory pension insurance.

More details with questions regardingaccounting and taxation in organizations engaged in the production of furniture, as well as in organizations selling products furniture production, You can familiarize yourself in the book of the authors of JSC "BKR-INTERCOM-AUDIT" "Furniture from production to disposal".

Today, furniture made from particle board (chipboard) is still popular. This is a fairly cheap material, which, however, can significantly damage human health. Manufacturers of such furniture claim that the harm of chipboard has not been proven, that these are all just words. They claim that such a myth is being dispelled by their competitors, who produce furniture from wood and lose customers.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized chipboard as a carcinogenic material back in 1985. Therefore, many European furniture companies have abandoned the use of chipboard in their production. In 1996, an order was issued in Moscow to restrict the use of chipboard in the construction of kindergartens.

What is the danger of chipboard for our health?

Chipboards are compressed sawdust bonded with resin. And it contains a poisonous compound - formaldehyde. One of its main chemical properties - volatility. Therefore, furniture made from chipboard is just a storehouse of dangerous gas that can be released for more than 10 years. A single exposure to formaldehyde on the human body is unlikely to lead to serious consequences, but furniture will not stand in your home for a week or a month. At least a few years. Science warns: formaldehyde negatively affects genetic material, the reproductive system, the respiratory tract, eyes and skin, as well as the central nervous system.

If we haven't convinced you yet, let's move on to mathematics. Experts considered that when measuring the level of formaldehyde in ordinary apartments, the result exceeds the norm by 1.5-25 times!

By the way, fibreboards (Fibreboard) also have formaldehyde.

When using chipboard and fiberboard in children's rooms, it is imperative to take care of the laminate, which blocks the release of formaldehyde into the air.

There are several types of protective coating:

1. Melamine (laminated chipboard)
   This is a paper covering, on which varnish is also applied.
2. Laminate (laminated chipboard).
   It's plastic. Made to resemble wood and other natural materials.

The protective properties of the coating will wear off if it is damaged. Therefore, the buyer should carefully consider the purchased item. When buying chipboard furniture, take a closer look at the edges and corners (it is at these points that the coating plates join).

But if you have already purchased furniture from chipboard and are very worried, we will reassure you only by giving you a few of its advantages. One of them is water resistance. Therefore, chipboard is used in the production of kitchens. Chipboard can be painted and processed in every way. They do not respond well to insects. However, let's get back to our topic.

What to do with low-quality chipboard?

A pronounced sign of formaldehyde is a characteristic smell. If the furniture you buy exudes a pleasant aroma, it's bad. First, the suffocating odor quickly becomes boring. Secondly, by deliberately keeping such furniture in the house, you are slowly killing yourself. But, as a rule, after a week, the "flavor" disappears. Sometimes it doesn't. Then return the furniture to the seller immediately.

However, sellers are not always willing to meet dissatisfied customers. Therefore, we remind you: save cashier's check and a purchase certificate for furniture. This can help you if you have problems with the return of defective goods.

Harmful substances are released from the chipboard and when heated. Therefore, it is more expedient to replace such material with a more expensive one - finely dispersed fraction (MDF). No resin is used in its manufacture. The fraction is glued with the help of lignin (released when the wood is heated. And this natural substance is completely harmless.

Finally, let us note: whatever the manufacturers of chipboard and fiberboard say, wood products are much nicer and safer, albeit at times more expensive. But health is priceless. As for dangerous emissions, even without formaldehyde, there are enough forced hazardous chemical compounds in our life.

So claims author of the book "Harmful goods" Leonid Rudnitskywho has researched hundreds of the most common products we use every day. It turned out that dishes, clothes, household chemicals - yes, practically everything that surrounds us - can harm our health. Including home furniture.

How to determine the quality of furniture at home and protect yourself and your children? L. Rudnitsky tried to answer this question in one of the chapters of his book:

The furniture that surrounds us and the air that it poisons

Furniture surrounds us always and everywhere, it has become such an integral part of the life of the majority of the planet's inhabitants that we no longer even think about what, in fact, we sit, lie on, what we save money, from which, loving, we wipe the dust ... The armchair for relaxation looks comfortable: a wide seat with cozy upholstery, the back rest comfortably leans back, beckoning and bewitching, promising peace, rest, nirvana. The armrests are slightly rounded so that it is pleasant to put your hands on them. There is even a footstool that you can slide up to the chair. It would seem that nothing is capable of disturbing our peace, and on the contrary - to give rest to the weary members, the opportunity to take a nap and get up vigorous and healthy, ready for new achievements.

But it was not there. Our furniture is often fraught with an unconscious danger. The release of materials from which some furniture samples are made can cause persistent poisoning, comparable to the effect of carcinogenic toxins in car exhaust gases. If the material is solid, then the delights of furniture designers who are poorly familiar with ergonomics, which make furniture fragile and unreliable, can really hurt you.

Allergenicity is suspected by experts in many furniture models assembled in China. The secret of frequent allergies among the owners of such furniture is that manufacturers often use an anti-mold agent to protect the chairs from moisture. In itself, a completely ordinary event, but the danger to the health of users has been repeatedly proven by doctors.

If you thought that sitting not on a chair or sofa, but on the floor in order to avoid contact with harmful substances, is a way out of an alarming situation, then I have to disappoint you. Not an option, at least if it is a PVC floor.

PVC stands for Polyvinyl Chloride, and it is one of the most questionable synthetic materials. Perhaps you are perplexed - they say, who is laying the synthetic floor of the house, wanting to spread the dubious charm of the office in their own apartment?

In vain, because every fifth of us does it! Statistics show that the market share of PVC flooring is 20%.

PVC is hardly suitable for a living room, simply because it is not comfortable enough with it. But in the kitchen, in the hallway, in the bathroom and even in some children's rooms, the floor is made of PVC. After all, it is easy to care for, it is waterproof and very durable. In addition, types of design have appeared that can make such a floor quite acceptable.

Unfortunately, such coverage cannot be recommended for any room. Some time ago the ecological magazine "Oko-Test" informed the readers about it, which more closely examined 14 types of PVC floors. The unambiguous result of the test is disastrous.

The testing laboratories criticized the plasticizers used in the material. They are necessary in order to create a flexible synthetic mass from a difficult-to-flow, brittle material that can be rolled out and laid.

Phthalate compounds are predominantly used in floor coverings, especially DINP (diisononyl phthalate) and DIDP (diisodecyl phthalate) plasticizing compounds. They make up 10 to 30% of the material. But they, like the long-used plasticizer DEHP (diethylhexyl phthalate), are prohibited as plasticizers for toys for children under 3 years old.

However, PVC floors are not considered a place for children to play, which means they are not banned. At the same time, about small children who crawl along floor coverings made of PVC and even sometimes lick it or bite off the corners, no one thinks. The result is childhood asthma from crawling on the floor. But no one will ever write you such a diagnosis.

How to navigate the market of the proposed modern goods for the home, for the family? First and foremost, turn on your natural common sense. I'll tell you about the rest now.

Let's start with the aesthetic perception of furniture and its proven influence on maintaining human health and, therefore, peace in the family.

It may seem to a person that he does not react to color in any way, but his eye is not in vain adapted by nature to catch the slightest color shades (up to 1.5 million tones) and react in a certain way to them. The subconscious of a person and his genetic memory record all color information. Therefore, being in a certain color scheme can imperceptibly influence and guide our emotions and actions.

Unfavorable colors for furniture are:

Blue - creates a feeling of coldness and discomfort;

Brown (including wood trim) - causes melancholy, leads to the development of depression;

Gray - evokes sadness and despondency;

Red - creates nervous tension, leading to hypertension;

Black and purple - significantly reduce space, which can be harmful to the psyche of people suffering from claustrophobia.

All this affects the human psyche, calming it down or, conversely, destroying the nervous system. Choosing the right color range surrounding furniture and interiors of the house, it is quite possible to create this or that psychological aura in the house. The weather in the house, about which my favorite singer sang so well.

Chipboard furniture

Chipboards (chipboards), from which furniture is made, are pressed in conditions high temperature and strong pressure. At the same time, artificial (urea-formaldehyde or phenol-formaldehyde) resins are added to small wood chips as a binder.

After pressing, the chipboards are covered with films made of thermosetting polymers. Highly active substances such as formaldehydes, phenols, phthalates and polymers emitted from particle boards are very harmful to human health. Their presence is easily identified by an unpleasant odor.

Unfortunately for us, nowadays most of the furniture is made from chipboard, for which manufacturers have their own reasons. But should we buy chipboard furniture?

If only because the formaldehyde contained in them is a highly toxic allergenic substance, which, getting into the air on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, can cause bronchitis, laryngitis, pneumonia, not counting the "little things": eye irritation, runny nose and cough, addictive, turning into chronic.

WHO has officially declared formaldehyde a carcinogen, since it has been unequivocally established that the substance can actually cause cancer. In addition, under the influence of formaldehyde, degenerative changes in the liver, kidneys, heart and brain develop.

Exposure to phenol and formaldehyde is also dangerous for its long-term effects, those that appear after a long time and, which is especially scary, can be passed on to future generations. What to do if you still have to buy furniture from chipboard?

Firstly, it is not recommended to use chipboard to mask batteries in an apartment (which is very often done for decorative purposes), since the release of harmful substances into the air increases under the influence of heat. Also, do not use chipboard for floor insulation, if, moreover, the plates are bare and not covered with anything on top.

Secondly, it should be remembered that chipboards are divided into three classes in terms of the content of free (that is, having the ability to stand out from furniture) formaldehyde:

E1 class (up to 10 mg per 100 g dry plate);

E2 class (10-20 mg);

Class E3 (30-60 mg).

To protect yourself from the harmful effects of formaldehyde and other highly active substances, when buying furniture, you need to require documents (hygienic certificate) indicating the safety of the product, and also pay attention to the quality of the finish - whether the end surfaces of the panels are well painted or veneered (laminate) and hidden cavity.

Laminate is a special film used to cover wood or chipboard. The film itself is harmless. The glue and mastic that hold the laminate are dangerous.

Poorly processed edges and chips of chipboard are also dangerous. These areas must be isolated.

More progressive in comparison with chipboard is MDF - a high-quality and more expensive furniture material made by hot pressing wood dust without the use of toxic binders.

Harmful substances can be released from furniture for a long time, moreover, according to some experts, furniture over time begins to emit harmful substances even more, as the resins begin to decompose.

It should also be noted that in the event of a fire, burning chipboard (like fiberboard, plywood, etc.) emits huge amounts of formaldehyde into the air, which can lead to immediate poisoning.

Chipboards used in furniture production must be veneered, laminated and protected with PVC.

Furniture for children should be made only of chipboard with formaldehyde emission class E1, the concentration of volatile substances of which is 3 times lower than the maximum permissible standards.

the site thanks the publishing house "Peter" for the excerpt provided.

Harmful production factors of furniture production in accordance with GOST 12.0.003-74 are shown in table 39.

Table 39 - Harmful production factors of furniture production

Factor name	MPC or remote control	Duration of action per shift
Physical
1 Increased level of gas content: isocyanate butyl acetate cyclohexanone methyl ethyl ketone 2 Increased level of dustiness: wood dust paint dust 3 Insufficient illumination 4 Unsatisfactory meteorological conditions: in the cold season during the warm season	t from 15 to 71 ° С W no more than 75% Vv not more than 0.4 m / s t from 16 to 27 ° С W not more than 70% Vv from 0.2 to 0.3 m / s
Chemical
1 Irritant effect of solvents
Psychophysiological
1 Stressful situations 2 Monotony of labor 3 Physical overload 4 Overvoltage analyzers 5 Mental overload	Depending on the individual capabilities of employees

Industrial sanitation measures

Respiratory protection. Control over the content of harmful substances in the air working area should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005-88, GN 2.25.686-98.

To reduce dust content, the following measures are proposed:

Installation of exhaust ventilation receivers ( exhaust hoods) above the equipment;

Cleaning with a wet method that does not allow dusting, at least once a shift;

Periodic cleaning of windows, walls, ceilings, heating devices, equipment from settled dust using vacuum mobile dust collection systems;

The use of personal protective equipment: respirators, dust masks "Petal", "Astra", universal respirators against gas vapors and dust RU-60, F-46, SHF-2, workwear.

Eye protection. In accordance with SNiP 23-05-95, the category of visual work in furniture shop determined by the average accuracy of the IV century. With this category of visual work with a combined lighting system, the illumination is 400 lux, including 200 lux from the general illumination.

In accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.019-79, the luminaires in the finishing areas must be explosion-proof.

To protect the eyes from the harmful effects of gases, vapors, dust, it is recommended to use sealed glasses with a rubber half mask.

Protecting the body of workers from thermal imbalance. The category of work in the furniture shop is defined as medium severity 2b. For this category of work in accordance with GOST 12.1.005-88, the permissible and optimal microclimate conditions are shown in table 40.

Table 40 - Permissible and optimal microclimate conditions

To comply with the actual indicators with the normative, a centralized water heating... To prevent air cooling in the workshops, air thermal curtains... Also, normal working conditions are ensured by a properly working general exchange supply and exhaust ventilation.

Rational organization of work and rest. The company has an eight-hour working day. To reduce the severity of work and improve working conditions, every two hours of work, ten minute breaks and one hour of lunch are provided.