During puberty and Puberty of girls. Signs of puberty in girls, or what happens in the body

In order to get a rich harvest of apples, it is necessary to timely introduce all the necessary nutrients into the soil in which the fruit tree grows. And for this you need to clearly understand during the ripening of the fruit.

During fruit ripening The apple tree is in dire need of nourishment., as it spends all its nutrients on the formation of the future crop.

Summer is the most responsible time of the year when you need to take care of your fruit trees, providing them with the necessary nutrients to ripen a delicious harvest.

Majority experienced gardeners their fruit trees in order to increase the number and, most importantly, the quality of the taste properties of the future harvest.

If in the spring, 2 top dressing of apple trees is carried out at the very beginning of flowering (for which the root method of introducing nutrients is used. For this, up to 5 buckets of last year's humus are introduced into the soil along the near-trunk circle of the fruit tree), then from the second half for the third time, since it enters the phase of fruit formation.

Summer feeding is carried out in order to so that fruits can get the optimal amount of essential minerals, which in the future have a direct impact on the taste of apples and their quantity.

On a note! For summer feeding of apple trees, you can use a solution of mullein or bird droppings.

To prepare the solution you need:

1. Prepare a container, it is best to use a two-hundred-liter barrel;
2. Fill the barrel with water;
3. Dissolve half a ten-liter bucket of fresh slurry or bird droppings in water.

One two-hundred-liter barrel of the prepared solution is enough to feed 5 adult fruit trees.

Feeding must be done in the evening or morning time of the day. in order to protect nutrients from premature evaporation.

Feeding progress:

1. Initially, it is necessary to shed the trunk circle of the apple tree with a bucket of water;
2. Then, at a distance of half a meter from the trunk of the tree, introduce the prepared feeding solution;
3. After the introduction of nutrients for the apple tree, the entire near-stem circle should be shed with another bucket of water.

This method of introducing top dressing will allow to deliver trace elements as quickly as possible and nutrients into the root system of the fruit tree, thereby replenishing the nutrient supply of the apple tree.

Types of fertilizers for feeding apple trees

Top dressing of apple trees during the period of apple filling includes saturation of the fruit tree with the following types of fertilizers:

• Mineral fertilizers - most often used for spraying the crown of a tree is potassium phosphate;
• sodium mixture;
• Nitrogen-containing top dressing - more often a solution of urea or ammonium sulfate is used.

At first summer period apple trees need minerals. Therefore, it is recommended to feed apple trees with fertilizers containing phosphorus and potassium in their composition in early June.

To do this, dilute potassium sulfate with water in a ratio of 1 tablespoon per ten-liter bucket of water. With this solution, it is necessary to spray the entire crown of the tree so that the leaves are processed on both sides.

All the necessary nutrients will be absorbed in a very short time, in just a couple of days. It is best to spray the apple tree either early in the morning or in the evening, when the sun is already at sunset.

mineral fertilizers.
Nitrophoska.
Ammonium sulfate.

How to feed an apple tree in the summer during fruiting after applying mineral fertilizers?

After a couple of weeks, you can feed the apple tree with nitrogen-containing fertilizers, which contribute to the development of new shoots, the early formation of fruits and make the crown of the fruit tree more lush and beautiful.

For this, a urea solution is most often used. With this solution, you can feed the apple tree in two ways:

• If the summer turned out to be very hot and dry, then it is better to add a solution of urea by spraying the crown of the tree;
• If the summer is rainy, then the most effective will be the application of fertilizer through the root system of the fruit tree, for this you just need to shed fertilizer on the near-stem circle of the apple tree.

Important! Before fertilizing the apple tree with urea, it is recommended to test the concentration of the prepared solution and its digestibility by the tree.

How not to harm the apple tree when feeding with urea during fruiting?

To do this, spray one branch of the apple tree with prepared fertilizer and wait a few days. If the leaves on the branch do not change color and look healthy, then you can spray the entire apple tree.

If the leaves change color and look burnt, then reduce the concentration of the solution. This test is also recommended before the root method of fertilizing during the fruiting period.

When the first fruits begin to form on the apple trees, it is recommended to carry out the third summer top dressing. In this case, what is the best way to feed an apple tree during the fruit ripening period?

A good option - use of sodium mixture. To prepare it, you need to take nitrophoska - one kilogram, sodium humate - one tablespoon and 200 liters of water.

Initially, you need to dilute the dry mass of fertilizers with a small amount of water for thorough dissolution, then mix the resulting mixture with the rest of the liquid.

Spill the near-trunk circle of an apple tree with this solution in the evening. One two-hundred-liter barrel of the prepared solution is enough to feed 5 adult apple trees, while spending three to four buckets of fertilizer to feed one tree.

Features of root and foliar top dressing

Root feeding of apple trees during the fruiting period is the introduction of nutrients into soil structures. Fertilizer is applied at a distance of about half a meter from the trunk of the fruit tree.

It is at this distance that the most active root processes are located, capable of assimilating the greatest amount of nutrients in a shorter time. This method is necessary for the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers in spring and autumn, as well as for fertilizing in the summer, especially if summer season turned out to be very rainy.

On a note! In order for the fruit tree to receive nutrients as quickly as possible, a foliar feeding method is used.

This method of fertilization is also used in cases where the root system of the fruit tree is very weak (when planting young seedling), or something struck (weather conditions).

To achieve the most effective result, you should follow the general rules on how to feed an apple tree during ripening in a foliar way:

The foliar method of feeding is used only during flowering, fruit ripening and to strengthen immunity at the end of the summer period after harvest, when the crown of the tree is still green.

Useful video

Also watch an entertaining video about summer fertilization of fruit trees and plants in the garden:

Conclusion

Feeding apple trees during the fruiting period and caring for them is not difficult at all, the main thing is to know what, when and how to carry out all the manipulations. Here are some top dressing tips for beginner gardeners:

• When using the root method of fertilization it is important to fertilize at a distance of 50-60 cm from the trunk of the apple tree.
• In the rainy season you can not bother preparing solutions, but just sprinkle dry fertilizers around the perimeter of the near-stem circle at the same distance from the tree trunk.
• Liquid fertilizers of organic and mineral origin for their speedy absorption are best applied to special holes, dug around the perimeter of the near-stem circle to a depth of 30 cm.

Timely care and the introduction of nutrients for the apple tree guarantee a stable, rich and tasty harvest from fruit trees.

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All gardeners know that watering is one of the most important conditions for obtaining a good harvest of vegetables, berries and fruits. After all, the yield of plants directly depends on their balanced nutrition, which comes in the form of solutions. Therefore, those gardeners who want to harvest large crops need to know how to properly water these plants. After all, excessive watering will make the fruits of tomatoes less sugary and even watery. Cracks may appear on them, and plants will be affected by fungal diseases. At the same time, irregular watering with prolonged drying of the earth will lead to shedding of the ovary and buds, and the fruits may be affected by blossom end rot.

1. Watering tomatoes is recommended infrequently, but plentifully. These plants are distinguished by a fairly developed root system. The roots, which are located at a depth of 1-1.5 m, are able to easily draw nutrients from the soil. Therefore, tomatoes are watered on average twice a week. However, this is provided that the soil under the plants is loose and able to absorb a lot of moisture.
2. If the soil is dry at a depth of 2-3 cm, then it is time to water the tomatoes, and if it is still wet, you can wait a little with watering. Too dry land must first be slightly moistened with water, and only when this moisture is absorbed, you can water the tomatoes more abundantly.
3. For the best effect, water the tomatoes along the furrows or under the root, so that water does not get on the fruits, leaves and stem. Water drops in bright sun can cause burns on tomatoes. An excellent option would be drip irrigation of tomatoes.
4. On a hot sunny day, tomatoes should be watered either early in the morning or two hours before sunset. On a cloudy day, you can water the tomatoes at any time. After each watering, the soil around the tomatoes must be loosened, preventing the formation of a crust on the soil.
5. To better retain moisture in the ground, tomato plantings can be mulched with straw, compost, humus. In extreme heat, it does not hurt to pour tomato or sawdust around the trunks.

How to water tomatoes when the plants already have fruits?

When the tomatoes begin to sing, they should be watered more often, preventing the soil from drying out under the plants. One bush of tomatoes will require from 3 to 5 liters of water. However, this general rules, and when growing low-growing and tall varieties, there are some differences in watering.

Many gardeners wonder if tomatoes should be watered at all when they turn red, and when to stop watering them.

1. Low-growing varieties, when the time of fruit ripening, begin to water less, and about a month before the start of harvest, they stop watering altogether. This will contribute to the speedy and more friendly ripening of tomatoes. This improves their quality as well. This method can save your crop from fruit cracks, brown spot, or late blight.
2. Ripening of tall varieties of tomatoes occurs gradually. As a rule, it is necessary to water the tomatoes during the ripening of the fruits, when they are ripe, with the same frequency - once every four days. Up to 10 liters of water should be poured onto one bush of these tomatoes. This method will allow you to grow good harvest pretty big tomatoes.
3. Tomatoes grown in a greenhouse are watered in much the same way as in open ground. However, keep an eye on the humidity to avoid the greenhouse effect in the greenhouse. With excessive moisture, both the plant itself and its fruits begin to hurt, and the yield of the bushes decreases. To prevent this, after each watering, it is necessary to ventilate the greenhouse well. Watering greenhouse tomatoes should be warm settled water and only under the root of the plant.

Puberty usually starts at adolescence. During this period, the child's body will go through a series of biological changes: rapid growth, weight gain, genital development, body hair growth.

These changes mean that yesterday's child is gradually turning into an adult.

What is puberty?

These are successive biological and physical changes in the child's body that lead to the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the emergence of the possibility of conceiving and having children.

adult conversation

When does puberty start?

Puberty starts at different times for everyone. As a rule, in girls it occurs between the ages of 10 and 14, and in boys - from 12 to 16.

Nowadays, teenage girls develop faster than boys. So, the average age of the appearance of the first menstruation in 1900 was 15 years. In 1990 - already 12.5 years.

Scientists believe that factors such as overnutrition and obesity cause early puberty in girls.

According to some studies, early onset of hormonal changes in a child's body can increase the risk of cancer at an older age.

What physical changes occur during puberty?

Development of secondary sexual characteristics

The first sign of puberty in girls is development of the mammary glands. It begins around the age of 11, along with the start of the production of female sex hormones - estrogens. Then it usually happens Hair Growth on the pubis and in the armpits.

The next stage is the beginning of ovulation (the maturation of eggs ready for fertilization in the ovaries) and start of menstruation.

The main sign of the onset of puberty in boys is an increase in the size of the testicles. It starts at about 11 years old and lasts about six months. Then, in adolescents, the penis increases in size, and pubic and armpit hair appears.

Under the influence of the male hormone testosterone, which begins to be produced in the body, in boys voice becomes rougher And muscle mass increases. At the same time, the boys begin to produce sperm capable of fertilization.

The last stage of puberty appearance of facial hair.

growth spurt

Puberty in both sexes is usually accompanied by a rapid growth of the body in height. During this period, it increases by an average of 17-18 percent.

In girls, the growth spurt begins an average of two years earlier - about six months before the first menstruation.

Skeleton growth

Puberty is characterized by growth and increased bone density in adolescents. In girls and boys, this process peaks immediately after the growth spurt.

Important! Bones first grow in length, and only then does bone density increase. Because of this, adolescents are prone to high fracture risk.

Weight change

During puberty, girls begin to actively form adipose tissue in the body, mainly on the hips and buttocks.

In boys, fat also begins to be deposited, but outwardly it is not so noticeable, since in parallel there is increased growth. muscle tissue. By the end of puberty, her mass in a male teenager becomes one and a half times more than in a girl of the same height and weight.

Other changes

Together with puberty in adolescents, the final formation of the cardiovascular system and lungs occurs. This leads to an increase in the efficiency of these organs. This process is especially effective if a teenager goes in for sports.

The most important

Puberty is not only the appearance of menstruation in girls or facial hair in boys. This is also a period of active growth and development of the whole body of a teenager.

The time of puberty, or puberty, occurs in girls between the ages of 8 and 13, plus or minus 1 year. The first menstruation usually occurs 2 years after it starts.

What happens during puberty?

During puberty, the girl's reproductive system changes in such a way as to prepare her for the birth of a child. This process takes place in several stages:

1. The girl's mammary glands begin to grow. This process can take up to 5 years until the breasts reach their final size and shape. Therefore, a teenager should not worry if the bust does not currently correspond to the imagined ideal appearance.
2. In the axillary and pubic areas, hair begins to grow.
3. At this time, there is a very rapid growth of the body, the second fastest after the breast period of life.
4. The shape of the body is changing. The weight increases, there are small body fat on the thighs and abdomen. During this period, it is harmful to follow a low-calorie diet.
5. The smell of the skin changes, there is increased sweating in the armpits.
6. There is acne on the face, chest, back.
7. Vaginal discharge appears or changes.
8. Adolescents experience changes in emotions and sexual sensations.
9. Menarche occurs - the first menstruation, regular menstrual cycle(read about this important period in the life of a girl).

Forms and stages of puberty

How long does puberty last for girls?

Its normal duration is 2 to 4 years. Each girl has an individual pace of development, so all the start dates and duration of puberty can be shifted by 1 year or even more.

Signs of the onset of puberty are breast enlargement and hair growth in the pubic area. Some girls develop mammary glands first, and there are no other noticeable manifestations of puberty. In others, secondary hair appears earlier, and the breast develops later. This is a normal process. A delay in any of the symptoms does not necessarily mean that there are some pathological changes in the girl's body.

Precocious puberty is often a variation of the norm. However, parents should consult a doctor if a girl's pubic hair begins to appear as early as 7-8 years old.

In some cases, puberty is delayed. This may be due to diseases or, for example, a teenager's passion for low-calorie diets and malnutrition. You should consult a doctor if the girl does not have breast enlargement by the age of 14. Also, an unfavorable sign is the absence of menstruation 5 years after the start of breast growth.

early puberty

It begins with an increase in the size of the hands and feet. At the same time, a "breast bud" begins to form - a small knot of tissue under the areola of the nipple. It may be slightly sore, soft or rather firm, possibly asymmetrical in development. This process takes about 6 months and is controlled by estrogen.

After the initial development of the mammary glands, vaginal discharge appears. They have high acidity and can cause irritation of the skin of the genital organs and inflammation - vulvovaginitis (you can talk about the features of the course and treatment of the disease in women, adolescents and children). Therefore, it is important to teach the girl the rules of personal hygiene, start using panty liners, and if diaper rash or irritation occurs, apply creams with panthenol or zinc oxide.

Second puberty

Includes active hair growth in the pubic area. After that, signs of skin irritation caused by secretions in more early age, disappear. Along with the growth of pubic hair, acne can occur.

Acne is a frequent companion of puberty

There is a rapid growth, as well as a change in facial features. Within six months after the start of the second stage of puberty, girls grow by 5-7 cm, and their weight can increase by 4-5 kg ​​during the same time. Then menstruation begins. This process usually occurs when a teenager turns 11 years old.

When does it end?

It is believed that puberty is completed by the time regular menstruation begins. However, after that, the girl will continue to grow. Over the next 2 years, she will add about 5-10 cm in height. The body length reached will be almost final, in the following years the growth may not increase so much. The mammary glands continue to develop until the age of 18.

Hormonal changes

In girls, the peculiarities of the course of puberty are caused by hormones circulating in the blood.

The primary mechanism that triggers the production of gonadotropin-releasing factor in the hypothalamus is still unclear. Regardless of the mechanism, this process is gradual. This is evidenced by the slowly increasing concentration of gonadotropic hormones and estrogens over several years.

Under the influence of this factor, first during sleep, and then at other times of the day, synthesis is activated. Later, from about 10-11 years old, and begins to stand out. The activity of these two substances levels off during the year. After the onset of menstruation, the secretion of gonadotropic hormones becomes cyclical.

The pituitary gland, in addition to gonadotropins, also secretes a small amount of prolactin, a hormone that affects the development of the mammary glands, during puberty.

The synthesis of steroid hormones - androgens - is enhanced by the adrenal glands. In girls, their concentration increases from 6-7 years, but does not have a significant effect on sexual development.

An increase in the plasma level of gonadotropic hormones leads to stimulation of the ovaries, as a result, these organs begin to synthesize estradiol, the female sex hormone. He is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics - the growth of the mammary glands, the redistribution of fat and others. The ovaries increase in volume from 0.5 cm 3 to 4 cm 3.

Under the influence of estradiol, the uterus also develops. If in little girls it has a teardrop shape, the neck is up to 2/3 of the length of the entire organ, then during puberty it becomes pear-shaped, and its body increases in size relatively more than the neck.

Wave-like fluctuations in the level of follicle-stimulating hormone and the accompanying changes in the amount of estrogen do not initially reach the required concentration. However, the endometrium in the uterus is more sensitive, and preparatory processes take place in it for a change in proliferation and regression. When the amount of hormones reaches a certain peak level, menarche occurs. At this time, the uterus is already fully prepared for cyclic changes.

emotional changes

The psychology of puberty is associated with a variety of emotional experiences. It is better if the girl has a trusting relationship with her mother, who can answer questions that arise.

The main changes in the emotional state:

• Emotional instability

The girl experiences a lot of emotions, she has a lot of thoughts and ideas. She may feel embarrassed and awkward, especially when interacting with boys. She is also easily upset and offended, first of all, by relatives and friends. Whims, causeless tears and a minute later laughter is a normal state for a teenager. It is worth paying attention to depressed mood and sadness if they last more than 1 week.

• Constant fatigue

The child may tire quickly or feel hungry all the time. Puberty is a time of very rapid growth, so you need at least 9 hours of sleep per night. He should eat a variety of healthy foods. These are whole grain bread, rice, vegetables, dairy products, meat and fish. Such nutrition will help a teenager feel more active and reduce emotional instability. It is better to give up sweets, chips and fast food products. They are not only capable of provoking acne, but will also cause excess weight - a real "scourge" of a modern girl.

• Dissatisfaction with your appearance

Adolescents often feel uncomfortable about their appearance, embarrassed by the changes that are taking place. Comparing herself with her friends, the girl sees the difference in their development. However, you need to understand that puberty is different for everyone, so such differences are normal, and changes in the body will eventually lead to the formation of a feminine figure.

• Relationship changes

The girl's relationship with her family is changing. She prefers to spend time with friends rather than with relatives. Sometimes she gets the feeling that her parents do not want to know about her experiences. This is a normal psychological reaction. In fact, parents need to be ready to unobtrusively help a growing girl, give her confidence that she can always count on them.

The formation of the menstrual cycle

Menstruation can begin at any time during puberty, but usually occurs after the body has undergone the changes listed above, that is, secondary sexual characteristics have formed. Here are some facts to know about the menstrual cycle:

• It is impossible to know in advance the first day of menarche. It usually occurs after about 2 years from the onset of breast development. The first menstruation may appear as a few drops of blood or be quite plentiful. Before it starts, cramps in the lower abdomen may bother you, but this is not a mandatory symptom.
• Sometimes a teenage girl is worried. This is a complex of physical, emotional and mental changes that lasts several days before the onset of menstruation, including the first. The child may complain of nausea or headache, cry frequently, and may experience bloating or swelling. In the first days of menstruation, there are often pains in the lower abdomen, sometimes quite severe. If this condition appears constantly after the start of the menstrual cycle, it is necessary to contact a pediatric gynecologist in order to avoid hormonal disorders.
• In the first months, the cycle is often irregular. Sometimes menstruation does not start every month. There may even be breaks between them for several months. This is normal, but for control, you should immediately start a special "menstrual" calendar. If the cycle does not normalize within a year, you should consult a doctor.
• During menstruation, it is more convenient to use pads than tampons. If menstruation begins unexpectedly and irregularly, you should always have a spare hygiene product with you. They should be changed at least every 4 hours. If a girl uses hygienic tampons, they must be removed at night to avoid a serious complication - toxic shock syndrome.
• After the first menstruation, unprotected sexual intercourse can lead to pregnancy. This can happen even with an irregular cycle. Ovulation usually occurs only 6-9 months after the onset of menstruation, but it is impossible to predict the first ovulatory cycle. There is no need to bypass such questions, and if necessary, gently advise your daughter to use condoms.
• After the onset of menstruation, the mammary glands acquire a rounded shape. At this time, you can already use a small bra so as not to tighten, but already to support the emerging breasts.

In an earlier article, we already talked about how the menstrual cycle is established in teenage girls, what is considered the norm, and what is a violation? For details, read on.

Changes in organs and systems during puberty

Under the influence of hormones, changes occur not only in the reproductive system, but also in other organs. Some of the symptoms that disturb the child and parents are sometimes associated with this. As a result, they are treated for a long time and unsuccessfully, over time, all these physiological changes disappear on their own. Of course, when in doubt about the health of the child, you need to show it to the doctor. However, it is worth knowing some of the signs that are characteristic of the puberty period in girls.

• The cardiovascular system

The rapid growth of bones and muscles is ahead of the increase in the heart and vascular bed. Therefore, for the normal supply of a growing organism with blood, the heart beats more often. Many girls have a tendency to decrease blood pressure. As the heart rate increases, cardiac output decreases. Under the action of any pathological influences (stress, being in a stuffy room, fatigue), this can cause fainting. A single such case is not dangerous, but if fainting occurs regularly, it is necessary to show the child to the doctor.

• Digestion

The digestive system of a teenager is very active. Therefore, muscle cramps, periodic abdominal pain, a tendency to loose stools, and nausea are possible. It is necessary to establish regular good nutrition for the girl and be sure to monitor her weight. At this age, both weight loss and overweight are dangerous.

• Breath

Sometimes girls complain of a feeling of lack of air. This is due to the increased need of the body for oxygen. Therefore, the child should be in a ventilated room, more to be in the fresh air. Bronchial asthma at this time rarely occurs for the first time, but if bouts of dry cough appear, it is necessary to consult a pulmonologist.

• Nervous system

The brain and peripheral nerves are already well formed. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to any signs of trouble - headaches, cramps, dizziness, numbness or tingling in the limbs. Such signs in the normal course of puberty should not be.

hypothalamic syndrome

One of the frequent disorders is the hypothalamic syndrome of puberty. This is a condition associated with impaired secretion of the releasing factor by the hypothalamus, which triggers the entire hormonal axis "pituitary - ovaries - uterus." The causes of this pathology are little studied, but it is known that it occurs more often in girls whose parents have endocrine diseases (obesity, diabetes). The provoking factor can be increased physical or emotional stress, diets, overeating, improper sleep patterns and other disorders. healthy lifestyle life. The disease often occurs in adolescents who suffered birth trauma, encephalopathy and other conditions that could adversely affect the development of the nervous system in infancy.

Hypothalamic syndrome in girls is less common than in boys. It develops after the completion of puberty, 2-3 years after the onset of menstruation. Its manifestations are associated with excessive secretion of gonadotropins, androgens, progestogens, as well as with a relatively low amount of estrogen.

The main symptoms of pathology:

• weight gain and accelerated growth;
• cardiopalmus;
• feeling hot, sweating;
• facial hair growth;
• headache;
• an increase in body temperature for no apparent reason;
• emotional disorders - changes in eating behavior, apathy, lethargy, drowsiness.

Hypothalamic syndrome in adolescents does not have clear diagnostic criteria, and its existence is not recognized by all doctors. Usually, girls are prescribed treatment, including a balanced diet, sedative and hormonal drugs, general strengthening agents.

Anomalies of puberty

Precocious puberty is diagnosed in the presence of pubic hair or breast enlargement in girls 7 years old. In this case, an in-depth examination of the child is necessary to identify such diseases:

• brain tumors;
• neurofibromatosis Recklinghausen;
• hypothyroidism;
• congenital adrenal hyperplasia;
• hyperinsulinism.

Delayed puberty is defined as the absence of breast enlargement at 13 years of age, or if menarche does not occur within 3 years of the onset of breast formation. If menstruation does not occur at the age of 16, they speak of primary.

In these cases, it is necessary to exclude such diseases and conditions:

• eating disorders (anorexia);
• polycystic ovarian changes;
• agenesis or infection of the vagina.

The earlier the disease is identified, the more effective its treatment. In the future, such girls are more likely to have a normal pregnancy and external compliance with the accepted norms of the female figure.

Treatment for delayed or premature puberty is individualized. It is prescribed by a pediatric gynecologist after a mandatory consultation with an endocrinologist. A sparing regimen is recommended, a good sleep, the absence of negative emotions, healthy eating. If necessary, hormonal preparations are prescribed. If the cause of the changes is in the anatomical defects of the genital organs (for example, with vaginal atresia), best method treatment is surgical.

The puberty of a man is identified with his fertility, that is, the ability to conceive. In fact, this is a combination of the development of primary and secondary male characteristics, indicating the transformation of a boy into an adult man. The puberty of a boy takes place in several stages. The peculiarity of the manifestation of sexual characteristics on each of them lies in the tendency to increase.

Male sexual development begins in the womb. At the 16th week of pregnancy, the formation of the reproductive organs - the penis, scrotum and testicles - ends. With the physiological development of the fetus a few weeks before birth, the testicles descend into the scrotum.

The second stage of sexual development is called childhood. There is a physiological growth of the skeleton, muscles, organs. The boy has rounded "childish" facial features, sloping body shapes. The period lasts 9–11 years from the moment of birth.

If the boy's endocrine system is working normally, puberty begins at the age of 11-12. Due to the individual characteristics of the child's body, hereditary predisposition, environment, the terms vary within 1–2 years. The manifestation of the first signs at the age of 10-13 is considered the norm.

There are 3 stages of puberty:

• The initial stage (pubertal period, puberty) - preparatory stage organism. External signs consist in the accelerated growth of the boy: the pituitary gland produces somatotropin and follitropin, which stimulate the growth of the skeleton. The production of gonadoliberin, a pituitary hormone that activates the work of the sex glands and the synthesis of sex hormones, begins. The influence of gonadoliberin is manifested by the growth of the genital organs. The average age of onset of puberty in boys is 11–12 years.
• Active puberty begins in a boy at the age of 13-14 and lasts 2-3 years. Gonadoliberin, previously produced only at night, is now produced by the pituitary gland around the clock, stimulating the production of testosterone. Due to its increased concentration in the blood, an intensive growth of the genital organs is observed, secondary sexual characteristics appear, the boy has the first ejaculation.
• The final stage of puberty covers the age from 16-17 to 18-19 years. The boy's body adapts to the production of sex hormones. The reproductive system is ready for procreation. The figure of a young man is finally formed, growth stops.

The acquisition of puberty affects the physiological and psychological aspects adolescent development. During this period, it is important to control the boy's health, as well as his sexual education.

signs

During puberty, guys have an active development of primary sexual characteristics - the growth of the testicles and penis. From birth to the onset of puberty, the size of the testicles changes imperceptibly. Active growth of the genital organs is observed in boys from 11 years of age with an increase in the concentration of androgens in the blood. Appearance the scrotum changes: the smoothness of the skin is lost, pigmentation and coarse hairs appear. The enlargement of the penis in a boy follows the enlargement of the testicles.

The first erections appear in future men at the age of 12-13 years with a feeling of sexual desire. At the age of 14, the seminal vesicles begin to produce sperm. There is an enlargement of the prostate gland and secretion by it. A clear sign of a boy's puberty is nocturnal emission, which means the young man is ready to conceive a child.

Secondary sexual characteristics appear in a boy with an increase and depend on the activity of the gonads:

• Hair growth. One of the first manifestations of puberty is the appearance of hair at the base of the penis with subsequent spread to the pubis. There is hair growth in the center of the abdomen, in the inguinal folds, armpits. The first hair on the boy's face is noticeable at 14-15 years old. The fluff is located above the upper lip, near the ears. The next place to grow hair is internal surfaces hips, chest. At the end of puberty, facial hair growth forms a mustache. Following them, the appearance of dense hair on the cheeks is noticed.

• Active growth. The first acceleration of growth is observed at the very beginning of maturation - 11-12 years. Under the influence of androgens and somatotropin, the boy grows by 10 cm. After the jump, growth is slowed down. The boy adds 7–8 cm in the active phase of maturation and another 4–5 cm at its end. At the age of 18–22 years, an increased content of estrogens in the blood causes ossification of the growth zones of long bones - growth stops.

• Physique change. The cause of the growth of the shoulder girdle and stretching pelvic bones the boy has an increased concentration of testosterone. There is a disproportionate increase in the limbs - first, the hands and feet increase, after which growth in height begins. For this reason, the boy may experience psychological discomfort, but the body quickly becomes proportional. In the active phase of sexual development, boys are thin. Muscle mass is recruited closer to the age of 17–19, when the hormonal storm passes.

• Voice change. A hormonal surge leads to an increase in the larynx due to the growth of the thyroid cartilage in the boy. As a result, the stretched vocal cords produce sounds of different tonality, which is popularly called "voice mutation". By the age of 17, the thyroid cartilage increases to the maximum, forming the "Adam's apple", and the strengthened ligaments emit stable sounds, called the male timbre.

• At the end of puberty, the boy's facial features change. This happens due to the growth of the jaws. Childish roundness gives way to masculine angularity.
• Hormonal surges in the boy's body cause an increase in the intensity of sweating, the acquisition of a characteristic odor later, and an increase in the activity of the sebaceous glands of the skin. As a result, 14–15-year-old teenagers develop acne and blackheads.

Elevated concentrations in the blood of female sex hormones - estrogen - provoke pitting in the boy's chest, as well as an increase in nipples. Symptoms of gynecomastia disappear on their own after a few months.

Deviations

If a boy under 9 years of age develops primary and secondary male sexual characteristics, we can talk about early puberty.

The reasons for the early onset of puberty are:

• Pathological development of the genital organs.
• Brain injury.
• genetic predisposition.
• Malfunctions of the thyroid gland.
• The appearance of tumors in the brain.
• Obesity.
• Infectious diseases in history.

Men who become sexually mature early have a strong sexual constitution. The dangers of early maturation of the boy lie in the cessation of growth due to the ossification of areas of enlargement of large bones. The negative point is the effect of powerful doses of sex hormones on the boy's body, which is not yet ready for such a surge. As a result, hormonal disruptions occur, there are violations of the work of all body systems.

Prematurity.

Premature maturation of the boy is manifested by too early enlargement of the genital organs, as well as the acquisition of secondary male characteristics: early voice mutation, intensive growth, hair growth according to the male type of hair growth.

Treatment is prescribed by an endocrinologist. To eliminate symptoms, androgen synthesis inhibitors are prescribed. Therapy continues until the physiological onset of sexual development.

Late puberty

If at the age of 13 the boy does not have an increase in the genitals, the endocrinologist states a delay in the onset of puberty. The condition is not considered pathological if the boy shows signs of puberty before the age of 15, and further sexual development occurs without deviations. When a 15-year-old boy does not have the first signs of maturation, the specialist states late sexual development. It can be provoked by:

• Chromosomal abnormalities.
• Disorders of the endocrine system.
• hereditary factor.

Late puberty is fraught for a man with underdevelopment of the genital organs and even infertility. The problem is corrected by replacement therapy with sex hormones, as well as the elimination of the underlying disease.

Prematurity.

What Parents Should Know

The process of male puberty involves physiological changes that affect the emotional state of the boy. It is important for parents to control both aspects of growing up. A disproportionate physique, a change in one's own smell, involuntary ejaculation - all signs of sexual development have a physiological explanation that must be conveyed to the maturing young man in an accessible format.

A boy's puberty takes a time period of 5-6 years. This is the time of the rapid transformation of a young man into an adult man. On the way to the formation of the son's personality, understanding and support from parents are important. Knowledge of the basic aspects of male physiology, as well as the psychology of adolescents, will help in this.