ASSIMILATION

(from Lat. assimilatio), assimilation, fusion, assimilation. A. is the concept of Piaget's concept of intelligence, which expresses the assimilation of material through its inclusion in already existing patterns of behavior. It is carried out by analogy with biological assimilation. In the process of adaptation, A. is closely related to accommodation. In the early stages of a child's development, the meeting of a new object with an existing scheme leads to a distortion of the properties of the object and to a change in the scheme itself, while the thought becomes irreversible. When a balance is established between A. and accommodation, the reversibility of thought and a change in the egocentric position to a relative one arise.

Pedagogical encyclopedic dictionary. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what ASSIMILATION is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• ASSIMILATION in the Dictionary of Analytical Psychology:
  (Assimilation) is the process of integrating external objects (people, objects, ideas, values) and unconscious contents into consciousness. there is an assimilation of the new content of consciousness ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  - here: acquisition of new securities by investors after a cycle of their complete sale during ...
• ASSIMILATION in Encyclopedia Biology:
  , the same as anabolism ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Dictionary of Ethnological Terms:
  (from Lat. assimilatio - imitation, assimilation, similarity) ethnic, partial or complete loss of culture in favor of another, usually dominant culture, including ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Popular Medical Encyclopedia:
  - assimilation by the body of substances from the surrounding ...
• ASSIMILATION in Medical terms:
  (Latin assimilatio assimilation, assimilation; synonym anabolism) the process of assimilation by the body of substances that enter it from the environment, as a result of which these ...
• ASSIMILATION in big encyclopedic dictionary:
  (from Lat. assimilatio). 1) assimilation, fusion, assimilation ... 2) In ethnography - the fusion of one people with another with the loss of one of them ...
• ASSIMILATION in big soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
  (from Lat. assimilatio), assimilation, fusion, ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  or assimilation - assimilation of substances by a plant or animal. See the articles Animal Physiology and Plant Physiology. Some phytophysiologists A. carbon plants ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (from Latin assimilatio), 1) assimilation, fusion (for example, assimilation of sounds, assimilation of peoples) assimilation. 2) (Biological) assimilation of nutrients by living organisms, their ...
• ASSIMILATION
  [from the Latin assimilatio assimilation, identification] 1) assimilation by the body of substances external to it; assimilation in unity with dissimilation (disintegration ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  and, pl. no, well. 1.biol. The formation of complex substances in the body from simpler ones as a result of anabolic reactions; against. dissimilation. ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -and, w. (book). 1. see assimilate, -sya. 2. In linguistics: assimilation, the emergence of similarity with another, neighboring sound, for example. utterance ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ASSIMILATION (from Lat. Assimilatio), assimilation, fusion, assimilation. (Ethnogr.) The merger of one people (or part of it) with another and the loss of their language, ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  or assimilation - assimilation of substances by a plant or animal. See the articles Animal Physiology and Plant Physiology. Some phytophysiologists A. carbon plants ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Complete Accentuated Paradigm by Zaliznyak:
  assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (from Lat. assimilatio - assimilation) - one of the most common types of combinatorial changes in sounds: articulatory assimilation of sounds to each other in a stream ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
  (lat.assimilatio - assimilation). Assimilation of one sound to another in articulatory and acoustic terms (compare: dissimilation). Assimilation ...
• ASSIMILATION in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
  (lat. assimilatio assimilation, comparison) 1) biol. otherwise, anabolism is the formation of complex substances in the body from simpler ones (in the end ...
• ASSIMILATION in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
  [1. biol. otherwise, anabolism is the formation of complex substances in the body from simpler ones (ultimately from external elements ...
• ASSIMILATION in the dictionary of Russian Synonyms:
  assimilation, melting, fusion, assimilation, assimilation, ...
• ASSIMILATION in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  g. 1) Assimilation of the articulation of sounds within one word or phrase (in linguistics). 2) The fusion of language, culture and national identity ...

A group of different languages, cultures and identities as a result of contact with a larger and more dominant community.

The first studies of assimilation date back to the end of the 19th century (L. Gumplovich). The scope of the concept of assimilation and its relationship with similar concepts have changed many times in the history of research on assimilation. Different aspects of the assimilation process were expressed in terms of: acculturation, linguistic assimilation (transition to another language), structural assimilation (convergence of employment structures), miscegenation (mixed marriages), etc. the reference community in assimilating individuals or groups, as well as the willingness of the dominant group to accept new members. The American sociologist M. Gordon identified several components of assimilation: an increase in the number of mixed marriages, the replacement of cultural models of a subordinate group with models of a dominant one, the incorporation of members of a subordinate group into the institutional structures of a dominant group and a corresponding change in its social identity, etc. He came to the conclusion that it is necessary to speak only about the degree of assimilation, since cases of complete assimilation are rare.

There are also natural and forced assimilation. The latter is a consequence of the policy of the dominant group or state aimed at suppressing the cultures and languages \u200b\u200bof ethnic minorities (the so-called ethnocide and linguistic). In the ethno-national theories of the state, natural assimilation was considered "progressive", creating conditions for stability and accelerated development (V. I. Lenin, American President V. Wilson). However, even in the case of natural assimilation, the seemingly voluntary abandonment of language and culture is due to real inequalities between groups.

Since the end of the 20th century, instead of the term "assimilation" to denote the processes of social convergence, the terms integration, adaptation, incorporation, cultural syncretism, cultural hybridization, etc. have been used more often. The understanding of assimilation as a set of multi-quality and multidirectional processes proceeding unevenly in different spheres, various aspects of which (social, demographic, political, psychological, ethnic, and so on) are considered as independent objects of study. The concept of "dominant culture" is also being reassessed, the emphasis is on the plurality of centers of reference (the so-called segmented forms of assimilation). An important role is played by the change of political orientations in a number of states of classical immigration (USA, Canada, Australia, etc.) from assimilationist and integrationist attitudes to multiculturalism, which occurred as a result of the activities of anti-assimilationist movements in these countries.

Lit .: Gumplowicz L. Der Rassenkampf. Innsbruck, 1883; Cultural assimilation of immigrants. L., 1950; Berry B. Race relations: the interaction of ethnic and racial groups. Boston, 1951; The cultural integration of immigrants. R., 1959; Gordon M. Assimilation in american life. N. Y. 1964; Kozlov V.I., The dynamics of the number of peoples. M., 1969; Glazer N., Moynihan D. Beyound the melting pot: the Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City. 2nd ed. Camb. 1970; Eisenstadt S. N. The absorption of immigrants. Westport, 1975; Modern ethnic processes in the USSR. 2nd ed. M., 1977; Ethnic processes in the modern world. M., 1987; Rumbaut R. G. Assimilation and its discontents: between rhetoric and reality // International Migration Review. 1997. Vol. 31. No. 4; Zhou M. Segmented assimilation: Issues, controversies, anil recent research on the new second generation // Ibid.

S. V. Sokolovsky.

"What is assimilation?" It is this question that we will try to consider in this article. It is a multifaceted concept, the meaning of which can vary depending on the application. Among the main types of assimilation are: biological, linguistic, sociological, ventilation, psychological, linguistic and even ethnic. Here we take a look at the main views.

Phenomenon in linguistics

What is assimilation in linguistics?

Answering this question, you can define it as a phonological term that denotes the similarity of some sounds to others. This process occurs when there is a commonality in the structure of the device of sounds, which are of a common type. The phenomenon of assimilation is divided into:

• complete - assimilation of a sound that completely coincides with the one to which the assimilation takes place;
• incomplete - a change in a number of features that characterize the assimilating sound.

In accordance with the direction, assimilation is divided into:

• progressive, in which the previous sound unit influences the next;
• regressive, the influence is the subsequent sound on the previous one.

There is contact (assistance of participating sounds) and distant (for example, vowel harmony) assimilation.

Phenomenon in sociology

What is assimilation in sociology? In such sciences as sociology and ethnography, this phenomenon is defined as the loss by society of its special characteristics, a set of features that have either been forgotten or replaced by borrowed ones. In a general sense, this is the implementation of an ethnocultural shift in the structure of self-awareness of a certain social community, which used to be a different cultural group. Most often, such questions touch upon the issues of language, creationism and cultural heritage.

Assimilation can be voluntary (an example is interethnic and interfaith marriage, passion for other cultures, etc.) and compulsory (it is of a military nature, partial extermination, annexation, changes in legislative activity aimed at suppressing specific cultural phenomena are used).

Assimilation of peoples

What is assimilation in relation to a people or nationality?

You can better understand this by looking at specific examples. For example, on the assimilation of the Jewish part of the population. In the course of this process, the subject ceases to identify himself as a fragment of a cultural, religious, ethnic Jewish community. One of the reasons is the gradual influence of the social environment in which a person lives. Other examples of this phenomenon are Christianization, the event of cultural assimilation and Hellenization.

Assimilation and development of language

In linguistics, assimilation is a process during which the exploitation by any linguistic communities of their own form of language stops. There is a transition to another, more prestigious language. As a rule, the reason for this is the environment of a certain linguistic community by a larger ethnic group.

Another reason for the assimilation of a new language by a particular people may be conquest, colonization, emigration, etc. As a result of the conquest of autochthonous populations, after a long period of time has expired, the bilingual system formed by the native language and the means of communication of the conquerors is replaced by a "monogamous" one. The language of the conquering people turns into a universal and only means of communication.

The meaning of the word "assimilation" is closely related to the linguistic form of chauvinism. She serves as effective and effective remedy to carry out the assimilation of other peoples, both culturally and ethnically. The language can be imposed by the pressure of the political elite, penetrate into speech through trade, communication of administrations, various documents, etc.

Phenomenon in biology

What is assimilation in biology? In this science of living matter, assimilation means the process of biosynthesis of organic compounds, which consumes the body's energy. It is possible to synthesize high molecular weight compounds (proteins and nucleic acids, polysaccharides and lipids) only if there is an energy potential. A synonym is anabolism.

In this process, a simple series of substances (initially complex ones are destructed to simple ones), nonspecific for a particular creature, is transformed into complex ones inherent to it. It is important that the substance can be absorbed.

Dissimilation is ...

Assimilation - what is it? If we are still talking about biological significance, then it will be useful to note the relationship between assimilation and dissimilation. These are two anabolic processes that balance each other with the sum and purpose of their processes.

Dissimilation is called catabolism (energy exchange) - the process of decomposition and / or breakdown of simple substances during metabolic processing. Also, the object of this phenomenon is subject to oxidation. Such reactions are accompanied by the release of energy resources, which are stored in the body, taking the form of ATP or turning into heat.

Catabolic reactions underlie dissimilation, which in fact is the loss of a complex substance, its specificity for a particular organism. This is due to the breakdown of substances.

Considering catabolic reactions by example, one can draw attention to the pathway of ethanol conversion through the stage of acetaldehyde, ethanic acid, H2O, CO2 and glycolysis processes. The latter is the transformation of glucose (C6H12O6) into lactic or pyruvic acids and further decomposition to water and carbon dioxide due to the respiratory cycle.

The regulation of activity and the predominance of certain catabolic processes is carried out through hormones. An example is the effect of glucocorticoids, which increase the catabolism of protein molecules and amino acids and inhibit glucose catabolism. Insulin has the opposite effect in relation to glucose breakdown and in relation to protein synthesis.

Catabolism is the "antipode" of anabolism. The latter, in turn, is the synthesis or resynthesis of more complex substances, the formation of which consumes ATP (adenositriphosphoric acid).

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, derivational dictionaries. Also here you can get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

Assimilation

assimilation in the crossword dictionary

Economic glossary of terms

Dictionary of Medical Terms

assimilation (Latin assimilatio assimilation, assimilation; synonym anabolism)

the process of assimilation by the body of substances entering it from the environment, as a result of which these substances become part of biological structures or deposited in the body in the form of reserves.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

assimilation

assimilation, w. (Latin assimilatio) (book). Action by verb. assimilate and assimilate. Assimilation of sounds (assimilation of one sound to another in a word; ling.). Assimilation of nationalities.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.

assimilation

In linguistics: assimilation, the appearance of similarity with another, neighboring sound, for example. pronouncing a dull sound p [bapka] instead of a voiced b in the word grandmother as a result of assimilation by deafness to the next k.

adj. assimilative, th, th.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

assimilation

Assimilation of the articulation of sounds within one word or phrase (in linguistics).

The fusion of the language, culture and national identity of one people with the language, culture and national identity of another people (in ethnography).

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

assimilation

ASSIMILATION (from lat.assimilatio)

assimilation, merging, assimilation.

In ethnography - the fusion of one people with another with the loss of one of them of their language, culture, national identity. Distinguish between natural assimilation, arising from the contact of ethnically heterogeneous groups of the population, mixed marriages, etc., and forced assimilation, characteristic of countries where nationalities are unequal.

In linguistics - the assimilation of one sound to another, preceding (progressive assimilation: Polish sfora from swora) or following it (regressive assimilation: Russian "wedding" from "matchmaker").

During assimilation, simple substances.

Assimilation is balanced by the sum of dissimilation processes.

Assimilation

Assimilation (; from assimilare - liken):

• Assimilation is a set of synthesis processes in a living organism.
• Assimilation is the assimilation of the articulation of one sound to the articulation of another.
• Assimilation is a process as a result of which one ethnic group is deprived of its distinctive features and is replaced by features of another society; mixing of tribes.
• Assimilation - dilution of harmful concentrations of vapors and gases.
• Assimilation is the process of integrating external objects and unconscious contents into consciousness.
• Assimilation of Jews is a socio-cultural process of Jews losing identification of themselves as part of the Jewish community.
• Linguistic assimilation is the loss by the linguistic community of its native language and the transition to another, usually more prestigious language.
• In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, assimilation is the application of existing knowledge schemes to new objects and situations.

Assimilation (linguistics)

Assimilation in linguistics, it is mainly a phonological term for the assimilation of one sound to another. Assimilation occurs between sounds of the same type. Assimilation can be complete and incomplete ... In its direction, assimilation can be progressive and regressive ... Assimilation can be contact and distant (a typical example is vowel harmony).

Assimilation is opposed dissimilation, the process of matching two sounds. The source of assimilative processes is usually coarticulation.

Assimilation (sociology)

Assimilation in sociology and ethnography - the loss of one part of society (or an entire ethnos) of its distinctive features and their replacement with borrowed from another part. In general, this is an ethnocultural shift in the self-awareness of a certain social group, which previously represented a different community in terms of language, religion or culture.

Assimilation can be voluntary - hobby for another more attractive culture, interethnic and interfaith marriages, etc .; and compulsory nature - military annexation, partial extermination (genocide), forced resettlement, legislative activities aimed at suppressing certain cultural and linguistic phenomena.

The term "assimilation" can be perceived simultaneously as a process or as a state. First, it denotes the process of incorporating immigrants into the host society. Secondly, assimilation is understood as the state of similarity in behaviors, attitudes, values \u200b\u200bamong immigrants and representatives of the host society, nation.

A common term used in Europe.

Examples of the use of the word assimilation in literature.

It is this factor - assimilation rulers with those who were under their rule, due to the lack of a dominant political culture, as well as the unresolved problem of the successor to the great Khan, who founded the empire, led to the end of the empire.

Active assimilation too good for these crooks, Gates said.

As far as I know, active assimilation had already taken place prior to the Morak plan.

The major was an empiricist: he saw that assimilation occurs spontaneously, and hastened to take advantage of it.

It should not be forgotten that active assimilation originally served as a solution to the food problem, and was not, as is often believed, a kind of instrument for converting hostile elements.

It is necessary that further life will lead society to less mobility, it is necessary that mixing or assimilation by itself gradually calmed down.

And it can't be natural and normal assimilation in the environment that is more than anything in the world, with all its thoughts, legalizations and instructions - this assimilation does not want and will not allow.

This reality not only legitimized Roman rule, but also persuaded those who obeyed Rome to assimilation and inclusion in the imperial structure.

In fact, the Mongol rulers have shown themselves to be quite susceptible to gradual assimilation with often more culturally developed peoples whom they enslaved.

The Mongol state became too large to be ruled from a single center, but an attempt to solve this problem by dividing the empire into several autonomous parts led to an even faster assimilation and hastened the collapse of the empire.

Such events, in turn, may complicate the process. assimilation the international community of the new states of Central Asia, as well as negatively affect the security in the Persian Gulf, in which America plays a dominant role.

Consequently, America needs to create a geopolitical environment that favors assimilation Russia into the expanding framework of European cooperation and contributed to the achievement of an independence in which Russia's new sovereign neighbors could rely on their own strength.

A politically shaped Europe is also necessary for a progressive assimilation Russia into the system of world cooperation.

But we must not close our eyes to the fact that the first stages of mass assimilation - a difficult phenomenon.

It is known from reliable sources that some of the members of the Central Committee, who so far wished to remain anonymous, support the idea of \u200b\u200breviving the post-war policy of an active assimilationdeveloped by Major Streiter to eliminate the then-emerging threat to Moral Renewal.

), forced resettlement, legislative activity aimed at suppressing certain cultural and linguistic phenomena.

The term "assimilation" can be perceived simultaneously as a process or as a state. First, it denotes the process of incorporating immigrants into the host society. Secondly, assimilation is understood as the state of similarity in behaviors, attitudes, values \u200b\u200bamong immigrants and representatives of the host society, nation.

A common term used in Europe.

Encyclopedic YouTube

Cultural influence

A locality (nationality or ethnicity) can quite spontaneously adopt a different culture due to its political significance or perceived superiority. One of the earliest cases is the gradual adoption of the Latin language and culture by the majority of enslaved peoples.

Cultural assimilation can happen by accident or by force. One culture may spontaneously adapt another culture, or a culture that is older and richer may forcibly unite weaker cultures. The term "assimilation" is very often used in relation to immigrants and various ethnic groups who have settled in the new land. New culture and new approaches to the origin of culture are obtained as a result of contact and communication. Cultural change is not just a one-way process. Assimilation implies that relatively weak cultures should be combined into one single culture. This process takes place through direct contact and adaptation between cultures. The current definition of assimilation is usually used when referring to immigrants, but as far as multiculturalism is concerned, cultural assimilation can take place all over the world without being limited to specific areas. For example, knowledge of languages \u200b\u200bgives people the opportunity to study and work internationally without being confined to one single cultural group. People from different countries contribute to diversity and the formation of a “global culture”, which means that culture combines elements of different cultures. “Global culture” can be seen as part of assimilation, which is the reason for the formation of cultures from different areas, influencing each other.

Assimilation of immigrants

Assimilation of immigrants in the United States of America

Assimilation of immigrants is a complex process in which immigrants not only fully integrate into a new country, but also, possibly, completely lose their identity and cultural heritage... Sociologists rely on four main benchmarks for assessing the assimilation of immigrants: socioeconomic status, geographic distribution, well-mastered second language, and mixed marriages. ... William A.W. Clarke defines the assimilation of immigrants as "a way of understanding the social dynamics of American society, and that this process often occurs completely spontaneously and unintentionally in the course of interaction between large and small groups."

Between 1880 and 1920, the United States accepted approximately 24 million immigrants. This rise in immigration can be attributed to many historical changes. Later, during the Cold War from the 1960s to the 1980s and the collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1990s, more than 1.8 million Jews emigrated from the former Soviet Union. The main countries of immigration were: Israel (about 1.1 million), the United States (over 400,000), Germany (about 130,000), and Canada (about 30,000). The beginning of the 20th century was also marked by an era of mass immigration. Sociologists are once again trying to assess the impact that immigration has on society and the impact that this process has on the immigrants themselves.

It is worth noting that some scholars believe that assimilation and acculturation are synonymous. This is not entirely true. According to the point of view of most sociologists, assimilation is the "process of interpreting and merging" one group or person with others. This fusion can include memories, behavior, and feelings. By sharing their experiences and stories, they merge into a common cultural life. During assimilation, one nation completely loses its language and culture upon contact with another, more dominant one, which does not occur during acculturation.

Theoretical models of assimilation of immigrants

According to the first classical model, immigrants and locals become more and more alike in the process of interaction. This theory looks at immigrants who, over time, have adapted more quickly to the norms, values, behavior, and character of another group. This theory also suggests that immigrants and their descendants who have lived in the new environment for longer become more similar to the group than those who have lived for a short amount of time. The second theory, which is a model of racial or ethnic inferiority, argues that the chances of immigrants to assimilate are virtually impossible. An example of this model is discrimination and institutional barriers to employment and other opportunities. To get around these barriers, some immigrant groups have formed ethnic enclaves. A third, segmented model of assimilation suggests that structural barriers such as poor urban schools, cut off access to jobs and other opportunities, often particularly severe for the most vulnerable members of immigrant groups, can lead to stagnant and declining mobility, even if the children of other immigrants follow in the direction of classical rectilinear assimilation in completely different ways.

Main indicators of assimilation of immigrants

The researchers determine that the assimilation that exists among immigrants can be measured by four basic criteria. These basic aspects, formulated in the United States for the study of European immigration, are still the starting points for understanding the assimilation of immigrants. These aspects are: socio-economic status, geographic concentration of the population, second language proficiency and mixed marriages.

Changing the name of an immigrant and acquiring a home as a form of assimilation

While changing the names of immigrants is not one of the 4 measurable criteria for assimilation outlined by sociologists, it nevertheless represents a clear rejection of the old. In this way, immigrants more quickly understand the structure of the new society. Simplicity and comfort in communication have become another factor in abandoning the old names. The names of many immigrants from other countries are quite difficult to pronounce, so changing the name to a new one will be another step on the way to quick assimilation with the local population.

Buying your own home can also be seen as a step towards assimilation. William A.W. Clarke explores this step in his book Immigrants and the American Dream Remarking the Middle Class. Clarke realizes that the assimilation process is much more than just buying a house. But he argues that "home ownership" is one of the stages of assimilation. By purchasing a house, a person becomes part of the society and the neighborhood in which he lives, as well as part of his daily activities.

Modifications to assess the assimilation of immigrants

American studies of the assimilation of immigrants in the 19th century concluded that immigrants in the United States are struggling to catch up with the native population in terms of knowledge, education, work experience and income. But 20th century research suggests that immigrants eventually caught up with them. Today, scientists are investigating the factors that led to erroneous results. First, immigrants who arrived at a young age should be treated separately from those who arrived as adults. Secondly, the specificity of making a profit should be more close to the form of age-related income. Researchers point out that profit opportunities should also be considered in terms of indicators set in the 20th century, and not in the 19th from the point of view of traditional development paths.

Naturalization of immigrants

Examples of assimilations

Ethnographic

• armenization
• bulgarization
• latvianization
• japanization

Religious

• buddification (lamaization)

Phenomena that are the result assimilation of social group

Phenomena accompanying the process assimilation of social group

Constantly and frequently encountered.

Typically, but not necessarily, occurring.

Rarely found in comparison with other types of assimilation.

see also

Notes

1. Assimilation - article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
2. Amitai Etzioni. 2003. "In Defense of Diversity within Unity." Responsive Community.
3. Waters, Mary C .; Jiménez, Tomás R. (2005). "Assessing Immigrant Assimilation: New Empirical and Theoretical Challenges."
4. Clark, W. Immigrants and the American Dream: Remaking the Middle Class. - New York: Guilford Press, 2003. - ISBN 1-57230-880-X.