Michurin. Breeding methods I. V. Michurina Method of preliminary vegetative convergence

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (1855-1935) - an outstanding breeder and practitioner, the author of 300 varieties of fruit and berry crops. At the beginning of his career, I.V. Michurin was engaged in acclimatization according to Grell's method, grafting southern varieties into the crown of hardy and cold-resistant varieties in order to achieve their adaptation to new conditions. But it was impossible to change the genotype of southern varieties by this method. Michurin became convinced of this by testing about 200 foreign varieties: after 35 years not a single tree remained of them, although Michurin lived and worked in the relatively mild climate of the Black Earth zone of Russia (Kozlovsk, now Michurinsk, Tambov province).
Convinced of the futility of attempts at simple acclimatization, I.V. Michurin began to develop new breeding methods based on hybridization, selection and education (the impact of environmental conditions on developing hybrids). When implementing them, he used a variety of approaches (many - for the first time in world breeding practice), the most important of which are as follows.

Biologically distant hybridization - crossing representatives of different species to obtain varieties with the desired properties or crossing representatives of different genera. So, for example, Michurin crossed Vladimirskaya cherry with white Winkler cherry. During further work with hybrids, he developed the Krasa Severa cherry variety, which had good taste and winter hardiness. When crossing cherry with bird cherry, Michurin received a hybrid called cerapadus. He also obtained hybrids of blackberries and raspberries, plums and thorns, mountain ash and Siberian hawthorn, etc.

Geographically distant hybridization - crossing of representatives of contrasting natural zones and geographically remote regions in order to impart the necessary qualities to the hybrid. For example, the well-known pear variety Bere Zimnaya Michurina was obtained as a result of hybridization of the wild Ussuri pear and the southern French variety Bere-Royal.

Mentor Method - one of the methods of "education" of hybrids, developed by I.V. Michurin. It is based on the fact that the characteristics of a developing hybrid change under the influence of a scion or rootstock. Michurin used this method in two versions. In the first case, the hybrid seedling served as a scion, and it was grafted onto an adult fruiting plant (stock), the properties of which were desired to be obtained from the hybrid. In the second case, a cutting of the variety was grafted into the crown of a young hybrid seedling (stock), the characteristics of which would be obtained from the hybrid.
This method was applied by Michurin, for example, when creating the Bellefleur-Chinese apple variety. In the first year of fruiting of the hybrids, it turned out that their fruits were small and sour. To direct further development hybrid in the right direction, Bellefleur cuttings were grafted into the crown of young trees. Under the influence of cuttings, the fruits of the hybrid began to acquire the taste of Bellefleur.
The influence of the mentor should be seen as a change in dominance during the development of the hybrid. In this case, the mentor contributed to the phenotypic manifestation (dominance) of genes obtained from the Bellefleur variety, without changing the genotype of the hybrid.

Mediator method was used by Michurin for distant hybridization. It consists in using the wild species as a mediator to overcome non-breeding. By crossing the wild Mongolian almond with the wild David peach, Michurin received the Mediator almond, which he later used to cross with the cultivated peach. The hybrid peach he obtained acquired winter hardiness, thanks to which it was moved north.

Pollen mixingwas used by Michurin to overcome interspecies non-interbreeding (incompatibility). The essence of the method was that when pollinated with a mixture of its own pollen and pollen of a different species, its own pollen irritated the stigma of the pistil, and it perceived foreign pollen.

Environmental exposure... When "educating" young hybrids Michurin used changes in the methods of storing seeds, the nature of nutrition and soil properties, exposure to low temperatures, and used frequent transplants. As a result, the hybrids were tempered and could withstand adverse environmental conditions.

Selection - multiple and rigorous selection of plants by size, shape, winter hardiness, immune properties, quality, taste, fruit color, etc.
Most of the varieties obtained by I.V. Michurin, was a complex heterozygote. To preserve their qualities, they are propagated vegetatively: by layering, grafting, etc.

Equipment: tables on general biology, illustrating the methods of plant breeding, methods of breeding I.V. Michurin and achievements in plant breeding.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Testing knowledge

A. Work on cards

№ 1. Scientists have obtained a wheat-rye hybrid of triticale. How did you manage to create such a hybrid that reproduces successfully sexually?

№ 2. The most high-yielding (up to 100 centners / ha) wheat varieties are recognized Bezostaya 1 (bred by P.P. Lukyanenko) and Mironovskaya 808 (bred by V.N. Craft). Their ears and grains are very large, the stems are thick and strong. These varieties are soft, polyploid ( 6n) wheat. The highest yield and largest fruits in strawberries also give polyploid (8n) plants. Using this data, answer the questions:

a) how does polyploidy affect the size of fruits and other morphological characteristics of wheat and strawberries?
b) how does polyploidy affect the productivity of these plants?
c) what is the economic importance of polyploidy for humans?

№ 3. Evolutionary theory was confirmed by the studies of the Danish geneticist W. Johansen. He studied the effects of selection in populations and pure lines. It turned out that selection in terms of size, mass of seeds, and other traits within the pure line is ineffective. At the same time, selection in freely interbreeding populations is effective. Explain what pattern of evolutionary theory is supported by the results of this study.

№ 4. Currently, a hybrid tomato variety that is resistant to two viruses is widespread in the United States and England. The variety is obtained as a result of the fusion of the germ cells of a wild tomato and a cultivar. Explain the importance of preserving the genes of wild species in breeding.

B. Oral knowledge test

1. What are biological features plants taken into account in breeding?
2. What is inbreeding and interline crosses?
3. What is interspecies and interspecies crossing?
4. What is the phenomenon of heterosis and what are its genetic bases?
5. What is the method of G.D. Karpechenko to overcome the infertility of interspecific hybrids?
6. What is mass and individual selection in plant breeding?
7. What is induced mutagenesis and what is the method of obtaining polyploids in plant breeding.

II. Learning new material

1. Methods of breeding I.V. Michurina

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (1855-1935) - an outstanding breeder and practitioner, the author of 300 varieties of fruit and berry crops. At the beginning of his career, I.V. Michurin was engaged in acclimatization according to Grell's method, grafting southern varieties into the crown of hardy and cold-resistant varieties in order to achieve their adaptation to new conditions. But it was impossible to change the genotype of southern varieties by this method. Michurin became convinced of this by testing about 200 foreign varieties: after 35 years not a single tree remained of them, although Michurin lived and worked in the relatively mild climate of the Black Earth zone of Russia (Kozlovsk, now Michurinsk, Tambov province).
Convinced of the futility of attempts at simple acclimatization, I.V. Michurin began to develop new breeding methods based on hybridization, selection and education (the impact of environmental conditions on developing hybrids). When implementing them, he used a variety of approaches (many - for the first time in world breeding practice), the most important of which are as follows.

Biologically distant hybridization - crossing representatives of different species to obtain varieties with the desired properties or crossing representatives of different genera. So, for example, Michurin crossed Vladimirskaya cherry with white Winkler cherry. During further work with hybrids, he developed the Krasa Severa cherry variety, which had good taste and winter hardiness. When crossing cherry with bird cherry, Michurin received a hybrid called cerapadus. He also obtained hybrids of blackberries and raspberries, plums and thorns, mountain ash and Siberian hawthorn, etc.

Geographically distant hybridization - crossing of representatives of contrasting natural zones and geographically remote regions in order to impart the necessary qualities to the hybrid. For example, the well-known pear variety Bere Zimnaya Michurina was obtained as a result of hybridization of the wild Ussuri pear and the southern French variety Bere-Royal.

Mentor Method - one of the methods of "education" of hybrids, developed by I.V. Michurin. It is based on the fact that the characteristics of the developing hybrid change under the influence of the scion or rootstock. Michurin used this method in two versions. In the first case, the hybrid seedling served as a scion, and it was grafted onto an adult fruiting plant (stock), the properties of which it was desirable to obtain from the hybrid. In the second case, a cutting of the variety was grafted into the crown of a young hybrid seedling (rootstock), the characteristics of which would be obtained from the hybrid.
This method was applied by Michurin, for example, when creating the Bellefleur-Chinese apple variety. In the first year of fruiting of the hybrids, it turned out that their fruits were small and sour. To direct the further development of the hybrid in the right direction, Bellefleur cuttings were grafted into the crown of young trees. Under the influence of cuttings, the fruits of the hybrid began to acquire the taste of Bellefleur.
The influence of the mentor should be seen as a change in dominance during the development of the hybrid. In this case, the mentor contributed to the phenotypic manifestation (dominance) of genes obtained from the Bellefleur variety, without changing the genotype of the hybrid.

Mediator method was used by Michurin for distant hybridization. It consists in using the wild species as a mediator to overcome non-breeding. By crossing the wild Mongolian almond with the wild David peach, Michurin received the Mediator almond, which he later used to cross with the cultivated peach. The hybrid peach he obtained acquired winter hardiness, thanks to which it was moved north.

Pollen mixing was used by Michurin to overcome interspecies non-interbreeding (incompatibility). The essence of the method was that when pollinated with a mixture of its own pollen and pollen of a different species, its own pollen irritated the stigma of the pistil, and it perceived foreign pollen.

Environmental exposure ... When "educating" young hybrids Michurin used changes in the methods of storing seeds, the nature of nutrition and soil properties, exposure to low temperatures, and used frequent transplants. As a result, the hybrids were tempered and could withstand adverse environmental conditions.

Selection - multiple and rigorous selection of plants by size, shape, winter hardiness, immune properties, quality, taste, fruit color, etc.
Most of the varieties obtained by I.V. Michurin, was a complex heterozygote. To preserve their qualities, they are propagated vegetatively: by layering, grafting, etc.

2. Achievements in plant breeding

Breeding work is of tremendous importance to the national economy. Replacing low-yielding varieties with highly productive breeding varieties is one of the main ways to increase yields. At present, both in our country and abroad, selection and genetic work leads to remarkable results.
Let's take a look at some of the latest advances in breeding for major crops.

Winter wheat ... For Russia, wheat is the main grain crop. Academician Pavel Panteleimonovich Lukyanenko (1901–1973) created a number of high-yielding varieties of winter wheat, covering millions of hectares both in Russia and in other countries. The most popular varieties are Aurora and Kavkaz, which yield up to 100 c / ha, and Bezostaya 1, with a yield of up to 50 c / ha. On the basis of the latter variety, varieties Krasnodarskaya 57 and Odessa semi-dwarf were bred.
No less high-yielding varieties were bred at the Mironovskaya selection experimental station by Academician Vasily Nikolaevich Remeslo (1907-1983): Mironovskaya 264, Mironovskaya 808, etc. Over the past 50 years, the yield of winter wheat varieties has increased from 25 to 65 kg / ha, ie. 2.5 times. Illichivka also belongs to the new high-yielding winter wheat varieties bred at the same station. In 1974, this variety was zoned in 15 regions of Ukraine and, with proper irrigation and high agricultural technology, yields up to 100 centners / ha.
Among the new varieties are very promising perennial wheat bred under the leadership of Academician Nikolai Vasilyevich Tsitsin (1898-1980) on the basis of interspecific hybridization of wheat and wheatgrass. They are high-yielding, drought-resistant, withstand frosts down to -35 oС.

Spring wheat ... Among the spring crops, the most valuable is created by Alexei Pavlovich Shekhurdin (1886-1951) and Valentina Nikolaevna Mamontova (1895-1982) high yielding variety Saratovskaya 29, distinguished by its high baking qualities. We have already mentioned the Novosibirskaya 67 spring wheat variety with a shortened and thickened straw, bred at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the SB RAS. The yield of this variety in Western Siberia reaches 40 kg / ha.

Sunflower ... In this area of \u200b\u200bplant breeding, the achievements of Academician Vasily Stepanovich Pustovoit (1886-1972) are remarkable. Until the middle of the XX century. the best varieties sunflower oil content did not exceed 33%. At present, the average oil content of seeds reaches 50%.

Sugar beet ... In recent years, the sugar content and yield of sugar beets have sharply increased. Polyploidy (works of A.N. Lutkov, V.P. Zosimovich) played an important role in the selection of this culture.

Corn ... When creating new promising varieties of this culture, self-pollinating homozygous lines with their subsequent hybridization are used (MI Khadzhinov and G.S. Galeev).

III. Consolidation of knowledge

Generalizing conversation in the course of studying new material.

IV. Homework

To study a paragraph of the textbook (methods of breeding work of IV Michurin and achievements in plant breeding).

Lesson 8-9. Animal breeding, its methods and achievements

Equipment: tables on general biology, illustrating the methods of breeding I.V. Michurin, achievements in plant breeding, methods of animal breeding.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Testing knowledge

A. Work on cards

№ 1. What important regularity of the dominance of traits in hybrids was established by I.V. Michurin? What is the significance of this pattern for selection? Give examples.

№ 2. What are the positive and negative aspects of self-pollination in the selection of cultivated plants?

№ 3. There is an expression: "A person is fed and clothed by polyploids." How should it be understood?

№ 4. When selecting parental pairs for hybridization, I.V. Michurin made extensive use of geographically distant forms. For example, the Bellefleur-Chinese apple variety was created, obtained as a result of hybridization of the Chinese apple tree from Siberia and american variety Bellefleur yellow. Why did Michurin pay great attention to the crossing of geographically distant forms?

B. Oral knowledge test

1. What methods of breeding work did I.V. Michurin?
2. What are the latest advances in plant breeding?

II. Learning new material

1. Features of animal biology taken into account in breeding

When breeding animals, the following features must be taken into account:

- the small number of offspring in a pair of parents;
- long life expectancy;
- impossibility vegetative propagation highly organized animals and the presence of only a sexual mode of reproduction in them;
- dioeciousness;
- often late puberty;
- more complex than in plants, relationships with the environment due to the presence of the nervous system;
- the difficulty of studying the genotype, because it contains a large number of heterozygotes, and genes are in a complex interaction (productivity for meat, milk, wool, fertility, fur density in fur animals and other economically valuable traits are very difficult to inherit).

2. Types of crosses and breeding methods used in animal husbandry

In breeding work, it is important to represent the ultimate goal towards which the breeder is striving. Whether it is desirable to increase milk production, increase its fat content or change the meat qualities of livestock - all this requires different directions of selection and selection of producers, application different systems crossbreeding.
When selecting sires, it is important to take into account their pedigrees. In pedigree farms, herd books are always kept, in which the exterior features and productivity of parental forms are taken into account in detail over a number of generations. According to the characteristics of the ancestors, one can judge the genotype of the producers.
The types of crossing in breeding work with animals are varied. There are mainly two types of crossing: unrelated and related.

Unrelated crossing , or outbreeding (from the English. out - outside and breeding - breeding), carried out between individuals of the same breed or between individuals different breeds animals. With strict selection, it leads to the maintenance of properties or their improvement in a series of subsequent generations of hybrids, because in the offspring it may turn out a good combination genes, providing the formation of a number of economically important traits.

Closely related crossing, or inbreeding, carried out between siblings or parents and offspring. This type of crossing is used in cases where one wants to transfer most of the genes of the breed to a homozygous state, i.e. to obtain clean lines, preserve economically important traits, increase the stability of these traits for subsequent crossing and obtain the effect of heterosis.
Such crossing is to a certain extent similar to self-pollination in plants, since leads to increased homozygosity. With closely related crossbreeding, weakening of animals is often observed, loss of resistance to the action of external factors, to diseases. All these negative manifestations of closely related interbreeding are called depression.

Interline crossing is carried out between representatives of pure homozygous lines in order to avoid the adverse effects of recessive genes, transfer them to a heterozygous state and cause the effect of heterosis. Usually, representatives of several lines are used for crossing.

Remote hybridization , i.e. interspecies crossing has been known in animals since ancient times. Most often, interspecific hybrids are sterile, because they have disrupted meiosis, which leads to a violation of gametogenesis. Since ancient times, people have used a hybrid of a mare with a donkey - a mule, which is distinguished by its endurance and long life expectancy. Overcoming the infertility of interspecific animal hybrids is an important breeding task.
Sometimes gametogenesis in distant hybrids proceeds normally, and this made it possible to obtain new valuable animal breeds. An example is the archaromerino, which can graze high in the mountains like argali and, like merino, produce good wool. Fertile hybrids were obtained from the crossing of local cattle with yaks and zebu (a subspecies of cattle common in Asia and Africa). Productive hybrids of beluga and sterlet (bester), ferret and mink (honorik) , carp and crucian carp. Also prolific is the offspring obtained by crosses between one-humped and two-humped camels, the domestic horse and the Przewalski's horse, bison and bison.
There are two main breeding methods used in animal husbandry: intra-breedand interbreed.

Intra-breed breeding, or breeding "in itself" , aimed at preserving and improving the breed. In practice, it is expressed in the selection the best manufacturers, rejection of individuals that do not meet the requirements of the breed.

Interbreed breeding used to create a new breed. In this case, closely related crossing is often carried out, which helps to obtain a large number of individuals with the desired properties.

To be continued

I. V. Michurin and his contribution to the development of breeding science

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin is a prominent representative of a self-taught scientist. He was born $ 15 October $ 1855 $ a year into a family of landed nobles. His father, grandfather and great-grandfather were engaged in gardening. And since childhood Ivan became addicted to working with plants. Already at the age of eight, he perfectly knew how to make budding, copulating and ablating plants. Michurin studied mainly at home. When, due to his father's illness, the family fell into difficult material conditions, Ivan Michurin went to work at the freight station, and devoted all his free time to breeding work in the garden, on a rented estate. Gardening became the main business of his life.

Michurin enthusiastically studied the diversity of Russian and world fruit and berry plants. Michurin's initial task was to replenish the variety of fruit and berry crops in the central and northern regions of Russia. He was carried away by the ideas of acclimatization of varieties of fruit plants, which at that time were promoted by the Moscow gardener A.K. Grell. But several years of hard work have shown the inconsistency of this method for the acclimatization of southern varieties to the harsh winters of the European North of Russia. Therefore, IV Michurin began work on hybridization. They gave the best result in the acclimatization of heat-loving southern varieties.

Remark 1

Parallel to practical work, Michurin was engaged in scientific and theoretical activities. For his work by the government of Russia in $ 1913, he was awarded the Order of St. Anne, $ 3, degree and the Green Cross "For his labors in agriculture." But his work did not receive due attention from the ruling circles.

Only under Soviet rule, the efforts of the scientist were adequately appreciated by the state. IV Michurin was given the opportunity not only to carry out large-scale experiments, but also to actively introduce the results of scientific developments into the practice of agriculture.

Methods of work I.V. Michurina

As mentioned above, IV Michurin's main goal was to create highly productive varieties of fruit and berry plants that would give stable results in the central and northern regions of Russia.

The first method tried by the scientist was acclimatization method ... But long-term work has shown that this method does not allow obtaining persistent hereditary traits in acclimatized plants.

Therefore, Michurin devoted his further efforts to combining three main directions of scientific methods: hybridization, selection and influence of environmental conditions in order to control the process of domination .

Hybridization method

The hybridization method allowed Michurin to combine genotypes of parental varieties in a hybrid plant, which were very different in their qualities. In particular, he managed to get hybrids that combined the taste of the best southern foreign varieties and the winter hardiness of local Russian varieties. Simple crossing did not give the desired results. Therefore Michurin made extensive use of the conditions of development to control the nature of domination. He grew the resulting hybrids in harsh conditions in order to stimulate the dominance of the qualities of increased frost resistance inherent in the hybrid genotype. Crossing plants from geographically distant regions made it possible, according to Michurin, to avoid one-sided domination and made it possible to control the formation of the desired traits of hybrids.

Pre-vegetative convergence method

This method was applied by IV Michurin when obtaining a hybrid of pear and mountain ash. First, in order to bring biochemical and physiological processes closer together, the shoot of one plant (mountain ash) was grafted onto another (pear). Later, during the flowering of mountain ash, its flowers were pollinated with the pollen of the rootstock. There was a crossing of organisms with already closer biochemical and physiological processes.

Mediator method

This method made it possible to bypass the problem of non-breeding of certain species. If it is impossible to cross two species, then the scientist took the third type of plant, crossed it with the first species, and the resulting hybrid with the second. From the subsequent hybrids, in the process of artificial selection, samples were selected with the best, from the point of view of the breeder's goals, qualities.

Pollination method with a mixture of pollen

This method also made it possible to overcome the problem of non-breeding of species. Michurin used a mixture of pollen from two plants. Substances from "foreign" pollen (essential oils) irritated the plant pistils and contributed to the better perception of the pollen by the plant.

Mentor Method

Michurin considered this method to be one of the most effective methods of controlling dominance. By grafting a hybrid cutting to the crown of an adult tree, which had the quality necessary for a scientist, I.V. Michurin achieved a shift in the dominance process towards enhancing the desired quality in a hybrid. Nutrition of the stock shifted the dominance process in the direction that the scientist needed.

The value of I. V. Michurin's works

The works of Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin served as a springboard for the development of domestic breeding work. He developed a unique technique to overcome the problem of non-breeding of species. As a result of the painstaking work of an outstanding breeder, a large number of varieties have been created. garden plants... On the example of Michurin's works, more than one generation of domestic breeders was brought up.

Dream

Pavel Savvich is from Kazan. Born in 1858 in the family of a yeast master. But the Komissarovs had a family hobby - a garden. Parents did not even send their irreplaceable assistant to study. Then all his life Pavel Savvich comprehended science on his own. Most of all he was fascinated by books and magazines on gardening. And so Pavel read that in Siberia, near Omsk, the first agronomists of the region, Osip Obukhov and Pyotr Shcherbakov, work on the Experimental Farm near Lake Cheredovoye, and there is a Practical Garden next to the Cadet Corps. The young man had a dream to go to Siberia, to start an unprecedented business - gardening in a harsh land.

And life went on as usual. Five years after starting work at the yeast factory, at the age of 22, Pavel received a first-hand master's degree. He was even put in charge of the shop, and his father was his subordinate. The family was proud of Paul.

But he could not sit still. First he went to the Volga cities, then settled in Yekaterinburg for three years. The owner of the local yeast factory liked him so much that he found Pavel an apartment and paid for it himself. And most importantly, the smart, well-read girl Fedosya lived here. They fell in love, got married. Fedosya's parents gave her a decent dowry. Live and be happy. And Pavel decided that the time had come to make his dream of his own garden in Siberia come true. What kind of gardening in the Urals: not earth - stone. Paul perceived the dream as the mission of his life.

In 1885, the Komissarovs went to Tobolsk. And for five years Pavel Savvich fought there for his idea with cold winds, from which the seedlings were frozen, and with a lack of understanding of both local residents and officials. And in 1890 the family moved to the south of Siberia, to the provincial Omsk - now forever.

The first gardens have already been laid out in Omsk. They belonged to the most famous townspeople: Shanina, Terekhovs, Yasherovs ... But there were no particular successes. With whom Pavel Savich spoke about his dream, he heard in response: “Yes, in Siberia, instead of apples, potatoes will give birth to more fists, and that's enough. And apples will be brought to us from the south. " But Pavel Savvich stubbornly walked towards his goal. He wrote a petition to the Cossack Army Board with a request to lease him twenty acres of land on the condition that in twenty years he would return the land from blooming garden... Bonded, I must say, the condition: to do everything and donate. But Komissarov was not thinking about increasing property.

Siberian climate winner

The first garden was far from the Irtysh, which created a problem with watering. And hares damaged the trunks of the seedlings in winter. Without losing hope of success, Pavel Savich moved the garden to the south. The family sold the house they bought in Omsk, they put a modest hut in the garden.

To protect the garden from the winds, Pavel Komissarov planted willows from the Irtysh, and pines from the north. The entire site was divided into squares and created between them borders - wings of dozens of different plants: from oak and cedar to elderberry, acacia, lilac. Inside the squares there were thermophilic grapes, cherries, pears, apple trees, honeysuckle, strawberries, currants, and raspberries. Everything that pleases Omsk residents today at their dachas, but at that time was a wonder. Pavel Savvich nurtured this planting plan for many years. He grafted creeping apple trees of European large-fruited varieties on Siberian wilds. In late autumn, he wrapped the trees with straw, sacking and matting.

He, self-taught, corresponded with I. V. Michurin. By 1905 he had already twenty varieties of his selection. Fourteen years later, 64 varieties of apple trees, 15 varieties of cherries, 6 varieties of barberry, about 60 varieties of currants, Kazan walnut, plum, Pennsylvania cherry, 12 species of hawthorn bore fruit in the garden.

Komissarov's pride is white mulberry. One lilac he grew 34 varieties. Since then, lilac has become a sign of Omsk, a favorite floral motif of fellow countrymen of different generations. About three hundred different biological species made up the wealth of this garden. IV Michurin supported the enthusiast.
Inspired, Pavel Savvich handed out seedlings to everyone, and welcomed guests. Who was not here! They sailed from the city on steamers with an orchestra for pleasant walks along the shady alleys. And, for example, businessman S. Kh. Randrup came with his family by car, one of the first in Omsk. The guests drank tea with fragrant herbs, feasted on fruits, and in parting received bouquets of flowers.

Today, when work on five acres seems to be a difficult task for Omsk people, especially young people, it is impossible to imagine how one family managed a garden of twenty acres. Moreover, it was experimental, where each plant species had to be acclimatized. Here is a fragment from the memoirs of Pavel Savvich's daughters: “Father did not give money, everything went to the garden. All winter, the earth soared in cast iron. I sowed seeds in jars, more than a thousand jars with sprouts stood. Forty tubs of water were poured around the garden. In the morning, trees were watered from tubs, seven hundred buckets each. And all ... running ... Father crawled on his knees, loosening the earth around the trees with his hands. He drank tea on the go, so with a mug in the garden and walked ... At night he jumped up, wrote in his book, walked back and forth, thought. "

Hard labor. And all the worries fell on the shoulders of Pavel Savvich, his wife Fedosya Alexandrovna and the children of Fedor, Sergei, Ulyana and Maria. Nothing for yourself. Pavel Savvich didn't even have a second pair of boots. Some - and only on the way out. Walked barefoot all summer.

In 1907, the Governor-General of the Steppe was at the highest reception of Nicholas II and presented the Emperor with a box of Commissar apples and photographs of the garden, saying: "Ermak conquered the Siberian land, and Komissarov conquered the Siberian climate." The tsar ordered to thank Pavel Savvich and give him a gold watch with a chain and the state emblem.

The minister shook hands

At the first West Siberian agricultural, forestry and trade and industrial exhibition, the exhibits of Pavel Savvich Komissarov were presented in the Forest Pavilion. For some reason, everyone admired the American maple. It was believed that maple cannot grow in Siberia. Pavel Savvich brought to the exhibition and collection of pickles and preserves from his garden. And also luxurious bouquets of flowers.

The exhibition was visited by the Minister of Railways Krivoshein, who, as reported in the newspapers, "examined the exposition of the famous gardener with visible interest" and "thanked him for his successful struggle with the harsh nature of Siberia, shaking his hand twice." “But the expert commission on gardening hardly noticed him. The circumstance is, to say the least, strange, ”the journalist notes. The press loved Pavel Savvich and tried to support him in everything. What a fuss was raised in the Omsk press when, following the results of the exhibition, Komissarov was awarded not a gold, but a silver medal!

I can assume that the scientific world was confused by the rusticity and… popularity of the Siberian Michurin. During the exhibition, an agricultural congress was held, at which Pavel Savich was also given the floor. During his speech, laughter was heard in the hall. Yes, he was not verbal, he formulated thoughts in a peasant way. But his amazing garden was then the only one in Siberia! None of the learned gentlemen was ready for such a feat: to live in hardship, creating the future.

"I will die, but my surname will live on"

The sons of Pavel Savvich were mobilized for the German war. This means: minus two helpers. But he left no experiments. He continued to subscribe to seeds from all over the world: from North and South America, Japan, Manchuria, Western Europe. The trouble happened in Civil war... In the late autumn of 1919, the retreating White Army with a herd of horses passed through Komissarov's garden. Not just passed - she made a stop in the garden. In front of the owner's eyes, the horses were breaking saplings, grazing in the beds. There was a conflict.

According to one version, the warriors beat the gardener, then he caught a cold and died of pneumonia. According to the other, when he saw the destruction of the garden, Pavel Savvich fell into despair, got a nervous breakdown and, visiting his injured trees in the bitter cold, caught pneumonia. Be that as it may, we can say that he fell ill, took to bed and died of grief. Relatives buried Pavel Savvich in his garden. The garden was nationalized in the same 1920. Became popular, which means nobody's. The children continued to take care of the plants for several years. But it ended up that the sons had to flee from the new government, they went far away. And the daughters got married.

The famous garden is sick. Only in 1948 it was recognized as a park and botanical reserve, but traces of desolation were obvious. The garden was overgrown with weeds, cattle were grazed in it. And all the distinguished guests of Omsk were always brought to Komissarov's garden. Nikita Khrushchev, Leonid Brezhnev, Joseph Broz Tito, and Walter Ulbricht have been here.

Omsk agricultural scientists, biologists, geographers sounded the alarm: the garden was disappearing. But not their voice, but a critical article in the Pravda newspaper in 1970 gave an impulse to restore order. The Chapaev collective farm was assigned to look after the garden, and a museum building was built.

It was opened for the second time in 1999. The garden was given the status of an arboretum named after PS Komissarov. And in 2008, the arboretum was declared a natural monument of regional importance. Today there is a monument with a portrait of Pavel Savvich, work is underway to revive its former beauty. The Day of the Siberian Garden, art festivals are held.

Once Pavel Savvich spoke about his hard labor: “There would be no hope, my heart would burst”. He addressed the youth with a poetic mandate (he dabbled in writing poetry): "Do not waste golden time, be useful, do not be lazy and for the future tribe, spare no effort, work." And he noticed: "I will die, but my surname will live." As it turned out, the words were visionary.

REPUBLICAN MULTIDISCIPLINE ACADEMIC COLLEGE

Abstract on the topic:

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin

(METHODS OF WORK)

COMPLETED BY: A. A. Meshkov

CHECKED: G. P. Krivovicheva

SARANSK, 1998

I. V. Michurin - an outstanding scientist-breeder, one of the founders of the science of breeding fruit crops... He lived and worked in the district town of Kozlov (Tambov province), renamed to

1932 to Michurinsk. Gardening from a young age was his favorite thing. He set himself the goal of his life to enrich the gardens of Russia with new varieties and achieved the realization of this dream, despite incredible difficulties and hardships.

He developed original practical methods for obtaining hybrids with new properties useful for humans, and also made very important theoretical conclusions.

Having set ourselves the task of promoting southern varieties fruit trees in the middle zone of Russia, Michurin first tried to solve it by acclimatizing these varieties in new conditions. But the southern varieties grown by him froze in winter. A change in the conditions of existence of an organism alone cannot change a phylogenetically developed stable genotype, moreover, in a certain direction.

Convinced of the unsuitability of the acclimatization method, Michurin devoted his life to breeding work, in which he used three main types of influence on the nature of the plant: hybridization, education of the developing hybrid in different conditions and selection.

Hybridization, i.e. obtaining a variety with new, improved traits, was most often carried out by crossing a local variety with a southern one, which had a higher taste. At the same time, a negative phenomenon was observed - the dominance of the local variety traits in the hybrid. The reason for this was the historical adaptation of the local variety to certain living conditions.

One of the main conditions contributing to the success of hybridization,

Michurin considered the selection of parental couples. In some cases, he took parents for crossing, distant in their geographical habitat. If the conditions of existence for parental forms do not correspond to their usual ones, he reasoned, then the hybrids obtained from them will be able to more easily adapt to new factors, since unilateral dominance will not occur. Then the breeder will be able to manage the development of a hybrid that adapts to new conditions.

This method was used to bred the pear variety Bere Zimnyaya Michurina. As a mother, the Ussuriyskaya wild pear was taken, distinguished by small fruits, but winter-hardy, as a father - the southern variety Bere Royal with large juicy fruits. For both parents conditions middle band Russians were unusual. The hybrid showed the qualities of the parents necessary for the breeder: the fruits were large, mature, had high taste, and the hybrid plant itself tolerated cold up to -36 °.

In other cases, Michurin selected local frost-resistant varieties and crossed them with southern heat-loving ones, but with other excellent qualities. Carefully selected hybrids Michurin brought up in Spartan conditions, believing that otherwise they will have traits of thermophilicity. This is how the Slavyanka apple variety was obtained by crossing Antonovka with the southern Ranet pineapple variety.

In addition to crossing two forms belonging to the same systematic category (apple and apple, pear and pear), Michurin also used hybridization of distant forms: he received interspecific and interspecific hybrids.

He obtained hybrids between cherry and bird cherry (cerapadus), between apricot and plum, plum and blackthorn, mountain ash and Siberian hawthorn, etc.

Under natural conditions, alien pollen of another species is not perceived by the mother plant and crossing does not occur.

To overcome non-breeding during distant hybridization

Michurin used several methods.

Method of preliminary vegetative convergence.

An annual cutting of a hybrid rowan seedling (scion) is grafted into the crown of a plant of another species or genus, for example, to a pear (stock).

After 5-6 years of nutrition due to the substances produced by the stock, some change occurs, the physiological and biochemical properties of the scion converge.

During the flowering of mountain ash, its flowers are pollinated with the pollen of the rootstock. In this case, crossing is carried out.

Mediator method.

It was used by Michurin when hybridizing a cultivated peach with a wild Mongolian bean almond (in order to move the peach to the north). Since direct crossing of these forms was not successful, Michurin crossed the legume with the semi-cultivated peach of David. Their hybrid was crossed with a cultivated peach, for which it was named an intermediary.

Pollination method with a mixture of pollen. IV Michurin used various versions of the pollen mixture. A small amount of the pollen of the mother plant mixed with the pollen of the father. In this case, its own pollen irritated the stigma of the pistil, which became able to perceive foreign pollen as well. When pollinating apple flowers with pear pollen, a little apple pollen was added to the latter. Part of the ovules was fertilized with their own pollen, the other part was foreign (pear).

Non-breeding was also overcome when the flowers of the mother plant were pollinated with a mixture of pollen of different species without adding pollen of their own variety. Essential oils and other secrets secreted by foreign pollen irritated the stigma of the mother plant and contributed to its perception.

Through all his many years of work on breeding new varieties of plants, IV Michurin showed the importance of the subsequent upbringing of young hybrids after crossing.

When raising a developing hybrid, Michurin paid attention to the composition of the soil, the method of storing hybrid seeds, frequent transplantation, the nature and degree of nutrition of the seedlings, and other factors.

In addition, Michurin widely used the mentor's method developed by him. In order to bring up the desired qualities in a hybrid seedling, the seedling is grafted onto a plant that has these qualities.

Further development of the hybrid is under the influence of substances produced by the plant-educator (mentor); the desired qualities are enhanced in the hybrid. In this case, during the development of hybrids, a change in the properties of dominance occurs.

The mentor can be either the rootstock or the scion. In this manner

Michurin bred two varieties - Kandil-Kitayka and Bellefleur-Kitayka.

Kandil-Kitayka is the result of crossing Kitayka with the Crimean variety Kandil-Sinap. At first, the hybrid began to deviate towards the southern parent, which could develop insufficient cold resistance in it. To develop and consolidate the sign of frost resistance, Michurin grafted a hybrid into the crown of Kitayka's mother, who possessed these qualities. Nutrition mainly with its substances brought up in a hybrid desired quality... Breeding second grade

Bellefleur-Chinese was associated with some deviation of the hybrid towards frost-resistant and early maturing Kitayanka. The hybrid fruit could not bear long storage... To cultivate the keeping quality in a hybrid, Michurin planted a hybrid seedling in the crown

Bellefleur-Chinese several cuttings of late-ripening varieties. The result was good - the Bellefleur-Chinese fruits acquired the desired qualities - late ripening and keeping quality.

The mentor's method is convenient in that its action can be regulated by the following methods: 1) the ratio of the age of the mentor and the hybrid; 2) the duration of the mentor's activity; 3) the quantitative ratio of the foliage of the mentor and the hybrid.

For example, the intensity of the mentor's action will be the higher, the older his age, the richer the crown of foliage and the longer he acts. In breeding work Michurin attached great importance to selection, which was carried out repeatedly and very rigidly.

Hybrid seeds were selected according to their size and roundness: hybrids - according to the configuration and thickness of the leaf blade and petiole, the shape of the shoot, the location of lateral buds, winter hardiness and resistance to fungal diseases, pests and many other signs, and, finally, the quality of the fruit.

The results of IV Michurin's work are striking. He created hundreds of new varieties of plants. A number of varieties of apple trees and berry crops have been advanced far north. They are highly palatable and at the same time perfectly adapted to local conditions. The new Antonovka six-gram variety gives a yield from one tree up to 350 kg. Michurinsky grapes withstood the winter without dusting the vines, which is done even in the Crimea, and at the same time did not reduce their market indicators. Michurin showed with his works that the creative possibilities of a person are endless.

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