Characteristic features of traditional Russian dwellings in various regions of the country. History of human dwellings Houses of different peoples of the world drawing

The housing stock of modern Russian villages has been developing for a long time. In some villages and hamlets there are still dwellings built at the end and even in the middle of the 19th century; many buildings erected at the beginning of the 20th century have survived. On the whole, in most Russian villages, houses built before the Great October Revolution constitute a relatively small percentage. In order to understand the current changes in the development of traditional forms of housing, as well as the process of the formation of new features of housing construction, it is necessary to give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe main features of the Russian rural dwelling that were traced in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Characteristic features of traditional Russian dwelling in various regions of the country

The diverse nature of Russia, various social, economic and historical conditions contributed to the creation different types Russian dwellings, fixed on a particular territory by a certain local ethnic tradition. Along with the common features characteristic of all Russian houses, in different areas of Russian settlement there were features that manifested themselves in the position of the house in relation to the street, in the building material, in the covering, in the height and internal layout of the building, in the forms of building the courtyard. Many local features of the dwelling developed back in feudal era and reflect the cultural characteristics of certain ethnographic groups.

In the middle of the XIX century. on the vast territory of Russian settlement, large areas were distinguished, distinguished by the peculiarities of rural residential buildings. There were also smaller areas with less significant dwelling peculiarities, as well as zones of distribution of mixed forms of dwellings.

In the northern villages of Russia - in Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Olonets, as well as in the northern districts of the Tver and Yaroslavl provinces - large log buildings were erected, which included residential and utility rooms in a single whole, set with a narrow end facade perpendicular to the street. A characteristic feature of the northern dwelling was the high height of the entire building. Due to the harsh northern climate, the floor of the living quarters was raised to a considerable height above the ground. The cuts (beams) of the floor were cut into the sixth-tenth crown, depending on the thickness of the logs. The space under the floor was called the basement, or the basement; it reached a significant (1.5-3 m) height and was used for various household needs: keeping poultry and young livestock, storing vegetables, food, and various utensils. Often the basement was made residential. Adjacent to the living quarters was a courtyard, covered with the same roof and constituting a single whole with housing (“house - courtyard”). In the covered courtyard, all utility rooms were united into one whole under a common roof and were closely adjacent to the dwelling. The spread of the covered courtyard in the northern and central non-chernozem provinces of Russia was due to the harsh climate and long snowy winters, which forced to combine residential and household buildings into one whole.

Covered courtyards in the north, as well as living quarters, were built high and arranged in two floors. The lower floor housed cattle sheds, and the upper floor (poveta) held cattle fodder, household implements, vehicles, and various household items; there were also built small unheated log cabins - cages (gorenki), in which the family's household property was kept, and in the summer married couples lived. Outside, an inclined log deck was attached to the poveta - an entrance (import). The covered courtyard was adjacent to the back wall of the house, and the entire building stretched perpendicular to the street, in one line, making up a "single-row connection" or "single-row type of building". In northern buildings, there was also a type of "two-row" building, in which the house and the covered courtyard were placed in parallel, close to each other. In Zaonezhye, the so-called pouch house was widespread, in which the courtyard, attached to the side, was wider than the hut and was covered with one of the elongated slopes of its roof. There was also a "verb-like" building, when a courtyard was attached to the back and side walls of the house, which was placed perpendicular to the street, as if covering the house from two sides.

On the vast territory, which included all the northern, western, eastern and central Russian provinces of the European part of Russia, as well as in the Russian villages of Siberia, the dwelling was covered with a gable roof. The material of the roof covering depended on local possibilities. In the northern forest provinces, huts were covered with boards, shingles, and at the beginning of the 20th century also with chips.

The most ancient and characteristic structure of the gable roof, which survived especially for a long time in the north, was the male (the roof was cut, cut, on bulls, on males). In the construction of such a roof, an important practical purpose was performed by hens - naturally curved rhizomes of spruce, supporting streams, or water pipes, that is, gutters against which the ends of the roof gaps rested. An important constructive role was played by brackets (fellings, abutments, passes), arranged from the outlets of the upper logs of the longitudinal walls and supporting the corners of the roof, as well as an ochlupen (gielom) - a massive log that oppresses the roof gaps with its weight. All these details gave a peculiar beauty and picturesqueness to the peasant building, due to which in a number of places their construction was caused not only by practical, but also by decorative considerations. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries. the construction of the male roof is replaced by a rafter.

Several windows were cut on the façade of tall, chopped huts in the northern villages; the building was enlivened by a porch at the entrance to the house, a balcony on a chopped pediment and a gallery, often encircling the whole house at window level. The rounded ends of chickens, streams, fellings, oglupnya with a knife and an ax were given plastic sculptural forms of animals, birds and various geometric figures; the image of a horse's head was especially characteristic.

The architectural appearance of the northern hut is unusually beautiful and picturesque. Flat plank surfaces of window frames, piers (boards with which the protruding ends of the roof slats were sewn up), gaps (boards running along the eaves), towels (boards covering the roof joint), porches, balcony] gratings were decorated with flat geometric carvings (with a low relief) or a slot. The intricate alternation of all kinds of cuts with straight and circular lines, rhythmically following each other, made the carved boards of northern huts look like lace, then like the ends of a towel, made in the Russian folk style. The plank surfaces of the northern building were often painted with paints.

Dwellings were built much lower and smaller in size in the Upper and Middle Volga regions, in the Moscow province, in the southern part of Novgorod, in the northern districts of the Ryazan and Penza provinces, partly in the Smolensk and Kaluga provinces. These areas are characterized by a log house on a medium or low basement. In the northern and central parts of this zone, floor cuttings were cut mainly into the fourth, sixth and even seventh crown; in the south of the Moscow province. and in the Middle Volga region, a low basement prevailed in the dwelling: cuts for the floor were cut into the second or fourth crown. In some houses of the Middle Volga region in the second half of the 19th century. it was possible to find an earthen floor, which, in all likelihood, was a consequence of the influence of the housing construction of the peoples of the Volga region, which in the past was characterized by an underground dwelling. In the villages of the Nizhny Novgorod province. rich peasants built semi-houses - wooden houses on high brick basements, which were used as a storeroom, shop or workshop.

In Central Russian villages, houses were placed mainly perpendicular to the street, two, three, and sometimes more windows were cut through on the front facade. As a material for covering a gable roof, we used boards, shingles, and straw. A covered courtyard was attached directly to the house, as in the North, but it was lower than the house, consisted of one floor and did not make up a single whole with the house. In the northern regions of the Upper Volga region, especially in the Trans-Volga region, higher courtyards were also built, located on the same level with the house.

In Central Russian trees, courtyards were attached to the back of the house as a one-row building; in rich farms, verb-like buildings were often found; especially typical for the Upper and Middle Volga region was the two-row type of building. At the end of the XIX century. the two-row type of connection was gradually replaced by a more rational single-row type. This was due to the inconvenience and bulkiness of the two-row courtyards; due to the accumulation of moisture at the junction of the house with the outbuildings, these yards were damp. In more southern regions, in the Volga-Kama interfluve, in the Middle Volga region, in the Penza province. the so-called "quiescent courtyard" was widespread. The quiescent building consists of two parallel rows of buildings - a house with outbuildings attached behind it, and in front of it a row of outbuildings, which in the back of the yard bent at a right angle and merged with the buildings of the first row. Such a courtyard has a significant open space; this type of development belongs to the “open” or “semi-closed” type of yard 1.

Semi-closed courtyards constitute, as it were, a transition zone from a covered courtyard to an open one (a significant part of the Moscow, Vladimir, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga provinces, the Middle Volga region). An open courtyard predominated to the south of this zone.

The architectural appearance of Central Russian huts is also characterized by the richness and variety of decorations. As in the north, the rounded ends of streams, chickens, and oglupnya were processed with sculptural carvings, but it did not have that bizarre artistic variety as in the northern huts, and was less common. The decoration of the roof of the peasant hut in Yaroslavl, Kostroma and partly Nizhny Novgorod provinces was peculiar. two sculpted skates facing in opposite directions. The facades of Central Russian huts were decorated with flat triangular-grooved carvings with a pattern of rosettes or separate parts of a circle, which were usually accompanied by patterns of parallel elongated grooves. If in the north, the main attention was paid to decorating the roof, then in the middle lane, windows were primarily decorated. In the regions adjacent to the Volga (Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Simbirsk provinces), in the second half of the 19th century. a more complex carving with a high relief and a convex succulent pattern of the drawing (ship carving, blind, or chisel carving) was widespread. In the ornament of relief carving, floral patterns prevailed, as well as images of animals and fantastic creatures. Carved patterns were concentrated on the pediment of the hut; they also decorated the shutters of windows, the ends of protruding corner logs, and gates. At the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century. labor-intensive embossed and flat threads were replaced by easier sawing threads, which spread along with a new tool - a jigsaw, which allows you to easily and quickly cut a variety of through patterns. The motives of the saw carving ornament were very diverse.

In the northeast of Russia, in the Perm and Vyatka provinces, the dwelling had many features similar to the North Russian and Central Russian buildings, which is explained by the settlement of these areas by immigrants from the Novgorod land and close ties of the northeast with the Volga region and the central provinces in the XIV-XVII centuries ., and similar conditions for the development of these areas. At the same time, some specific features can be traced in the northeastern dwelling. The chopped dwelling of the Vyatka-Perm Territory stood mostly perpendicular to the street and was covered with a two-slope boardwalk, less often hipped roof (in more developed houses according to their plan). In the northwestern districts of the region, higher and larger houses were built on a high basement, and the floor was cut into the seventh crown; in the southern districts of the region, the height of the underground was lowered and the floor was cut more often into the fourth or fifth crowns. For the dwelling of the Vyatka and Perm provinces, the most characteristic was a kind of rest-like building of the courtyard. These courtyards were closed when free space the yard was covered shed roof, half-closed and open. In some areas of the Perm province. arranged a serene courtyard, called "for three horses", in which the house, the open space of the courtyard and the next row of courtyard buildings were covered with three parallel gable roofs. The outer facades of the northeastern dwelling were comparatively poorly decorated.

In the western provinces of Russia - in Smolensk, Vitebsk, in the southern districts of Pskov, in the southwestern districts of Novgorod province - log huts were placed on a low (Smolensk, Vitebsk province) or middle (Pskov province) basement and covered with two-slope straw, less often plank roofs. A distinctive feature of the appearance of the West Russian hut was the presence of only one window on the front facade of the house, located perpendicular to the street, and decoration the front facade of the hut. Carved decorations were more common in the northwestern regions (Pskov, northern districts of Novgorod province), where the huts were taller and larger in size. In the western regions (Pskov and Vitebsk provinces), a peculiar type of three-row building of the estate was widespread, which at the same time can be attributed to a covered and an open type of courtyard. In a three-row building, a covered courtyard adjoined the blind side wall of the house (similar to the type of two-row connection), on the other side of the house, at some distance from it (6-8 m), a number of outbuildings were being built parallel to the house. The open space between the house and the outbuildings was enclosed by a log fence. In the dwelling of the western provinces, features similar to the dwelling of Belarusians and peoples of the eastern regions of the Baltic are traced (planizbes, the presence of a suspended boiler at the stove, the construction of a log house from beams, terminology, etc.), which was a consequence of the ancient historical and ethnocultural ties of the population of these areas with their western neighbors ... For almost four centuries (XIV-XVII centuries) Smolensk lands were under the rule of Lithuania, and then the Commonwealth.

A peculiar type of Russian dwelling has developed in the southern chernozem provinces - Kaluga, Oryol, Kursk, Voronezh, Tambov, Tula, in the southern districts of Ryazan and Penza provinces. Small chopped houses were built here, often coated with clay on the outside, and later adobe, archery and brick low huts without a basement with a wooden, and more often adobe or earthen floor. The houses were set up with their long side along the street and were covered with a four-pitched thatched roof of a rafter structure. Low South Russian huts were less picturesque and poorer in architectural decoration. One or two windows were cut through on the front facade of the hut. To protect from the summer heat and strong steppe winds, shutters were almost always installed at the windows. Brick houses were often decorated with complex bright patterns from painted in different colours bricks, as well as relief patterns made of chiseled bricks.

In the southern provinces of Russia, an open type of courtyard was widespread. The courtyard buildings were located behind the house and constituted a closed, open space in the center. In Ryazan, Penza, Tula, a significant part of Orel, Kursk, Voronezh, as well as in the Smolensk province. a closed "round" courtyard was widespread, which differed from the quiescent one mainly in the longitudinal position of the house to the street. In the southern part of the steppe zone - in the southern districts of Kursk, Voronezh, partly Saratov provinces, as well as in the region of the Don Army, in the Kuban and Terek regions, in Stavropol provinces, among the Russians of Central Asia - an open open courtyard was widespread. The open space in this courtyard occupied a significant area, on which, without a certain order, not always adjoining each other, separately from the house, various outbuildings were located. The entire space of the yard was usually fenced off. The characteristic features of the dwelling - low underground huts, free development of residential and outbuildings, an abundance of straw as a building material and a much lesser importance of wood - arose in the conditions of the forest-steppe and steppe zone with dry soils and a relatively warm climate.

A sharp contrast to the low South Russian dwelling was presented by the residential buildings of the well-to-do lower Don Cossacks. there were widespread two-story multi-room houses on a high basement. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries. there were built houses of two types - a "round house" (close to a square in terms of plan), a multi-room one under a hipped roof, and a "wing" - a rectangular house under a gable roof. Houses were cut from four-sided beams, sheathed with planks on the outside and covered with iron or plank roofs. Cossack houses were characterized by a large number of large-sized windows with paneled shutters and a variety of architectural details. Open galleries, porches, balconies and terraces, decorated with openwork saw-cut carvings, gave the buildings a specific southern flavor. In the same villages, most of the nonresident population and the poorest layers of the Cossacks lived in small oblong adobe and archery houses under four-sloped thatched or Reed roofs.

Among the Kuban and Terek Cossacks and the peasants of Stavropol in the middle of the 19th century. dominated by buildings resembling low Ukrainian huts - adobe and turluchnye, whitewashed on the outside, oblong in plan, without a basement, with an adobe floor, under a four-sloped thatched or reed roof. A similar type of dwelling, brought to the Kuban in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. immigrants from Ukraine, influenced all the people's construction of the Kuban, Terek and Stavropol Territories. At the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century. in the eastern and, to a lesser extent, in the western regions of the Kuban, wealthy Cossack farms also began to build “round”, multi-room houses, which were slightly lower and smaller than the houses of the lower Cossacks. The spread of a more perfect type of dwelling took place both under the influence of the developing capitalism and under the direct influence of Don traditions, since the eastern regions of the Kuban were inhabited to a large extent by the Don Cossacks. The dwelling of the Terek Cossacks developed under the definite influence of the neighboring mountain peoples, for example, in the Cossack estates, “mountain sakli” -mazankas were erected; in the living quarters there were carpets, felt and other items of mountain household utensils.

One can say about the national types of housing of the peoples of the world with the words of a song - they were sculpted from what was: the peoples of the north - from snow, the Slavs - from logs, Indians - from corn stalks. National dwellings certainly became a reflection of the lifestyle and way of life of their inhabitants. Some national dwellings have long ceased to be built, some are being built only for demonstration to tourists, but wooden houses are still very popular.

1. Igloo

People - American Eskimos
Material: ice, snow, skins and intestines of seals

If you build the needle correctly, then there will always be fresh air, warm and dry. The American Eskimos build them from spiral blocks of ice and compacted snow. The sizes of the blocks are different so that the dwelling tapers upwards - the domed igloo is more spacious and resists the wind better. The entrance to the igloo is located below the floor level, due to which heavier carbon dioxide is displaced from the dwelling, freeing up space for oxygen, while maintaining warm air. Therefore, a rather comfortable atmosphere is maintained inside the igloo. The walls of the dwelling absorb excess moisture, so it is always dry in it. Bowls with whale or seal fat were used as lighting in the igloo. From their heat, the walls only slightly melt, but do not melt, since they are actively cooled outside by frosty air. The ice walls are transparent and let in light from the outside, but usually to keep the igloo warm, they are hung with skins, and where necessary, the Eskimos make windows from seal intestines and pure ice.
Residents dug tunnels in the snow between neighboring igloos. This is how the snowy village used to look. Now the ability to correctly build an ice house is more important for the military or extreme tourists, because a shelter built in an hour can save the life of a lost traveler.

2. Dugout

The people are Slavs
Material: wood, straw, earth

More than a thousand years ago, the ancestors of modern Slavs lived not in huts, but in their predecessors - dugouts. It was arranged like this: a hole was dug in the ground half or the full height of the walls, then 3-4 log crowns were placed on its bottom, and a hearth was made of stones and clay inside. From above, a roll was made of logs, covered with sod or straw. Instead of a door - a manhole no more than a meter high, covered with a pair of halves of logs tied together and a canopy. In the dugout, the floor was also earthen - the soil was watered abundantly with water, and when it dried up, they swept it.
Having exhausted the resources of the earth, the ancient Slavs moved to a new place. There they dug a new dugout, and dismantled the old one into logs, which they floated down the river to the new camp. Over time, the life of the Slavs became more sedentary, and the houses became capital ones, which no longer went deep into the ground. To release the smoke, they began to breathe, first in the walls, and then in the roof.

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3. Dobo

The people are Indonesians
Material: wood, foliage

In the distant past, the Korowai tribe and other tribes of Polynesia and Indonesia hunted for heads, including each other. Therefore, they also built their houses at an altitude of 30-50m in the middle of the forest, fleeing predators, cannibalistic neighbors and out of nowhere white demons with fire-breathing sticks came from nowhere. Scientists first visited the loaf tribe in the 1970s, and until then the latter had no idea about big world... Even now, only a few of these people have mastered the literacy.
The Korowai make their dwellings high above the ground, and thin tree trunks serve as piles. A square platform of thin poles and leaves is erected above them, and then walls of the same material. The roof is covered with leaves. To stay in the house with a cow, you have to climb a tree trunk. Many whites cannot do this, but locals can easily cope with this task, even for pregnant women or women with babies it does not cause difficulties. Upstairs, the Korowai even learned how to make a fire.

4. Wigwam and tipi

People - North American Indians
Material: tree trunks, elm and birch bark, reeds, reeds, grass, corn leaves, cloth, skins

The Indians of North America had different dwellings - the more famous wigwams and lesser known teepees, which have a lot in common. But if the wigwam was intended for 25-30 people, then the teepee was for one family.
The teepee looks more like a small cone-shaped tent, it was used mainly by tribes who roamed the Great Plains. In the upper part of the cone there was a hole for smoke outlet, and the Indians made the frame of the tipi from juniper or pine poles, which were covered with rawhide on top, and after the appearance of the Europeans, they were often replaced with canvas. Sometimes the skins were decorated with traditional tribal patterns, hanging amulets, hunting or war trophies.
Indians from the forests of northern North America lived in the wigwams. On its frame were flexible thin trunks, which were covered with the bark of an elm or birch, mats woven from grass, reeds, reeds or corn leaves, as well as pieces of cloth and skins. Modern wigwams serve only for ritual purposes.

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5. Trulls, palasos and nuragi

People - Spaniards, Italians
Material: wood, stone, straw

Back in the Bronze Age, the Etruscans built nuraghes - tall stone towers of a conical shape with a round cross-section. It is not established whether they served as housing, maybe only the local nobility lived there or temples were located. It is known for certain that they were built without a binder solution, by the dry masonry method. Much later, in the Middle Ages, the Italians learned to build stone houses with conical roofs - trulls. They were also built without mortar so that they could be quickly demolished when a property tax collector approached.
Ancient dwellings in neighboring Spain looked about the same. They were built in Galicia, located in the north-east of the country. The Galicians called them palaso or pallosa. The frame of the building was wood, the walls were stone, and the roof was thatched. The latter often descended to the very ground, which made the house with the only noticeable opening - the entrance, similar to the fabulous dwelling of the gnomes. Palyaso had a diameter of 10-20 meters, and inside there was usually one room, less often a corral for livestock was separated.

6. Yurt

People - Mongol and Turkic nomads
Material: poles and felt

The oldest image of a yurt is about one and a half thousand years old, but it is believed that their mass construction began in the 13th century. A yurt can be called a large, comfortable folding tent, where a fireplace is set in the center, and smoke comes out through a hole in the roof, which also serves as lighting. In bad weather or just at night, this hole was covered with a piece of felt, simply by pulling the lasso. Wooden frame yurts were made of lattices folded in the manner of an accordion, the axes of which were long poles converging in a dome. On top of the frame, the frame was completely covered with a felt felt mat, thanks to which it was always warm in the yurt and there were no drafts, and in the heat the side felt was removed. The floor in the yurt was covered with carpets.
The room was divided into a large male half located on the east side and a smaller female half, which were separated by a curtain. The male part of the wall was decorated with talismans, weapons and horse harness. In the women's section one could see utensils, provisions, bed linen and clothes of women and children. At the entrance, they put a cupboard and a mortar, in which kumis was whipped, all this symbolized the prosperity of the family. Many Mongols live in yurts even now, and in neighboring Kazakhstan they are installed for national holidays or especially for tourists.

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7. Saklya

The people are Georgians
Material: wood, stone, clay

Since ancient times, Georgians have become accustomed to building their sakli monumental - of stone. Often they had several floors and numerous loopholes, since they served both for housing and as a refuge during an attack.
Sakli was also built in Crimea, but there they looked different - small houses made of clay, wood, air-dried adobe bricks (loam mixed with straw or other fillers), with flat roof... The sakli were usually built on the slopes of the mountains in terraces tightly adjacent to each other, so the roof of the lower sakli served as a floor or courtyard for the sakli, located one level higher. The oldest Crimean sakli consisted of a single room with an earthen floor, no windows and a hearth in the middle, the smoke from which escaped through a hole in the ceiling.

8. Sod house

The people are Icelanders
Material: wood, stones, turf

The construction of Icelandic turf houses resembled a dugout. They were built for centuries on this island with a harsh climate, where there was little wood to protect well from the cold. Icelanders lived in such houses from the 9th to the middle of the last century. They were built like this: on a flat area of \u200b\u200blarge flat stones, a floor was laid out, on which a wooden frame was erected, capable of withstanding the weight of the turf. The frame provided window and doorways, and outside it was covered with turf in several layers.
The house was divided into several rooms, the largest of which had a hearth. The cattle house was located slightly lower, thanks to which its heat also participated in heating the house. Since the XIV century, instead of large houses from turf, they began to build somewhat smaller, but connected to each other. They were half buried in the ground. Unfortunately, there was excess moisture in them.

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9. Ikukwane

People - South African Zulu tribes
Material: cane

The Zulu called a large domed reed house Ikukwane. It was built of thin long rods, reeds and tall grass, which were intertwined and tied with ropes. The entrance to the house was blocked by a special shield. Travelers noticed that this national home was in extraordinary harmony with the surrounding landscape. There were no windows in Ikukwan, only the fire of the hearth gave light.
The house was built by men and women, but the former were only responsible for the supply of building materials. Having brought in materials and outlined the boundaries of the future house, the man considered his work done, and then only women worked. The floor there was a mixture of sand from a termite mound with manure, which, after boiling, lost its characteristic odor, and the termite component added strength.

10. Felidge

The people are Bedouins
Material: wood, skins of sheep, goats and camels

The tent of the Arab nomads of the Bedouins is called felij. Its frame of intertwined thin poles was covered with a cloth obtained from goat or camel hair... It was so dense that it did not let the moisture of the rain through. During the day, the cover was lifted for ventilation, and in a strong wind or at night it returned to its place. In the Sahara, the nights are very cold, so after sunset the Bedouins sealed up all windows and the entrance.
The felige has a male and female halves, separated by a patterned curtain. There are foci in both halves. Mats lay on the floor. The dwelling is mobile - easily disassembled and assembled, which is necessary for a nomadic tribe.

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A dwelling is a structure or structure in which people live. It serves for shelter from the weather, for protection from the enemy, for sleeping, resting, raising offspring, and storing food. The local population in different regions the world has developed its own types of traditional dwellings. For example, among nomads these are yurts, tents, wigwams, and plagues. In the highlands, they built palyasos, chalets, and on the plains, huts, huts and huts. The national types of dwellings of the peoples of the world will be discussed in the article. In addition, from the article you will learn which buildings remain relevant at the present time and what functions they continue to perform.

Ancient traditional dwellings of the peoples of the world

People began to use housing since the time of the primitive communal system. At first, these were caves, grottoes, earthworks. But climate change has forced them to actively develop the skill of building and strengthening their homes. In the modern sense, "dwellings" most likely arose during the Neolithic, and stone houses appeared in the 9th century BC.

People wanted to make their homes stronger and more comfortable. Now many ancient dwellings of this or that nation seem completely fragile and dilapidated, but at one time they served faithfully to their owners.

So, about the dwellings of the peoples of the world and their features in more detail.

Dwellings of the peoples of the north

The conditions of the harsh northern climate influenced the features of the national structures of the peoples who lived in these conditions. The most famous dwellings of northern peoples are the booth, chum, igloo and yaranga. They are still relevant today and fully meet the requirements of the completely difficult conditions of the north.

This dwelling is remarkably adapted to the harsh climatic conditions and the nomadic way of life. They are inhabited by peoples who are mainly engaged in reindeer husbandry: Nenets, Komi, Enets, Khanty. Many believe that the Chukchi also live in a chum, but this is a delusion, they build yarangas.

Chum is a tent in the form of a cone, which is formed by high poles. This type of structure is more resistant to gusts of wind, and the cone shape of the walls allows snow to slide over their surface in winter and not accumulate.

They are covered with burlap in summer and animal skins in winter. The entrance to the chum is hung with sackcloth. To prevent snow or wind from falling under the lower edge of the structure, snow is raked outside to the base of its walls.

There is always a fire in the center of it, which is used to heat the room and prepare food. The room temperature is about 15 to 20 ºС. Animal skins are laid on the floor. Pillows, featherbeds and blankets are sewn from sheep skins.

The chum is traditionally installed by all family members, from small to large.

• Balagan.

The traditional dwelling of the Yakuts is a booth; it is a rectangular structure made of logs with a sloping roof. It was built quite easily: they took the main logs and set them vertically, but at an angle, and then attached many other smaller diameter logs. After the wall was smeared with clay. The roof was first covered with bark, and a layer of earth was poured over it.

Trampled sand served as the floor inside the dwelling, the temperature of which never dropped below 5 ºС.

The walls consisted of a huge number of windows; before the onset of severe frosts, they were covered with ice, and in summer - with mica.

The hearth was always located to the right of the entrance, it was smeared with clay. Everyone slept on bunks, which were set to the right of the hearth for men and to the left for women.

• Igloo.

This is the housing of the Eskimos, who did not live very well, unlike the Chukchi, so they did not have the opportunity and materials to build a full-fledged dwelling. They built their houses from snow or ice blocks. The structure was domed.

The main feature of the igloo device was that the entrance had to be below floor level. This was done so that oxygen entered the dwelling and carbon dioxide escaped, in addition, such an arrangement of the entrance made it possible to retain heat.

The walls of the igloo did not melt, but melted, and this made it possible to maintain a constant temperature in the room of about +20 ºС even in severe frosts.

• Valkaran.

This is the dwelling place of peoples living off the coast of the Bering Sea (Aleuts, Eskimos, Chukchi). This is a semi-dugout, the frame of which consists of whale bones. Its roof is covered with earth. An interesting feature dwelling is that it has two entrances: winter - through a multi-meter underground corridor, summer - through the roof.

• Yaranga.

This is the home of the Chukchi, Evens, Koryaks, Yukaghirs. It's portable. Tripods made of poles were installed in a circle, inclined wooden poles were tied to them, and a dome was attached from above. The entire structure was covered with walrus or deer skins.

In the middle of the room, several poles were placed to support the ceiling. The yaranga was divided into several rooms with the help of curtains. Sometimes a small house covered with skins was placed inside it.

Dwellings of nomadic peoples

The nomadic way of life has formed a special type of dwellings of the peoples of the world who do not live settled. Here are examples of some of them.

• Yurt.

This is a typical type of structure among nomads. It continues to be a traditional home in Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Altai.

It is a domed dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on large poles, which are installed in the form of lattices. There is always a hole on the roof of the dome for smoke to escape from the hearth. The dome shape gives it maximum stability, and the felt maintains its constant indoor microclimate, not allowing heat or frost to penetrate there.

In the center of the building there is a hearth, stones for which they always carry with them. The floor is covered with skins or planks.

The dwelling can be assembled or disassembled in 2 hours

The Kazakhs call the marching yurt abylaysha. They were used in military campaigns under the Kazakh khan Abylai, hence the name.

• Vardo.

This is a gypsy kibitka, in fact, it is a one-room house that is installed on wheels. There is a door, windows, oven, bed, boxes for linen. Below the wagon there is a luggage compartment and even a chicken coop. The cart is very light, so only one horse could handle it. Vardo became widespread at the end of the 19th century.

• Felidge.

This is the tent of the Bedouins (Arab nomads). The frame consists of long poles intertwined with each other, it was covered with a fabric that was woven from camel hair, it was very dense and did not let moisture through during the rain. The room was divided into male and female parts, each with its own hearth.

Dwellings of the peoples of our country

Russia is a multinational country with more than 290 peoples living on its territory. Each has its own culture, customs, and traditional forms of dwellings. Here are the brightest ones:

• Dugout.

This is one of the oldest dwellings of the peoples of our country. This is a hole dug to a depth of about 1.5 meters, the roof of which was a board, straw and a layer of earth. The wall inside was reinforced with logs, the floor was covered with clay mortar.

The disadvantages of this room were that smoke could only come out through the door and the room was very damp due to the proximity of groundwater. Therefore, living in a dugout was not easy. But there were also advantages, for example, it completely ensured safety; in it one could not be afraid of either hurricanes or fires; it maintained a constant temperature; she did not miss loud sounds; practically did not require repair and additional maintenance; it could be easily built. It is thanks to all these advantages that dugouts were very widely used as shelters during the Great Patriotic War.

• Izba.

The Russian hut was traditionally built from logs using an ax. The roof was made gable. To insulate the walls, moss was placed between the logs; over time, it became dense and closed all large cracks. The outside walls were covered with clay, which was stirred with cow dung and straw. This solution insulated the walls. A stove was always installed in a Russian hut, the smoke from it came out through the window, and only starting from the 17th century they began to build chimneys.

• Kuren.

The name comes from the word "smoke", which meant "smoke". Kuren was the name of the traditional home of the Cossacks. Their first settlements arose in floodplains (river reed thickets). Houses were built on piles, the walls were made of wattle-and-daub, plastered with clay, the roof was built of reeds, and a hole was left in it for smoke to escape.

This is the dwelling place of the Telengits (people of Altai). It is a hexagonal structure of logs with a high roof covered with larch bark. The ails always had an earthen floor, and in the center there was a hearth.

• Kava.

The indigenous people of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Orochi, built a kava dwelling, which looked like a gable hut. The side walls and roof were covered with spruce bark. The entrance to the dwelling has always been from the side of the river. The place for the hearth was laid out with pebbles and fenced wooden beams, which were coated with clay. Wooden bunks were built near the walls.

• Cave.

This type of dwelling was built in a mountainous area composed of soft rocks (limestone, loess, tuff). In them, people cut down caves and equipped comfortable dwellings. Thus, whole cities appeared, for example, in the Crimea, the cities of Eski-Kermen, Tepe-Kermen and others. The rooms were equipped with hearths, chimneys, niches for dishes and water, windows and doors were cut.

Dwellings of the peoples of Ukraine

The most historically valuable and famous dwellings of the peoples of Ukraine are: a hut, a Transcarpathian kolyba, a hut. Many of them still exist.

• Mazanka.

This is an old traditional dwelling of Ukraine; unlike the hut, it was intended for living in areas with a mild and warm climate. It was built from a wooden frame, the walls consisted of thin branches, outside they were smeared with white clay, and inside with a solution of clay mixed with reeds and straw. The roof consisted of reeds or straw. The hut house did not have a foundation and was not protected from moisture in any way, but it served its owners for 100 years or more.

• Kolyba.

In the mountainous regions of the Carpathians, shepherds and lumberjacks built temporary summer dwellings, which were called "kolyba". This is a log cabin with no windows. The roof was gable and covered with flat chips. Wooden loungers and shelves for things were installed along the walls inside. There was a hearth in the middle of the dwelling.

• Hut.

This is a traditional type of dwelling among Belarusians, Ukrainians, southern Russian peoples and Poles. The roof was hipped, made of reeds or straw. The walls were built of half-timbers, coated with a mixture of horse manure and clay. The hut was whitewashed both outside and inside. There were shutters on the windows. The house was surrounded by a block (a wide bench filled with clay). The hut was divided into 2 parts, divided by an entrance hall: residential and economic.

Dwellings of the peoples of the Caucasus

For the peoples of the Caucasus, the traditional dwelling is saklya. It is a one-room stone structure with earthen floors and no windows. The roof was flat with a smoke outlet. Sakli in the highlands formed whole terraces, adjoining each other, that is, the roof of one building was the floor for another. This type of structure performed a defensive function.

Dwellings of the peoples of Europe

The most famous dwellings of European peoples are: trullo, paliaso, bordey, vezha, konak, kulla, chalet. Many of them still exist.

• Trullo.

This is a type of dwelling for the peoples of central and southern Italy. They were created by dry masonry, that is, the stones were laid without cement or clay. And if you pull out one stone, the structure collapsed. This type of structure was due to the fact that it was forbidden to build dwellings in these areas, and if inspectors came, the structure could easily be destroyed.

The trullo were one-room apartments with two windows. The roof of the building was tapered.

• Pallaso.

These dwellings are characteristic of the peoples who lived in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. They were built in the highlands of Spain. These were round structures with a cone-shaped roof. The top of the roof was covered with thatch or reed. The exit was always on the east side; the building had no windows.

• Bordey.

This is a semi-dugout of the peoples of Moldova and Romania, which was covered with a thick layer of reed or straw. This is the oldest type of dwelling in this part of the continent.

• Klochan.

The dwelling of the Irish, which looks like a domed hut built of stone. The masonry was used dry, without any solutions. The windows looked like narrow slits. Basically, such dwellings were built by monks who led an ascetic lifestyle.

• Vezha.

This is the traditional home of the Sami (the Finno-Ugric people of northern Europe). The structure was made of logs in the form of a pyramid, at which a smoke hole was left. A stone hearth was built in the center of the tower, the floor was covered with reindeer skins. Nearby, a shed was built on pillars, which was called nili.

• Konak.

Two-storey stone house, which was built in Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia. This building resembles the Russian letter G in plan, it was covered with a tiled roof. The house had a huge number of rooms, so there was no need for outbuildings with such houses.

• Kula.

It is a fortified tower built of stone with small windows. They can be found in Albania, the Caucasus, Sardinia, Ireland, Corsica.

• Chalet.

This is a rural house in the Alps. It is distinguished by protruding eaves, wooden walls, the lower part of which was plastered and lined with stone.

Indian dwellings

The most famous Indian dwelling is the wigwam. But there are also such buildings as teepee, wikiap.

• Wigwam of Indians.

This is the home of the Indians living in the north and northeast of North America. Nowadays, no one lives in them, but they continue to be used for various kinds of rituals and initiations. It has a domed shape and consists of curved and flexible trunks. In the upper part there is a hole for the smoke outlet. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, along the edges there were places for rest and sleep. The entrance to the dwelling was covered with a curtain. Food was cooked outside of it.

• Tipi.

Dwelling of the Indians of the Great Plains. It has a conical shape up to 8 meters high, its frame consisted of pine trees, it was covered with bison skins from above and strengthened with pegs below. This structure was easily assembled, disassembled and transported.

• Wikiap.

Dwelling of Apaches and other tribes living in the southwestern United States and California. This is a small hut covered with branches, thatch, and bushes. It is considered a kind of wigwam.

Dwellings of the peoples of Africa

The most famous dwellings of the peoples of Africa are Rondavel and Ikukwane.

• Rondawel.

This is the home of the Bantu people. It has a round base, a cone-shaped roof, stone walls, which are held together by a mixture of sand and manure. Inside, the walls were coated with clay. The roof was covered with reeds from above.

• Ikukwane.

It is a huge domed reed house that is traditional for the Zulu. Long rods, reeds, tall grass were intertwined and reinforced with ropes. The entrance was closed with special shields.

Dwellings of the peoples of Asia

The most famous dwellings in China are diaolou and tulou, in Japan - minka, in Korea - hanok.

• Diaolou.

These are multi-storey fortified houses-fortresses, which were built in the south of China since the time of the Ming dynasty. In those days, there was an urgent need for such buildings, since gangs of bandits were operating in the territories. In a later and quieter time, such structures were built simply by tradition.

• Tulou.

This is also a fortress house, which was built in the form of a circle or square. On the upper floors, narrow openings were left for the loophole. Inside such a fortress there were living quarters and a well. Up to 500-600 people could live in these fortifications.

• Minka.

This is the dwelling of Japanese peasants, which was built from scrap materials: clay, bamboo, straw, grass. Screens served as internal partitions. The roofs were very high so that the snow or rain rolled down faster and the straw did not have time to get wet.

• Hanok.

This is the traditional home of Koreans. Clay walls and tiled roof. Under the floor, pipes were laid through which hot air from the hearth went throughout the house.

A home for every person is not just a place of solitude and relaxation, but a real fortress that protects from bad weather, makes you feel comfortable and confident. Any adversity and long travels are always easier to bear when you know that there is a place in the world where you can hide and where you are expected and loved. People have always tried to make their home as strong and comfortable as possible, even in those days when it was extremely difficult to achieve this. Now the ancient traditional dwellings of this or that people seem dilapidated and unreliable, but at one time they faithfully served their owners, protecting their peace and leisure.

Dwellings of the peoples of the north

The most famous dwellings of the peoples of the north are chum, balagan, yaranga and igloo. They still retain their relevance, as they meet all the requirements of the difficult conditions of the north.

This dwelling is perfectly adapted to nomadic conditions and is used by peoples who are engaged in reindeer herding. These include the Komi, Nenets, Khanty, Enets. Contrary to popular belief, the Chukchi do not live in chums, but build yarangas.

Chum is a cone-shaped tent, which consists of high poles, covered in summer with sackcloth, and in winter - with skins. The entrance to the dwelling is also covered with burlap. The cone shape of the plague allows snow to slide over its surface and does not accumulate on the structure, and, in addition, makes it more resistant to wind. In the center of the dwelling there is a hearth, which serves for heating and cooking. Due to the high temperature of the hearth, sediments seeping through the top of the cone evaporate quickly. To prevent wind and snow from falling under the lower edge of the chum, snow is raked outside to its base. The temperature inside the plague ranges from +13 to + 20 ° С.

The whole family, including children, is involved in installing the plague. Skins and mats are placed on the floor of the dwelling, and pillows, duvets and sleeping bags made of sheep skin are used for sleeping.

The Yakuts lived in it during the winter period. The booth is a rectangular building made of logs with a sloping roof. It was pretty easy and quick to build. To do this, they took several main logs and put them vertically, and then connected them with many smaller diameter logs. Unusual for Russian dwellings was the fact that the logs were placed vertically, slightly inclined. After installation, the walls were covered with clay, and the roof was covered first with bark and then with earth. This was done in order to insulate the home as much as possible. The floor inside the booth was trampled sand; even in severe frosts, its temperature did not drop below -5 ° C.

The walls of the booth consisted of a large number of windows, which were covered with ice before severe cold weather, and in summer - with calf afterbirth or mica.

To the right of the entrance to the dwelling there was a hearth, which was a pipe coated with clay and going out through the roof. The owners of the house slept on bunks located to the right (for men) and to the left (for women) of the hearth.

This snowy dwelling was built by the Eskimos. They did not live well and, unlike the Chukchi, they did not have the opportunity to build a full-fledged dwelling.

The Igloo was a structure made of ice blocks. It had a domed shape and was about 3 meters in diameter. In the case when the snow was shallow, the door and corridor were attached directly to the wall, and if the snow was deep, then the entrance was located in the floor and a small corridor led out from it.

When constructing an igloo, a prerequisite was to find an entrance below floor level. This was done in order to improve oxygen flow and remove carbon dioxide. In addition, this location of the entrance allowed maximum heat retention.

The light in the dwelling penetrated through the ice blocks, and the heat was provided by the fat bowls. An interesting point was that the igloo walls did not melt from the heat, but simply melted, which helped to maintain a comfortable temperature inside the dwelling. Even in forty-degree frost in the igloo, the temperature was + 20 ° C. The ice blocks also absorbed excess moisture, which allowed the room to remain dry.

Nomad dwellings

The yurt has always been the dwelling of nomads. Now it continues to remain a traditional home in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Altai. A yurt is a round dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on wooden poles set in the form of lattices. In the upper part of the dome there is a special hole for the smoke outlet from the hearth.

The things inside the yurt are located along the edges, and in the center there is a hearth, for which stones are always carried with them. The floor is usually covered with skins or planks.

This home is very mobile. It can be assembled in 2 hours and also quickly disassembled. Thanks to the felt that covers its walls, it retains heat inside, and heat or intense cold practically does not change the climate inside the room. The round shape of this structure gives it stability, which is necessary in strong steppe winds.

Dwellings of the peoples of Russia

This building is one of the oldest insulated dwellings of the peoples of Russia.

The wall and floor of the dugout were a square hole dug in the ground at a depth of 1.5 meters. The roof was made of planks and covered with a thick layer of straw and earth. The walls were also reinforced with logs and covered with earth on the outside, and the floor was covered with clay.

The disadvantage of such housing was that the smoke from the hearth could only come out through the door, and the proximity of groundwater made the room very damp. However, the dugout had much more advantages. These include:

Safety. The dugout is not afraid of hurricanes and fires.
Constant temperature. It persists both in severe frosts and in heat.
Keeps out loud sounds and noise.
Virtually no repairs required.
The dugout can be built even on uneven terrain.

The traditional Russian hut was built from logs, while the main tool was an ax. With its help, at the end of each log, a small depression was made, into which the next log was fixed. Thus, the walls were gradually built. The roof was usually made with a gable, which made it possible to save material. To keep the hut warm, forest moss was placed between the logs. When the house subsided, it became dense and closed all the cracks. The foundation was not made in those days and the first logs were placed on compacted ground.

The roof was covered with thatch from above, as it served good remedy protection from snow and rain. The outside walls were coated with clay mixed with straw and cow dung. This was done for the purpose of insulation. The main role in preserving heat in the hut was played by the stove, the smoke from which came out through the window, and from the beginning of the 17th century through the chimney.

Dwellings of the European part of our continent

The most famous and historically valuable dwellings of the European part of our continent are: hut, saklya, trullo, rondavel, paljaso. Many of them still exist.

It is the old traditional home of Ukraine. Mazanka, in contrast to the hut, was intended for areas with a milder and warmer climate, and the peculiarities of its structure were explained by the small area of \u200b\u200bforests.

The mazanka was built on a wooden frame, and the walls consisted of thin branches of a tree, which were coated with white clay outside and inside. The roof was usually made of straw or reed. The floor was earthen or plank. To insulate the dwelling, its walls from the inside were coated with clay mixed with reeds and straw. Despite the fact that the huts had no foundation and were poorly protected from moisture, they could last up to 100 years.

This stone structure is the traditional dwelling of the inhabitants of the Caucasus. The very first sakli were one-room with an earthen floor and had no windows. The roof was flat and had a smoke outlet. In the highlands, the sakli adjoin each other in the form of terraces. Moreover, the roof of one dwelling is the floor for another. Such a construction was due not only to convenience, but also served as additional protection from enemies.

This type of dwelling is common in the southern and central regions of the Italian region of Pulia. Trullo differs in that it was created using dry masonry technology, that is, stones were laid on top of each other without the use of cement or clay. This was done so that by pulling out one stone, the whole house could be destroyed. The fact is that it was forbidden to build dwellings in this area of \u200b\u200bItaly, so if an official came to check, the trullo quickly collapsed.

The walls of the house were made very thick so that they protected from extreme heat and saved from cold weather. Trullos were most often one-room and had two windows. The roof was tapered. Sometimes, boards were placed on the beams located at the base of the roof, and thus the second floor was formed.

It is a common dwelling in Spanish Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). Pallaso was built in the mountainous part of Spain, so stone was the main building material. The dwellings were round in shape with a cone-shaped roof. The roof frame was wooden, and the top was covered with thatch and reeds. There were no windows in the palaso, and the exit was located on the east side.

Due to the peculiarities of its structure, palaso protected from cold winters and rainy summers.

Indian dwellings

This is the home of the Indians of the north and northeast of North America. Currently, wigwams are used for various rituals. This dwelling is dome-shaped and consists of flexible, curved trunks connected by elm bark and covered with mats, corn leaves, bark or hides. At the top of the wigwam there is a smoke outlet. The entrance to the dwelling is usually covered with a curtain. Inside there was a hearth and places to sleep and rest, food was prepared outside the wigwam.

Among the Indians, this dwelling was associated with the Great Spirit and personified the world, and a person who came out of it into the light left behind everything unclean. It was believed that the chimney helps to establish a connection with heaven and opens the entrance to spiritual power.

The tipi was inhabited by the Indians of the Great Plains. The dwelling is cone-shaped and reaches a height of 8 meters. Its frame was made of pine or juniper poles. From above they were covered with bison or deer skin and strengthened with pegs below. Inside the dwelling, from the junction of the poles, a special belt went down, which was attached to the ground with a peg and protected the tipi from destruction in strong winds. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, and at the edges were places for rest and utensils.

The tipi combined all those qualities that were necessary for the Indians of the Great Plains. This dwelling was quickly disassembled and assembled, easily transported, protected from rain and wind.

Ancient dwellings of other peoples

This is the traditional home of the peoples of southern Africa. It has a round base and a cone-shaped roof, the walls are made of stones held together by sand and manure. From the inside, they are coated with clay. Such walls perfectly protect their owners from extreme heat and bad weather. The base of the roof is made up of round beams or poles made of branches. From above it is covered with reeds.

Minka

The traditional dwelling in Japan is the minka. The main material and frame of the house is made of wood and filled with woven branches, reeds, bamboo, grass, and coated with clay. Inside, the main part of the Japanese house is one large room, divided into zones by movable partitions or screens. There is almost no furniture in the Japanese house.

The traditional dwelling of different peoples is the heritage of their ancestors, which shares experience, preserves history and reminds people of their roots. There is much in them that is worthy of admiration and awe. Knowing their features and fate, one can understand how difficult it was for a person to build durable housing and protect it from bad weather, and how invariably age-old wisdom and natural intuition helped him in this.

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Home is the beginning of beginnings, in it we are born and go through our life path... Native home gives a feeling of coziness and warmth, protects from bad weather and troubles. It is through him that the character of the people, its culture and peculiarities of life are revealed. The appearance of a dwelling, building materials and construction method depend on the environment, climatic conditions, customs, religion and the occupation of the people who create it. But no matter what housing is built from and no matter how it looks, among all peoples it is considered the center around which the rest of the world is located. Let's get acquainted with the dwellings of different peoples inhabiting our planet.

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Izba is a traditional Russian dwelling. Previously, the hut was built from pine or spruce logs. The roofs were covered with a silvery aspen ploughshare. A four-walled log house, or cage, was the basis of any wooden building... It consisted of rows of logs laid on top of each other. The house was without a foundation: repeatedly sorted out and well-dried cages were placed directly on the ground, and boulders rolled to them from the corners. The grooves were laid with moss, so there was no dampness in the house. The top had the shape of a high gable roof, a tent, an onion, a barrel or a cube - all this is still used in the Volga and northern villages. In the hut, a red corner was necessarily arranged, where the goddess and a table were located (an honorable place for elders, especially for guests), a woman's corner, or a kut, a men's corner, or a konik, and a zakut behind the stove. The stoves were central to the entire space of the dwelling. They kept a live fire in it, cooked food and slept here. Above the entrance, under the ceiling, between the two adjacent walls and the stove, they laid the beds. They slept on them, kept household utensils.

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Igloo is an Eskimo dwelling built from blocks of snow, which, due to its porous structure, is a good heat insulator. For the construction of such a house, only that snow is suitable on which a clear imprint of a person's foot remains. Blocks are cut with large knives in the thickness of the snow cover different sizes and lay them in a spiral. The structure is given a domed character, thanks to which it retains heat in the room. They enter the igloo through a hole in the floor, to which a corridor dug in the snow below floor level leads. If the snow is shallow, a hole is made in the wall, and a corridor of snow slabs is built in front of it. Thus, cold winds do not penetrate inside the dwelling, heat does not escape outside, and the gradual icing of the surface makes the building very durable. Inside the igloo-hemisphere, a canopy made of reindeer skins is suspended, separating the residential part from the snow walls and ceiling. The Eskimos build an igloo for two or three people in half an hour. Home of the Eskimos of Alaska. Incision.

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Saklya (Georgian sakhli - "house") is the dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders, which is often built right on the rocks. To protect such a house from the wind, the leeward side of the mountain slope is chosen for construction. Sakla is made of stone or clay. Its roof is flat; with a terraced arrangement of buildings on a mountain slope, the roof of the lower house can serve as a yard for the upper one. In each sakla, one or two small windows and one or two doors are cut through. Inside the rooms, they arrange a small fireplace with a clay chimney. Outside the house, near the doors, there is a kind of gallery with fireplaces, clay floors and carpets. Here in the summer, women prepare meals.

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Stilt houses are built in hot, damp places. Such houses are found in Africa, Indonesia, Oceania. Two- or three-meter piles, on which houses are erected, keep the room cool and dry, even during the rainy season or during a storm. The walls are made of woven bamboo mats. As a rule, there are no windows, light penetrates through cracks in the walls or through a door. The roof is covered with palm branches. Steps decorated with carvings usually lead to the interior. The doorways are also decorated.

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The wigwams are built by the North American Indians. Long poles are stuck into the ground, the tops of which are tied. The structure is covered from above with branches, tree bark, and reeds. And if the skin of a bison or deer is pulled onto the frame, then the dwelling is called a tipi. A smoke hole is left at the top of the cone, covered by two special blades. There are also domed wigwams, when tree trunks dug into the ground are bent into the arch. The frame is also covered with branches, bark, mats.

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Tree dwellings in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - six or seven meters above the ground. The building is being erected on a site made of poles, which has been prepared in advance and tied to the branches. A structure balancing on branches cannot be overloaded, but it must withstand a large gable roofcrowning the building. Such a house has two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which there is a fireplace for cooking, and the upper one, made of palm planks, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near the reservoir. They get to the hut along long stairs connected from poles.

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Felidge is a tent that serves as a dwelling place for Bedouins - representatives of the nomadic Tuareg people (uninhabited regions of the Sahara desert). The tent consists of a blanket woven of camel or goat hair, and poles supporting the structure. Such a dwelling successfully withstands the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as burning samum or sirocco are not terrible for nomads who have taken refuge in tents. Each dwelling is divided into parts. Its left half is intended for women and is separated by a canopy. The wealth of a Bedouin is judged by the number of poles in the tent, which sometimes reaches eighteen.

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From time immemorial, a Japanese house in the Land of the Rising Sun has been built from three basic materials: bamboo, mats and paper. Such a dwelling is the safest during the frequent earthquakes in Japan. The walls do not function as a support, so they can be moved apart or even removed, they also serve as a window (shoji) at the same time. In the warm season, the walls are a lattice structure, pasted over with translucent paper that allows light to pass through. And in the cold season, they are covered with wood panels. Internal walls (fushima) are also movable panels in the form of a frame, covered with paper or silk and helping to divide a large room into several small rooms. An obligatory element of the interior is a small niche (tokonoma) where a scroll with poetry or painting and ikebana is located. The floor is covered with mats (tatami), on which people walk without shoes. A tiled or thatched roof has large awnings that keep the paper walls of the house from rain and scorching sun.

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Yurts are a special type of dwelling used by nomadic peoples (Mongols, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Buryats, Kyrgyz). Round, without corners and straight walls, portable structure, perfectly adapted to the way of life of these peoples. The yurt protects from the steppe climate - strong winds and temperature drops. The wooden frame is assembled within a few hours and is easy to transport. In summer, the yurt is placed directly on the ground, and in winter - on a wooden platform. Having chosen a place for parking, first of all, they put stones under the future hearth, and then set up the yurt according to the routine - the entrance to the south (for some peoples - to the east). The frame is covered with felt outside, and the door is made of it. Felt covers keep the hearth cool in summer and keep the hearth warm in winter. At the top, the yurt is tied with belts or ropes, and some peoples - with colorful belts. The floor is covered with animal skins, and the walls inside are covered with cloth. Light enters through the smoke hole at the top. Since there are no windows in the dwelling, in order to find out about what is happening outside the house, you need to listen carefully to the sounds outside.

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Yaranga is the home of the Chukchi. The nomadic Chukchi camps numbered up to 10 yarangas and were stretched from west to east. The first from the west was the yaranga of the head of the camp. Yaranga is a tent in the form of a truncated cone with a center height of 3.5 to 4.7 meters and a diameter of 5.7 to 7–8 meters. The wooden frame was covered with deer skins, usually sewn into two pieces of cloth with belts, the ends of the belts in the lower part were tied to sledges or heavy stones for immobility. The hearth was in the center of the yaranga, under the smoke hole. Opposite the entrance, at the back wall of the yaranga, a sleeping room (canopy) made of skins in the form of a parallelepiped was installed. The average size canopy - 1.5 meters high, 2.5 meters wide and about 4 meters long. The floor was covered with mats, on top of them - thick skins. The bed headboard — two oblong sacks stuffed with scraps of skins — was at the exit. In winter, during periods of frequent migrations, the canopy was made from the thickest skins with fur inside. They covered themselves with a blanket made of several deer skins. To illuminate their dwellings, the coastal Chukchi used whale and seal blubber, the tundra blubber melted from crushed deer bones and burned odorlessly and without soot in stone oil lamps. Behind the canopy, at the back wall of the tent, things were stored; at the side, on both sides of the hearth, - products.