French writers of the 19th century. Literary trends and French writers of the 19th century. Jules Verne, fantasy
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FEATURES OF THE STYLE OF THE FRENCH WRITERS OF THE XIX CENTURY
Ilyina L.E. to. ped. n.,
annotation
The article discusses the features of the style of French writers of the 19th century, it is indicated that in the 19th century a number of socio-economic transformations took place, the attitude towards the novel as a literary genre changed.
Keywords: French literature, realism, novel
The article discusses the characteristics of the style of the French writers of the 19th century, it states that in the 19th century, there were a number of socio-economic transformation, changed their attitude to the novel as a literary genre.
Key words: French literature, realism, romance
french literature novel world view
The 19th century was in many ways a turning point in the development of French literature. Firstly, the level of literacy of the population as a whole has increased, literary works have become available to the masses. Secondly, there were a number of socio-economic upheavals in the life of the country, which influenced the worldview of writers and the character literature XIX century as a whole.
The works of the 19th century are not instructive in nature, but appeal to the consciousness of a person, stimulate him to personal and spiritual growth.
After the events of the French Revolution, writers began to appeal to the masses, art became more democratic, the heroes and the brightest types came from the people, the works became more vital, but at the same time they glorified the high values \u200b\u200band spirituality that should be inherent in everyone.
Big influence French literature of the 19th century was influenced by the work of R. Chateaubriand; who in his works gave equal importance to both the content and the form of the narrative, determining the further literary movement in its most diverse manifestations.
All these trends were widely introduced by representatives of romanticism, headed by V. Hugo, he was the first to sing folk heroes(Quasimodo from Notre Dame Cathedral, former convict Jean Valjean from Les Misérables, etc.). Hugo's innovation also lies in the fact that in order to more fully reveal the nature of the characters, he introduced colloquial expressions into the literary work as: “trotter sur sa mule” - “cowardly on a mule”; "nous battrons ton laquais" - "we will inflate your servant";
"la caduque figure" - "rumpled mug"; "jette-le-lui par la figure" - "throw him in the face"; "Tu m" as fait un passe-droit! - "You fooled me!";
"Au diable la chanoinerie!" - "To hell with the blacks!"; "Peste de la petite fille sotte et bouchée!" "Damn that fool!" Thanks to Hugo, literature ceased to be focused exclusively on the aristocracy.
In the 19th century, attitudes towards such a genre of literature as the novel changed. The historical novel becomes especially popular when the life and character of the hero are revealed against the background of the most important historical events. And if the characters and their history are often fictional, then the historical background is always reliable. The novel becomes more serious, it encourages reflection on the development of mankind, on the socio-political events that took place in French society.
The social novel served as the basis for the development of another literary trend - realism. Realist writers sought to show life as it is, not idealizing their heroes, but on the contrary, exposing their shortcomings in order to eradicate social vices. In some cases, representatives of French realism were even reproached with a somewhat biased attitude towards the common man and his weaknesses, urging them to rid their works of excessive gloominess.
In his works M.-A. Stendhal contrasted two human types: "French" and "Italian", the writer associated them with his own origin. Stendhal lacks the French elegance of his distinguished contemporaries.
Stendhal's style is less picturesque than that of Balzac or Hugo, but every detail serves the general idea. Stendhal owned a businesslike and precise vocabulary, distinctness of the syntactic structure, disclosure of contradictions within a phrase, in the thoughts of the characters, in the movement of the plot, and the accuracy of chiaroscuro.
P. Mérimée is one of the great French realists of the 19th century. He ridiculed the tendency of the Romantics to highlight the outstanding historical figures, to describe in detail their behavior, to speculate about the thoughtful sayings expressed by them at decisive historical moments. He believed that this leads to falsehood and a heap of conjectures. Mérimée in The Chronicle of the Times of Charles IX created a prose style somewhat similar to Pushkin's. Mérimée traces the conciseness of the narrative, the division of the phrase with subtle humor of comparisons: The value of Mérimée's style is not in spectacular comparisons or metaphors, but in the effective use of everyday vocabulary: “Les bouteilles, déja vigoureusement attaquées” - “bottles that have already undergone a powerful attack”, “si cette bouteille l "avait attrapé" - "if this bottle caught him."
Particular attention in the 19th century was paid to literary works designed for the youngest readers. At this time, wonderful adventure novels for children appeared, devoid of excessive didacticism, but in an interesting form telling about life in general, about unusual phenomena, distant countries, dangerous journeys, etc. They touched upon serious worldview issues, and often such works were of interest even to adults.
Such were the novels of J. Verne, some of the works of Victor Hugo.
J. Verne is a famous author of adventure books about travel, unknown islands, search for new lands and new technologies. The heroes of J. Verne are always on the road, they create high-speed cars, submarines and airships. Based on the search for scientific thought, he portrayed the desired as already existing. The writer used such fictional devices, for example, as the bet of Jacques Paganel and Major McNabbos in the novel The Children of Captain Grant, when he needed to introduce digressions on a scientific or historical topic.
O. de Balzac explored human nature, the psychology of society, life and culture. Balzac's favorite theme is the fierce struggle of gifted people making their way into high society. A pure young man who finds himself in a big city and makes a career at the cost of his moral death, this is Balzac's favorite image. Such is Rastignac ("Father Goriot"), such is Lucien Chardon ("Lost Illusions").
The realism of Balzac introduces the reader to real life. Balzac captures and recreates the shades of speech of the people of his time, reproducing in their word usage their attitude and collective personality.
Intonation in Balzac's novel is of particular importance, he loves to depict light breaking through into the thick of darkness: this enhances the expressiveness of the world of things. Any scene in Balzac is filled with shades of intonation, gestures that contradict words, laid-back and artificial at the same time. Laughter from the next room is more meaningful than conversation. In the language of Balzac's heroes, in addition to their individual characteristics, there are constantly vivid, figuratively compared author's formulas - the laws of contemporary life.
Innovative moods also existed in poetry. A “new poetry” appeared, which preferred free verse to the usual Alexandrian one. A new school was born - symbolist, characterized by complex storylines, multifaceted, somewhat veiled images. At the same time, the works of the Symbolists are completely inseparable from real life, and only seek to express it with the help of the subconscious.
Thus, distinctive feature French literature of the XIX century is its linguistic originality. The language of realist writers is close to the spoken language, uses dialectisms and jargon, and simplifies syntax. Speaking about the linguistic originality of a literary work, it should be noted that they are based on the normative and non-normative coloring of the language. Emotional and socio-genre coloring are independent components of the stylistic meaning of a word.
Used sources
1. Vipper Yu. B. Prosper Merime - novelist and short story writer // On Western European literatures of the 16th - first half of the 19th century. - M., 1990. - S. 262-284.
2. Kovaleva, T.V. French literature of the late 19th - early 20th century / T.V. Kovaleva et al. // History of foreign literature (second half of the 19th - early 20th century) Minsk: Zavigar, 1997. - 114 p.
3. Chicherin, A.V. Ideas and style: on the nature of the poetic word. - M: Soviet writer, 1968. - 299 p.
4. Pichois C. Histoire de la littérature française / C. Pichois. - Paris: Flammarion, 2000. - 250 p/
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Synthesis of romantic and realistic tendencies in French culture. A special attitude to the "art of the style" as a French national tradition "Only what is well written reaches posterity" (Buffon, 1707-1788) The novel form is a prosaically organized society (Hegel) The two main styles of French literature: Balzac's Stendhal
Honore de Balzac (1799 -1850) One of the greatest writers. “A great novelist who writes badly” (P. Lato) “Doctor of Social Sciences” (Balzac). Very different - a monarchist, a legitimist and an artist. The same age as Pushkin (Karolina Sabanskaya - beloved of A. S. Pushik - a brilliant world-class adventurer - Native sister Evelina Hanskaya, whom Balzac married 3 months before his death. Wedding in 1850 in the city of Berdichev, in the church of St. Barbara. In 1847 -1850. lived in the possessions of his beloved in Verkhovna - a village in the Ruzhinsky district of the Zhytomyr region in Ukraine) Becomes a writer at the age of 30 (the novel "Shuany"). Louis_August Bisson. Portrait of Honore de Balzac, 1842 Formulates the idea of devoting his whole life to one grandiose work. It's going to cover EVERYTHING. Balzac's realism is not active towards life, he does not teach life, he analyzes life, studies it. Balzac says he is writing the history of the human heart. This story is socially and biologically beautiful for him.
Balzac - “a force of nature ... a force of nature, not reflective. . . this is an unconscious genius ... an artist, not a thinker (Boris Grigorievich Reizov). He accepted the main idea of the Romantics - historicism. He saw in human history not only the diversity of epochs, but also the general unity of mankind. In his novels, not only life and environment, but also the rise of characters above history. Money is the religion of the new age. The conflict of the century is man against necessity. Necessity appears in the form of a housewife, a rent, a laundress, a lack of money. . But money is not the main thing. The hero rather fights with money than becomes their servant. “Only base deeds can be explained by profit” (Balzac) The hero is fascinated by the idea: noble / crazy, mania, ambition, creative ardor. Novels are troops that he throws into battle at the right moment. Creativity is a struggle with plots, ideas, technical difficulties.
The human comedy I. Studies on manners 1) Scenes of private life Foreword by Gobsek Father Goriot 2) Scenes of the provincial life of Eugene Grandet Museum of Antiquities Lost Illusions 3) Scenes of Parisian life The brilliance and poverty of courtesans 4) Scenes of political life 5) Scenes of the military life of Chouan, or Brittany in 1799 6) Scenes of country life Country doctor Country priest II. Philosophical Studies III. Analytical studies (I name only some novels that are desirable to read)
"Human Comedy" 97 novels There is no sequence, chronological unity. Conditional center - "Father Goriot" (1834) Balzac style: - imitation of the classifications of animals in the works of naturalists - "scientific" design - the grandiose nature of generalizations - the realistic principle of typing (a typical hero in typical circumstances; compare - the romantic principle of typing: an exceptional hero in exceptional circumstances) - genre and thematic classification systems - "through" heroes - "total determinism" - class as unity - any space as an atmosphere - first the world of things - then a person who corresponds to this world - the struggle for "alien" consciousness ("author's aggression") "There is something more interesting than the Egyptian pyramids - a large Parisian house" (Jules Janin, 1804 -1874)
STENDAL (Henri Marie Bayle) 1783 -1842 an outstanding French writer (Stendal is the German city where Winckelmann came from, who "discovered" the artistic treasures of Italy for the European reading public). Difficult and long creative biography- 30 years of apprenticeship. A participant in Napoleon's Italian campaign, a military quartermaster, saw the battle of Borodino, the fire of Moscow. After the fall of Napoleon, he left for Italy, he was familiar with the leaders of the Carbonari, with Byron. 1830 - French consul in Italy. The story of a man raised in the cult of Napoleon and found himself at a crossroads in the post-revolutionary period Feels like a provincial (poor knowledge of spelling, poor handwriting, negligence and inattention to detail) Stendhal was buried in Paris at the Montmartre cemetery
Style and maturity is a habit that arises by itself. The task of all life is to be like yourself in your best moments “We distort the tenderest feelings when we try to talk about them” (Stendhal) The idea of sincerity in literature includes not only confession, but also silence “The novel is a mirror walking along the road” (Stendhal) Stendhal's style: - "analytical romanticism" - the ruthlessness of psychological analysis - the "eternal youth" of heroes - the inviolability of the "purity" of heroes - the desire for fame is one of the most powerful incentives for behavior -positive traits modern man - developed intellect and sensitivity - violent natures - "bailism" "Egotism" - Stendhal's favorite word, by which he defines his style Stendhal - "conscious confusion" (E. Zola) The novels "Red and Black" 1830 "Parma Convent" 1846
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S. BAUDLER. Carrion (Translated by Wilhelm Veniaminovich Levik, 1907 -1982) Do you remember what we saw in the summer? My angel, do you remember That horse dead under the bright white light Among the reddening grass? Half-decayed, she, spreading her legs, Like a girl in the square, Shamelessly, belly up, lay by the road, Fetid exuding pus. And the sun burned this rot from the sky, To burn the remains to ashes, So that the great Nature, merged into one, would accept the Disunited. And pieces of the skeleton were already snarling into the sky, Large like flowers. From the stench in the meadow, in the fragrant heat of summer, You almost became ill. Hurrying to the feast, buzzing clouds of flies hovered Over the vile pile, And the worms crawled and swarmed in the belly, Like thick black mucus. All this moved, heaved and shone, As if, suddenly revived, The monstrous body grew and multiplied, The breath of the vague is full. And this world streamed mysterious sounds, Like the wind, like a running shaft, As if a sower, raising his hands smoothly, Waved the grain over the cornfield. That unsteady chaos was, devoid of forms and lines, Like the first sketch, like a spot, Where the artist's gaze sees the camp of the goddess, Ready to lie down on the canvas. From behind a bush on us, thin, all in a scab, The bitch mowed down her evil pupil, And waited for a moment to grab from the bone And gobble up a tasty piece. But remember: you, exuding infection, You will lie rotten as a corpse, You, the sun of my eyes, my living star, You, the radiant seraphim. And you, beauty, and decay will touch you, And you will rot to the bone, Dressed in flowers for mournful prayers, Prey of coffin guests. Tell the worms, when they begin, kissing, to devour you in the damp darkness, What perishable beauty - I will forever save Both the form and the immortal system.
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Jean Ipoustegui. Commissioned by President Francois Mitterrand, the sculptural composition is "Traveler in Shoes Soared Up". Installed in 1985 in front of the old building of the National Library of France in Paris. The name paraphrases the nickname that Paul Verlaine gave to Arthur Rimbaud - "Traveler in shoes lined by the wind". Arthur Rimbaud (1854 -1891) - the great French poet A poet who held together two centuries of poetry. Participates in the uprising of the Paris Commune. Travels a lot around the world. In Africa (mainly in Egypt and Ethiopia), in Yemen, he is engaged in the trade of coffee, spices, skins, weapons and people. In February 1891 he returned to France, where his leg was amputated due to a cancerous tumor. Buried in Charleville. Poetics: poetics of destruction; lyrical intensity; . "frightening" fragmentary metaphor; pushing the beautiful to the periphery of the creative system, the dominant of the ugly; courage and ruthlessness of the paintings of "rough life" Agnieszka Holland's film "Total Eclipse" (1995), based on the play of the same name by Christopher Hampton (1967), Rimbaud Leonardo DiCaprio.
Vowels A - black, white - E, I - red, U green, O - blue. . . Vowels, your dates of birth I will also open. . . A - a black and shaggy Corset of buzzing flies over a fetid pile. E - the whiteness of the tents and in flakes of snow wool Top, the trembling of the flower, the sparkling of the crown; And - purple, spitting blood, laughter, illuminated with anger Or drunk with repentance at the hour of reckoning. U - the cycle, the sea surf with its green juice, The world of pastures, the world of wrinkles, which on a high forehead Alchemy imprinted in the silence of the nights. Oh - the primordial Horn, piercing and strange. Silence, where the worlds, and angels, and countries are Omega, a blue ray and the light of Her Eyes. Foreboding Deaf paths, among the thick grass, I'll go wandering on blue evenings; The wind will touch the uncovered head, And I will feel the freshness under my feet. Infinite love will fill my chest. But I will be silent and forget all the words. I, like a gypsy, will leave - farther, farther on the road! And as if with a woman, I will be happy with Nature.
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Paul Eluard (1895-1952) is one of the most significant French poets of the 20th century. , one of the leaders of the group of French surrealists. S. Dali “Portrait of Paul Eluard”: “I felt that I had the duty to capture the face of the poet, from whose Olympus I stole one of the muses” (the words of S. Dali due to the fact that Eluard’s wife Gala went to Dali). Poetics: suggestiveness of poetic language; an abundance of repetitions; a wide range of feelings, ideas, images. Heart on a tree, if you want - pick it from a branch, Smile and laughter, laughter and immense tenderness. Defeated, you are the winner, clear-faced and pure, like an angel, Together with the trees you rush into the sky. The beauty is crying in the distance, she would like to fight, But, sprawled near the hill, she is unable to rise, And whatever the sky above her is transparent, gloomy, Seeing her, it is impossible not to fall in love with her. Days, like fingers, lazily bent phalanxes, Flowers wither, ears of corn are separated from the rains. Frost awaits the red-hot body of July. Look through the eyes of the dead. Paint white porcelain. Music, naked white hands. The winds merge with the birds - the sky will change soon.
Existentialism is one of the most viable philosophies. The origins of existentialism - the philosophy of S. Kierkegaard The proclamation of the absolute uniqueness of human existence; The idea of the inapplicability of the scientific method in self-knowledge. The categorical apparatus of existentialism: life, death, fear, pain, love, “choice”, “otherworldly being”, “existence in the world”, “abandonment”.
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905 -1980) - one of the most significant Antanas Sutkus (Lithuania). Sartre representatives of the culture of the 20th century. , "ruler of thoughts", winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1964 (refused) member of the World Peace Council (1953). In 1945, he refused the Order of the Legion of Honor. Participant and symbol of the revolution in France in 1968 (rebellious students, having captured the Sorbonne, let only one Sartre inside). Charles de Gaulle: “Voltaires are not imprisoned in France” 50 thousand people walked behind the coffin Poetics: deepening the introspection of heroes; "disappearance" of the narrator; "the theater of situations". Nausea 1938 Words 1964 Albert Camus (1913 -1960) is a literary idol of the European intelligentsia, one of the most charming figures in the culture of the 20th century. Winner of the 1957 Nobel Prize in Literature, "the conscience of the West". Poetics: ideas of the absurdity of the world; appeal to the work of F. M. Dostoevsky; the parable nature of creativity; "hypnotism" "An essay on the absurd". The Plague 1947 The Outsider 1942 The Myth of Sisyphus 1942 The Rebellious Man 1951
It reached its peak in the 19th century. French literature. Its golden age began already with the works of the great romantics - Chateaubriand and de Maistre. The romantic tradition was continued by poet, playwright and writer Victor Hugo. He gained particular fame as a novelist and political publicist. Already his first novel, Notre Dame Cathedral (1831), attracted the attention of the general public with a picturesque picture of medieval Paris. In the novel "Les Misérables"(1862) the writer raised the most acute social problems of his time. Hugo's last novel, Year 93 (1874), was devoted to the history of the Great French Revolution.
One of the most vital works of French literature is the novel Stendhal"Red and black. Chronicle of the XIX century ”(1831), which shows the society of the Restoration period. Stendhal laid the foundations of the psychological trend in realism. Among the founders of the French novel are also P. Mérimée, who wrote such a masterpiece of psychological analysis as the short story "Carmen" (1845). Musical works and films have been staged on this plot up to the present day. A. Dumas, the author of fascinating historical adventure novels, had an extraordinary imagination. His novels The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo, The Queen Margot and many others still attract the interest of readers.
By the middle of the XIX century. realism almost ousted romanticism from literature. French critical realism from the very beginning combined the acuteness of the formulation of social problems and the breadth of historical coverage.
The transition to realism represented Honore de Balzac, whose style combined romantic imagery and vivid picturesqueness with sober analysis. Balzac is the author of the monumental "Human Comedy", which is an artistic study of French society in the period of the Restoration and the July Monarchy. Under this general title, he published in 1829-1848. about 90 works, in which he tried to reflect "the entire social reality, without bypassing a single situation of human life." Like no other writer of that time, Balzac was aware of the dependence of the individual on society and history; he was among the first to oppose the omnipotence of money.
Gustave Flaubert managed to create works that are incomparable "in their breadth, brilliance and elegance", in which he criticized the manners of the Second Empire. His novel Madame Bovary. Provincial Mores (1857) is recognized as a masterpiece of world literature. The novel "Education of the Senses" (1869), in terms of the depth of thought and the variety of everyday types derived in it, became an even more significant literary work. Creativity Flaubert opened a new stage in the development of realism.
In the works of the brothers AND. And E. Goncourt realism took the extreme form of naturalism. In 1865, they put forward the principle of "documentary accurate reproduction of life," in whatever form it may manifest itself. According to the will of E. Goncourt, the Goncourt Prize was established, which still remains one of the most honorable literary awards in France.
The "naturalistic method" used Emile Zola, whose work marks the onset of the next stage in the development of French realism. The rejection of the regime of Napoleon III inspired him to create the epic cycle Rougon-Macquart. The biological and social history of one family in the era of the Second Empire ”(1871-1893), which combined twenty novels. Zola demonstrated "a rare sense of the dynamics of history" and faithfully conveyed the historical movement of the era he describes, which he called the era of "madness and shame."
In the collection The Experimental Novel (1880), Zola outlined the "theory of the scientific novel", arguing: we "must experiment on the characters, passions, facts of a person's personal and social life, just as a physicist and chemist experiment on inanimate objects, like a physiologist experiments on living people.
The influence of naturalism also affected the work Guy de Mau-passant, who, in an effort to reveal the whole “merciless truth of life,” became the greatest master of the psychological novel. Maupassant's short stories paint a broad panorama of the life and customs of the Third Republic. material from the site
A realistic analysis of reality was accompanied by an increase in pessimistic moods, which gave rise to such a phenomenon of artistic life as decadence("fall"). Its offensive was announced in 1886 by the manifesto of the "damned poets" - the symbolists, who proclaimed: "We are the poets of decline, decline, death." French decadence reflected a common feeling for many figures of European culture that some kind of historical catastrophe was approaching, which was supposed to destroy the petty-bourgeois civilization, which proved its imperfection and inability to solve the most important social problems.
The rapid development of science and technology gave rise to illusions about their omnipotence and gave rise to a new literary genre - a science fiction novel. by the most prominent representative of this genre is a French writer J. Verne, author of more than 65 science fiction works, as well as works on history geographical discoveries. His books “Journey to the Center of the Earth”, “Children of Captain Grant”, “Around the World in 80 Days”, “Mysterious Island”, “Fifteen-year-old Captain” won huge popularity.
Famous French writers have made an invaluable contribution to world literature. From the existentialism of Jean-Paul Sartre to commentaries on Flaubert's society, France is well known for bringing examples of literary geniuses to the world. Thanks to the many well-known sayings that quote the masters of literature from France, there is a good chance that you are very familiar with, or at least heard of, works of French literature.
Over the centuries, many great literary works have appeared in France. While this list is hardly comprehensive, it contains some of the greatest literary masters who ever lived. Most likely you have read or at least heard about these famous French writers.
Honoré de Balzac, 1799-1850
Balzac is a French writer and playwright. One of his most famous works, The Human Comedy, was his first real taste of success in the literary world. In fact, his personal life has become more of an attempt to try something and fail than an actual success. He is considered by many literary critics to be one of the "founding fathers" of realism because The Human Comedy was a commentary on all aspects of life. This is a collection of all the works he wrote under his own name. Father Goriot is often cited in courses in French literature as classic example realism. The story of King Lear, set in 1820s Paris, Père Goriot is a Balzacian reflection of a money-loving society.
Samuel Beckett, 1906-1989
Samuel Beckett is actually Irish, however, he mostly wrote in French because he lived in Paris, moving there in 1937. He is considered the last great modernist and some argue that he is the first postmodernist. Particularly outstanding in its personal life was in the French Resistance during World War II when it was under German occupation. Although Beckett has published extensively, he is best known for his theater of the absurd, depicted in the play En attendant Godot (Waiting for Godot).
Cyrano de Bergerac, 1619-1655
Cyrano de Bergerac is best known for a play that was written about him by Rostand called Cyrano de Bergerac. The play was staged and made into films many times. The plot is well known: Cyrano loves Roxanne, but stops courting her in order to read his poems to her on behalf of his not so eloquent friend. Rostand most likely embellishes the real characteristics of de Bergerac's life, although he really was a phenomenal swordsman and a delightful poet.
It can be said that his poetry is better known than Rostand's play. According to the descriptions, he had an extremely large nose which he was very proud of.
Albert Camus, 1913-1960
Albert Camus is an Algerian-born author who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957. He was the first African to achieve this and the second youngest writer in literary history. Despite being associated with existentialism, Camus rejects any labels. His most famous two novels of the absurd: L "Étranger (The Stranger) and Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Myth of Sisyphus). He was perhaps best known as a philosopher and his work reflects the life of that time. In fact, he wanted to become football player, but contracted tuberculosis at the age of 17 and was bedridden for an extended period of time.
Victor Hugo, 1802-1885
Victor Hugo would describe himself first and foremost as a humanist who used literature to describe the terms of human life and the injustices of society. Both of these themes can be easily seen in two of his most famous works: Les misèrables (The Les Misérables), and Notre-Dame de Paris (Notre Dame Cathedral is also known by its popular name, The Hunchback of Notre Dame).
Alexandre Dumas, father 1802-1870
Alexandre Dumas is considered the most widely read author in French history. He is known for his historical novels that describe the dangerous adventures of heroes. Dumas was prolific in writing and many of his stories are still retold today:
Three Musketeers
Count of Montecristo
The Man in the Iron Mask
1821-1880
His first published novel, Madame Bovary, is perhaps his most famous work. It was originally published as a series of novels, and the French authorities filed a lawsuit against Flaubert for immorality.
Jules Verne, 1828-1905
Jules Verne is especially famous for being one of the first writers of science fiction. Many literary critics even consider him one of the founding fathers of the genre. He wrote many novels, here are some of the most famous:
twenty thousand leagues under the sea
Journey to the center of the earth
Around the world in 80 Days
Other French writers
molière
Emile Zola
Stendhal
George Sand
Musset
Marcel Proust
Rostand
Jean-Paul Sartre
Madame de Scudery
Stendhal
Sully Prudhomme
Anatole France
Simone de Beauvoir
Charles Baudelaire
Voltaire
In France, literature has been, and continues to be, the driving force behind philosophy. Paris is fertile ground for new ideas, philosophies and movements that the world has ever seen.
Notable French writers
Famous French writers have made an invaluable contribution to the world
literature. From the existentialism of Jean-Paul Sartre to comments on
Flaubert society, France is well known for the phenomenon of the world of examples
literary geniuses. Thanks to the many well-known sayings that
quote the masters of literature from France, there is a high probability
that you are very familiar with, or at least have heard about
works of French literature.
Over the centuries, many great literary works have appeared
in France. While this list is hardly comprehensive, it contains some
of the greatest literary masters who ever lived. Quicker
everything you have read or at least heard about these famous French
writers.
Honoré de Balzac, 1799-1850
Balzac is a French writer and playwright. One of his most famous
works "The Human Comedy", was his first real taste of success in
literary world. In fact, his personal life has become more of an attempt
try something and fail than real success. He, by
considered by many literary critics to be one of the
"founding fathers" of realism, because The Human Comedy was
commentary on all aspects of life. This is a collection of all the works that he
wrote under his own name. Father Goriot is often cited in courses
French literature as a classic example of realism. History of the King
Lear, which took place in the 1820s in Paris, the book "Father Goriot" is
A Balzacian reflection of a society that loves money.
Samuel Beckett, 1906-1989
Samuel Beckett is actually Irish, however, he mostly wrote
in French because he lived in Paris, having moved there in 1937. He
is considered the last great modernist and some argue that he is -
first postmodernist. Particularly prominent in his personal life was
service in the French Resistance during World War II,
when it was under German occupation. Although Beckett has published extensively,
he is most of all his theater of the absurd, depicted in the play En attendant
Godot (Waiting for Godot).
Cyrano de Bergerac, 1619-1655
Cyrano de Bergerac is best known for the play that was
written about him by Rostand under the title "Cyrano de Bergerac". play
staged and filmed on it many times. The plot is familiar: Cyrano
loves Roxana, but stops courting her so that on behalf of her not
such an eloquent friend to read her his poems. Rostand most likely
embellishes the real characteristics of de Bergerac's life, although he
really was a phenomenal swordsman and a delightful poet.
It can be said that his poetry is better known than Rostand's play. By
he was described as having an extremely large nose which he was very proud of.
Albert Camus, 1913-1960
Albert Camus - Algerian-born author who received
Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957. He was the first African
who achieved this, and the second youngest writer in history
literature. Despite being associated with existentialism, Camus
rejects any labels. His most famous two novels of the absurd are:
L "Étranger (Stranger) and Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The myth of Sisyphus). He was,
perhaps best known as a philosopher and his work - mapping
life of that time. In fact, he wanted to become a football player, but
contracted tuberculosis at the age of 17 and was bedridden in
over a long period of time.
Victor Hugo, 1802-1885
Victor Hugo would describe himself primarily as a humanist who used
literature to describe the terms of human life and injustice
society. Both of these themes are easily seen in two of his most famous
works: Les misèrables (Les Misérables), and Notre-Dame de Paris (Cathedral
Notre Dame is also known by its popular name - The Hunchback of
Notre Dame).
Alexandre Dumas, father 1802-1870
Alexandre Dumas is considered the most widely read author in French history.
He is known for his historical novels that describe dangerous
adventures of heroes. Dumas was prolific in writing and many of his
stories are retold today:
Three Musketeers
Count of Montecristo
The Man in the Iron Mask
The Nutcracker (made famous by Tchaikovsky's ballet version)
Gustave Flaubert 1821-1880
His first published novel, Madame Bovary, is perhaps the most
famous for his work. It was originally published as a series
novel, and the French authorities filed a lawsuit against Flaubert for
immorality.
Jules Verne 1828-1905
Jules Verne is especially famous because he was one of the first authors,
who wrote science fiction. Many literary critics even consider
him one of the founding fathers of the genre. He wrote many novels
some of the better known:
twenty thousand leagues under the sea
Journey to the center of the earth
Around the world in 80 Days
Other French writers
There are many more other great French writers:
molière
Emile Zola
Stendhal
George Sand
Musset
Marcel Proust
Rostand
Jean-Paul Sartre
Madame de Scudery
Stendhal
Sully Prudhomme
Anatole France
Simone de Beauvoir
Charles Baudelaire
Voltaire
In France, literature has been, and continues to be, the driving force behind philosophy.
Paris is fertile ground for new ideas, philosophies and movements that
ever seen the world.
France in the 19th century was a kind of standard for the socio-political development of Europe. All the processes characteristic of this stage took on especially dramatic, extremely contradictory forms in France. The richest colonial power, which had a high industrial and commercial potential, was suffocating from internal contradictions. The flashy facts of fantastic wealth and depressing poverty shocked the imagination and became the leading theme of the greatest writers of this period A. France, Emile Zola, Guy de Maupassant, Romain Rolland, Alphonse Daudet and many others. In the works of these writers, stereotypically stable metaphors and images appear, taken from the living world and used to denote the essence of the "new" gentlemen and "heroes" of France. "We are disgusting barbarians living the life of animals," wrote Maupassant bitterly. It is extremely significant that even Maupassant, a man extremely far from active politics, comes to the idea of revolution. Naturally, the atmosphere of spiritual confusion gave rise to an endless number of literary movements and trends in France. There were also distinctly bourgeois among them, who openly came to the defense of a completely prosperous bourgeois, but such people are still an undeniable minority. Even writers who were close in certain traits to decadence - symbolists, cubists, impressionists, and others - for the most part proceeded from hostility to the bourgeois world, but they all sought to go beyond the framework of bourgeois existence, sought to capture the novelty of fleeting events, to come closer to understanding the incredibly expanded ideas about man.
The realism of this period also underwent enormous changes, not so much external as internal. In their conquests of this period, realist writers relied on the vast experience of classical realism of the 19th century, but could no longer ignore the new horizons of human life and society, new discoveries in science and philosophy, new searches for contemporary trends and trends. Rejecting the moral indifference of naturalists who tried to turn the writer into a registrar of facts, into an emotionless "objective" photographer, devoid of imagination, ideal, dream, the realists of the end of the century take into their arsenal scientific conscientiousness, a deep study of the subject of the image. The genre of popular science literature born by them plays a huge role in the formation of the literature of this time. Not accepting the extremes of other trends, the realists did not remain indifferent to the discoveries of Symbolist writers, Impressionists and others. A deep internal restructuring of realism was associated with experiment, a bold trial of new means, but still retained the nature of the typification. The main achievements of mid-century realism - psychologism, social analysis - are qualitatively deepening, the sphere of realistic reflection is expanding, genres are rising to new artistic heights.
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Maupassant (1850-1993), like his teacher Flaubert, was a stern realist who never changed his views. He passionately, painfully hated the bourgeois world and everything connected with it. If the hero of his book, a representative of another class, at least compromised in some way, joining the bourgeoisie, Maupassant did not spare him - and here all means were good for the writer. He painfully searched for antitheses to this world - and found it in the democratic strata of society, in the French people.
works: short stories - "Dumbnut", "Old Sauvage", "Crazy", "Prisoners", "Chair Weaver", "Papa Simone".
Alphonse Daudet
Daudet (1840-1897) is a somewhat unexpected phenomenon against the backdrop of the literature of this period and at the same time a phenomenon closely connected with the development of the work of fellow writers, outwardly distant from him, like Maupassant, Roland, France. A gentle and kind man, Dode was stubborn in many matters. He went his own way, managing not to fall ill with a single newfangled literary disease of the end of the century, and only in last years life - a life filled with eternal labor and need - paid tribute to fashionable naturalism.
works: the novel "Tartarin of Tarascon", several short stories.
Romain Rolland
The work of Romain Rolland (1866-1944) occupies a very special place in this period of history. If Maupassant, Daudet and many other great writers, each in their own painful way, searched for positive beginnings in a poorly organized world, then for Rolland the meaning of being and creativity initially consisted in faith in the beautiful, kind, bright, which never left the world - his you just need to be able to see, feel and convey to people.
works: the novel "Jean Christoff", the story "Pierre and Luce".
Gustave Flaubert
His work indirectly reflected the contradictions of the French Revolution of the mid-nineteenth century. The desire for truth and hatred for the bourgeoisie combined in him with social pessimism and lack of faith in the people. This inconsistency and duality can be found in the philosophical searches and political views of the writer, in his attitude to art.
works: novels - "Madam Bovary", "Salambo", "Education of the Senses", "Bouvard and Pécuchet" (not finished), novels - "The Legend of Julian the Hospitable", "A Simple Soul", "Herodias", also created several plays and extravaganza.
Stendhal
The work of this writer opens the period of classical realism. It was Stendhal who took the lead in substantiating the main principles and program for the formation of realism, theoretically declared in the first half of the 19th century, when romanticism still dominated, and soon brilliantly embodied in the artistic masterpieces of the outstanding novelist of that time.
works: novels - "Parma Monastery", "Armans", "Lucien Leven", stories - "Vittoria Accoramboni", "Duchess di Palliano", "Cenci", "Abbess from Castro".
