Deep drainage device around the house: goals and implementation options. Deep drainage - modern technologies in the fight against a waterlogged area Selection of materials for the drainage system

Drainage of a land plot is as important a construction as building a house. People who have buildings on sandy soil with a deep location of groundwater do not face this problem. But when your site is located on clay soil, and the groundwater is also high, only the installation of a drainage system will save your yard and buildings from excess water. After all, constant dampness can ruin the entire crop in the garden, trees and even your house.

What does it consist of

The drainage system consists of pipes laid in a trench along the entire perimeter of the site, with the discharge of water flow into a ravine or other designated place. As well as viewing wells for pumping water and cleaning the system. There are three types of deep drainage:

• IN vertical view drainage, tubular wells are used, installed at the depth of the groundwater. With the help of pumping stations, water is constantly pumped out of them.
• Horizontal drainage consists of a network of pipes laid along the entire perimeter of the site. Water passing through the filter enters the pipe and is discharged into the ravine.
• Combined drainage consists of two systems described above. It is also very complex and usually not used in private plots.

Preparation for construction

Before proceeding with the installation of deep drainage, it is necessary to draw up a plan for its location and calculate the diameter of the pipes.

Note! To calculate the diameter of the pipe, it is necessary to carry out design and survey work, which includes the study of the soil and the location of water at the site. These works are not cheap, so the owners of their sites buy pipes at random. A drain pipe with a diameter of 110 mm is mainly used.

Drawing up a plan for laying the pipeline is carried out after examining the surface of the site using a level. In the absence of such a device, it is possible to observe during the rain the places of large accumulation of water and the sides of the slope where it flows.

Drainage installation

1. Dig a trench along the marked area with a slope towards the drain. The slope angle for laying the pipe should be 1 cm per 2 m of the pipe, and the depth of the trench depends on the depth of soil freezing and the level of groundwater. Practice shows that generally the depth of the trench is 60‒100 cm.
2. Pour a 10 cm layer of sand at the bottom of the trench, level and tamp. Lay a geotextile cloth of such width on the sand throughout the trench so that its edges are enough to wrap the pipe along with the rubble.
3. Pour a layer of crushed stone 20 cm thick onto the canvas. Connect the pipes well so that they do not disperse over time. Install corner wells at all bends in the pipeline for system cleaning and emergency pumping. Wells can be made from any material at hand. The main thing is that the bottom is sealed. At the end of the entire system, you also install a well. It will collect all the waste water and be discharged into a ravine or other place.
4. Cover the laid pipe from above with the same layer of rubble and wrap it with the free edges of the geotextile fabric. Do not rush to bury the trench. If you have time to wait, let it rain and see how the system works. There should not be a single puddle left in the pit. Look at the drain outlet to see if the water drains well. Look into the wells so they don't overflow. If everything is in order, then your system is installed correctly, and it can be buried with the remains of soil.

Drainage filter manufacturing

There is such a situation: the groundwater is located high, and the clay soil does not have time to pass rainwater to the drainage system through the soil layer poured on top of the drainage. This situation threatens to flood the foundation of the house. To drain this water, you will need to add an additional drain filter. There is nothing difficult in this work. Let's take a look at how to make a filter embankment to drain water.

A drainage pipe laid in a trench should not be covered from above with soil residues. Instead, fill the trench with fine gravel, then coarse sand, and on top with fine gravel. The top of the rubble can be covered with geotextiles and covered with a thin layer of earth. Through such a multi-layer filter, water will be absorbed faster and enter the drainage system.

Note! During system operation, periodically inspect the wells and, if necessary, clean them. A well-functioning drainage system will take care of the safety of your site and all buildings from excess moisture.

Video

If the house is located in a lowland or wetland area, then you cannot do without a good drainage system. It can be done in several ways, but only deep drainage of a house and a plot can effectively drain the soil, protect the foundation from destruction. The device of this type of drainage is laborious, but in some cases this is the only correct option for draining the local area.

Even at the design stage of an honest house, it is necessary to provide for a drainage system. It will not be possible to “hide” from rain and melt water, precipitation will still go. It is necessary to somehow remove moisture away from the foundation, otherwise the dwelling will not stand for a long time.

Deep drainage device is a laborious process

The situation with the local area is almost identical. If excess water accumulates on it, then it will not be long before waterlogging. And this is rotting of the roots with the subsequent death of plants, and corrosion of engineering communications laid in the ground.
All storm sewers are divided into two types:

1. Open (superficial).
2. Closed (underground, ground).

Advice! If clayey soils prevail on the site, then you must definitely take care of the construction of deep drainage near the house. Otherwise, even with minimal precipitation, the territory of the estate will turn into a huge puddle.

An important factor when choosing the type of drainage system is the composition of the soil. Sands themselves drain water well from surface layers into aquifers without additional funds. Clays, on the other hand, retain moisture and prevent it from going deep.
The second nuance is the level of soil freezing. Deep drainage pipes and wells storm sewer it is necessary to immerse below this point, otherwise they will freeze and cease to perform their functions.

Ring drainage scheme around the foundation of the house

An open storm drain in the form of surface trays is able to cope with the drainage of only rain and melt water. If moisture has penetrated into the ground, then one cannot do without an underground deep drainage system. Only she will drain the soil from the inside, diverting water into special wells, water collectors.
Deep drainage has to be equipped when:

• the house is in a low place;
• soils in the area are clay or loamy;
• aquifers lie close to the surface;
• floods flood a basement or underground garage;
• the cottage stands on a deeply recessed foundation.

A deep drainage system will protect the base of the house and the adjoining communications that are laid in the ground. It will prevent the accumulation of water in the basement and basement rooms, and also prevent swelling and leaching of the soil.

Deep drainage system

To properly make deep drainage, you need to clearly understand what elements it consists of and how they interact with each other. In some cases, it can be arranged only near the house, but it is better to drain the water on the scale of the entire estate.

The deep drainage system includes:

• drainage pipes with perforations to collect water from the ground;
• main pipelines;
• inspection wells for monitoring and cleaning stormwater drainage;
• water basins.

All these components must be present in the deep drainage system in the area near a private house. Perforated pipes are used to drain water, which then flows by gravity through the highways into the water intake tank. From there, the wastewater is pumped out into a nearby reservoir or a centralized storm sewer system.

Advice! With small volumes of drained water or with a purely seasonal periodicity of precipitation with short-term rains, it is better to arrange drainage on the site in the form of separate vertical wells. It is easier and cheaper to do this, but they need electric pumps to work.

Option for the project of the drainage system of a private estate

The horizontally laid perforated pipes can always be replaced with several drainage chambers located around the site. But the water from them will have to be pumped out using pumps.
Such a design cannot function without electricity and is rarely used anywhere. But if there is little moisture or storm tanks have to be used only for several weeks a year, then this is a completely suitable option.

The choice of materials for the drainage system

The main attention when arranging deep drainage of a site with your own hands should be given to the drainage pipes and their laying. They must have many holes so that moisture can seep from the soil into them. The holes can be made independently with a drill, but it is better to purchase already perforated factory-made tubular products.
Drainage pipes can be:

1. Asbestos-cement - an outdated option.
2. Ceramic - durable, but expensive.
3. Plastic - the cheapest and most popular.

For storm drains, plastic pipes are made from polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene. The latter option is optimal for street sewerage, it easily tolerates negative temperatures and does not crack in frost.

Advice! For deep drainage, it is recommended to choose plastic pipes with long and narrow slots. They pick up moisture better and do not clog up as much as their round hole counterparts.

Pipes for drainage and water drainage should be selected corrugated. They withstand greater soil pressure and do not squeeze when it swells. For deep drainage, depending on the laying depth, pipes with a stiffness class are suitable:

• SN 2 or SN 4 - will withstand 3 meters of soil from above.
• SN 6 - withstand a 5-meter layer of earth.

The perforation on the pipe can be made round, half, 120 and 240 degrees. All options will do. Much depends on the planned volumes of collected water and soil characteristics.

The perforated pipe is sprinkled with a layer of rubble and wrapped in geotextile

Wells can be made from:

• bricks;
• gland;
• concrete;
• plastic.

The best option is to mount the entire deep drainage system (pipes and wells) from plastic elements. Now ready-made parts are being sold, which you just need to put together as a designer.
Also, for the arrangement of deep drainage, geotextiles and fine gravel with sand will be needed. The first will protect the perforation from small debris, and a cushion under the pipes will be made of the gravel-sand mixture.

How to make underground drainage yourself

The main difficulty in designing and arranging deep drainage is its individuality; for each site, calculations have to be done from scratch. It is necessary to take into account the structure and composition of soils, the level of their freezing and the depth of occurrence of soil waters.
It is possible to correctly calculate the diameter of pipes and volumes of wells only after performing hydrogeological and geodetic surveys. It is recommended to independently prepare a deep drainage project for a house and a site only if you have the appropriate knowledge.

Layout of drainage pipes in the ground

You can only install the system with your own hands. Even a novice master can lay pipes and equip wells in accordance with the scheme.
Arrangement of deep drainage is carried out in four stages:

1. Marking on the site of drainage ditches and wells.
2. Excavation work.
3. Well construction and pipe laying.
4. Backfilling of ditches with soil.

When digging trenches, it is important to observe the slope from the house to the final water intake. Water flows down by gravity, this should not be hindered by anything. It is necessary to exclude even the slightest probability of its accumulation and stagnation in pipes.

Important! If the soil on the site is clay, then the geotextile must be laid, otherwise the perforation will be clogged instantly.

At the bottom of the dug ditches, first, a crushed-stone-sand cushion 10-30 cm thick is poured. Geotextiles are laid on it with a filter layer upward and another layer of gravel 10-20 cm is poured. Then a pipe with perforation is laid and covered with crushed stone from the top and sides by 10 cm After that, it remains only to wrap the fabric and sprinkle everything with soil.
The drainage pipe should be wrapped around the needles with punctured tissue
In order not to bother yourself, you can take the factory pipes already in a geotextile filter. They are made in accordance with GOST and are designed for laying in any soil.
Inspection and drainage wells are made using a similar technology, only geotextiles are not needed. First, a cushion of gravel and sand is made. Then a well structure is installed on it and everything is covered with earth.
Wells will have to be equipped both at the final, lowest point of the drainage system, and at the points of turning and connecting pipes so that they can be monitored and cleaned, if necessary.

Video: drainage device in the local area

The general scheme of deep underground drainage for a private house is extremely simple: pipes-drains and a well-water intake. You can mount everything with your own hands from plastic elements. But it is better to entrust the preparation of the project of such a system to a competent specialist. It is necessary to conduct research and take into account a lot of nuances, otherwise it will be difficult to choose the optimal solution for a particular site.

In the process of planning the construction of a country house, you should definitely remember that there are types of drainage that are necessary to collect and drain water from the site. Everyone hopes that the house will keep warm for many years, but at one point the excess moisture, which is often facilitated by autumn bad weather or spring floods, can nullify all efforts. Damage will be caused not only to the house itself in the form of destruction of the foundation, flooding of the basement, the appearance of fungus and rot, but excess moisture can also cause freezing and rotting of trees and bushes, plant diseases.

That is why, in order to get rid of such a misfortune, it is necessary to equip it immediately, when building a house. This will allow subsequently, in case of bad weather or floods, not to create a new landscape. personal plotspending money on its arrangement and drainage.

Drainage types

Consider what drainage is: these are various structures and pipes that reduce the water level, both groundwater and groundwater.

Often, perforated drainage tubes, which have holes in the walls, are laid lower than the water level - ground groundwater-pressure. Pipes can be either asbestos-cement or ceramic, pottery and plastic, or polymer - polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene. The diameter of the pipes can vary from 5 to 20 cm and even more. To prevent clogging of the walls and holes of drainage pipes with soil particles, special shells are installed, which are made of filtering materials.

There are two main types of drainage - a surface (open) drainage system and a deep (closed) drainage system. Let's dwell on them in more detail:

1. Surface drainage the site is assembled from modular channels. This type of drainage is used to drain flood, melt and rainwater from sites and paths, site surfaces, roofs of buildings and open terraces. This water is discharged into the storm sewer and outside the site. Open site drainage can be performed:

• using a point drainage system or point elements;
• organization of a linear drainage or drainage line.

1. Another type of drainage - deep - this is a system of channels and pipes through which water is diverted to a special well or collector, outside the site.

Pro tip:

The surface type of drainage is equipped to prevent the occurrence of waterlogged zones around buildings, therefore, it is preferable to develop it in combination with deep drainage.

Surface drainage and drainage

Local collection of water, both rainfall and thawed water - this is why a point type drainage is needed, and the drainage line is useful for collecting precipitation from a large area. The most rational thing is to combine these two systems. Let's dwell on them in more detail:

1. Drainage line... Linear drainage is a system of deepened channels (gutters, gutters, gutters) and sand traps for them. A container that retains sand and fine debris deposited by water flows is called a sand trap. It protects stormwater and drainage pipes from blockages. That is why it needs to be emptied as it fills. Removable steel or cast iron gratings are installed on the sand traps, as well as on the gutters.

1. Point drainage... Application of point elements installed under drainage systemsdesigned to drain water from the roof into the door pits - this is precisely what is meant by the local collection of water - rain and melt. Point drainage is complemented by linear drainage systems (gutters, sand traps) to allow water to be drained from entrances, balconies and terrace surfaces.

Deep drainage

Closed drainage or deep drainage is a system of canals (drains) located underground, lowering the groundwater level and serving to drain water from the territory and from structures outside the site.

It is necessary when the site is located in a lowland, its swampy or in other waterlogged places. In the case of the assumption of the operation of the basement floor, a drainage device is also required in the area, which in this case is a wall drainage. According to experts, drainage is almost always necessary for central Russia. Be sure to check the depth of the groundwater, even if the water does not squelch under your feet. After all, their close finding leads to decay and suppression of the root system of both shrubs and trees.

With a high location of the site with sandy soil, which is well drained, and the location of the groundwater level is lower than 1.5 m, it is possible to refuse deep drainage.

Deep drainage according to its design is subdivided into:

1. combined;
2. horizontal;
3. vertical.

Horizontal drainage has been described above, so we will consider the features of other types:

1. Vertical drainage is drainage shafts, which are arranged in a special way, equipped with pumping stations and buried in the territory of the site. Such a site drainage system is a rather complex engineering structure. That is why vertical drainage is practically not found in suburban areas.

1. Deep combined drainage combines vertical and horizontal systems. In some cases, it is he who can support in complex relief and climatic conditions required water balance. However, combined drainage, like vertical drainage, is structurally rather complicated, has a high cost, and therefore is quite rare.

Drainage: its device

1. In order to arrange a drainage system, it is necessary to first dig trenches of the required depth, which should have a slight slope towards the drainage well and towards the natural watercourse, if possible.

1. Crushed stone or gravel and sand are poured at the bottom of the trenches.
2. Then, drainage perforated pipes are laid with holes for the passage of water.
3. After that, it is covered with sand and gravel, and a layer of sod is laid.

Pro tip:

Usually he puts pipes (drains) in several rows in the form of a herringbone. In this case, the central drain collects water from the adjacent side parts, and then drains it outside the site or into a drainage well.

A drainage well is arranged in the absence of a sufficient slope to drain the water, or if there is nowhere to drain the water. A drainage pump is installed in the well, if necessary.

Most often, deep drainage of the site is laid parallel to the storm sewer, since the systems of underground and surface drainage solve different problems. Although some of the designers do not allow the combination of linear drainage gutters with a deep drainage system, the rest of the designers consider this option quite acceptable.

For citation:Prokofieva M.I. Modern surgical approaches to the treatment of refractory glaucoma (literature review) // RMZh. Clinical ophthalmology. 2010. No. 3. P. 104

Modern surgical approaches to treatment of refractory glaucoma. (Literary review)

Modern surgical approaches to treatment
of refractory glaucoma. (Literary review)
M.I. Prokof'eva

Moscow glaucoma center based on 15 Municipal Clinical Hospital named after O.M. Filatov, Moscow

Review is devoted to etiology, pathogenesis and methods of treatment of refractory glaucoma.

Today, an urgent problem is the treatment of the so-called refractory glaucoma (RG), which combines the most severe nosological forms of glaucoma; one of the distinguishing features of the disease is resistance to treatment.
The etiopathogenesis of RH is diverse, but it is based on pronounced anatomical changes in the drainage system of the eye, which significantly complicate or make impossible the outflow of intraocular fluid. These include goniodysgenesis of II-III degrees, coarse dispersion of pigment on the structures of the anterior chamber angle, neovascularization of the iris root, pronounced goniosynechias, fusion of the iris root with the anterior wall of the Schlemm's canal.
The pronounced fibroplastic activity of the eye tissues, leading to rapid scarring and obliteration of the aqueous humor outflow pathways created during standard filtering operations, is a distinctive feature of RH.
Due to the fact that the development of RH is based on anatomical changes in the drainage system of the eye, drug and laser treatment, despite their wide modern capabilities in the case of RH, are far from the leading position.
The priority direction in the normalization and stabilization of ophthalmotonus in RH is surgical treatment. However, despite the radical nature of the surgical intervention, it is not always possible to achieve the desired result, which leads to the improvement of existing surgical techniques and the search for new ones.
Currently, there are three main surgical approaches to the treatment of patients with RH: cyclodestructive interventions, standard filter surgery with intraoperative use of cytostatics, and drainage surgery.
Cyclodestructive interventions
Cyclodestructive interventions are aimed at reducing the production of intraocular fluid. When it comes to RH, they, as a rule, are the second stage of treatment, if fistulizing operations, even with repeated execution, do not lead to a stable normalization of intraocular pressure (IOP).
For the first time, H. Weve reported about the destruction of the ciliary body in 1933. For selective ablation of the ciliary processes, he used the technique of non-penetrating diathermy, when the ciliary body was exposed to variable electric shock high frequency and high strength, which led to an increase in temperature in the tissues. Due to severe hypotension, which in a large percentage of cases leads to phthisis of the eyeball, diathermocoagulation is not widespread.
Cyclo-cryodestruction of the ciliary body was first proposed by Bietti G. in 1950. As a result of tissue freezing, a significant dehydration of cells occurs, followed by mechanical damage to cell membranes, as well as the development of a focus of ischemic necrosis as a result of obliteration of microvessels in the frozen tissue. Cyclokryotherapy is also associated with a number of complications. These include pain in the first day after the intervention, a significant increase in IOP both during cyclocryopexy and in the early postoperative period, intense inflammatory reactions accompanied by fibrin loss in the anterior chamber, hyphema, hypotension and phthisis of the eyeball.
An alternative to cyclokryotherapy is the effect of laser energy on the ciliary body. In 1961, Weekers R. applied trans-scleral xenon photocoagulation over the ciliary body region.
Currently, YAG laser, semiconductor diode and xenon lasers are used for transscleral cyclophotocoagulation. Selective destruction of the ciliary epithelium and a decrease in vascular perfusion in the ciliary vessels, leading to atrophy of the ciliary processes, as well as an increase in outflow due to transscleral filtration or increased uveascleral outflow are considered to be the mechanisms leading to a decrease in IOP with this effect.
Transscleral cyclophotocoagulation can be performed both by contact and non-contact methods. The efficiency of transscleral photodestruction is very variable: Walland M. J. - 37.5%; Signanavel V. - 44%; Quintyn J. C., Grenard N., Hellot M. F. - 25%; Autrata R., Rehurek J. - 41% and can significantly decrease over time: if in the first year the efficiency is 54%, then in the second it decreases to 27.7%.
Cyclophotocoagulation is also associated with a number of complications. So, when using a YAG laser, painful sidra, burns and conjunctival hyperemia, a transient rise in IOP, inflammatory reactions from the anterior chamber, decreased visual acuity, hypotension and phthisis are possible in the long term. As a result of using a diode laser, hyphema, hemophthalmos, the development of fibrinous uveitis, cases of malignant glaucoma, scleral staphyloma and scleral perforation after the procedure can be added to the above complications.
Transscleral photocyclic destruction Pastor S.A., Singh K., Lee D.A. (2001) recommend to carry out after unsuccessful bypass surgery, impossibility of performing surgery for health reasons, or as an emergency aid for threatening conditions, such as a sharp decompensation of ophthalmotonus in neovascular glaucoma.
Laser action on the ciliary body can be carried out not only trans-scleral, but transpupillary and endoscopically.
In transpupillary cyclophotodestruction, an argon laser is used, laser coagulates are applied directly to the processes of the ciliary body, which are visualized using a Goldmann lens. The use of this technique involves pupil dilatation, which is very difficult in the case of prolonged use of miotics.
Endoscopic cyclophotodestruction is possible during lensectomy or vitrectomy through pars plana with transpupillary imaging. The efficiency of endoscopic cyclodestruction ranges from 17 to 43%. Among the complications of the technique are hemophthalmus, hypotension, detachment of the choroid, decreased vision.
The unpredictability of the hypotensive effect and a number of serious complications both in the early and late postoperative period after cyclodestructive interventions limit their widespread use in the treatment of RH.
Standard filter surgery
with intraoperative use of cytostatics
Over the past decades, various modifications of trabeculectomy proposed in 1968 by J.E. have been most widely used in the surgical treatment of glaucoma, regardless of the type and stage of the disease. Cairns.
However, the frequency of relapses of hypertension in the late postoperative period, associated with scarring and obliteration of the pathways of the outflow of aqueous humor formed during the intervention, served as an impetus for the search for new variants of operating techniques that prevent the development of the cicatricial process.
The most significant achievement of the last 20 years has been the widespread use of so-called antimetabolites during filtration operations.
The first antimetabolite was 5-fluorouracil, the mechanism of action of which is based on inhibition of the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid, through the suppression of the enzyme thymidylate synthetase, which, in turn, leads to a decrease in the proliferation of episcleral fibroblasts and, possibly, has a toxic effect on them, reducing scarring in the area of \u200b\u200bthe filter cushion ... The start of 5-fluorouracil use was encouraging. Soon, however, there were reports of serious complications associated with its use. The shortcomings of 5-fluorouracil led researchers to search for new antimetabolites, among which mitomycin-C became the most common. It has the ability to inhibit DNA synthesis regardless of the phase of the cell cycle, and a shorter intraoperative application is sufficient to achieve the effect.
Trabeculectomy with RH provides only 20% success in the first year after surgery, while the use of antimetabolites increases the effectiveness up to 56%.
However, despite the good hypotensive effect, the use of antimetabolites can lead to excessive filtration of aqueous humor in the postoperative period, causing a decrease in visual functions due to hypotension and symptomatic maculopathy, the development and progression of cataracts. Keratopathy, the formation of cystic filter pads, suture failure, hemorrhagic ciliochoroidal detachment, toxic effects on the ciliary body are complications that can result from intraoperative use of cytostatics. A.P. Nesterov (1995) recommended refraining from the use of antimetabolites with pronounced thinning of the conjunctiva, in patients with high myopia and in the eyes of elderly patients. According to Mandal A.K., Prasad K., Naduvilath T.J. (1999) the use of cytostatics can increase the risk of hyphema development - 21% and hypertension - 21%, which, according to researchers, is higher than the risk of shunt implantation. In addition, the use of antimetabolites significantly increases the possibility of developing infectious complications in the long-term observation period.
Significant conjunctival and corneal defects can be considered as absolute contraindications to the use of cytostatics. Cases of intraocular lens (IOL) opacification after intraoperative use of mitomycin-C, associated with changes in the pH of the intraocular fluid and the deposition of calcium crystals on the IOL, have been reported (Moreno-Montanes J. 2007).
Drainage surgery
Practically the only way to maintain the current of chamber moisture in conditions of pronounced fibroblastic activity of the eye tissues, leading to gross scarring and obliteration of the intraocular fluid outflow pathways formed during the operation, is the use of drainage, shunting or valve implants.
The overall effectiveness of the surgical use of shunt drains and the preference for other techniques is not disputed by most authors and ranges from 35 to 100%.
There are three stages in the development of drainage surgery:
1. Translimbal drains - setons (lat. Saeta, seta - bristles).
2. Tube shunts.
3. Shunt devices.
The era of the use of translimbal drainages (English "bristle" - rod, pin, insert) dates back to the beginning of the last century, when in 1912 A. Zorab used a silk thread as a glaucoma drainage. Thus, drainage operations, the principle of which was proposed by A. Zorab, were already used in the treatment of RH at the beginning of the last century.
Drainage is a monolithic linear implant that prevents adhesion of the superficial scleral flap to the bed and thereby maintains the intrascleral slit space through which the outflow of intraocular fluid is carried out.
Subsequently, various materials were used as setons.
So, as autoimplants located between the layers of the sclera, the iris, the bag of the lens, Descemet's membrane, sclera, and muscle tissue were used.
Alloplastic implants include drainages from the Alloplant biomaterial. Noteworthy is the use of an amniotic membrane as an alloimplant, which has antiangioid and anti-inflammatory properties and inhibits excessive scarring by inhibiting the activity of platelet transforming growth factor.
Among the drainages from heterogeneous materials, glaucoma drainages from lyophilized pork sclera collagen are most widely used. Widespread use of collagen drains has been ensured by high biocompatibility combined with high hydrophilicity. After complete resorption of such drainage after 6-9 months. with its replacement by newly formed loose connective tissue, a tunnel remained in the sclera through which the current of chamber moisture was carried out. Subsequently, modifications of collagen drains from a copolymer of collagen with acrylic monomers were developed, since, as practice has shown, complete resorption of the liner and its replacement by connective tissue is still undesirable.
Examples of heterogeneous drains from non-biological materials are nylon and soft polyurethane drains, explant drains from silicone, precious metals, Teflon drains, drains made of sapphire, vanadium steel.
From materials that appeared in last years, the most widely used hydrogel based on non-absorbable monolithic polyacrylamide with 90% water content. However, the encapsulation of hydrogel liners in some cases can lead to scarring of the filtration zone. Therefore, to more effective ways the use of a hydrogel includes its combination with antimetabolites, dexazone, glycosaminoglycans, betamethasone.
An attempt to impart valve properties to drainage from a hydrogel based on polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate with a fixed water content was undertaken by Z.I. (2002). The arrangement of pores with a diameter of 15-40 nm in the form of honeycombs on a filtering semi-permeable structure creates a certain resistance to the flow of liquid along the drainage, and the outflow of chamber moisture begins when IOP is over 10 mm Hg.
The main advantages of glaucoma drains are simplicity of design, ease of implantation, low complication rate, and low cost. However, often the installation of the drainage ends in failure due to fibrosis developing around its distal edge. Problems associated with the fibrosis of the created canal, migration of the seton and erosion of the conjunctiva also limit their use.
The era of the use of glaucoma shunts-tubes, which provide passive outflow of aqueous humor, has made it possible to achieve a longer and more stable reduction in ophthalmotonus. In 1959, E. Epstein demonstrated the possibility of implanting a capillary tube, the proximal lumen of which remained open from the anterior chamber. Around the distal end, located under the conjunctiva, a filtration cushion formed, which contracted after a few weeks, and the outer lumen of the tube was closed with dense connective tissue.
Drainages in the form of shunts-tubes, mainly made of silicone, providing a passive outflow of chamber moisture, are unable, however, to influence its direction and intensity. As in the case of translimbal implants, obliteration of the distal end of the tubule became a problem with short shunts.
Placing the distal end of the glaucomatous shunt in an equatorially located sub-Tenon reservoir made it possible to protect it from obliteration by subconjunctival scar tissue. A pronounced and long-term decrease in IOP was provided by the large size of the reservoir and the accumulation of intraocular fluid in it. The most common models of equatorial explant drainage are A.C. Molteno, G. Baerveldt and S.S. Schocket.
A.S. Molteno (1968) proposed to connect the drainage tube to an acrylic "plate" with a diameter of 13 mm. The idea was that the aqueous humor should not only flow out of the anterior chamber, but also be absorbed over a fairly large area. The presence of the "tray" was a guarantee that the filtration bed would not be smaller than its area. The use of implants with long tubes and the fixation of the reservoir above the attachment points of the rectus muscles in the equatorial zone made it possible to avoid the formation of "giant" filtration cushions that crawled onto the cornea, which was a serious problem for implants with short tubes, episcleral "plates" of which were sutured in the surgical limbus.
The G. Baerveldt implant introduced into clinical practice in 1990 became a modified version of the Molteno shunt. This valveless design consists of a silicone tubing terminated in a 1mm thick flexible polydimethylsiloxane reservoir that is implanted through a relatively small conjunctival incision.
The most advanced Molteno drain is the third generation Molteno-3. The drainage plate is made of non-elastic polypropylene material and is connected to an elastic tube. Themselves plates in the form of a disk are one or two connected in series, and the second can also be two-chamber. The two-chamber plate is divided by partitions into a smaller and larger part. When the pressure rises, the Tenon capsule rises above the plate and moisture flows into the larger part.
According to the data of Takhchidi Kh.P., Metaev S.A., Cheglakov P.Yu. (2008), the Molteno valve requires the surgeon to "pull" and suture the tenon sheath over the valve. The severity of hypotension in the early postoperative period depends on the correct observance of this step during the operation. This technique well prevents excessive filtration, but the researchers note that much depends not on drainage, but on the experience of the surgeon.
Excessive filtration in the early postoperative period inherent in shunts in general, leading to prolonged hypotension, small anterior chamber syndrome, macular edema, served as an impetus for the creation of glaucoma explant drainages equipped with a valve that maintains a unidirectional flow of intraocular fluid at certain values \u200b\u200bof ophthalmotonus.
The first such device was the Krupin-Denver valve (1980), consisting of an inner (intracameral) supramid tube connected to an outer (subconjunctival) silicone tube. The valve effect is due to the presence of slots in the sealed distal end of the silicone tube. The opening pressure is 11.0-14.0 mm Hg, closing occurs with a decrease in IOP by 1.0-3.0 mm Hg. Since the incisions were often overgrown with fibrous tissue, the standard Krupin-Denver valve was replaced by its modifications. The latter, proposed by T. Krupin in 1994, is very similar to the Molteno implant, equipped with a silicone valve tube.
In 1993, M. Ahmed developed a valve arrangement consisting of a tube connected to a silicone valve enclosed in a polypropylene reservoir body. The valve train consists of two diaphragms operating on the basis of the Venturi effect. The opening pressure is 8.0 mmHg.
Already the first experience of using the AhmedTM valve has confirmed its ability to prevent excessive filtration of aqueous humor in the early postoperative period and significantly reduce the incidence of complications such as shallow anterior chamber syndrome.
Aminulla A.A. (2008), Coleman A.L. (1997), Englert J.A. (1999) provide evidence of the successful use of the AhmedTM valve in pediatric ophthalmology for the treatment of congenital and secondary (traumatic) glaucoma.
Stabilization of IOP after implantation of the AhmedTM valve in uveal glaucoma in 57% of cases for 2 years was observed by Gil-Carrasco F. et al (1998).
Practical research results show that the AhmedTM valve functions more as a “flow reducer” rather than a true valve that must open and close depending on pressure. Having opened initially from a pressure of 8-20 mm Hg. the valve continues to function until liquid flow stops. Thus, the higher postoperative pressure in comparison with valveless drains, according to the study, is a consequence of the smaller lumen of the drainage tube partially covered by an elastic membrane.
The AhmedTM silicone valve is better at relieving pressure than the AhmedTM propylene valve, however, according to some authors, it has a higher complication rate (93). At the same time Ayyala R.S. (2000) experimentally proved that the minimal inflammatory response during subconjunctival implantation of silicone and polypropylene plates in rabbits is observed in silicone.
According to the literature, the percentage of normalization of IOP after surgical interventions with the use of drains varies in the range from 20 to 75%.
Complications of drainage surgery include hypotension leading to ciliochoroidal detachment, suprachoroidal hemorrhage, hypotonic maculopathy, corneal decompensation, as well as limitation of eyeball mobility and diplopia, endothelial-epithelial dystrophy.
According to Leuenberger E.U. (1999), up to 6,000 bypass and valve designs are installed in the United States each year, usually after two failed traditional hypotensive surgeries. Drainage surgery is used not only in the treatment of RH, but also in patients with a poor surgical prognosis - after keratoplasty, with iris rubeosis.
Despite the possible complications, drainage implantation is an effective treatment. different forms RG. Further improvements in implant design and materials will improve the safety of drainage surgery.

Literature
1. Alekseev V. N., Dobromislov A. N. Complications in antiglaucomatous operations // Problems of ophthalmology.- Kiev, 1976.
2. Aminulla AA Evaluation of the effectiveness of the Ahmed valve in refractory glaucoma in children. // Bulletin of the Russian State Medical University, 2008. - №2. - / 61 / - P. 181.
3. Astakhov S.Yu., Astakhov Yu.S., Bresel Yu.A. Refractory Glaucoma Surgery: What Can We Offer? // Glaucoma: theories, trends, technologies HRT club Russia - 2006. - Sat. articles of the IV International conference.- M., 2006.- pp. 24-29.
4. Astakhov Yu.S., Nikolaenko V.P., Dyakov V.E. // The use of polytetrafluoroethylene implants in ophthalmic surgery. SPb .: Foliant, 2007.255 p.
5. Babushkin A. E. Struggle against scarring in glaucoma surgery // Bulletin of ophthalmology 1990 - No. 6. - P. 66-70.
6. Balashova LM The use of subscleral limbectomy with implantation of a hydrogel drainage and the application of a cytostatic agent - an antimetabolite mitomycin-C for the treatment of patients with secondary neovascular glaucoma // VII congress of ophthalmologists in Russia: Abstracts. report - M.: Publishing house. center "Fedorov", 2000. - Part 1. - P. 102.
7. Bessmertny A.M., Chervyakov A.Yu. The use of implants in the treatment of refractory glaucoma // Glaucoma. - 2001. - No. 1. - S. 44-47.
8. Immortal A. M. Chervyakov A. Yu .. Lobykina L.B.// All-Russian Congress of Ophthalmologists, 7th: Abstracts. - M., 2000 .-- T. 1 - P. 105.
9. Bessmertny A.M., Robustova O.V. Clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of the combined method of treatment of neovascular glaucoma // Glaucoma: problems and solutions: Vseros. scientific and practical Conf .: Materials. - M., 2004 .-- S. 273-275.
10. Volkov V.V., Brzhevsky V.V., Ushakov N.A. Ophthalmic surgery using polymers. - SPb .: Hippocrates, 2003 .-- 415 p.
11. Erichev V.P. Refractory glaucoma: treatment features // Vestn. ophthalmology. - 2000.-T.116, No. 5.- S. 8-10.
12. Kasimov E.M., Kerimov K.T. Prevention of excessive scleral scarring in patients with open-angle glaucoma // Modern aspects of diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the organ of vision: Sat. tr., Baku, 2001.S. 115-122.
13. Kasimov E.M., Efendieva M.E., Jalilova S.G. "Educational-methodical manual on glaucoma" Baku, "Chinar-Chap", 66545, 2007, p. 176-205.
14. Kachanov A.B. Diodlaser transscleral cyclocoagulation in the treatment of various forms of glaucoma and ophthalmic hypertension: Abstract of the thesis. dis…. Cand. honey. Sciences - M., 1995.
15. Kashintseva LT, Temoshchenko VD, Melnik LS, Samyko SV Main complications in the surgical treatment of open-angle glaucoma // Ophthalmol. zhurn. - 1996.- No. 5-6. - S. 257-261.
16. Kozlov V.I., Bagrov S.N., Anisimov S.Yu. Non-penetrating deep sclerectomy with collagenoplasty // Ophthalmo-surgery. - 1990. - No. 3. - P. 44-46.
17. Kozlova T. V., Shaposhnikova N. F., Skobeleva V. B., Sokolovskaya V. B. Nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery: method evolution and development prospects: (Review of literature) // Ophthalmosurgery. - 2000. - No. 3. - from. 39-53.
18. Kornilaeva G.G. Combined cyclodialysis using allografts - drainages in the treatment of secondary glaucoma // Ophthalmosurgery. - 2002. -№1. - S. 13-16.
19. Krasnov M.M. Glaucoma microsurgery. - M .: Medicine, 1980. - 248 p.
20. Krasnov M.M., Kasparov A.A., Musaev P.I. On the results of intrascleral capsuloplasty in the treatment of glaucoma // Vestn. ophthalmol. 1984 No. 4, pp. 12-14.
21. Kumar V., Dushin N.V., Frolov M.A., Sachkova O.Yu., Isufay E., Makovetskaya I.E. A variant of hypotensive surgery using drainage made of fine thread soft vanadium steel // Glaucoma: theories, trends, technologies: collection of articles. scientific art. VI International. conf. scientific and practical. Conf. - M., 2008. - S. 335-343.
22. Lapochkin V.I., Svirin A.V., Korchuganova E.A. A new operation in the treatment of refractory glaucoma - limbosclerectomy with valve drainage of the supraciliary space // Vestn. ophthalmology. - 2001.-T.117. No. 1.- P. 9-11.
23. Lipatova T.E., Pkhakadze G.A. Polymers in endoprosthetics. - Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1983 .-- 158 p.
24. Malozhen S.A. Ten-year experience of using microdrainages for reconstructive keratoplasty and surgery-resistant forms of glaucoma // VII congress of ophthalmologists in Russia: Abstracts. report - M. -: Publisher. center "Fedorov", 2000. - Part 1. - p. 166-167.
25. Momoze A., Xiao-Hong K., Junsuke A., The use of lyophilized human amniotic membrane for the treatment of lesions of the surface of the eyeball // Ophthalmosurgery. 2001. No. 3. S. 12-14.
26. Moroz ZI, Izmailova SB, Sytov GA A new type of valve explant drainage for the treatment of secondary glaucoma and its experimental research // Ophthalmosurgery. - 2001.- No. 3. - p. 12-14.
27. Muldashev E. R., Kornilaeva G. G. Galimova V.U. Complicated glaucoma: St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Neva", 2005. - 192 p.
28. Muldashev E.R., Kornilaeva G.G., Muslimov S.A. Reconstructive-regenerative approach in the treatment of secondary glaucoma // IV Russian Symposium on Refractive and Plastic Eye Surgery: Sat. scientific. Art. - M., 2002 .-- S. 235-237.
29. Nesterov A.P. Glaucoma. - M .: Medicine, 1995 .-- 255 p.
30. Robustova OV, Bessmertny A.M., Chervyakov A.Yu. Cyclo-destructive interventions in the treatment of glaucoma // Glaucoma. - 2003.- No. 1.- S. 40-46
31. Somov EE Scleroplasty. - SPb .: PPMI, 1995.- 145s.
32. Takhchidi Kh.P., Balashevich L.I., Naumenko V.V., Kachurin A.E. Drainage of the anterior chamber with leucosapphire explant drainage in refractory glaucoma surgery // Glaucoma: reality and prospects: scientific and practical research. Conf .: Sat. scientific articles, part 2., M., 2008. - p. 70-74.
33. Takhchidi Kh.P., Ivanov D.I., Bardasov B.D. Long-term results of microinvasive non-penetrating deep sclerectomy // Euro-Asian conf. on microsurgery 3rd Materials // Ekaterinburg 2003 p. 90-91.
34. Takhchidi Kh. P., Metaev SA, Cheglakov P. Yu. Comparative evaluation of shunt drains available in Russia in the treatment of refractory glaucoma // Glaucoma. - 2008. - No. 1. - p. 52 - 54.
35. Takhchidi Kh. P., Cheglakov V. Yu. Results of treatment of patients with refractory open-angle glaucoma using a hydrogel drainage equipped with betamethasone // Glaucoma: theories, trends, technologies: collection of works. scientific art. VI International. conf. scientific and practical. Conf. - M., 2008 .-- p. 593-597.
36. Ushakov NA, Sukhinina LB, Simakova IL, Yumagulova AF Posttraumatic ophthalmic hypertension and glaucoma // Modern ophthalmology: Ruk. for doctors. - SPb .: Peter, 2000 .-- p. 436-459.
37. Cheglakov Yu. A. Efficiency of deep sclerectomy with explant drainage in the treatment of post-inflammatory and post-traumatic glucoma // Ophthalmosurgery. - 1989.- No. 3.- p. 41-43.
38. Cheglakov Yu.A., Maklakova I. A., Cheglakov V. Yu. Modification of non-penetrating deep sclerectomy using biodestructive gel drainage equipped with hycosaminoglycans and dexazone // Eroshevsky readings: Tr. All-Russian. Conf. - Samara, 2002 .-- p. 148-149.
39. Cheglakov Yu. A., Hermassi S. Modification of deep sclerectomy with the use of biodestructive drainage equipped with dexazone // Ophthalmosurgery. - 1995. - No. 1. - p. 48-50.
40. Yumagulova A.F. Drainage of eye cavities in post-burn and some other secondary glaucoma: (Clinical research): Author's abstract. dis. ... Cand. honey. sciences. -L., 1981 .-- 13 p.
41. Al Faran M. F., Tomey K. F., Al Mutlog F. A. Cyclocryotherapy in selected cases of congenital glaucoma // Ophthalmic. Surg. - 1990.- Vol. 21.- P. 794 - 798.
42. Al Ghamdi S., Al Obeidon S., Tomey K. E., Al Jodoon I. Transscleral neodymium YAG cyclophotocoagulation for end stage glaucoma and painful blind eyes // Ophthalmic Surg. - 1993.- Vol. 24. - No. 8.- P. 835.
43. A-Haddad C. E., Freedman S. E. Endoscopic laser cyclophotocoagulation in pediatric glaucoma with corneal opacities // AAPOS. 2007. Vol. 11.- No. 1.- P. 23 - 28.
Anand N., Atherley C. Deep sclerectomy augmented with mitomycin C // Eye.- 2005.- No. 4.- P. 442 - 450.
44. Ansari E., Gandhewar J. Long-term efticacy and visual acuity following transscleral diode laser photocoagulation in cases of refractory and non-refractory glaucoma // Eye. - 2007. - Vol. 21.- No. 7. - P. 936 - 940.
45. Ataullah S., Biswas S., Artes P. H. Long term results of diode laser cycloablation in complex glaucoma using the Zeiss Visulac II system // Br. J. Ophthalmol. - 2002.- Vol. 86. - No. 1. - P. 39 - 42.
46. \u200b\u200bAutrata R., Rehurek J. Long-term results of transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in refractory pediatric glaucoma patients // Ophthalmologica. - 2003. - Vol. 217. -№ 6.- P. 393 - 400.
47. Ayyala R. S., Harman L. E., Michelini-Norris B. Compration of different biomaterials for glaucoma drainage devices // Arch. Ophthalmol. - 1999.- Vol. 117, No. 2. - P. 233-236.
48. Azuara-Blanco A., Dua H. S. Malignant glaucoma after diode laser cyclophotocoagulation // Amer. J. Ophthalmol. - 1999.- Vol.127.- No. 4.- P. 467 - 469.
49. Baerveldt G., Minckler D. S., Mills R. P. Implantation of drainage devices. Glaucoma surgical techniques. // Ophthalmol. Monographs. - 1991. - Vol. 4. - P. 180.
50. Belcher C. D. Filtering operations - an overview // Glaucoma surgery / Ed by J. V. Thomas et. al. - St. Louis etc. : Mosby 1992. P. 17-25.
51. Bellows A. R. Cyclocryotherapy: Its role the treatment of glaucoma // Perspect. Ophthalmol .. - 1980. - Vol. 4. - P. 139.
52. Benson M. T., Nelson M. E. Cyclocryotherapy: a review of cases over a 10 year period // Br. J. Ophthalmol. - 1990.- Vol. 74.- No. 2.- P. 103-105.
53. Bhatia L. S., Chen T. C. New Ahmed valve design // Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. - 2004.- Vol. 44.- No. 1.- P. 123-138.
54. Bhola R.M., Prasad S., McCormic A.G. Pupillary distorsion and staphyloma following transscleral contact diode laser cyclophotocoagulation: a clinicopathological study of three patients // Eye. 2001. Vol. 15.- No. 4.- P. 453-457.
55. Bietti G., Surgical intervention on the ciliary body. New trend for the relief of glaucoma // JAMA. - 1950.- Vol. 142.- P. 889.
56. Bloom P. A., Tsai J. C., Sharma K. "Cyclodiode". Transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of advanced refractory glaucoma // Ophthalmology. 1997 Vol. 104.- No. 9.- P. 1508-1519.
57. Cairns J. Trabeculoectomy. // Amer. J. Ophthalmol. 1968. Vol. 66. P. 673-679.
58. Caprioli J., Seors M. Regulation of intraocular pressure during cyclocryotherapy for advanced glaucoma. // Amer. J. Ophthalmol. - 1986.- Vol.101.- P. 542.
59. Chee C.R., Snead M. P., Scott J. D. Cyclocryotherapy for chronic glaucoma after vitreretinal surgery // Eye. - 1994.- Vol. 8.- P. 414 - 418.
60. Chen C. W., Huang H. T., Bair J., Lee C. Trabeculectomy with simultaneous topical application of mitomycin-C in refractory glaucoma // J. Ocul. Pharmacol. 1990. Vol. 6.-P. 175-182.
61. Chen C.W., Huang H.T., Sheu M.M. Enhancement of IOP control effect of trabeculectomy by local application of anticancer drug // Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. - 1986. - Vol. 25. - P. 1487-1491.
62. Chiou A. G.-Y., Mermoud A., Underdahl J. P., Schnyder C.C. An ultrasound biomicroscopic study of eyes after deep sclerectomy with collagen implant // Ophthalmology. - 1998.-Vol. 105, no. 4.-P. 746-750.
63. Cohen J.S. Cataract, IOL and filtering surgery with intraoperative application of mitomycin C, a preliminary study // ARVO Abstract. // Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. - 1992. - Vol. 34, No. 4, Suppl. - p. 1391.
64. Coleman A. L. Hill R., Wilson M. R. Initial clinical experience with the Ahmed Glaucoma Valve implant // Am. J. Ophthalmol. - 1995.- Vol.120.- No. 1.- P. 23-31.
65. Coleman A. L. Smyth R., Wilson M. R., Tam M. Initial clinical experience with the Ahmed glaucoma valve implant in pediatric patients // Arch. Ophthalmol. - 1997.- Vol. 115.- No. 2 .- P. 186 - 191.
66. de Guzman M. H., Valencia A., Farinelli A. C. Pars plana insertion of glaucoma drainage devices for refractory glaucoma // Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol. - 2006. - Vol. 34. -№ 2. - P. 102 - 107.
67. Demailly P., Jeanteur-Lunel M.N. Berkani M. La sclerectomie profonde non perforante associee a la pose dyun implant de collagene dans le glaucoma primitive a angle ouvert. Resultats retrospectives a moyen terme // J. Fr. Ophthalmol. 1996. Vol. 19, No. 11.- P. 659-666.
68. Dickens C. L., Nguyen N., Moro J. S. Long-term results of noncontact transscleral neodymium YAG cyclophotocoagulation // Ophthalmology. - 1995. - Vol. 102.- No. 2.- P.1777 - 1781.
69. Egbert P.R., Fiadoyor S., Budenz D.L. Diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation as a primary surgical treatment for primary open-angle glaucoma // Arch. Ophthalmol. - 2001. - Vol. 119.- No. 3.- P. 345-350.
70. Eid T. E., Katz L. J., Spaeth G. L. Auqsburger J. J. Tube-shunt surgery YAG cyclophotocoagulation in the management of neovascular glaucoma // Ophthalmology. 1997 Vol. 104. - No. 10 - P. 1692 - 1700.
71. England C., van der Zypen E., Frankhouser F., Kwosniewska S. Ultrastructure of the rabbit ciliary body following transscleral cyclophotocoagulation with the free-running Nd: YAG laser Preliminary findings // Laser Ophthalmol. 1986. Vol. 1.- P. 61.
72. Englert J.A., Freedman S.F., Cox T.A. // Am. J. Ophthalmol. - 1999. - Vol. 127, N 1. - P. 34-42.
73. Epstein E. Fibrosing response to aqueous: its relation to glaucoma // Br. J. Ophthalmol. - 1959. - Vol. 43. - P.641.
74. Fechter H. P., Parrish R. K. Preventing and treating complications of Baerveldt glaucoma drainage device surgery // Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. - 2004. - Vol. 44, No. 2. - P. 107-136.
75. Ferry A. P. Histopathologic on human eyes following cyclocryotherapy for glaucoma // Trans. Am. Acad. Ophthalmol. - 1977. - Vol. 83 .-- P. 90.
76. Fleishman J.A., Schwartz M., Dixon J.A. Argonlaser endophotocoagulation. An intraoperative trans-pars plana technique // Arch. Ophthalmol. 1981. Vol. 99.- P. 1610.
77. Fujishima H., Shimazaki J., Shinozaki N., Tsubota K. Trabeculectomy with the use of amniotic membrane for uncontrollable glaucoma // Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers. 1998 Vol. 29, No. 5.- P.428-431.
78. Geyer O., Michaeli-Cohen A., Silver D. M. The mechanism of intraocular pressure rise during cyclocryotherapy // Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. - 1997. - Vol. 38. -No 5. - P. 1012 - 1017.
79. Gil-Carrasco F., Salinas-VanOrman E., Recillas-Gispert C. Ahmed valve implant for uncontrolled uveitic glaucoma // Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. - 1998. - Vol. 6.- No. 1. - P. 27-37.
80. Hampton C., Shilds M. B., Miler K. N., Blasini M. Evaluation of a photocoll. for transscleral neodymium: cyclophotocoagulation in one hundred patients // Ophthalmology. - 1990. - Vol. 97 .-- P. 910.
81. Herde J. Zur relevanz der langzeitkontrolle der zyclokryokoagulation // Ophthalmologe. 1999 Bd. 96.- No. 11.- P. 772 - 776.
82. Heuring A. H., Hutz W. W., Haffman P. C., Eckhardt H. B. Zyclokryokoagulation bei neovaskularisierun gs glaucomen and nichtneovaskularisierun gs glaucomen // Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd. 1998. Bd. 213.- No. 4.- S. 213-219.
83. Ho C. L., Wong E. Y., Chew P. T. Effect diode laser contact transscleral pars plana photocoagulation of intraocular pressure in glaucoma // Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol. - 2002. - Vol. 30. -№ 5. - P. 343 - 347.
84. Honrubia F. M., Gomez M. L., Grijalbo M. P. Long-term results of silicone tube in filtering surgery for eyes with neovascular glaucoma // Amer. J. Ophthalmol. 1984. Vol. 97. -No 4.- P. 501-504.
85. Huang M. C., Netland P. A., Coleman A. L. Intermediate-term clinical experience the Ahmed glaucoma valve implant // Am. J. Ophthalmol. - 1999.- Vol.127.- No. 1.- P. 27-33.
86. Hurvitz L.M. Corneal opacification after 5-fluorouracil injections // Ophthalmic. Surg. - 1994. - Vol 25, No. 2. - P.130.
87. Jenning B.J., Mathews D. E. Complications of neodymium: YAG cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma // Optom. Vis. Sci. - 1999.- Vol. 76.- No. 10. - P. 686 - 691.
88. Kim D. D., Moster M. R. Transpupillary argon laser cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of traumatic glaucoma // Glaucoma. - 1999. -Vol. 8. - No. 5. - P. 340 - 341.
89. Kitazawa Y., Suemori-Matsushita H., Yamamoto T., Kawase K. Low-dose and high-dose mitomycin trabeculectomy as an initial surgery in primary open-angle glaucoma // Ophthalmology. - 1993. - Vol. 100, No. 11. - P 1624-1628.
90. Khaw P. T., Chang L. Worg T. T. Modulation of Wound healing after glaucoma // Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. - 2001. -Vol. 12.- No. 2. - P. 143-148.
91. Krupin T., Kaufman P., Mandell A. et al. Filtering valve implant surgery for eyes with neovascular glaucoma // Am. J. Ophthalmol. - 1980. - Vol. 89, No. 3. - P. 338-343.
92. Krupin T., Ritch R., Camras C.B. A long Krupin-Denver valve implant attached to a 1800 scleral explant for glaucoma surgery // Ophthalmology. 1988 Vol. 95. -No. 9.- P. 1174 - 1180.
93. Law S. K., Nguyen A., Coleman A. L., Caprioli J. Comparison of safety and efficacy between silicone and polypropy lene Ahmed glaucoma valves in refractory glaucoma // Ophthalmology. 2005. Vol. 112.- No. 9.- P. 1514-1520.
94. Leuenberger E.U., Grosskreutz C. L., Walton D. S., Pascuale L. R. Advances in aqueous shunting procedures // Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. - 1999.- Vol. 39.- No. 1.- P. 139-153.
95. Lie G. J., Mizukawa A., Okisaka S. Mechanism of intraocular pressure decrease after contact transscleral continuous-wave Nd: YAG laser cyclophotocoagulation // Ophtalmic Res. - 1994. - Vol. 26.- P. 65.
96. Lieberman M.F., Ewing R.H. Drainage implant surgery for refractory glaucoma // Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. 1990. Vol. 30, no. 3.-P. 198-208.
97. L. Jay Katz, Tube Shunts for Refractory Glaucomas, Duane, s Clinical Ophthalmology, 2003, Vol. 6., Chapter 17.
98. Lloyd M., Baeveldt G., Fellenbaum P., et al Intermidiate-term results of a randomized clinical trial of the 350-versus 5000-mm Baeveldt implant.//Ophthalmology-1994-v.101-p.1456- 1463.
99. Lloyd M.A., Baerveldt G., Heur D.K. et al. Initial clinical experience with Baerveldt implant in complicated glaucomas // Ophthalmology. - 1994. Vol. 101, No. 4. - P. 640-650.
100. Lotufo D. G. Postoperative complications and visual loss following Molteno implantation // Ophthalmolmic Surg. - 1991.- Vol. 70, No. 2-3 .- P. 145 - 154.
101. Mandal A. K., Prasad K., Naduvilath T. J. Surgical result and complication of mitomycin C-augmented trabeculectomy in developmental refractory glaucoma // Ophthalmolic. Surg. Lasers - 1999. - Vol. 30. -№ 6. - P. 473 - 480
102. Melamed S. Aqueous drainage implants // Glaucoma surgery / Ed by J. V. Thomas et. Al.- St. Louis etc. : Mosby 1992. P. 83-95.
103. Mermoud A., Salmon J. F., Alexander P. Molteno tube implantation for neovascular glaucoma. Long-term results and factors influencing the outcome // Ophthalmology. 1993. Vol. 100. -No. 6.- P. 897 - 902.
104. Milles R., Reynolds A., Emond M., et al. Long-term survival of Molteno glaucoma drainage devices.//Ophthalmology-1996-v.103-p.299-305.
105. Molteno A.C. New implant for drainage in glaucoma. Clinical trial. // Br. J. Ophthalmol. - 1969. - Vol. 53.-No. 3. - P.606-615.
106. Molteno A.C., Bevin T. H., Herbison P., Houliston M. J. Otago glaucoma surgery outcome study: long-term follow-up of cases of primary glaucoma with additional risk factors drained by Molteno implants // Ophthalmology. 2001. Vol. 108.- No. 12.- P. 2193-2200.
107. Moreno-Montanes J., Palop J. A., Garcia-Gomez P. Intraocular lens opacification after nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery with mitomicin - C // J. Cataract Refract. Surg. - 2007.- Vol. 33. - No. 1.- P. 139 - 144.
108. Muldoon W.E., Ripple P.H., Wilder H.C .: Platinum implant in glaucoma surgery. // Arch. Ophthalmol - 1951. - Vol. 45.- P. 666.
109. Nicoeus T., Derse M., Schlote T. Die Zuklokryokoagulation in der Behandlung therapie refracter glaucoma: eine retrospective analysis von 185 zyklokryokoagulationen // Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd. 1999. Bd. 214.- No. 4.- S. 224-230.
110. Nguyen Q. H., Budenz D. L. Parrish R. K. - 2nd. Complications of baerveldt glaucoma drainage implants // Arch. Ophthalmol. - 1998.- Vol. 116.- P. 571 - 575.
111. Omi C. A., De-Almeida G. V., Cohen R. Modified Schocket implant for refractory glaucoma. Experience of 55 cases // Ophthalmology. 1991. Vol. 98.- No. 2.- P. 211-214.
112. Patel A., Thompson J.T., Michels R.G., Quigley H.A. Endolaser treatment of the ciliary body for uncontrolled glaucoma // Ophthalmology. 1986 Vol. 93.- P. 825.
113. Pastor S. A., Singh K., Lee D. A. Cyclophotocoagulation: a report by the American Academy of. Ophthalmology // Ophthalmology. 2001. Vol. 108. - No. 11 - P. 2130 - 2138.
114. Prata J. A., Mermoud A., LaBree L., Minckler D. S. In vitro and in vivo flow characteristics of glaucoma drainage implants // Ophthalmology. 1995 Vol. 102. - No. 6.- P. 894 - 904.
115. Quigley H. A. Histological and physiological studies of cyclocryotherapy in primate and human eyes // // Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1976. Vol. 82.- P. 722.
116. Quintyn J. C., Grenard N., Hellot M. F. Intraocular pressure results of contact transscleral cyclophotocoagulation with Neodymium YAG laser refractory glaucoma // Fr. Ophthalmol. - 2003. - Vol. 26. -№ 8. - P. 808 - 812.
117. Schubert H. D., Aganwala A. Quantitative CW Nd: YAG pars plana transscleral photocoagulation in postmortem eyes // Ophthalmic Surg. - 1990.- Vol. 21.- P. 835.
118. Schubert H. D., Agarwala A., Arbizo V. Changer in aqueous outflow after in vitro neodymiumyttrium aluminum garnet laser cyclophotocoagulation // Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1990. Vol. 31.- No. 6.- P. 1834.
119. Sears J.E., Capone A.J., Aaberg T.M., January B. Ciliary body endophotocoagulation during pars plana vitrectomy for pediatric patients with vitreoretinal disoders and glaucoma // Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1998. Vol. 126.- No. 5.- P. 723-725.
120. Shields V., Scroggs M., Sloop C. at al. Clinical and histopathologic observations concerning hypotony after trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C // Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1993 Vol. 116 P. 673-683.
121. Sidoti P. A., Dunphy T. R., Baerveldt G. et al. Experience with the baerveldt glaucoma implant in treating neovascular glaucoma // Ophthalmology. - 1995. - vol. 102, No. 7. - P. 1107-1118.
122. Signanavel V. Diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in the management of glaucoma in patients with intravitrial silicone oil // Eye. - 2005. - Vol. 19.- No. 3. - P. 253 - 257.
123. Sofinski S. J., Tomas J. V., Simmons R. J. Filtering bleb revision techniques // Glaucoma surgery / Ed. By J. V. Tomas et al. - St. Louis etc .: Mosby, 1992. - P. 75 - 82.
124. Spencer A.F., Vernon S.A. "Cyclodiode": results of a standard protocol // Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1999. Vol. 83.- No. 3.- P. 311-316.
125. Stefanson J. An operation for glaucoma // Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1925 Vol. 8.P. 681-693.
126. Stewart WC, Brindley GO, Shields MB. Cyclodestructive procedures. In: Ritch R, Shields MB, Krupin T, eds. The Glaucomas, 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1996; Vol. 3, Chap. 79
127. Taglia D. P., Perkins T. W., Gangnon R. et al. Comparison of the Ahmed glaucoma valve, the Krupin eye valve with disc and the double-plate Molteno implant // J. Glaucoma. - 2002. - Vol. 11, no. 4. - P. 347-353.
128. Ticho U., Ophir A. Late complications after glaucoma filtering surgery with adjunctive 5-fluorouracil // Am. J. Ophthalmol. - 1993. - Vol. 115, No. 4. - P. 506-510.
129. Tonimoto S. A., Brandt J. D. Options in pediatric glaucoma after angle surgery has failed // Curr. Ophthalmol. - 2006. - Vol. 17. -No 2. - P. 132- 137.
130. Vest E., Rong-Guong W., Raitto C. Transillumination guided cyclocryotherapy of secondary glaucoma // Eur. J. Ophthalmol. - 1992. - Vol. 2. -№ 4. - P. 190 - 195.
131. Wagle N. S., Freedman S. F., Buckley E. G. Long-term outcome of cyclocryotherapy for refractory pediatric glaucoma // Ophthalmology. - 1998. - Vol. 105.- No.10.- P.1921 - 1926.
132. Walland M. J. Diode laser cyclophotocoagulation longer term follow up of standardized treatment protocol // Experiment. Ophthalmol. - 2000. - Vol. 28. -№ 4. - P. 263 - 267.
133. Walltan D. S., Grant W. M. Penetrating cyclodiathermy for filtration // Arch. Ophthalmol. - 1970.- Vol. 83 .-- P. 47.
134. Weekers R., Lovergne G., Watillon M. Effect of photocoagulation of ciliary body ocular tension Amer. J. Ophthalmol. 1961 Vol. 52 P. 156.
135. Weve H. Die Zyklodiatermie das Corpus ciliare bei Glaucom // Zentralbl. Ophthalmol. - 1933. - Bd. 29 .-- s. 562.
136. White T. C. Aqueous shunt implant surgery for refractory glaucoma // Ophthalmic. Nurs. Technol. - 1996. - Vol. 15. - No. 1 - P. 7 - 13.
137. Wilkes T. D., Fraunfelder F. T. Principles of cryosurgery // Ophthalmic. Surg. - 1979.- Vol. 10.- -P. 21.
138. Wilson R. P., Cantor L., Katz J., Schmidt C. M., Steinman W. C., Allee S. Aqueous shunts: Molteno versus Schocket // Ophthalmology. 1992. Vol. 99. - P. 672 - 678.
139. Wright M. M., Grajewsky A. L., Feuer W. J. Nd: YAG cyclophotocoagulation: out come of treatment for uncontrolled glaucoma // Ophthalmic Surg. - 1991. - Vol. 22.- No. 5.- P.279 - 283.
140. Zarbin M. A., Michels R. G., de Bustros S. Endolaser treatment of the ciliary body for severe glaucoma // Ophthalmology. 1988 Vol. 95.- P. 1639.
141. Zorab A. The reduction of tension in chronic gkaucoma // Ophthalmoscope. - 1912.- Vol. 10.- P. 258-261.

It is worth thinking about the fact that deep drainage is necessary on your site if it is swampy or located in a place with excessive moisture. For example, if the site is located in a lowland, then you cannot do without a good drainage system, because all melt and rainwater will drain into the lowland. Before the construction of a residential building, the groundwater level is checked without fail.

If they do not flow deeply enough, then there is a great risk of undermining the foundation of the house and all the same waterlogging of the site, rotting of the roots of planted plants, etc. The quality of the soil is also critical, as if it is dominated by clay, then even with light rainfall, your area can turn into one large puddle.

So, if you found one or more factors that determine the need to lay a deep drainage system, and decided to install it, then you can solve the following important tasks:

• Protecting not only the foundation of your house, but also the utilities laid in the ground.
• Preventing the penetration of groundwater into basements and basements.
• Reducing the level of humidity not only on the site, but also in the house itself, especially on the ground floor.
• Prevention of soil leaching, swelling, landscape subsidence and death of the root system of trees, shrubs and other plants.
• Reducing the risk of the appearance and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria, insects (mosquitoes and midges) and even frogs on your site.

Closed drainage - its main elements

So, the device of underground drainage is a set of measures aimed at laying perforated pipes buried in the ground to absorb excess moisture and installing drainage wells for their maintenance. In addition to drainage pipes and wells, drainage tunnels are one of the main and most functional elements of the system.

They are designed to remove rainwater and filter it before being discharged into a well. These tunnels hold quite a lot of water compared to gravel trenches, so their use in parking lots is most justified.

Modern drainage tunnels can withstand a load of about 3 tons per 1 m 2!

However, the basis of the deep drainage system is still drainage pipes. Just a few years ago, they were made of ceramics or asbestos cement, but today they have been replaced by practical, lightweight and easy-to-install plastic. Modern perforated pipes simultaneously perform two functions - water intake and drainage.

This ensures the proper water balance in your area, and minimizes the risk of negative consequences associated with excessive soil moisture. If in the immediate vicinity of your home there is a natural body of water or other place where the waste water can be discharged, you can be considered lucky. The only nuance that you have to take care of is the preliminary water purification.

If there is no such receiver, then drainage wells will have to be installed. They are special containers that are buried in the ground and absorb moisture collected by drainage pipes.

If your site is small in size, and the degree of flooding is not too great, then it is quite possible to do with one well. Otherwise, you may need several of them. With the help of drainage wells, not only water is distributed in the system, but also control over its functioning.

Deep drainage device - we comply with the technology of work

A closed drainage can be laid in accordance with one or another scheme. Most often, pipes are laid along the perimeter of the land plot, along its center or diagonally. Another way to set up a drainage system is to lay pipes in a herringbone pattern. This allows you to quickly and efficiently collect water from the area of \u200b\u200bthe entire site, preventing waterlogging.

In order to lay drainage pipes, a trench must be dug to the appropriate depth. As a rule, it depends on the quality of the soil and the depth of the groundwater. So, for clay soils, the optimal pipe laying depth is 60-70 cm, and for sandy soils - about 1 meter. Digging trenches and laying pipes, respectively, is carried out at a slight incline towards the catchment (drainage well), which allows water to easily drain into it without any intervention.

Before laying the drainage pipes, a sand and gravel "pillow" is laid on the bottom of the trench!

Then the device of deep drainage involves backfilling the laid pipes with rubble and sand. Pre-dug soil is poured on them, and sod is laid. Thus, you get an effective closed (hidden in the soil column) drainage system for your site. Experts note that when installing drainage, you may encounter a number of problems, but many of them are easy to eliminate, but will require additional costs.

For example, in the absence of the possibility of laying pipes on a slope, you will have to purchase and install a drainage pump. But these costs will pay off pretty quickly, and high-quality drainage will delight you with its work for a long time.