Russian state in the second half of the 16th century. The Russian state in the second half of the 15th - early 16th centuries. Territory and population
In the 2nd half of the 15th - 1st third of the 16th centuries. most of the Russian lands were included in the Moscow Grand Duchy. Moscow became the capital of the unified Russian state.
The Grand Duke of All Rus' Ivan III Vasilievich (reigned in 1462-1505) annexed the Principality of Yaroslavl (1463), Rostov (1474), the Novgorod Republic (1477), the Grand Duchy of Tver (1485) to the Grand Duchy of Moscow .), Vyatka land (1489). "Standing on the Ugra" troops of the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat and Ivan III in 1480 ended with the retreat of Akhmat, which led to the final liberation of Rus' from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. As a result of the Russian-Lithuanian wars of 1487-94. and 1500-03. the Verkhovsky principalities, Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky, Starodub, Gomel, Bryansk, Toropets, and others went to Moscow. In 1487, the Kazan Khanate became a vassal of the Russian state (until 1521). From the end of the XV century. developed a landownership system. The estate, which was owned by a serving nobleman, and the Grand Duke was the supreme owner, could not be inherited, sold, etc. The nobility formed the basis armed forces states. The growing need of the state and the feudal lords for money forced them to increase the profitability of estates and estates by transferring duties to cash taxes, increasing quitrents, introducing their own plowing, and transferring peasants to corvée. The Sudebnik of 1497 legalized a single term for the transition of peasants to other owners, usually in the fall, a week before St. George's Day (November 26) and a week after it. Under Ivan III, the process of folding the central state apparatus was going on. The Boyar Duma became a permanent deliberative body under the supreme authority. It included duma ranks: boyars, roundabouts, from the beginning of the XIV century. - duma nobles, later duma clerks. The unification of the courts of the principalities attached to Moscow as part of the Sovereign's court continued. The relationship between the princely-boyar aristocracy of Moscow and the region was regulated by localism. At the same time, a number of special territorial courtyards were still preserved (Tver land until the 40s of the XIV century, Novgorod land until the 1st quarter of the XVII century). There were central executive bodies (Treasury, palaces). Local administrative, financial and judicial functions were performed by the institute of governors and volostels that had developed in Rus', supported by feeding, the 2nd marriage (1472) of Ivan III with the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Zoya (Sophia) Palaiologos served to increase the international authority of Moscow. Diplomatic and trade relations were established with the papal throne, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, the Moldavian principality, the Ottoman Empire, Iran, the Crimean Khanate, etc. Ivan III attracted Italian architects Aleviz Fryazin (Milanets), Aleviz Fryazin to the construction of church and secular buildings in Moscow (New), Aristotle Fioravanti and others.
Under Ivan III, the struggle of 2 currents in the Russian Orthodox Church: Josephites (founder and spiritual leader Joseph Volotsky) and non-possessors (Nil Sorsky, Paisiy Yaroslavov, Vassian Patrikeev, etc.). At the church council of 1503, the attempt of the non-possessors to put into practice the idea of the monasteries giving up land ownership provoked active opposition from Joseph Volotsky and his supporters. Ivan III, who hoped to replenish the land fund of the state through secularization, was forced to recognize the program of the Josephites: "Church acquisition is God's acquisition." He also changed his attitude towards the circle of freethinkers (F. V. Kuritsyn, Ivan Cherny, etc.), which had developed at the court of his son and co-ruler (since 1471), Grand Duke Ivan Ivanovich Molodoy (1458-93) and his wife (since 1483) Elena Stefanovna (died in disgrace in 1505), and yielded to the Archbishop of Novgorod Gennady and other hierarchs who demanded cruel punishments of representatives of the so-called. Novgorod-Moscow heresy.
The Grand Duke of All Rus' Vasily III Ivanovich (ruled in 1505-33) annexed the Pskov Republic (1510), the Ryazan Grand Duchy (1521) to Moscow. He conquered Smolensk from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1514). The size of the territory of the state increased from 430 thousand km 2 (the beginning of the 60s of the XV century) to 2800 thousand km 2 (the beginning of the 30s of the XIV century). Vasily III, following the policy of his father, strictly regulated his relations with the specific princes, a number of appanages were liquidated. He began construction beyond the Oka of the Great Zasechnaya Line and, in the interests of medium and small feudal lords, supported the development of lands south of Moscow. He, like Ivan III, invited foreigners to Moscow: the doctor and translator N. Bulev, Maxim Grek, and others. To justify divine origin grand ducal power used the ideas of Joseph Volotsky, "Tales of the Princes of Vladimir", the theory of "Moscow - the third Rome". Divorce from Solomonia Saburova (1525) and marriage to Elena Vasilievna Glinskaya aggravated relations between Vasily III and part of the Moscow boyars.
During the years of the regency of Grand Duchess Elena Glinskaya (1533-38) and after her death under the juvenile Grand Duke of All Rus' (since 1533) Ivan IV Vasilyevich (1530-84), the struggle between court factions intensified. It was attended by Elena's favorite - Prince I.F. Ovchina-Telepnev-Obolensky (died in custody), the princes Belsky, Shuisky, the boyars Vorontsov, the princes Glinsky. During this period, the inheritances of the brothers Vasily III, princes Yuri Dmitrovsky and Andrei Staritsky, were liquidated (both died in prison). A monetary reform was carried out (1535-38), a description of the lands (1536-44), a lip reform was launched (1539-41), etc.
In the 1st half of the XVI century. landownership in the central districts covered more than a third of the land, but the patrimony remained the dominant form of land ownership. There was an increase in trade and handicraft production. Novgorod, the Serpukhov-Tula region, Ustyuzhna-Zhelezopolskaya became large iron-making centers; they were engaged in salt-making in Salt-Galitskaya, Una and Nenoksa (on the coast of the White Sea), Solvychegodsk; leather processing - in Yaroslavl, etc. The trade and craft elite of a number of cities included guests and merchants of the living room and cloth hundreds. Furs came from the North, where bread was delivered from the center. Trade with Eastern countries (Ottoman Empire, Iran, Central Asian states) was more developed than with Western countries. Moscow has become the largest market in the country. In the middle of the XVI century. in the country there were already up to 160 cities, most of which were military-administrative centers-fortresses.
On January 16, 1547, Ivan IV Vasilyevich was married to the kingdom, the royal title was considered equal to the imperial one. The closest adviser to the king was Metropolitan Macarius. In the late 40s - 50s. 16th century Ivan IV together with the so-called. The elected council (A.F. Adashev, Sylvester, etc.) participated in the compilation of the Sudebnik of 1550, completed the labial and carried out zemstvo reforms (during the latter, feeding was canceled), began to convene Zemsky sobors, central nationwide class-representative institutions with legislative functions . There was a formation of a class-representative monarchy. The tsar ruled jointly with the Boyar Duma, relying on the decisions of the Zemsky Sobors. The sovereign's court included the upper layers of the ruling class (including the princely and old boyar aristocracy) and was divided into ranks: duma, as well as those close to them, including representatives of the highest court positions, Moscow ranks and nobles from county corporations. The main categories of service people "according to the fatherland" and "according to the instrument" were formed. Localism regulated the system of tribal and service relations of noble families. At the same time, Ivan IV, by decree of 1550, limited the application of the norms of parochialism in military service to military merit. In the middle of the XVI century. a system of central executive institutions-orders was formed (Ambassadorial, Local, Discharge, etc.). In 1550, 6 archery regiments were established, divided into hundreds. The local system of manning the army was formalized by the "Service Code" (1555-60).
The most important result of foreign policy in the 1550s. was the capture of Kazan, the annexation of the territories of the Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates to Russia and the inclusion of the peoples of the Middle Volga and Western Urals in the emerging multinational state. In the 2nd half of the XVI century. in Russia, in addition to Russians, lived Tatars, Bashkirs, Udmurts, Maris, Chuvashs, Mordovians, Komi, Karelians, Saami, Veps, Nenets and other peoples.
In order to prevent the raids of the Crimean khans on the southern and central regions of the country in 1556-59. campaigns of Russian and Ukrainian troops were undertaken on the territory subject to the Crimean Khanate. In 1559, voivode D.F. Adashev landed on the Crimean coast, captured a number of towns and villages, and safely returned to Russia.
In 1558, Ivan IV began the Livonian War, with the aim of capturing the Baltic states and establishing himself on the coast of the Baltic Sea. Under the blows of the Russian troops, the Livonian Order disintegrated. Russia was opposed by Sweden, Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (since 1569 - the Commonwealth).
Around 1560, the government of the Chosen Rada fell, some members of which opposed the conduct of the Livonian War, and also considered it necessary to continue the struggle against the Crimean Khanate. Ivan IV also suspected his former associates of sympathy for his cousin, the specific prince Vladimir Staritsky. After the defeat of the Russian troops from the Polish-Lithuanian side on the river. Ula near Polotsk (1564), the tsar placed in disgrace and executed princes M. P. Repnin, Yu. I. Kashin, governor N. P. Sheremetev, and others.
Trying to break the hidden opposition of some part of the aristocracy and achieve unlimited autocratic power, in December 1564 Ivan IV set about organizing the oprichnina. Having retired to Alexandrov Sloboda, on January 3, 1565, he announced his abdication, placing the blame on the clergy, boyars, children of boyars and clerks. A deputation from the Boyar Duma and the clergy arrived in the settlement, expressing their consent to grant emergency powers to the tsar. The king established a "special" court with his army, finances and administration. The state was divided into oprichnina and zemstvo territories. In the oprichnina, the oprichnina thought, financial orders (Cheti) operated. Zemshchina continued to be controlled by the Boyar Duma. There were evictions of feudal lords who were not enrolled in the oprichnina, with the transfer of their lands to the guardsmen. From February 1565, the oprichnina terror began. In 1568, the boyar I.P. Fedorov and his alleged "supporters" were executed, in 1569 the Staritskys, Metropolitan Philip and others were exterminated. In January - February 1570, the tsar led a campaign against Novgorod, defeat of Novgorod. In the same year, many supporters of Ivan IV were executed (guardsmen A. D. and F. A. Basmanov, clerk I. M. Viskovaty, etc.). In 1571, the tsar and the oprichnina army failed to defend Moscow from the raid of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray. At the same time, the zemstvo governors, princes M. I. Vorotynsky, D. I. Khvorostinin and others, inflicted a crushing defeat on the khan in the Battle of Molodin in 1572. In the same year, Ivan IV abolished the oprichnina, and in 1575 appointed the Kasimov Khan Grand Duke of All Rus' Simeon Bekbulatvich, he himself was called Prince Ivan Vasilievich of Moscow, retaining full power. In 1576 he regained the royal throne.
Temporary successes during the Livonian War (the capture of Marienhausen, Lucin, Zesswegen, Schwanenburg, etc. in 1577) were replaced by a series of defeats from the troops of the Polish king Stefan Batory and the Swedish king Johan III. In 1581-82. the garrison of Pskov, headed by Prince I. P. Shuisky, withstood the siege of the Polish-Lithuanian troops.
The internal policy of Ivan IV and a protracted war led the country in the 70-80s. 16th century to a severe economic crisis, the ruin of the population with taxes, oprichnina pogroms, and the desolation of large areas of Russia. In 1581, Ivan IV introduced a temporary ban on the peasant exit on St. George's Day. Continuing the policy of expanding the territory of the state, the tsar supported the campaign of Yermak Timofeevich against the Siberian Khanate (circa 1581), initiating the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state. The Livonian War ended (1583) with the loss of a number of Russian lands (the Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky in 1582, the Truce of Plus in 1583). The reign of Ivan IV, nicknamed "The Terrible", ended in the collapse of many undertakings and the personal tragedy of the tsar, connected with the murder of his son - Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich. Historians have not been able to unambiguously explain the reasons for his actions. The combination of talent, outstanding education and the sadistic inclinations of the king is sometimes associated with his severe heredity, mental trauma during his childhood, persecution mania, etc.
Russian culture of the late XV-XVI centuries. It is represented by outstanding achievements in the field of book printing (printing houses of Ivan Fedorov, P. T. Mstislavets), architecture (the ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin, the Pokrovsky Cathedral on Red Square, the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye), church painting (frescoes and icons of Dionysius), applied art. In the XVI century. compiled Voskresenskaya, Nikonovskaya and other chronicles, the Front chronicle code. The problems of power, the relationship between church and state, the socio-political and economic structure were considered in the works of Philotheus, Joseph Volotsky, Maxim Grek, Yermolai-Erasmus, I. S. Peresvetov, Ivan IV the Terrible, Prince A. M. Kurbsky and others.
The abolition of the oprichnina did not at all mean the rejection of terror as a universal means of resolving domestic political problems. The executioner's ax was put aside only for a while. As early as 1573, executions resumed. Governors, participants in the battle near Serpukhov, and prominent members of the "sovereign's court" princes M. I. Vorotynsky, N. R. Odoevsky and others died.
In 1575, a short “reign” of the Kasimov Khan, Tsarevich Simeon Bekbulatovich, followed, during which Ivan Vasilyevich, who “left” the throne, turned into “Ivanets of Moscow”. Until now, the reasons for such a strange change, made at the will of the king, remain controversial. According to one version, the superstitious Ivan thereby tried to deceive fate - a prediction according to which the owner of the royal throne was to die in 1575.
In fact, the term had hardly passed when Simeon was deposed and sent to an inheritance in Tver. In 1581, in a fit of blind rage, the tsar kills his son Ivan. Ivan IV, who shed so much blood for the sake of asserting "true autocracy", lost the opportunity to transfer power into the hands of a capable heir. Tsarevich Fedor, heir to Ivan the Terrible, was not distinguished by willpower and, according to contemporaries, "has little of his own mind." failures recent years and the murder of his son caused a mental breakdown in Ivan.
Mental anguish and many years of debauchery finally undermine Ivan's health. At 54, he looked like a decrepit old man. On March 18, 1584, the tsar dies without regaining consciousness.
The death of the king caused a political crisis. Unity in the regency council created by the will of Ivan, with Fyodor Ivanovich incapable of independent rule, did not last long. A fierce struggle ensued.
The princely-boyar nobility, headed by the Shuiskys, enjoyed great influence; they claimed power, relying on the nobility of the family. They were opposed by the noble figures of a special "court" and the favorites of the late sovereign (B. Velsky), who sought to maintain their positions under Fyodor Ivanovich. The Godunov-Romanov group was also influential, strong in its family ties with the tsar. She took over, gradually pushing all rivals away from the throne. With the death in 1586 of the head of the Romanov clan, boyar N. R. Yuryev, the position of the tsar's brother-in-law B. Godunov was strengthened.
Soon he received the highest court rank of equerry and became the officially recognized ruler of the state. Concerned about the rise of Godunov, the Shuiskys tried to divorce Tsar Fyodor from the childless Tsarina Irina, Godunov's sister. But the strong position at court and the affection of Tsar Fedor allowed Godunov to seize the initiative and crack down on the opposition. IP Shuisky was sent into exile and then killed. The group of old Moscow boyar clans won, which linked their official-parochial position with the sovereign service and proximity to the throne.
Boris Godunov is certainly a smart, ambitious and talented person, he was formed in an era when, in order to simply survive, it was necessary, without understanding the means, to fight opponents and at the same time to crawl and please Ivan GU. Godunov learned from this harsh school of life an understanding of the high cost of power and a willingness to fight for it, ignoring the rules and norms. This promiscuity had a detrimental effect on the fate of Boris, who was not able to completely abandon the usual methods of struggle even after being elected to the throne. Having become the ruler of the state, Godunov made great efforts, firstly, to strengthen his power, and secondly, to overcome the crisis in Russia and strengthen its shaken positions.
The king's brother-in-law got rid of dangerous opponents. Having placed his people in most of the orders, he controlled the central executive authorities. Godunov's supporters also appeared in the Boyar Duma, the aristocratic part of which was wary of the ruler.
The laws adopted under Godunov improved the position of the nobility. Much attention is paid to strengthening the borders of the state. In the south, the construction of the security line continued, designed to stop the raids of the Crimean Tatars.
For the same purpose, fortress cities - Orel, Kursk, Voronezh, Livny, Yelets, etc. - are being built in the area of the Wild Field. Over time, they will become strongholds of colonization and further advancement into the black earth regions. In the 80-90s, towns founded in the Volga region were settled.
Given the state of the country, Godunov sought to pursue a peaceful policy. Under Fyodor Ivanovich, there was only a short-term clash with Sweden in 1590-1593. According to the Treaty of Tyavzin in 1595, it was possible to return the previously lost Novgorod suburbs of Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye, and also Korela.
However, the Swedes still controlled Russian foreign trade in the Baltic. According to the generally accepted opinion, it was in the last quarter of the 16th century that such important changes took place in the situation of farmers that one has to talk about the establishment of a serf system in Russia. The history of serfdom and serfdom is a topic traditional for Russian science.
The service classes were the first to be "enslaved" - while performing military service, they, at the same time, by virtue of their occupation, retained freedom of movement. At the end of the XVI century. there was a need for enslavement - attachment to the land - of the peasants, the main "taxable class". Chicherin's approach presupposed an equal attitude of power towards all classes and absolutized only one side of the state's activity - to be a social regulator.
The very process of enslavement at the end of the 16th century is associated by many researchers with economic ruin, with the consequences of the oprichnina and the Livonian War. The motive for government activity in the peasant question was fiscal interest: reduced financial receipts led to a restriction of the freedom of the tax-paying population, which different ways, including transitions, and shoots, avoided fiscal oppression. The government tried to overcome the socio-economic problems with traditional methods. In the early 1980s, land surveying began in order to streamline the tax burden. At the time of the description, a ban (commandment) was introduced on the peasant going out on St. George's Day - "reserved summers".
Reforms of the Chosen One are glad:
1. 1549 The First Zemsky Sobor - an organ of class representation, providing a connection between the center and places, Ivan IV's speech from the frontal place: condemnation of the wrong boyar rule, announcement of the need for reforms.
2. Sudebnik of 1550 - development of the provisions of the Sudebnik of Ivan III, limiting the power of governors and volosts, strengthening the control of the tsarist administration, a single amount of court fees, preserving the right of peasants to go to St. George's Day.
3. The Stoglavy Cathedral of 1551 - the unification of church rites, the recognition of all locally revered saints as all-Russian, the establishment of a rigid icon-painting canon, requirements for improving the morals of the clergy, the prohibition of usury among priests.
4. Military reform of 1556 - the Code of Service was adopted: restriction of localism for the period of hostilities, in addition to the equestrian local militia, the organization of a permanent army - archers, gunners, a single order of military service.
5. Formation of the order system:
6. In 1556, a reform of local government was carried out.
o Posolsky tin.
The reforms of the Elected Rada outlined the path to strengthening, centralization of the state, contributed to the formation of a class-representative state.
Completion of the unification of Russian lands and the formation of the Russian state. After the death of Vasily II, the throne passed to his son without any mention of the Horde. During the reign of Ivan III (1462-1505), the Principality of Moscow successfully developed: practically without resistance, many Russian lands were annexed to Moscow - Yaroslavl, Rostov, as well as Perm, Vyatka, with non-Russian peoples living here. This expanded the multinational composition of the Russian state. Chernigov-Seversky possessions passed from Lithuania.
The Novgorod boyar republic, which had considerable power, remained independent of the Moscow prince. In 1471 Ivan III took drastic measures to subdue Novgorod. The decisive battle took place on the Shelon River, when the Muscovites, being in the minority, defeated the Novgorodians. In 1478 the republic in Novgorod was finally liquidated. The veche bell was taken from the city to Moscow. The city was now ruled by Moscow governors.
In 1480, the Horde yoke was finally overthrown. This happened after the clash of Moscow and Mongol-Tatar troops on the Ugra River. Khan Akhmat was at the head of the Horde troops. After standing on the Ugra for several weeks, Akhmat realized that it was pointless to engage in battle. This event went down in history as "standing on the Ugra". Rus', a few years before Akhmat's campaign, stopped paying tribute to the Horde. In 1502, the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey inflicted a crushing defeat on the Golden Horde, after which its existence ceased.
In 1497, a code of laws was introduced - the "Sudebnik" of Ivan III, which strengthened the power of the sovereign and introduced uniform legal norms throughout the state. One of the articles of the Sudebnik regulated the transfer of peasants from one owner to another. According to the Sudebnik, peasants could leave the feudal lords only a week before and a week after St. George's autumn day (November 26), having paid the old. National governing bodies of the country began to form - orders. There was localism - the procedure for obtaining positions depending on the nobility of the family. Local administration was carried out on the basis of a feeding system: while collecting taxes from the population, the governors kept part of the funds. Strengthening the authority of the sovereign was the marriage of Ivan III to the Byzantine princess Sophia Paleolog.
The work of his father was completed by Vasily III (1505-1533), having annexed Ryazan and Pskov, having conquered Smolensk from Lithuania. All Russian lands united into a single Russian state. During the reign of Vasily III, stone construction began in many Russian cities. In Moscow, the Annunciation Cathedral was built in the Kremlin and the Archangel Cathedral was finally completed, into which the remains of the great Moscow princes were transferred. The ditch near the Moscow Kremlin was paved with stone. wooden walls in Nizhny Novgorod, Tula, Kolomna and Zaraysk were replaced by stone ones. And in Novgorod, which the Grand Duke of Moscow liked to visit, in addition to the walls, streets, squares and rows were rebuilt.
Russia under Ivan IV. Reforms of the middle of the XVI century. Oprichnina policy. After the death of Vasily III, the throne passed to the three-year-old Ivan IV (1533-1584), later nicknamed the Terrible. In fact, the state was ruled by his mother Elena Glinskaya. She entrusted all state affairs to the Boyar Duma. During the reign of Elena Glinskaya, in the war with Lithuania, small territories in the west were annexed, and the raids of the Tatar cavalry on Moscow lands were also repelled. A monetary reform was carried out: the coins of various principalities were replaced by coins of a single sample - kopecks. In 1538, Elena died unexpectedly (there is an assumption that she was poisoned). After her death, the struggle for power between the boyar groups intensified.
Upon reaching the age of 17 in 1547, Ivan Vasilyevich was married to the kingdom, becoming the first tsar in Rus'. The ceremony of taking the royal title took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. From the hands of the Moscow Metropolitan Macarius, Ivan IV received the cap of Monomakh and other signs of royal power.
Under the young king, a circle of friends formed - the Chosen Rada. It included the nobleman Alexei Adashev, Archpriest Sylvester (confessor of the young tsar), Prince Andrei Kurbsky, Metropolitan Macarius. The task of these people was to help the king in governing the state and develop reforms.
In 1549, the first Zemsky Sobor in the history of the country was convened, which included elected representatives from each class. In the 1550s, the formation of the order system was completed, until 1568 it was called " command hut". The creation of orders was caused by the complication of state administration due to the growth of subject territories. There were Ambassadorial, Local, Discharge, Robbery orders, petition hut - the highest control body of the state. At the head of the order was a boyar or clerk - a major government official.
In 1550, a new "Sudebnik" was adopted, confirming the rule of St. George's Day.
In 1555-1556. the reform of local government was completed, the feeding system was abolished, the archery army was created, and the labial and zemstvo reforms were carried out. In 1551, Stoglav was adopted - the decision of the church council, which streamlined the affairs of the church.
In 1565-1572. Ivan IV established the oprichnina regime, which led to numerous victims and the ruin of the country. The territory of the state was divided into two parts: oprichnina and zemshchina. The tsar included the most important lands in the oprichnina. The nobles who were part of the oprichnina army settled in them. The guardsmen in a short time brought these lands to the most miserable situation, the peasants fled from there to the outskirts of the state. This army was to be supported by the population of the zemstvo. The guardsmen wore black clothes. Dog heads and brooms were attached to their saddles, symbolizing the canine devotion of the guardsmen to the tsar and their readiness to sweep treason out of the country. At the head of the guardsmen, Ivan Vasilyevich made a punitive campaign against Novgorod and Pskov. The cities that were on the way to Novgorod, Novgorod itself and its environs were subjected to terrible ruin. Pskov managed to pay off with a lot of money. In 1581, "reserved years" were introduced - a ban on the transition of peasants on St. George's Day.
Expansion of the territory of Russia in the XVI century. Livonian war. In foreign policy, Ivan IV sought to expand the territory of the state: Kazan was taken in 1552, Astrakhan in 1556, and the conquest of the Siberian Khanate began in 1582.
In 1558-1583. the Livonian War took place for Russia to gain access to the Baltic Sea. But this war ended in failure for Russia: according to the Yam-Zapolsky peace (1582), Livonia retreated to Poland, according to the Peace of Plus (1583), Sweden secured the Gulf of Finland, part of Karelia, the fortresses of Narva, Ivangorod, Koporye, Yam, Karela.
During the Livonian War and the oprichnina in the spring of 1571, the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey moved to Moscow. The oprichnina army was unable to resist the external enemy. Moscow was burned down by the khan. Up to 80 thousand people died in the fire.
In 1582, in the face of the threat of a new invasion of the Tatars, Ivan IV was forced to abandon the division of the troops. As a result, the united army under the leadership of the governor Prince M. I. Vorotynsky defeated the Tatars near the village of Molodi. Oprichnina was cancelled.
Trouble. Beginning of the Romanov dynasty. After the death of Ivan the Terrible, the Zemsky Sobor, composed of service people, recognized Ivan IV's son Fyodor as king. In 1589, the patriarchate was introduced, which meant the independence of the Russian Orthodox Church from Constantinople. In 1597, “lesson summers” were introduced - a five-year term for detecting fugitive peasants. In 1598, with the death of Fyodor Ivanovich and the suppression of the Rurik dynasty, the Zemsky Sobor elected Boris Godunov to the kingdom by a majority of votes.
Beginning of the 17th century - Time of Troubles. The reasons for the Troubles were the aggravation of social, class, dynastic and international relations at the end of the reign of Ivan IV and under his successors.
1) In the 1570-1580s. the most economically developed center (Moscow) and north-west (Novgorod and Pskov) of the country fell into disrepair. As a result of the oprichnina and the Livonian War, part of the population fled, the other died. The central government, in order to prevent the flight of the peasants to the outskirts, took the path of attaching the peasants to the land of the feudal landowners. In fact, a system of serfdom was established on a state scale. The introduction of serfdom led to an aggravation of social contradictions in the country and created the conditions for mass popular uprisings.
2) After the death of Ivan IV the Terrible, there were no heirs capable of continuing his policy. During the reign of the mild-mannered Fyodor Ivanovich (1584-1598), his guardian Boris Godunov was the de facto ruler of the country. In 1591, in Uglich, under unclear circumstances, the last of the direct heirs to the throne, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, died. Popular rumor attributed the organization of the murder to Boris Godunov. These events triggered a dynastic crisis.
3) At the end of the XVI century. there is a strengthening of the neighbors of Moscow Rus' - the Commonwealth, Sweden, the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire. The aggravation of international contradictions will be another reason for the events that erupted during the Time of Troubles.
During the Time of Troubles, the country was actually in a state of civil war, accompanied by Polish and Swedish interventions. Rumors were widely spread that Tsarevich Dmitry, who “miraculously escaped” in Uglich, was still alive. In 1602, a man appeared in Lithuania, posing as Prince Dmitry. According to the official version of the Moscow government of Boris Godunov, the man posing as Dmitry was a fugitive monk, Grigory Otrepiev. He went down in history under the name of False Dmitry I.
In June 1605, False Dmitry I, a protege of the Polish gentry, entered Moscow. However, his policy caused dissatisfaction with both the common people and the boyars. As a result of a conspiracy of the boyars and an uprising of Muscovites in May 1606, False Dmitry was killed. The boyars proclaim Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610) tsar.
In 1606-1607. there is a popular performance led by Ivan Bolotnikov. In the summer of 1606, Bolotnikov moved from Krom to Moscow. On the way, a small detachment turned into a powerful army, which included peasants, townspeople and even detachments of nobles, led by Prokopy Lyapunov. The Bolotnikovites laid siege to Moscow for two months, but as a result of the betrayal, some of the nobles were defeated by the troops of Vasily Shuisky. In March 1607, Shuisky published the Code of Peasants, which introduced a 15-year term for the search for fugitive peasants. Bolotnikov was driven back to Kaluga and besieged by the tsarist troops, but escaped from the siege and retreated to Tula. The three-month siege of Tula was led by Vasily Shuisky himself. The Upa River was blocked by a dam and the fortress was flooded. After the promise of V. Shuisky to save the lives of the rebels, they opened the gates of Tula. Breaking his word, the king brutally cracked down on the rebels. Bolotnikov was blinded and then drowned in an ice hole in the city of Kargopol.
At the time when Shuisky was besieging Bolotnikov in Tula, a new impostor appeared in the Bryansk region. Relying on the support of the Polish gentry and the Vatican, in 1608 False Dmitry II came out of Poland against Russia. However, attempts to take Moscow ended in vain. False Dmitry II stopped 17 km from the Kremlin in the village of Tushino, for which he received the nickname "Tushino Thief".
In February 1609, Shuisky concluded an agreement with Sweden to fight the Tushins. The Swedes gave troops to fight the "Tushinsky Thief", and Russia abandoned its claims to the Baltic coast.
The Polish king Sigismund III ordered the gentry to leave Tushino and go to Smolensk. The Tushino camp disintegrated. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga, where he was soon killed. The Tushino boyars invited the son of the Polish king, Tsarevich Vladislav, to the Moscow throne.
In the summer of 1610, a revolution took place in Moscow. Shuisky was overthrown, the boyars headed by F.I. Mstislavsky seized power. This government was called "seven boyars". Despite the protests of Patriarch Hermogenes, the "Seven Boyars" concluded an agreement on calling Tsarevich Vladislav to the Russian throne and let the Polish invaders into the Kremlin.
The catastrophic situation stirred up the patriotic feelings of the Russian people. At the beginning of 1611, the First civil uprising led by P. Lyapunov, which besieged Moscow, but due to internal disagreements between the participants, it fell apart, and Prokopiy Lyapunov was killed.
The Swedish troops, released after the overthrow of Shuisky from treaty obligations, captured a significant part of the north of Russia, including Novgorod, besieged Pskov, the Poles captured Smolensk after almost two years of siege. The Polish king Sigismund III announced that he himself would become the Russian tsar, and Russia would enter the Commonwealth.
In the autumn of 1611, the Second People's Militia was formed on the initiative of the Nizhny Novgorod mayor Kuzma Minin and headed by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. In 1612 Moscow was liberated from the Poles.
In February 1613 Mikhail Romanov was elected to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor.
Culture. Literature. One of the most striking works of the second half of the XV century. was "Journey Beyond the Three Seas" by Athanasius Nikitin. The Tver merchant traveled to India in 1466-1472. The work of Athanasius Nikitin is the first description of India in European literature. The creation of a unified state contributed to the emergence of an extensive journalistic literature, the main theme of which was the path of the country's development. Publicism is represented by the correspondence of Ivan the Terrible with Andrei Kurbsky, the works of M. Bashkin, F. Kosoy, I. Peresvetov. In 1564, Ivan Fedorov and Peter Mstislavets laid the foundation for book printing in Russia. The first dated Russian book "Apostle" (1564), then "Book of Hours" (1565), the first Russian primer (1574).
Painting. At the end of the XV century. the famous master of icon painting was Dionysius, who continued the traditions of A. Rublev. His creations are characterized by fine drawing, soft color and festive mood. Dionysius created the famous murals of the Ferapontov Monastery.
Architecture. At the end of the XV century. Moscow became the capital of the Russian state, which should have been fixed in the external appearance of the city. During the reign of Ivan III, under the guidance of Italian masters, a modern Kremlin wall with towers was built. For that time it was an outstanding fortification designed for a long siege. Ivan III attracted Italian masters to build new cathedrals inside the Kremlin. The main temple of Rus' - the Assumption Cathedral - the architect Aristotle Fioravanti created on the model of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir. The Faceted Chamber was built by Pietro Solari and Mark Fryazin. The Annunciation and Archangel Cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin were erected. Another Italian architect, Aleviz Novy, took part in the creation of the latter. In the first half of the XVI century. in Russian architecture, a national tent style arose. An outstanding monument of this style was the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye. In 1554-1560. In honor of the capture of Kazan, on the orders of Ivan IV, the Pokrovsky Cathedral on the Moat (St. Basil's Cathedral) was built (Russian architects Barma and Postnik), which became a symbol of Russia for many centuries. In the XVI century. around many cities were erected stone walls. The most famous builder of fortifications was Fedor Kon. He built the walls of the White City in Moscow (on the site of the present Garden Ring), the walls of the Smolensk Kremlin.
Topic 3. The Russian state in the second half of the 15th - early 17th centuries.
Brief historical background
Completion of the unification of Russian lands and the formation of the Russian state. The consequence of the victory of the Moscow prince Basil II the Dark in the feudal war of the second quarter of the 15th century. was the final approval of the principle of inheritance of power in a direct descending line from father to son. To avoid strife in the future, Moscow princes, starting with Vasily II the Dark (1425–1462), allocate to the eldest sons, along with the title of Grand Duke, more a large part inheritance, ensuring their superiority over younger brothers.
After the death of Vasily II, the throne passed to his son without any mention of the Horde. To the board Ivan III (1462–1505) The Moscow principality developed successfully: with almost no resistance, many Russian lands were annexed to Moscow - Yaroslavl, Rostov, as well as Perm, Vyatka, with non-Russian peoples living here. This expanded the multinational composition of the Russian state. Chernigov-Seversky possessions passed from Lithuania.
The Novgorod Boyar Republic, which had considerable power, remained independent of the Moscow prince. In 1471 Ivan III took drastic measures to subdue Novgorod. The decisive battle took place on Shelon River, when the Muscovites, being in the minority, defeated the Novgorodians. IN 1478 republic in Novgorod was finally eliminated. The veche bell was taken from the city to Moscow. The city was now ruled by Moscow governors.
The overthrow of the Golden Horde yoke. Ivan III. Formation of authorities of the unified Russian state. Sudebnik 1497 d. V 1480 the Horde yoke was finally overthrown. This happened after the clash of Moscow and Mongol-Tatar troops on the Ugra River. Khan was at the head of the Horde troops Akhmat. After standing on the Ugra for several weeks, Akhmat realized that it was pointless to engage in battle. This event went down in history as "standing on the Ugra". Rus', a few years before Akhmat's campaign, finally stopped paying tribute to the Horde. In 1502, the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey inflicted a crushing defeat on the Golden Horde, after which its existence ceased.
IN 1497 enacted a set of laws "Sudebnik" of Ivan III, strengthening the power of the sovereign and establishing uniform legal norms throughout the state. One of the articles of the Sudebnik regulated the transfer of peasants from one owner to another. According to the Sudebnik, the peasants could leave the feudal lords only a week before and a week after St. George's Day autumn (November 26), paying elderly(fee for living on land). Nationwide governing bodies of the country began to form - orders. There was parochialism- the order of obtaining positions depending on the nobility of the family. Local management was carried out on the basis of a system feedings: collecting taxes from the population, the governors kept part of the funds. Strengthening the authority of the sovereign was the marriage of Ivan III to the Byzantine princess Sophia Paleolog.
Father's work completed Basil III (1505–1533), adding Ryazan And Pskov, conquered from Lithuania Smolensk. All Russian lands united into a single Russian state. During the reign of Vasily III, stone construction began in many Russian cities. In Moscow, the Annunciation Cathedral was built in the Kremlin and the Archangel Cathedral was finally completed, into which the remains of the great Moscow princes were transferred. The moat near the Moscow Kremlin was lined with stone. Wooden walls in Nizhny Novgorod, Tula, Kolomna and Zaraysk were replaced with stone ones. And in Novgorod, which the Grand Duke of Moscow liked to visit, in addition to the walls, streets, squares and rows were rebuilt.
Reforms of the middle XVI V. Ivan IV Grozny. After the death of Vasily III, the throne passed to a three-year Ivan IV (1533–1584), later nicknamed Terrible. In fact, the state was ruled by his mother Elena Glinskaya. She entrusted all state affairs to the Boyar Duma. During the reign of Elena Glinskaya, in the war with Lithuania, small territories in the west were annexed, and the raids of the Tatar cavalry on Moscow lands were also repelled. A monetary reform was carried out: the coins of various principalities were replaced by coins of a single sample - kopecks. In 1538, Elena died unexpectedly (there is an assumption that she was poisoned). After her death, the struggle for power between the boyar groups intensified.
Upon reaching the age of seventeen, 1547 Ivan Vasilyevich was married to the kingdom, becoming first king in Rus'. The ceremony of taking the royal title (crowning the kingdom) took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. From the hands of the Moscow Metropolitan Macarius, Ivan IV received the cap of Monomakh and other signs of royal power.
Under the young king, a circle of friends formed - Chosen council. It included a nobleman Alexey Adashev, archpriest Sylvester(confessor of the young king), prince Andrey Kurbsky, metropolitan Macarius. The task of these people was to help the king in governing the state and develop reforms.
IN 1549 convened the first in the history of Russia Zemsky Cathedral, which included elected representatives from the boyars, the clergy and service people to discuss the reforms proposed by the Chosen Rada.
The bodies of central government continued to gradually form - orders, then called huts. There were Ambassadorial, Local, Discharge, Robbery orders, petition hut - the highest control body of the state. IN 1550 adopted a new Sudebnik, confirmed the rule of St. George's day. Created archery army. IN 1556 was the feeding system was cancelled. Carried out labial And zemstvo reforms. IN 1551 accepted "Stoglav"- the decision of the church council, which streamlined the affairs of the church.
Oprichnina. IN 1565–1572 Ivan IV established the regime oprichnina, which led to numerous casualties and ruin of the country. The territory of the state was divided into two parts: the oprichnina and the zemshchina. The tsar included the most important lands in the oprichnina. The nobles who were part of the oprichnina army settled in them. The guardsmen in a short time brought these lands to the most miserable situation, the peasants fled from there to the outskirts of the state. This army was to be supported by the population of the zemstvo. The guardsmen wore black clothes. Dog heads and brooms were attached to their saddles, symbolizing the canine devotion of the guardsmen to the tsar and their readiness to sweep treason out of the country. At the head of the guardsmen, Ivan Vasilyevich made a punitive campaign against Novgorod and Pskov. The cities that were on the way to Novgorod, Novgorod itself and its environs were subjected to terrible ruin. Pskov managed to pay off with a lot of money. IN 1581 introduced "reserved summers"- a ban on the transition of peasants on St. George's Day.
The expansion of Russia's territory in XVI V. Livonian war. In foreign policy, Ivan IV sought to strengthen the security of the Russian state: in 1552- was taken Kazan, 1556- attached Astrakhan, 1581- Conquest begins Siberian Khanate.
IN 1558–1583 took place Livonian War for Russia's access to the Baltic Sea. But this war ended in failure for Russia: Yam-for-Polish world (1582) Livonia went to Poland, Peace of Plus (1583) Sweden secured the Gulf of Finland, part of Karelia, the fortresses of Narva, Ivangorod, Koporye, Yam, Karelu.
During the Livonian War and the oprichnina in the spring 1571 Crimean Khan Devlet Giray moved to Moscow. The oprichnina army was unable to resist the enemy. Moscow was burned. Up to 80 thousand people died in the fire.
Russian culture in XVI V. Literature. A new genre has emerged journalism. It is represented by the correspondence of Ivan the Terrible with Prince Andrei Kurbsky, the writings of Matvey Bashkin, Theodosius Kosoy, Ivan Peresvetov. The latter believed that the nobles destroyed Byzantium, and the boyars could destroy Russia. In the XVI century. the development of Russian history by Metropolitan Macarius began. The lives of Russian saints were collected and arranged according to the months and days of their commemoration. labor was named "Great Menaion" A genre of storytelling appears, for example, "The Tale of Peter and Fevronia"(about the love of a prince and a simple girl). The secularization of culture is evidenced by the writing of a book containing various useful information and guidance in both spiritual and worldly life, "Domostroy"(in translation - home economics), the author of which is considered to be a member of the Chosen Rada, Archpriest Sylvester. IN 1564 Ivan Fedorov And Petr Mstislavets laid the foundation for book printing in Russia (the book "Apostle", 20 editions, the first primer).
Architecture. In the first half of the XVI century. in Russian architecture, a national tent style arose. An outstanding monument of this style was the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye. IN 1554–1560 in honor of the capture of Kazan, on the orders of Ivan IV, the Pokrovsky Cathedral on the Moat (St. Basil's Cathedral) was built (architects Barma And Postnik), which has become a symbol of Russia for many centuries. The bell tower of Ivan the Great was completed up to 82 m. In the XVI century. stone walls were built around many cities. The most famous builder of fortifications was Fedor Kon. He built the walls of the White City in Moscow (on the site of the present Garden Ring), the walls of the Smolensk Kremlin.
Painting. At the end of the XV - beginning of the XVI century. renowned icon painter Dionysius. His creations are characterized by fine drawing, soft color and festive mood. Dionysius owns the famous frescoes of the Ferapontov Monastery.
material culture. Specialized enterprises are being built in Moscow: the Cannon Yard, the Armory (manufacturing of precious weapons), the Money Yard (coin minting). Master Andrey Chokhov created magnificent examples of artillery, including the Tsar Cannon.
Trouble of the end XVI- start XVII V. After the death of Ivan IV the Terrible in 1584, the Zemsky Sobor, composed of service people, recognized his son Fedor as king. IN 1589 Patriarchy was introduced, which meant the independence of the Russian Church from Constantinople. In 1597 adopted a decree on "lesson years"- a five-year term for detecting fugitive peasants. IN 1598 after the termination of the Rurik dynasty, the Zemsky Sobor elected the king by a majority of votes Boris Godunov.
Early 17th century - period Troubled times. The reasons for the Troubles were the aggravation of social, class, dynastic and international relations at the end of the reign of Ivan IV and under his successors.
1) In the 1570-1580s. the most economically developed center (Moscow) and north-west (Novgorod and Pskov) of the country fell into disrepair. As a result of the oprichnina and the Livonian War, part of the population fled, the other died. The central government, in order to prevent the flight of the peasants to the outskirts, took the path of attaching the peasants to the land of the feudal landowners. In fact, a system of serfdom was established on a state scale. The introduction of serfdom led to an aggravation of social contradictions in the country and created the conditions for mass popular uprisings.
2) After the death of Ivan IV the Terrible, there were no heirs capable of continuing his policy. Into the reign of the mild in character Fedor Ivanovich (1584–1598) the de facto ruler of the country was Boris Godunov. In 1591, in Uglich, under unclear circumstances, the last of the direct heirs to the throne, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, died. Popular rumor attributed the organization of the murder to Boris Godunov. These events triggered a dynastic crisis.
3) At the end of the XVI century. there is a strengthening of the neighbors of Moscow Rus' - the Commonwealth, Sweden, the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire. The aggravation of international contradictions will be another reason for the events that erupted during the Time of Troubles.
During the Time of Troubles, the country was actually in a state of civil war, accompanied by Polish and Swedish interventions. Rumors were widely spread that Tsarevich Dmitry, who “miraculously escaped” in Uglich, was still alive. In 1602, a man appeared in Lithuania, posing as Prince Dmitry. According to the official version of the Moscow government of Boris Godunov, the man posing as Dmitry was a fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev. He went down in history under the name False Dmitry1.
In June 1605, False Dmitry I, a protege of the Polish gentry, entered Moscow. However, his policy angered the boyars. As a result of the conspiracy of the boyars and the uprising of Muscovites in May 1606 False Dmitry was killed. The boyars are proclaimed king Vasily Shuisky.
IN 1606 1607 there is a popular uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov. In the summer of 1606, Bolotnikov moved from Krom to Moscow. On the way, a small detachment turned into a powerful army, which included peasants, townspeople and even detachments of nobles, led by Prokopy Lyapunov. The Bolotnikovites laid siege to Moscow for two months, but as a result of the betrayal, some of the nobles were defeated by the troops of Vasily Shuisky.
In March 1607 Shuisky published "Code of Peasants", which introduced a 15-year term for the investigation of fugitive peasants.
Bolotnikov was driven back to Kaluga and besieged by the tsarist troops, but escaped from the siege and retreated to Tula. The three-month siege of Tula was led by Vasily Shuisky himself. The Upa River was blocked by a dam and the fortress was flooded. After the promise of V. Shuisky to save the lives of the rebels, they opened the gates
Tula. Breaking his word, the king brutally cracked down on the rebels. Bolotnikov was blinded and then drowned in an ice hole in the city of Kargopol.
At the time when Vasily Shuisky was besieging Bolotnikov in Tula, a new impostor appeared in the Bryansk region. Relying on the support of the Polish gentry and the Vatican, in 1608, from Poland to Russia, False Dmitry II. However, attempts to take Moscow ended in vain. False Dmitry II stopped 17 km from the Kremlin, in the village of Tushino, for which he received the nickname "Tushinsky Thief".
The government of Vasily Shuisky, unable to cope with False Dmitry II and the Poles who came with him, concluded an agreement with Sweden. The Swedes gave troops to fight the "Tushinsky Thief", and Russia abandoned its claims to the Baltic coast.
The Polish king Sigismund III ordered the gentry to leave Tushino and go to Smolensk. The Tushino camp disintegrated. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga, where he was soon killed. The Tushino boyars invited the son of the Polish king, Tsarevich Vladislav, to the Moscow throne.
In the summer of 1610, a revolution took place in Moscow. Shuisky was overthrown, the power was seized by the boyars led by F.I. Mstislavsky. This government is called "seven boyars". Despite protests Patriarch Thermogenes,"seven boyars" concluded an agreement on the calling to the Russian throne of Tsarevich Vladislav, and let the Polish interventionists into the Kremlin.
Only relying on the people, it was possible to win back and preserve the independence of the Russian state. At the beginning of 1611 it was created First People's Militia led by Lyapunov, but due to disagreements between the participants, it fell apart, and Prokopy Lyapunov was killed. By this time, the Swedes captured Novgorod, and the Poles, after a months-long siege, captured Smolensk. The Polish king Sigismund III announced that he himself would become the Russian tsar, and Russia would enter the Commonwealth.
autumn 1611 was created Second People's Militia led by the Nizhny Novgorod posad headman Kuzma Minin and prince Dmitry Pozharsky. IN 1612 Moscow was liberated from the Poles.
IN 1613 The Zemsky Sobor elected a sixteen-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, son of Patriarch Filaret (Fyodor Romanov).
From the book History. A new complete guide for schoolchildren to prepare for the exam author Nikolaev Igor Mikhailovich From the book History of Russia. From ancient times to the 16th century. 6th grade author Kiselev Alexander Fedotovich§ 11 - 12. OLD RUSSIAN STATE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XI - BEGINNING OF THE XII CENTURY Polovtsian danger. In 1055, detachments of Kipchak nomads appeared near the banks of the Dnieper, near Pereyaslavl. In Rus' they were called Polovtsians. These tribes came from the Ural-Altai steppes. From this time until
From the book History of Public Administration in Russia author Shchepetev Vasily IvanovichChapter VIII Russian State Administration in the Second Half of the XIX
From the book History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century author Milov Leonid VasilievichSection IV Russian state in the second half of the XV - early XVII
From the book Ancient Rus' author Vernadsky Georgy Vladimirovich6. Khazar state in the second half of the eighth and early ninth centuries The Arab invasion dealt such a severe blow to the Khazar state that it could only recover from it with the passage of time. Baladuri says that the supreme leader (azim) is Khazar - that is
From the book History of the Middle Ages. Volume 2 [In two volumes. Under the general editorship of S. D. Skazkin] author Skazkin Sergey Danilovich2. GERMANY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 16TH AND AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 17TH CENTURIES GERMANY'S ECONOMIC DECLINE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 16TH CENTURY V. deep decline resulting from
From the book History of Romania the author Bolovan IoanWallachia, Moldova and Transylvania in the second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries. Boyar rivalry in Wallachia. The crisis of state power that began at the end of the reign of Matei Basarab continued until 1678. At that time, the local and assimilated boyars were grouped into two
From the book History of Russia [for students of technical universities] author Shubin Alexander VladlenovichChapter 3 RUSSIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XV - FIRST HALF OF THE XVII C. temperatures and humidity increased in Eastern Europe. This allowed the population of North-Eastern Rus' to start developing
From the book Russia and its "colonies". How Georgia, Ukraine, Moldova, the Baltic states and Central Asia became part of Russia author Strizhova Irina MikhailovnaBaltics in the second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries. Accession of the Baltic States to Russia. Estonia and Livonia as part of Russia The Baltic States were annexed to Russia during the Northern War (1700–1721), which was waged by Russia and Sweden for access to the Baltic Sea. As a result of victory
From book National history: lecture notes author Kulagina Galina MikhailovnaTopic 9. Russia in the second half of the 18th century 9.1 Enlightened absolutism of Catherine II The policy of Catherine II (1762–1796) was called “enlightened absolutism”. European politicians of that period considered Catherine II as an enlightened head of state and nation,
From the book History of Ukraine from ancient times to the present day author Semenenko Valery IvanovichPeculiarities of cultural development in Ukraine in the second half of the 16th - first half of the 17th century The influence of Western culture on Ukraine, which began partly in the first half of the 16th century, increased significantly after the Union of Lublin and continued almost until the end of the 18th century. On the edge
author Kerov Valery VsevolodovichTopic 43 Russia's foreign policy in the second half of the 19th century. PLAN1. Main tasks.1.1 Providing international conditions for reforms.1.2. Cancellation of the restrictive articles of the Paris Peace Treaty.1.3. Establishing control over the Black Sea Straits.1.4.
From the book A Short Course in the History of Russia from Ancient Times to the Beginning of the 21st Century author Kerov Valery VsevolodovichTopic 44 Culture of Russia in the second half of the 19th century. PLAN1. General characteristics.1.1. Socio-historical conditions.1.2. Key features.2. Education and enlightenment.2.1. Liberal reforms: Reforms in the region primary education. – Development of secondary education. -
From the book A Short Course in the History of Russia from Ancient Times to the Beginning of the 21st Century author Kerov Valery VsevolodovichTopic 7 °USSR in the second half of the 1940s - early 1950s PLAN1. Consequences of the war and new trends in the development of society.1.1. Changes in the spiritual climate of society.1.2. Activation of activities of radical youth.1.3. Changes in power structures.1.4. Discussion
authorTopic 6. Russian state and law in the first half of the 19th century. Plan1. Development of the state system. Changes in the system of higher and central bodies of the Russian Empire.2. The social structure of Russian society, the design of new social groups.3. Law codification
From the book History of State and Law of Russia author Timofeeva Alla AlexandrovnaTopic 7. The state and law of Russia in the second half of the XIX century. Plan1. Prerequisites for reforms. State-political crisis of the 1850s2. Peasant reform of 1861, its characteristics, main acts and significance.3. Changes in the system of governing bodies. Zemstvo reform of 1864
TRAINING TESTS
Module 1
History of Russia from antiquity to the beginning of the 17th century.
Eastern Slavs VI - VIII centuries.
Old Russian state of the XI - XII centuries.
Part 1.
A1. According to legend, Svyatoslav, starting a military campaign, said ...
1) “Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword”
2) “If you don’t kill the bees, don’t eat honey”
3) “If I stay alive, then with them, if I die, then with the squad”
4) "I'm going to you"
A2. The earliest document containing information about ancient history Slavs:
1) the work of the Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea. (mid 6th century)
2) description of Scythia by Herodotus - V c. BC.
3) the writings of Strabo - 64 - 24 BC.
4) the writings of Tacitus - 1st c. n. e.
A3. Choose the correct answer. The settlement of the Slavs was as follows:
1) Dregovichi - north of Pripyat to the Western Dvina.
2) northerners - along the left bank of the Dnieper and along the Desna.
3) clearing - along the upper reaches of the Dnieper and the Western Dvina.
4) Vyatichi - near Kyiv on the right bank of the Dnieper.
A4. What date is considered the starting point in the history of the ancient Russian state with its center in Kyiv?
1) 862 2) 879 3) 882 4) 811
A5. In Kievan Rus there was the following system:
1) boyar republic. 3) estate-representative monarchy.
2) constitutional monarchy. 4) early feudal monarchy.
A6. Which of these princes strengthened the international position of Rus' with the help of dynastic marriages:
1) Vladimir Svyatoslavovich 3) Igor Stary
2) Yaroslav the Wise 4) Svyatoslav Igorevich
A7. The main deity of the pagan pantheon of the Eastern Slavs was not
1) Dazhdbog 2) Perun 3) Viy 4) Veles
A8. IN Ancient Rus' people who signed contracts for the performance of certain work were called:
1) ryadovichi 2) purchases 3) serfs 4) firemen
A9. The end of polyudya and the beginning of an organized system of taxation are associated with reforms
1) Princess Olga 2) Svyatoslav Igorevich 3) Oleg 4) Igor Stary
A10. The first Russian chronicle was called:
1) "The Tale of Bygone Years" 3) "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
2) "Word about the destruction of the Russian land" 4) "Zadonshchina"
Part 2.
IN 1. Set the correspondence between events and dates:
1) The calling of the Varangians A) 907
2) Baptism of Rus' B) 862
3) Oleg's 1st campaign against Constantinople B) 882
4) Formation of the state of Kievan Rus D) 988
AT 2. Establish a correspondence between the given passages from the annals and the names of the events that they speak of:
1) “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us”;
2) “We have nowhere to go. So we will not shame the Russian land, but we will lie down with bones, for the dead have no shame ”;
3) “Then the prince sent throughout the city to say:“ If someone does not come tomorrow to the river - whether it be rich, or poor, or a beggar, or a slave - he will be my enemy ”;
4) That year, the squad said to Igor: “The youths of Sveneld put on weapons and clothes, and we are naked. Let's go, the prince is with us for a tribute, and you will get yourself and us. And Igor listened to them - he went for a tribute and added a new one to the previous one ”;
A) the campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav B) the uprising of the Drevlyans
B) calling of the Varangians D) Baptism of Rus'
Answer:
Part 3
C1. Name the main stages and key events in the formation and development of the Old Russian state.
Russian lands and principalities in the XII - the middle of the XV centuries.
Part 1.
A1. The reason for the victory of Alexander Nevsky in the battle on the ice of Lake Peipsi
1) overwhelming numerical superiority 2) surprise attack
3) tactically correct formation of troops
4) use of throwing weapons
A2. Specify the prince under whom Moscow became the capital of an independent
principalities
1) Yuri Dolgoruky 3) Ivan Kalita
2) Daniil Alexandrovich 4) Andrey Bogolyubsky
A3. The establishment of Rus''s dependence on the Golden Horde led to the fact that
1) the Basque system was established in the Russian lands
2) the lands of the Galicia-Volyn principality went to the Golden Horde
3) the lands of Veliky Novgorod went to the Golden Horde
4) all raids and punitive campaigns of the Mongol-Tatars against Rus' stopped
A4. The main reason for the defeat of the Russian principalities in the period Mongol invasion it could be considered:
1) the surprise attack of the Mongols on Rus'
2) their numerical and tactical superiority
3) feudal fragmentation Rus'
4) the need to distribute forces to repel the onslaught of Western European feudal lords
A5. One of the reasons for the nomination of Moscow as the center of the collection of Russian lands in the XIV century. consisted in
1) the advantages of its geographical location
2) the absence of strong rivals in the fight for the championship
3) the conclusion of an alliance between Moscow and Tver
4) support of Moscow by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia
A6. Read an excerpt from D.S. Likhachev and indicate to the reign of which prince the described events belong.
"In 1366. (according to other sources in 1367) the construction of a new stone Moscow Kremlin began on the site of wooden fortifications ... The stone Kremlin was much larger than the former oak one. It has been expanded almost to the limits of the current…
The construction of the stone Moscow Kremlin was immediately reflected in the foreign policy of the prince ... Moscow becomes impregnable for enemies. Olgerd's invasions of Moscow and in 1368. and in 1370. were unsuccessful."
1) Yuri Dolgoruky 3) Ivan the Terrible
2) Dmitry Donskoy 4) Ivan Kalita
A7. Contemporaries were
1) Princess Olga and Alexander Nevsky
2) Dmitry Donskoy and Sergius of Radonezh
3) Batu Khan and Ivan the Terrible
4) Ivan I Kalita and Yuri Dolgoruky
A8. The Moscow princes received the right to collect Horde tribute from all over Rus' with ...
1) Daniil Alexandrovich 3) Ivan Kalita
2) Yuri Danilovich 4) Simeone Proud
A9. The son of Dmitry Donskoy, who received the reign from his father without applying for a label to the Horde:
1) Vasily I 2) Vasily II 3) Ivan I 4) Alexander Nevsky
A10. A literary monument of the 12th century, containing a call for an end to princely strife, is
1) "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" 3) "Domostroy"
2) "Prayer of Daniil Zatochnik" 4) "Zadonshchina"
Part 2.
IN 1. Which three of the events listed below relate to the struggle of the Russian people against the Mongol-Tatar yoke
1) Battle on the Ice 3) Invasion of Tokhtamysh 5) Battle on the Shelon River
2) Battle of Kulikovo 4) Battle of Grunwald 6) Battle on the Vozha River
Answer:
AT 2. Read an excerpt from the "Life of Sergius of Radonezh" and indicate which battle is in question
“It became known that by God's allowance for our sins, the Horde prince Mamai gathered a great force ... And he goes to Russian land; and all the people were seized with great fear. The great prince ... was then the famous and invincible great Dmitry. He came to St. Sergius, because he had great faith in the elder, and asked him if the saint would order him to come out against the godless ... The saint, when he heard about this from the Grand Duke, blessed him, armed him with prayer ..
A battle began, and many fell, but God helped the great victorious Dmitry, and they were defeated ... the Tatars, and were completely defeated ...
Grand Duke Dmitry, having won a glorious victory, went to Sergius, bringing gratitude for good advice, glorified God and made a great contribution to the monastery.
1) the battle on the river. Kalka 3) "standing on the Ugra"
2) siege by the Horde army of Moscow 4) Battle of Kulikovo
Part 3
C1. In 1327, the Horde Baskak Chol Khan arrived in Tver with a large detachment. The oppression and violence perpetrated by them caused an uprising of the townspeople. The Horde were slaughtered. In response, Khan Uzbek organized a punitive expedition against Tver, in which Moscow Prince Ivan Kalita took part.
Specify at least three reasons that can explain the performance of Ivan Kalita on the side of the Horde.
What were the consequences of the uprising in Tver for the Moscow princes and for the whole of Rus'? List at least three consequences.
The Russian state in the second half of the 15th - early 17th centuries.
