Test exam feudal fragmentation in Rus'. Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir. What was the significance of the victories of A. Nevsky

Explanatory text for the block

Domestic policy. After 1132, Rus' consisted of about 10-15 independent principalities and lands that competed with each other. The ruling clan was Rurikovich, whose members had the exclusive right to be princes. Each Rurikovich received his own possession – appanage, the younger appanage princes had to obey the senior (great) princes, but in the affairs of their appanage principality they were almost completely independent. The strongest among the Russian lands were the Novgorod land, Vladimir-Suzdal and Galicia-Volyn principalities. Kyiv lost its former importance, but its possession was considered prestigious, and there was a struggle for it.

Since 1136, a republican system was established in Novgorod (1), power belonged to the boyars and the top merchants. The prince was invited and was responsible mainly for the defense of the republic.

The Vladimir-Suzdal principality was strengthened under Yuri Dolgoruky (son of Vladimir Monomakh). His nickname is explained by the desire to extend his power to lands far from Suzdal, including Kyiv. Yuri founded many cities in North-Eastern Russia, and the first annalistic mention of Moscow (1147) (2) is also associated with him.

Yuri's son Andrei Bogolyubsky (1157-1174) also sought to subjugate lands far beyond the borders of his principality, but, unlike his father, did not want to become a Kiev prince. In 1169, his troops took the city of Vladimir, which Andrew made his capital, began to be considered higher than Kyiv (3). Andrei strove to rule autocratically, clashed with the boyars and was killed by the boyars-conspirators. Soon the younger brother of Andrey Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176-1212) became the prince (he received the nickname for having many children). Under him, Vladimir-Suzdal Rus reached its greatest prosperity (4), but after his death, wars broke out between the sons of Vsevolod.

The Galicia-Volyn land was distinguished by a particularly sharp rivalry between the princes and the powerful boyars here. There was even a case of the reign of a boyar. Princely power increased under the Galician prince Yaroslav Osmomysl (1153-1187) and the Galician-Volyn princes Roman (border of the 12th-13th centuries) Daniil Romanovich (before the Mongol invasion).

In the first decades after the establishment of the Horde yoke, the growth of fragmentation continued. Among the specific princes – descendants of Vsevolod the Big Nest – wars broke out in which the Horde Khan intervened. To a lesser extent, the younger son of Alexander Nevsky, Daniel, took part in these wars, having received Moscow as an inheritance (being the youngest, he had no rights to the Great Vladimir reign). But Daniel showed concern for the improvement of his small principality, which began to grow rich rapidly (5).

Foreign policy. In the XII century. the international position of the ancient Russian principalities was generally favorable, there were no strong external enemies. Only the Polovtsy continued to disturb the South Russian lands. Of the wars with them, one should recall the unsuccessful campaign to the Steppe of the Novgorod-Seversky prince Igor Svyatoslavich in 1185 (6), but not because of its historical significance, but only because this campaign is described in the "Tale of Igor's Campaign".

The situation changed at the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th centuries. Catholic (mostly German) crusader knights invade the Baltic lands, conquer local tribes, found cities and castles (7). This is where the crusader state comes into being. – Livonian order. At the same time, Sweden begins to conquer the Finnish lands. At the same time, far to the east, in the depths of the Steppe, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the Mongol tribes unite (8) and begin to conquer neighboring and distant lands (China, Central Asia, etc.).

One of the detachments of the Mongol-Tatars, under the leadership of Subudai and Jebe, in 1223 penetrated the Polovtsian steppe through Transcaucasia. The Polovtsy asked for help from the South Russian princes and received it, but in the battle near the Kalka River, the Russian-Polovtsian army was utterly defeated by the Mongol-Tatars due to disagreements among its leaders – three princes named Mstislav (9). Then the Mongol-Tatars went back, because. The expedition was exploratory in nature.

At the end of 1237, having previously ruined Volga Bulgaria, the Mongol-Tatars, led by the grandson of Genghis Khan (he himself had already died) Batu Khan (Batu), attacked North-Eastern Rus' (10). The cities of Ryazan, Vladimir and others were taken by storm. In the battle on the river Sit (1238), the army of the great Vladimir prince Yuri Vsevolodovich was defeated, he himself died. The Russians desperately resisted (the squad of Evpaty Kolovrat and the seven-week defense of the city of Kozelsk were especially famous for their exploits), but the forces were unequal. Novgorod escaped general ruin, to which the Mongols did not reach for unclear reasons.

Having rested in the Volga steppes, Batu attacked South Rus' in 1240 (11). Kyiv and most of the cities of the Galicia-Volynsky principality fell. The Mongols invaded the countries of Central Europe, reached the Adriatic Sea, but then turned back for unclear reasons (possible versions: bleeding as a result of the heroic resistance of Russia; the desire of Batu and other Chingizids to participate in the election of a new Great Khan to replace the deceased).

Simultaneously with the Mongol invasion, Russia also experienced an onslaught from the West, but was able to repel it. In 1240, the young prince of Novgorod Alexander Yaroslavich (grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest) defeated the Swedish amphibious assault near the mouth of the Neva in the Battle of the Neva (12). For this victory, the prince received the nickname Nevsky. In 1242, he also inflicted a major defeat on the German crusaders in the Battle of the Ice (13). The northwestern borders of Russia have stabilized.

Meanwhile, Batu founded the Mongolian state centered on the Lower Volga, which went down in history as the ulus of Jochi (ie the possession of the descendants of Genghis Khan's eldest son Jochi), or the Golden Horde (14). He demanded from the Russian princes an expression of humility. On the other hand, the Pope expressed a desire to help the Russian principalities in the fight against the Mongols. Vladimir-Suzdal Prince Alexander Nevsky rejected Western aid, recognized the dependence of North-Eastern Russia and Novgorod on the Horde, and even helped the conquerors suppress liberation uprisings. On the contrary, Daniil of Galicia first agreed to an alliance with the West and even accepted the royal crown from the pope's envoy. However, not having received real military assistance, he also submitted to the Horde Khan. An important circumstance that influenced the choice of the Russian princes was that the Mongols, being pagans, did not impose their religion and culture, they treated the Orthodox Church with respect, and the West planted Catholicism in every possible way.

Ultimately, all these events led to the establishment of the Horde yoke (15). The components of this form of dependence of the Russian principalities on the Golden Horde were the annual payment of a huge tribute (“the Horde exit”), the issuance of yarlyks (letters) by the khan for the right to reign, periodic devastating raids on Russian lands. A census was conducted to collect tribute by scribes (census takers). Initially, the collection of tribute was carried out by special representatives of the khan (Baskaki), but after a series of uprisings, this function was transferred to the Russian princes themselves.

Economy and social relations. The Polovtsian raids and the struggle of the princes for Kyiv ruined the South of Rus'. People moved from here either to the Vladimir-Suzdal or Galicia-Volyn principalities (16), which is the reason for their strengthening. However, with the exception of the southern lands, the economy of Russia before the Mongol invasion developed successfully, even despite civil strife. Agriculture and crafts, as well as foreign trade, achieved great success. The path "from the Varangians to the Greeks" lost its former significance due to the decline of Byzantium, but the Volga-Baltic route, which passed through Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal Rus, functioned successfully. Along with handicrafts, crafts (furs, honey and wax of wild bees) provided important export products. In search of furs, Novgorodians, imposing tribute (yasak) on the local population, reached the White Sea.

By the beginning of the XII century. in general, the process of settling the warriors on the ground and turning them into landowners-boyars was completed (17). This process largely explains the emergence of fragmentation, because the combatants were interested in a strong central government that organizes successful military campaigns and distributes estates, and the boyars – in a stable local government that protects their fiefdoms. However, throughout the entire period, there was a struggle between the princes, who sought to strengthen their power, and the boyars, who sought to limit the power of the princes and introduce them into certain limits (18). At the same time, sometimes princes (for example, Andrei Bogolyubsky) tried to rely on small service people (nobles). Extreme cases: Novgorod (boyar republic) and Vladimir-Suzdal Rus (strong power of the prince).

The Mongol-Tatar invasion led to the decline of the economy (19), handicrafts were especially affected. The death of most of the old nobility and the establishment of the yoke contributed to the replacement of the old political traditions (in which the prince was perceived by the boyars as “first among equals”) with new ones (prince – master, all subjects – his servants) (20).

Culture. The era of fragmentation is characterized by the formation of independent cultural centers (while maintaining the all-Russian unity) (21). This played a particularly large role in the development of chronicles, literature, architecture and fine arts.

The largest literary work of the era is considered to be “The Tale of Igor's Campaign (22). Another major work of the era was created in North-Eastern Rus' – "Prayer" by Daniil Zatochnik, the author of which praised the princely power and spoke hostilely of the boyars.

With the formation of independent principalities, independent architectural schools arose. In Novgorod, the churches were built at the expense of the townspeople, were intended for everyday service, therefore they were relatively small and simple in decoration, squat, had powerful walls (example – Church of the Savior on Nereditsa) (23). The architecture of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus' developed under the influence of princely tastes, and the local buildings were distinguished by majesty and elegance (Uspensky and Demetrius Cathedral s in Vladimir, etc.) (24). An outstanding architectural monument of this period – Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, distinguished by exceptional elegance of proportions. Fresco painting and icon painting continued to develop everywhere, but only a few of them survived.

The Mongol invasion dealt a terrible blow to the development of culture (25). Suffice it to say that stone construction stopped for 50 years. The events of the invasion were reflected in a number of literary works, in particular in "The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu", which tells about the heroism of the defenders of the city and the exploits of the hero Yevpaty Kolovrat.

The era of the initial period of feudal fragmentation

Novgorod Veche.
Artist-wanderer Lebedev K.V. (1852-1916)

12th-13th centuries

This period in history Ancient Rus' – initial period of feudal fragmentation

During this period, the princes ruled:

• 1125-1157 - Yuri Dolgoruky
• 1157-1174 - Andrei Bogolyubsky
• 1176-1212 - Vsevolod the Big Nest
• 1216-1218 - Konstantin Vsevolodovich
• 1218-1238 - Yuri Vsevolodovich
• 1238-1246 - Yaroslav Vsevolodovich

• 1153-1187 - Yaroslav Osmomysl
• 1199-1205 - Roman Mstislavovich
• 1221-1246 - Daniel Romanovich

General characteristics of the era

The initial period of feudal fragmentation is one of the most difficult in the history of Rus'. It was at this time that the gradual fragmentation of huge Rus' into separate district principalities took place: if at first there were 15 of them, then by the 14th century there would be about 250.

The most notable events (phenomena, processes) of the period:

1. Negative

• The weakening of the military power of Rus'
• The gradual decline of the role of Kyiv
• Unsuccessful battle on the Kalka with the Mongol-Tatars, which ended in the defeat of Rus'
• Deterioration of people's lives due to constant civil strife

2.Positive

• Dawn of culture, especially architecture
• Opening of new trade routes
• Emergence of new political centers
• The emergence of new cities and the development of existing ones, the dawn of crafts in them.

Historical events (phenomena, processes)

1.The desire of the princes to strengthen the political unity of Rus'.

For this purpose, congresses of princes were held, at which the most important issues for all the princes were decided.

• 1079 - congress in Lyubech. Although the decision of the congress was to stop the strife, it was one of the reasons for the fragmentation (“everyone keeps his patrimony”). The congress could not prevent strife.
• 1100 - congress in Uvetichi (Vitichev congress), about the joint struggle against the Polovtsy and the cessation of strife.
• 1103 - Dolobsky Congress of Princes, the same goals (stopping strife, fighting the Polovtsy)

Explanation: data events - congresses of princes - can be described in the third period of history Kievan Rus, and in the period of feudal fragmentation. Therefore, in this article I give TR And events.

1. 2 . Further development of culture.

Fragmentation brought many troubles to Rus': devastation, destruction, death. However, during this period there were also positive developments. One of them is the development of culture. Each specific prince wanted to show his greatness, wealth, and the buildings of architecture, first of all, religious buildings - temples, cathedrals, churches - are very convenient for demonstrating their greatness.

3. Political and military weakening of Rus' in the face of a new enemy - the Mongol-Tatars.

In 1223 there was a battle on the Kalka River. Long-time enemies - Rusichs and Polovtsians - together opposed the troops of the then powerful Genghis Khan. However, the battle ended in defeat. It was necessary for the princes to learn from this: to unite to fight the enemy, to resolve the issues of the country's security. However, almost 15 years that were given to them for this, until Batu's invasion of Rus' in 1237, no conclusions were drawn, this battle of the princes did not teach anything.

Causal relationships

Causal links of these events.

1. Strange as it may sound, the common cause of these events is feudal fragmentation. The development of culture, especially its architecture, is a positive phenomenon of fragmentation, the result of a demonstration by princes of strength and wealth.

2. The defeat on the Kalka River is also the result of fragmentation, strife, and the isolation of princes. The absence of a single army, a common leadership led to a weakening of the military power of Rus', resulting in a defeat on the Kalka River, the death of half the princes and many soldiers.

Investigative connections of events.

The result of the events was:

1. Further separation of the princes, their isolation, the desire to pursue an independent policy, both economic, political, and policy in the field of cultural development.

2. Separation in all spheres led to the most difficult separation - to the lack of military unity, a single leadership, a single army. The troops of Batu took advantage of this, starting in 1237 their campaigns against Rus'.

Personalities associated with this era

Historical assessment of the significance of this period for the history of Russia

The period of feudal fragmentation was historically conditioned, prepared by a number of objective reasons. Its significance for the development of Rus' is ambiguous. On the one hand, it is a weakening of political unity. It was fragmentation that led to the yoke of the Golden Horde. And on the other hand, the presence of many positive phenomena that led to the development of culture, the emergence of many bright rulers, the development of cities.

The assessment of this period by historians is also ambiguous. Views are sometimes contradictory. So Gumilyov L.N. believed that fragmentation was the result of a decline in passionary energy, that is, the desire for renewal and development (“passionate, that is, with increased activity, energy). Therefore, these phenomena occurred in order for Rus' to be updated, this was the impetus for its further development.

Klyuchevsky V.O. called the “specific centuries” a difficult period, a period of trials, a crisis of central power, but at the same time this is a period of creating a new ethnic group - Russians, based on cultural unity, traditions, and mentality.

Material prepared: Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna

Hello, dear readers of the site! This post will deal with such difficult topics as the fragmentation of Rus' and the invasion from the East. Without further ado, we continue our preparation for the exam in history

Fragmentation in Rus':

As you remember from the previous post, Vladimir Monomakh was able to 1097 very successfully to stop Russian fragmentation for a while. But after the death of the prince in 1125 His son, Mstislav, ascended the throne of Kiev. Like his father, he kept the unity of the Russian lands for some time. After the death of Mstislav, Kievan Rus finally disintegrated into a dozen and a half principalities. A period of fragmentation or specific period has come.

Reasons for fragmentation:

1. An overgrown princely family;

2. The complexity of the order of succession to the throne;

3. The dominance of natural economy;

Fragmentation left some consequences in Russian history, both positive and negative:

Positive:

1. Each principality had its own chronicle, about its prince;

2. Each principality had its own cultural heritage: their temples, book business, crafts.

Negative:

1. External threat (weakness of each principality separately)

2. The constant strife of the princes for the territory;

In Russian fragmentation, the most powerful and occupying significant territories were the principalities:

- Vladimir-Suzdal;

- Galicia-Volynskoe;

- Novgorod boyar republic;

Let's give a description of each of these principalities:

1. Vladimir-Suzdal:

Geographical position: North-eastern part of the country.

Border with Novgorod lands, Smolensk principality

The most famous rulers of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality were Yuri Dolgoruky, Andrei Bogolyubsky and Vsevolod the Big Nest.

2. Galicia - Volyn principality:

Geographical position: northeastern slopes of the Carpathians and the area between the rivers Nestor and Prud

The most famous princes of the Galicia-Volyn principality were Yaroslav Osmomysl, Roman Mstislavich and Daniil Romanovich.

3. Novgorod Boyar Republic:

Geographical position: a vast territory from the Arctic Ocean to the upper reaches of the Volga; from the Baltic to the Urals.

Border: Smolensk principality, Vladimir-Suzdal principality.

The political system of the Novgorod Boyar Republic:

Mongol-Tatar invasion:

IN 1204-1205 Temujin (Genghis Khan) united the Mongol tribes and captured China, adopting wall-beating guns and gunpowder from them.

The Mongol-Tatars captured China, Korea, Central Asia, Iran and Transcaucasia.

The first clash of the Russian princes with the Mongols-Tatars was the battle on the Kalka River, which took place. in 1223.

Batu Khan's invasion of Rus' 1237-1240.

1237:

The defeat of the Ryazan principality;

1238:

Capture of Vladimir-Suzdal land;

The battle on the City River, during which the prince was killed and his troops defeated (Yuri Vsevolodovich);

Defense of Kozelsk ("Evil City");

1239:

The defeat of South Rus' and the Chernigov principality;

1240 YEAR:

The capture of the Kyiv principality - the defeat of Rus';

Reasons for the defeat of Rus':

1. Feudal fragmentation and feuds between princes

2. The superiority of the Mongols in military art, the presence of an experienced and numerous army

Invasion results:

1. Batu founded the Mongolian state of the Golden Horde on the territory from the Danube to the Irtysh

2. In Rus', the Mongol - Tatar yoke was established - from 1240 to 1480(240 years old)

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Note:

This option test items compiled on the topic "Feudal fragmentation" in the USE format. Detailed answers are given, as well as material for historical essay by topic:

1125-1157 - the period of the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky

1157-1174 - the period of the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky

Testing will help in preparing for the exam.

The copy version is convenient for using the material in the lessons.

1

Arrange historical events in chronological order. Write down the numbers that indicate historical events in the correct sequence in the table.

1) The capture of Constantinople by the crusaders.

2) Conditional date of the beginning of fragmentation.

3) The first mention of Moscow.

Answer:

Correct answer

Correct answer t:231

Explanation.

1) The capture of Constantinople by the crusaders - 1204.

2) The conditional date of the beginning of fragmentation is 1132.

3) The first mention of Moscow-1147.

2

Establish a correspondence between events and years: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters

Answer:

Correct answer

1123 - Battle of the Kalka.

1238 - battle on the river Sit.

3

Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the events of feudal fragmentation:

1) lot; 2) economic isolation; 3) political weakening of the state; 4) Christianization; 5 feudal war); 6) estate

Find and write down the serial numbers of terms related to another historical period.

Answer:

Correct answer

Correct answer:46

4- adoption of Christianity in Rus' by Vladimir in 988

6- the estate is a land ownership, which became so called after the legal merger of the estate and the estate, which took place under Peter 1, in the 17th century.

4

Write down the term you are talking about.

The process of economic strengthening and political isolation of feudal estates.

Answer:

Correct answer

feudal fragmentation

5

Establish a correspondence between processes (phenomena, events) and facts related to these processes (phenomena, events): for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second

A

B

IN

Correct answer

Correct answer:425

Explanation.

1. Dudenev's army in 1293

3.Nevryuev's army in 1252

6. Dolobsky congress of princes in 1103

6

Establish a correspondence between fragments of historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment, indicated by a letter, select two corresponding characteristics, indicated by numbers.

FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES

“They struck the veche bell: the terrible hour of the people's judgment has come. From all sides fled to Hagia Sophia to decide the fate of the Fatherland. The first definition of this noisy veche was to expel Yaroslav .... they handed the prince a letter of accusation: “Why did you take possession of the court of Mortkinich? Why did he take silver from the boyars Nikifor, Roman and Bartholomew? Why are you bringing foreigners out of here? May there now be an end to your violence! Go wherever you want, and we will find ourselves a prince.

“Svyatopolk came, and Vladimir, and Davyd Igorevich, and Vasilko Rostislavich, and Davyd Svyatoslavich, and his brother Oleg, and gathered for a council in Lyubech to establish peace, and said to each other: “Why are we destroying the Russian land, arranging strife among ourselves ? And the Polovtsy are carrying our land in different ways and are glad that wars are going on between us. Yes, from now on, let us unite with one heart and observe the Russian land, and let everyone own his own patrimony ... "

CHARACTERISTICS

1) The purpose of this event is to prevent civil strife.

2) In the principality of this period, the power of the prince was still strong.

3) The events took place in the 10th century.

4) The congress could not prevent fragmentation, but only brought it closer.

5) The veche had legislative power in this principality.

6) The prince was not a ruler, but only a military leader, appointed and removed.

Fragment A		Fragment B

Answer:

Correct answer

Correct answer:

Explanation.

1. About the expulsion of the prince and the establishment of the Novgorod Republic.

2. Lubech Congress.

7 HERE ALL TASK

Which of the following refers to the causes of feudal fragmentation in Rus'? Choose three answers and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) The growth of land ownership of the feudal lords.

2) Strengthening the role of Kyiv.

3) The desire of the princes to join forces to repulse the nomads.

4) Natural economy.

5) The presence of a single religion - Christianity.

6) Gradual decline in the role of the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks", the emergence of new routes.

Answer:

Correct answer

8

Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the list of missing elements below: for each sentence marked with a letter and containing a gap, choose the number of the element you want.

A) ______________ was built in honor of the victory over the Bulgars.

B) Under the prince, during whose reign ____________ became the capital of the principality, the combatants became not vassals, but servants.

C) During the battle at ________________, Konstantin Vsevolodovich became the Grand Prince of Vladimir.

Missing items:

1) Vladimir.

2) Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.

3) Tithe church.

5) Mstislav the Great.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

Answer:

Correct answer

9

Establish a correspondence between events and participants in these events: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

A

B

IN

G

Correct answer

10

Read the passage and write the name of the prince in question.

“As one of the younger Monomakhoviches, he inherited the Rostov-Suzdal region, in which his activities were focused mainly on the construction and strengthening of cities, the foundation of churches and monasteries. His sympathies entirely belonged to Kievan Rus, where he constantly aspired.

Answer:

Correct answer

Correct answer: Yuri Dolgoruky.

11

Fill in the blank cells of the table using the list of missing elements below: for each gap marked with a letter, select the number of the required element.

Missing items:

1) 4th crusade.

2) Ice battle.

3) The struggle for power of the children of Vsevolod the Big Nest.

4) The reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky.

6) The death of Roman Mstislavovich, who united the Galician and Volyn principalities in 1199.

7) The first mention of Moscow.

9) The end of the rule in the Latin Empire of Baldwin of Flanders

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

A

B

IN

G

D

E

Correct answer

Correct answer:

Explanation.

1.4th Crusade

3. Vsevolod the Big Nest died in 1212. Until 1216 there was a struggle for the power of his children, and only in 1216 in the battle on the river. Lipits was defeated by Konstantin Vsevolodovich.

4. Andrei Bogolyubsky ruled in 1157-1174

5.1204 - Capture of Constantinople by the crusaders

6. The death of Roman Mstislavovich, who united the Galician and Volyn principalities in 1199. Ruled in 1199-1205

7. The first mention of Moscow in 1147

8.1202-1204, precisely as a result of the 4th crusade Constantinople was taken by the crusaders

9. Baldwin of Flanders - the first emperor of the Latin Empire (1204-1205)

12

Read an extract from a historical source.

“The economic power and high social position of these people contributed to their active actions against the princely power in Novgorod already at the end of the 11th and beginning of the 12th century, in the Rostov-Suzdal and Galicia-Volyn principalities in the second half of the 12th century, which was a manifestation of intra-class antagonism, growing with the formation of this class-estate.

Using the passage and knowledge of history, select from the list provided three correct statements.

Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) We are talking about the period of formation of a centralized state in Rus'.

2) In one of the principalities mentioned in the passage, aristocratic republican rule developed.

3) One of the Grand Dukes of this period was Vladimir Monomakh.

4) In the passage we are talking about the boyars.

5) Militarily, Rus' of this period is a strong and powerful state.

6) The period referred to in the passage is called the period of feudal fragmentation in history.

A. Answer:

Correct answer

Correct answer:246

Explanation.

1. No, the centralization of the state will begin in the 14th century.

2. Yes, in the Novgorod Republic.

3. No, Vladimir Monomakh ruled in 1113-1125, and fragmentation began in 1132.

5. No, Rus' militarily weakened during the period of fragmentation.

13

Write the name of the period in the history of Rus', which is shown on the map.

Answer:

Correct answer

feudal fragmentation

14

Write the number that indicates the principality, which later became one of the most influential in Rus'.

Answer:

Correct answer

Answer:1

Explanation.

The Vladimir-Suzdal kanyazhestovo will become one of the greatest, the process of unification will begin around it.

15

Indicate the name of the city in which a republican form of government existed during this period.

Answer:

Correct answer

Novgorod

16

What judgments related to the events indicated in the diagram are correct? Choose three sentences from the six offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) This period began during the reign of Vladimir Monomakh.

2) During this period, there was a flourishing of culture in individual principalities.

3) The power of the Kyiv prince was great, he had a single army capable of repelling the raids of nomads.

4) Gradual decline in the role of Kyiv.

5) Strengthening the political unity of Rus'.

6) Significant weakening of Rus' militarily.

Answer:

Correct answer

Answer: 246

Explanation:

1) This period began during the reign of Vladimir Monomakh. NO. The period of fragmentation began in 1132, after the death of V. Monomakh's son, Mstislav.

2) During this period, there was a flourishing of culture in individual principalities. YES.

3) The power of the Kyiv prince was great, he had a single army capable of repelling the raids of nomads. NO. During this period, military power was weakened.

4) Gradual decline in the role of Kiev. YES.

5) Strengthening the political unity of Russia. NO.

6) Significant weakening of Rus' militarily. YES.

17

Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

A

B

IN

G

Correct answer

ANSWER: 4521

18

What judgments about this architectural monument are correct? Choose two sentences from the five offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) There was a monument in the Novgorod land.

2) An architectural monument was built during the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky.

3) The architectural monument was built during the reign of Vsevolod the Big Nest.

4) The monument was built in honor of the victory over the Pechenegs.

5) The monument is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Answer:

Correct answer

Answer:25

Explanation.

1. No, in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.

2. Yes, Andrei Bogolyubsky ruled in 1157-1174, and the Golden Gate in Vladimir was built precisely in this period - in 1164.

3. No, Vsevolod the Big Nest ruled earlier.

4. The victory over the Pechenegs was in 1036, much earlier.

5. Yes, included in 1992

19

Which of the architectural monuments were built in the same century as the monument referred to in task No. 18? In your answer, write down the two numbers that indicate these monuments.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Answer:

Correct answer

Explanation.

1. Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, 1198.

2. Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir. 1158-1189.

3. Annunciation Cathedral in Moscow, 1489.

4. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod, 1045-1050.

To write down the answers to the tasks of this part (21–29), use the ANSWER FORM No. 2. First write down the task number (21, 22, etc.), and then the detailed answer to it. Write your answers clearly and legibly.

Read an extract from a historical source and briefly answer the questions questions 20–22. The answers assume the use of information from the source, as well as the application of historical knowledge in the course of the history of the corresponding period.

Specific (from the word destiny) period was established in Rus' in the middle of the XII century. By this time, a large patrimonial land ownership had finally taken shape. In the feudal estates, as well as in individual peasant communities, subsistence farming dominated, and only military force kept them within the framework of a single state. With the development of feudal landownership, each land had the opportunity to secede and exist as an independent principality. In the estates, the local boyars were formed, which was the main economic and political force of that time. The boyars were interested in strong princely power in the localities, because this made it possible to quickly resolve various issues, primarily to keep the peasants in subjection. Local feudal lords (boyars) were increasingly striving for independence from Kyiv, which is why they supported the military power of their prince. It can be said that the main force of separation was the boyars. And the local princes, relying on him, were able to establish power, each in his own land. Subsequently, the struggle for power intensified between the boyars and the princes. In different lands it had a different character. For example, in Novgorod, and later in Pskov, the boyars managed to subjugate the princes and establish the so-called boyar feudal republics. In other lands, where the princes were able to subdue the boyars, the power of the princes was stronger.

20

Indicate the centuries within which the events mentioned in the article took place. Specify the name of this period. Name at least three rulers - prominent personalities of this period.

Answer:

Correct answer

Answer.

The period of feudal fragmentation.

Andrey Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod the Big Nest, Daniil Romanovich Galitsky.

21 What reasons for this event are mentioned in the article? Give any three reasons.

Answer:

Correct answer

Answer.

The article names the following reasons for feudal fragmentation:

1.large patrimonial agriculture;

2.dominance of natural economy;

3. the desire of local princes for independence from the Kyiv prince.

22 What are the results of this period in the history of Rus'? When drawing on historical knowledge, list at least two.

Answer:

Correct answer

Answer.

results of feudal fragmentation.

1. The weakening of the military power of Rus'.

2. The flourishing of culture.

23

A republic was established in the Novgorod land in 1136. Explain what were the features of the government in it? Why did this become possible? (Give three explanations.)

Answer:

Correct answer

Answer.

Peculiarities government in the Novgorod Republic: legislative power - in the aristocratic veche, the election of a prince, a posadnik (head of executive power), judicial power - in the archbishop, developed self-government, etc.

Causes establishment of republican rule in Novgorod:

1.powerful trade and business layers in Novgorod, the development of trade, which contributed to the strengthening of the role of the boyars, the wealthy urban population;

2. the remote position of Novgorod freed him from the direct pressure of the prince and his squad, allowed him to develop more independently.

24

There are debatable problems in historical science, on which different, often contradictory points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view that exist in historical science.

“Feudal fragmentation was a new, higher stage in the development of feudal society and the state ...

(A.K.Leontiev, historian)

Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can support this point of view, and two arguments that can refute it. When presenting arguments, be sure to use historical facts.

Write your answer in the following form.

Arguments to support:

Arguments in rebuttal:

Answer:

Correct answer

Answer.

Arguments in confirmation:

1) the emergence of new trade routes, new centers of craft and trade;

2) the growth of cities, the development of culture in them.

Arguments in rebuttal:

1) weakening of economic and political power as a result of constant internecine wars;

2) the weakening of military power, the lack of a single army, which made the country vulnerable to enemies.

25

You need to write a historical essay about ONE of the periods in the history of Russia:

• 1132-1237
• 1125-1157
• 1157-1174

The essay must:

- indicate at least two significant events (phenomena, processes),

relating to a given period of history;

- name two historical figures whose activities are associated with the indicated events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the roles of the individuals you named in these events (phenomena, processes);

Attention!

When characterizing the role of each person named by you, it is necessary to indicate the specific actions of this person that significantly influenced the course and (or) result of the indicated events (processes, phenomena).

- indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships that characterize the causes of the occurrence of events (phenomena, processes) that occurred in the given period;

- using knowledge of historical facts and (or) opinions of historians, evaluate the impact of events (phenomena, processes) of this period on the further history of Russia.

In the course of the presentation, it is necessary to correctly use historical terms, concepts related to this period.

Answer:

Correct answer

1132-1237 - a period of fragmentation in Rus' before the invasion of Batu.

1125-1157 - the period of the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky.

1157-1174 - the period of the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky.

Material for a historical essay: policies that can be described, individuals who played an important role in these events.

1) 1132-1237 - a period of fragmentation in Rus' before the invasion of Batu.

The following events of this period can be described.

1.1176-1212 - the period of the highest prosperity of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Activities of Vsevolod the Big Nest.

Personality: Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176-1212).

The power of the prince extended to the whole of Rus'. He was its de facto ruler. He was assisted by his sons, whom the prince appointed governors in large cities. It was under him that the title Grand Duke of Vladimir appeared. He led a successful foreign policy, having a powerful, strong, combat-ready army: he fought with the Bulgars and Polovtsians. He had authority in Rus' as a talented military leader, a far-sighted politician who strengthened the power of Rus'.

1. The unification of the Galician and Volhynian principalities by Roman Mstislavovich in 1199

Personality: Roman Mstislavovich (1199-1205)

One of the strong and significant principalities in the period of fragmentation was Galicia-Volyn. played an important role in strengthening Roman Mstislavovich, who united the Galician and Volyn principalities in 1199, strengthened a single principality, had a powerful army, and even captured Kyiv in 1203, taking the title of Grand Duke. In foreign policy, he adhered to the traditions of aggressive campaigns, and their combination with diplomatic relations with countries.

Thus, during the period of feudal fragmentation, a number of bright personalities stood out who had the talent of military leaders, who managed to significantly strengthen their principalities and achieve their heyday. However, the invasion of Batu did not allow this power to be preserved, but led to ruin. Many decades had to pass before the principalities gradually began to revive and the leading role was taken by Moscow.

2) 1125-1157 - the period of the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky

1. Strengthening the power of the prince, the struggle for a great reign.

Personalities: Yuri Dolgoruky, Izyaslav Mstislavovich.

Izyaslav Mstislavovich, Grand Duke of Kiev in 1151-1154, grandson of Vladimir Monomakh. All the years of the great reign passed in a continuous struggle with rivals, among whom was Yuri Dolgoruky. The inhabitants of Kyiv supported him, they did not like the Suzdal Yuri, who had already ruled Kiev twice before: half a year in 1149-1150 and less than six months in 1150-1151. In the fight against Izyaslav, Yuri failed. And only in last years life (1155-1157) the third time he will become the head of this principality. Yuri more than once during the reign of Izyaslav tried to seize power: he was defeated twice in 1151 - on the Ruta River and near Kiev; an attempt in 1152 was also unsuccessful. So, under Izyaslav, Yuri was never able to capture Kiev. Izyaslav was distinguished not only by insight, military talent, but also by the ability to rely on the people of Kiev, which brought him good luck.

All this struggle for the throne of Kiev testifies to the great desire of Yuri to own all of Russia, it is no coincidence that the people called him Dolgoruky.

2. Active urban development.

Personality: Prince Yuri Dolgoruky.

At Yuri Dolgoruky many cities were built, including Peryaslavl-Zalessky, Yuryev-Polsky, Dmitrov (in 1154 in honor of the birth of his son Vsevolod the Big Nest, in baptism - Dmitry). Cities in those days were also fortresses, so their construction significantly strengthened the security of the principality .

I would like to separately note that 1147 is the year of the first mention of Moscow, therefore Yuri Dolgoruky is considered its founder. In 1156 he surrounded it with a moat and wooden walls.

The results of the activities of Yuri Dolgoruky.

• Significantly strengthened power, achieved the Great Kievan reign, although only for three years.
• He strengthened the economy of the principality, developed the northeastern lands, built fortress cities.
• Founded Moscow - the future capital of Russia.
• He led a successful foreign policy, ensured calm on the southern and eastern borders.

3) 1157-1174 - the period of the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky

The following activities of the prince can be described.

1. An attempt to make Vladimir the spiritual center of Rus'.

Personality: Andrey Bogolyubsky, Luka Chrysoverg.

Andrei Bogolyubsky understood how important the church was. Therefore, in 1160, he made an attempt to make Vladimir the religious center of Rus'. He wanted to establish a metropolis on his lands, independent of Kyiv. However, consent to this from the Patriarch of Byzantium Bows of Chrysoverg did not receive, he even refused to consecrate Theodore, the candidate Andrei Bogolyubsky, as a Rostov bishop, but put a Byzantine here Leona. Luke Chrysoverg understood that the influence of Byzantium could weaken in this way.

But the prince managed to contribute to strengthening the influence of the church, he relied on it in his reign: he introduced new holidays (Savior and Intercession), the icon of the Vladimir Mother of God was transported to Vladimir from Vyshgorod. Being a deeply religious person, he did a lot for the development of Christian culture.

2. Further development of culture

Personality: Andrei Bogolyubsky.

Under the prince, many of the greatest architectural monuments were built, which today amaze with their grandeur and beauty: the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, the Church of the Nativity Holy Mother of God, Golden Gates in Vladimir, Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir. Andrei Bogolyubsky invited Western European Byzantine masters, he wanted to free himself from the influence of Byzantium. At the same time, the traditions of national architecture continued. Under him, the beginning of white-stone construction was laid.

Thus, under Andrei Bogolyubsky, the power of the prince, who relied on the church, was significantly strengthened, the beginning of autocracy was laid; happened further development culture, its distinctive features developed, a successful foreign and domestic policy was conducted.

Author information

Kozina Tatyana Gennadievna

Place of work, position:

MBU lyceum №51, history teacher

Samara Region

Resource characteristics

Levels of education:

Secondary (complete) general education

Class(es):

Item(s):

Story

The target audience:

Learner (student)

The target audience:

Teacher (teacher)

Resource for a specialized school:

Resource for specialized school

Resource type:

Brief description of the resource:

The test on the topic "Feudal Fragmentation" can be used in classes studying history at profile level for independent work and in preparation for the exam.

Feudal fragmentation

1. Rus' entered a period of political fragmentation in

2) 30s. XII century;

3) the end of the 13th century;

4) the beginning of the XIV century.

2. Which of the princes fought for the throne of Kiev for ten years, was three times recognized as the prince of Kyiv?

1) Yuri Dolgoruky;

2) Svyatoslav Olgovich;

3) Yaroslav Osmomysl;

4) Mstislav Vladimirovich.

3. After the collapse of Ancient Rus' into principalities and lands, the first among other principalities was considered

1) Chernihiv;

2) Polotsk;

3) Kiev;

4) Suzdal.

4. The decline in the role of Kyiv and the rise of new centers was not due

1) Polovtsian raids;

2) folding the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks";

3) movement of trade routes;

4) population migration to more protected areas.

5. The special role of Novgorod in Russian history was that it

1) was subjected to constant raids by the Polovtsians;

2) it housed the residence of the metropolitan;

3) it was located in the center of important trade routes;

4) was the most ancient Russian city.

6. Specify the form of government established in Novgorod inXIIV.

1) absolute monarchy;

2) parliamentary monarchy;

3) an aristocratic republic;

4) a democratic republic.

7. The date of foundation of Moscow is considered

8. Establish a correspondence between the names of the princes and their characteristics.

NAMES OF PRINCES CHARACTERISTICS

1) Yuri Dolgoruky; A) fought with the brothers for the preservation of the throne,

2) Andrei Bogolyubsky; inherited from the father;

3) Vsevolod the Big Nest; B) founded cities in the Suzdal land, fought for Kiev

4) Yuri Vsevolodovich. throne;

C) was considered the most powerful prince

Rus', his army "could scoop the Don with helmets";

D) moved the capital of the principality to the city

Vladimir-on-Klyazma and founded

Church of the Intercession on the Nerl

9. Specify the reasons for the rise of the Vladimir-Suzdal land:

A) proximity to the steppe;

B) protection from external enemies by dense forests;

C) an abundance of arable fertile land;

D) access to the Baltic Sea;

E) colonization of the interfluve of the Volga and Oka.

10. Establish a correspondence between the position in Novgorod and job responsibilities.

POSITION RESPONSIBILITIES

1) posadnik; A) was engaged in the collection of taxes and city

2) thousand; militia;

3) archbishop; B) headed the city administration;

4) prince. B) was the leader of the squad;

D) dealt with foreign policy issues, disposed of the treasury,

presided over the ecclesiastical court

11. Establish a correspondence between the specific manifestations of the consequences of the fragmentation of Rus' and their characteristics.

MANIFESTATIONS NATURE OF CONSEQUENCES

1) the preservation of all wealth in separate

principalities and lands; A) negative

2) weakening of defense capability; B) positive.

3) the growth of inter-princely strife;

4) development of local book schools,

architecture, iconography.

12. The following factors prevented the complete collapse of Rus':

A) the difference in natural and economic conditions in the lands;

C) the formation of a trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks";

D) a single all-Russian church organization;

E) agreements between the princes on the joint struggle against the Polovtsy.

13. Highlight three reasons for the separation of Russian lands from Kyiv:

A) the formation of the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks";

B) the growth of patrimonial land ownership;

C) movement of trade routes;

D) urban development;

D) the decomposition of the tribal community.

14. Specify the features of ancient Russian culture:

A) the influence of Byzantine culture;

B) the interweaving of Christian and pagan traditions;

C) the decisive influence of the steppe culture;

D) the unity of the language, way of life, way of life of the people;

D) ancient heritage.

1) AGD 2) IOP 3) BVD 4) ABG

15. Establish a correspondence between terms and definitions.

TERMS OF DEFINITION

1) epic; A) the genre of Russian epic songs - legends about heroes;

2) chronicle; B) biographies of clergy and secular persons canonized by the Christian

3) lives of saints; church;

4) walking. C) instruction to children;

D) weather record of historical events;

D) a genre of ancient Russian literature, which is

travel descriptions.

16. Match terms and definitions

TERMS OF DEFINITION

1) relief; A) a pictorial representation of God or a saint, which is the subject of a religious

worship;

2) fresco; B) painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water;

3) mosaic; C) an image or pattern made of colored stones, smalt, etc.;

4) icon. D) a type of sculpture in which the image is convex (or recessed)

in relation to the background plane;

D) the legend of the saints.