Test on the topic of the period of feudal fragmentation. Golden Gate in Vladimir. Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir

Causes of feudal fragmentation in Rus':

1. The dominance of subsistence farming and, as a result, weak economic ties between the regions of the state.
2. Strengthening of individual principalities, the rulers of which no longer want to obey the Kyiv prince. Constant strife.
3. The strengthening of feudal estates and the growth of boyar separatism.
4. The strengthening of trading cities that did not want to pay tribute to a single ruler.
5. The absence of strong external enemies, which would require a united army led by a single ruler to fight.

The meaning of feudal fragmentation:

1. Conditions have been created for the original socio-economic and political development of certain regions of the country.
2. There is a flourishing of cities, confirming this given to Rus' in Western Europe name - Gardarika - the country of cities.
3. The formation of the three great East Slavic peoples begins - Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian. The Old Russian language has existed since the 13th century.
4. The defense capability of the Russian lands sharply weakened.
5. There is an increase in princely strife.

Features of feudal fragmentation:

1. Unlike Medieval Europe, in Rus' there was no generally recognized political center (capital). The throne of Kiev quickly fell into decay. At the beginning of the XIII century, Vladimir princes began to be called Great.
2. The rulers in all the lands of Rus' belonged to the same dynasty.

When the process of unification of Russian lands begins, these features will lead to a tense struggle between individual principalities for the status of the capital of a single state. In most other European countries, the question of choosing a capital was not raised (France - Paris, England - London, etc.).

During the period of feudal fragmentation, against the backdrop of numerous, constantly shrinking destinies, several lands acquired a very special significance.

First of all, this is the ancient land of the Krivichi and Vyatichi, located in the north-east of Rus'. Due to the low fertility of the lands, the colonization of these areas began only at the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th centuries, when people moved here from the south, fleeing the raids of nomads and the oppression of the boyars-patrimonials. Late colonization also led to a later charm (in the middle of the 12th century), therefore, in North-Eastern Rus', a strong boyar opposition did not have time to form by the beginning of fragmentation. In this region, the Vladimir-Suzdal (Rostov-Suzdal) state arose with a strong princely power.

1132 – 1157 gg. - the reign of the son of Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky. Remaining a prince of the old school, he continued the struggle for the throne of the grand duke, clearly overestimating its importance. He managed to conquer Kyiv twice in 1153 and 1155. Poisoned by Kievan boyars. In connection with his name, Tula (1146) and Moscow ( 1147 G.)

1157 – 1174 gg. - the reign of the son of Yuri Andrei Bogolyubsky. He abandoned the struggle for the throne of Kiev and waged active internecine wars. 1164 - campaign in Bulgaria. In honor of the victory and in memory of his son, he built the Cathedral of the Intercession on the Nerl ( 1165g.). In 1169, he took Kyiv, but he did not rule there, but subjected him to demonstrative ruin. Moved the capital from Suzdal to Vladimir. He was distinguished by suspicion and cruelty, for which he was killed by servants.

From 1174 to 1176 - the reign of Mikhail Yurievich.

1176 – 1212 gg. - the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky's brother Vsevolod Yuryevich Big Nest. The common ancestor of almost all future princes - hence the nickname. Under him, the state reached its peak, but collapsed shortly after his death. It was under Vsevolod that the throne of Vladimir acquired the status of a grand prince (1212), later the metropolitan's headquarters was transferred to Vladimir. Known for his great prestige among his contemporaries. Author of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" ( 1187 d.) wrote about Vsevolod that his squad could "scoop out the Don with helmets, and splash the Volga with oars."

In completely different conditions was the southwestern, Galicia-Volyn Rus. The mild climate and fertile lands have always attracted a mass of agricultural population here. At the same time, this flourishing land was constantly subjected to raids by neighbors - Poles, Hungarians, nomadic steppe dwellers. In addition, due to early charm, a strong boyar opposition formed early here.

Initially, the Galician and Volyn principalities existed as independent states. In an effort to stop the boyar strife, the rulers of these lands, especially Yaroslav Osmomysl Galitsky, more than once tried to unite them. This problem has only been solved in 1199 Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich. After his death in 1205, the boyars seized power in the principality, for a long time turning it into a series of small, hostile destinies. Only in 1238 the son and heir of Roman Daniel ( Daniel Galitsky) returned power and became one of the most powerful Russian princes - Daniel became the only prince in Rus' to whom the Pope sent the royal crown.

To the north of the Vladimir-Suzdal land was the vast Novgorod land. The climate and soils here were even less suitable for agriculture than in the northeast. But the ancient center of these lands - Novgorod - was located at the beginning of one of the most important trade routes of that time - "from the Varangians to the Greeks" (ie from Scandinavia to Byzantium). The ancient trade route went like this: from the Baltic to the Neva, then to Ladoga lake, then - along the Volkhov River (through Novgorod), - to Ilmen Lake, from there - to the Lovat River, then - by dragging, to the Dnieper, and from there - to the Black Sea. The proximity of the trade route turned Novgorod into one of the most important trading centers of Medieval Europe.

Successful trade and the absence of strong external enemies (and, therefore, the absence of the need for their own princely dynasty) led to the formation of a special state system in Novgorod - feudal (aristocratic) republic. The date of the beginning of the republican period of its history is considered to be 1136 g. - the uprising of the Novgorodians against the grandson of Monomakh Vsevolod Mstislavich. The main role in this state was played by a layer of Novgorod boyars. Unlike the boyars in other lands, the Novgorod ones were not related to the squad, but were descendants of the tribal nobility of the Ilmen Slavs.

The supreme body of power in Novgorod was the veche - an assembly of the richest boyars (“three hundred golden belts”), which decided critical issues and elected senior officials: posadnik who judged and ruled Novgorod, thousandth, who headed the tax system and the militia; masters y - bishop (later - archbishop) - who led the white clergy, was in charge of the treasury and foreign policy, as well as archimandrite- the head of the black clergy. The prince was called to Novgorod. The functions of the prince were limited: the city needed him as a commander of a squad and a formal recipient of tribute from the Novgorod lands. Any attempt by the prince to interfere in the internal affairs of Novgorod inevitably ended in his exile.

Culture of the Old Russian state (IX - 3O-ies of the XII century)

Old Russian culture was the result of a complex synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic spiritual traditions. Slavic culture has its roots in the ancient pagan era. Paganism - a complex of primitive beliefs and rituals - had its own history. At first, the Slavs, obviously, animated various elements, worshiped the spirits of forests, water sources, the sun, thunderstorms, etc. Gradually, Rod, an agricultural deity, the god of fertility in general, and goddesses of fertility closely related to him, women in childbirth, acquired great importance. With the formation of state relations, the cult of Perun, the princely retinue god of war, came to the fore (originally revered as the god of thunder and rain). Veles, the god of cattle breeding, and Svarog, the god of the sun and light, were also revered.

In the X-XI centuries. develops epic epic associated with the formation of the Kievan state, protecting it from enemies. In the tenth century writing penetrates into Rus' - the Cyrillic alphabet, created by the Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius.

played an important role in Russian literature annals: in addition to weather records about the most important events, the annals included poetic legends and traditions: about the calling of the Varangians, the campaign of Prince Oleg against Constantinople, etc. The most significant monument is the "Tale of Bygone Years" compiled around 1113 by Nestor, a monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery. As Rus' fragmented, chronicle writing lost its all-Russian character, breaking up into Vladimir-Suzdal, Galicia-Volyn chronicles, etc.

The adoption of Christianity gave a powerful impetus to the development of culture. The 11th century is the time of the birth of ancient Russian literature. The oldest work known to us "A Word on Law and Grace"(1049) the future Metropolitan Hilarion. In 1073, by order of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, the first Izbornik was compiled - a collection of texts of religious and secular content, intended for reading. Lives of saints played a big role in ancient literature; Princes Boris and Gleb, the sons of Vladimir, who were killed by their half-brother Svyatopolk, were especially revered in Rus'. Their lives were written by Nestor, the author of The Tale of Bygone Years. A brilliant example of secular literature was Vladimir Monomakh's "Instruction" (late 11th - early 12th century) - a story about his life as a wise statesman who fought for the unity of Rus'. The idea of ​​uniting the forces of Rus' to fight the Steppe permeates "The Word of Igor's Campaign". (1187 G.). Interesting "Prayer" Daniil Zatochnik (beginning of the 12th century), an impoverished petty feudal lord who complains to the prince about boyar arbitrariness and asks him for mercy.

Whatever genre a literary work belongs to, its text is always supplied with colorful miniatures- illustrations in handwritten books.

IN Kievan Rus jewelery technology reaches its peak:

• Filigree (finift) - finishing the product with a pattern of twisted wire, wire lace.
• Grain - the finest pattern is formed by soldering thousands of tiny balls.
• Niello - creating a pattern on jewelry by etching.
• Enamel (cloisonne enamel) - obtaining a pattern by applying a glassy mass to the metal.
• Engraving is a carved image on metal.

With the adoption of Christianity, stone, primarily church, architecture was developed. Used as the main building material plinth- A type of brick. From Byzantium as a model was borrowed cross-domed type of temple (four arches, grouped in the center of the temple, gave a cruciform structure in plan), but in Rus' it received a peculiar development. So, the most grandiose architectural monument of Kievan Rus - the 13-domed St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev (1037) had a pronounced stepped-pyramidal composition, which, like many-domed, was unusual for Byzantine churches. According to a somewhat simplified model of Kyiv Sophia, Sophia Cathedrals were built in Novgorod and Polotsk (XI century). Gradually, Russian architecture receives an increasing variety of forms. In Novgorod in the XII-XIII centuries. many churches are being created - Boris and Gleb in Detinets, Spas-Nereditsa, Paraskeva Pyatnitsa, etc., which, when small sizes and maximum simplicity of decoration possess striking beauty and majesty. In the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, a peculiar type of architecture was taking shape, distinguished by the elegance of proportions and the elegance of decor, in particular, white stone carvings: the Assumption and Demetrius Cathedral s in Vladimir, Church of the Intercession Holy Mother of God on the Nerl.

During the heyday of Kievan Rus, the first place belonged to monumental painting - mosaic and fresco. In Kyiv's Sophia, mosaics covered the dome (Christ the Pantocrator) and the altar (Our Lady of Oranta); the rest of the temple was covered with frescoes - scenes from the life of Christ, saints, images of preachers, as well as secular subjects: group portraits of Yaroslav the Wise with his family, episodes of court life. Of the later examples of monumental painting, the most famous are the frescoes of the Church of the Savior-Nereditsa and the St. Demetrius Cathedral. Original Russian works of icon painting are known only from the 12th century. the Novgorod school (the Savior Not Made by Hands, the Assumption, the Angel of Golden Hair) gained great fame at that time.

The Christianization of Rus' gradually led to the decline of sculpture, whose works were associated with pagan idols.

Author information

Kozina Tatyana Gennadievna

Place of work, position:

MBU lyceum №51, history teacher

Samara Region

Resource characteristics

Levels of education:

Secondary (complete) general education

Class(es):

Item(s):

Story

The target audience:

Learner (student)

The target audience:

Teacher (teacher)

Resource for a specialized school:

Resource for specialized school

Resource type:

Brief description of the resource:

The test on the topic "Feudal Fragmentation" can be used in classes studying history at profile level for independent work and in preparation for the exam.

Feudal fragmentation

1. Rus' entered a period of political fragmentation in

2) 30s. XII century;

3) the end of the 13th century;

4) the beginning of the XIV century.

2. Which of the princes fought for the throne of Kiev for ten years, was three times recognized as the prince of Kyiv?

1) Yuri Dolgoruky;

2) Svyatoslav Olgovich;

3) Yaroslav Osmomysl;

4) Mstislav Vladimirovich.

3. After the breakup Ancient Rus' to principalities and lands, the first among other principalities was considered

1) Chernihiv;

2) Polotsk;

3) Kiev;

4) Suzdal.

4. The decline in the role of Kyiv and the rise of new centers was not due

1) Polovtsian raids;

2) folding the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks";

3) movement of trade routes;

4) population migration to more protected areas.

5. The special role of Novgorod in Russian history was that it

1) was subjected to constant raids by the Polovtsians;

2) it housed the residence of the metropolitan;

3) it was located in the center of important trade routes;

4) was the most ancient Russian city.

6. Specify the form of government established in Novgorod inXIIV.

1) absolute monarchy;

2) parliamentary monarchy;

3) an aristocratic republic;

4) a democratic republic.

7. The date of foundation of Moscow is considered

8. Establish a correspondence between the names of the princes and their characteristics.

NAMES OF PRINCES CHARACTERISTICS

1) Yuri Dolgoruky; A) fought with the brothers for the preservation of the throne,

2) Andrei Bogolyubsky; inherited from the father;

3) Vsevolod the Big Nest; B) founded cities in the Suzdal land, fought for Kiev

4) Yuri Vsevolodovich. throne;

C) was considered the most powerful prince

Rus', his army "could scoop the Don with helmets";

D) moved the capital of the principality to the city

Vladimir-on-Klyazma and founded

Church of the Intercession on the Nerl

9. Specify the reasons for the rise of the Vladimir-Suzdal land:

A) proximity to the steppe;

B) protection from external enemies by dense forests;

C) an abundance of arable fertile land;

D) access to the Baltic Sea;

E) colonization of the interfluve of the Volga and Oka.

10. Establish a correspondence between the position in Novgorod and job responsibilities.

POSITION RESPONSIBILITIES

1) posadnik; A) was engaged in the collection of taxes and city

2) thousand; militia;

3) archbishop; B) headed the city administration;

4) prince. B) was the leader of the squad;

D) dealt with foreign policy issues, disposed of the treasury,

presided over the ecclesiastical court

11. Establish a correspondence between the specific manifestations of the consequences of the fragmentation of Rus' and their characteristics.

MANIFESTATIONS NATURE OF CONSEQUENCES

1) the preservation of all wealth in separate

principalities and lands; A) negative

2) weakening of defense capability; B) positive.

3) the growth of inter-princely strife;

4) development of local book schools,

architecture, iconography.

12. The following factors prevented the complete collapse of Rus':

A) the difference in natural and economic conditions in the lands;

C) the formation of a trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks";

D) a single all-Russian church organization;

E) agreements between the princes on the joint struggle against the Polovtsy.

13. Highlight three reasons for the separation of Russian lands from Kyiv:

A) the formation of the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks";

B) the growth of patrimonial land ownership;

C) movement of trade routes;

D) urban development;

D) the decomposition of the tribal community.

14. Specify the features of ancient Russian culture:

A) the influence of Byzantine culture;

B) the interweaving of Christian and pagan traditions;

C) the decisive influence of the steppe culture;

D) the unity of the language, way of life, way of life of the people;

D) ancient heritage.

1) AGD 2) IOP 3) BVD 4) ABG

15. Establish a correspondence between terms and definitions.

TERMS OF DEFINITION

1) epic; A) the genre of Russian epic songs - legends about heroes;

2) chronicle; B) biographies of clergy and secular persons canonized by the Christian

3) lives of saints; church;

4) walking. C) instruction to children;

D) weather record of historical events;

D) a genre of ancient Russian literature, which is

travel descriptions.

16. Match terms and definitions

TERMS OF DEFINITION

1) relief; A) a pictorial representation of God or a saint, which is the subject of a religious

worship;

2) fresco; B) painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water;

3) mosaic; C) an image or pattern made of colored stones, smalt, etc.;

4) icon. D) a type of sculpture in which the image is convex (or recessed)

in relation to the background plane;

D) the legend of the saints.

Note:

This option test items compiled on the topic "Feudal fragmentation" in the USE format. Detailed answers are given, as well as material for historical essay by topic:

1125-1157 - the period of the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky

1157-1174 - the period of the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky

Testing will help in preparing for the exam.

The copy version is convenient for using the material in the lessons.

1

Arrange historical events in chronological order. Write down the numbers that indicate historical events in the correct sequence in the table.

1) The capture of Constantinople by the crusaders.

2) Conditional date of the beginning of fragmentation.

3) The first mention of Moscow.

Answer:

Correct answer

Correct answer t:231

Explanation.

1) The capture of Constantinople by the crusaders - 1204.

2) The conditional date of the beginning of fragmentation is 1132.

3) The first mention of Moscow-1147.

2

Establish a correspondence between events and years: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters

Answer:

Correct answer

1123 - Battle of the Kalka.

1238 - battle on the river Sit.

3

Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the events of feudal fragmentation:

1) lot; 2) economic isolation; 3) political weakening of the state; 4) Christianization; 5 feudal war); 6) estate

Find and write down the serial numbers of terms related to another historical period.

Answer:

Correct answer

Correct answer:46

4- adoption of Christianity in Rus' by Vladimir in 988

6- the estate is a land ownership, which became so called after the legal merger of the estate and the estate, which took place under Peter 1, in the 17th century.

4

Write down the term you are talking about.

The process of economic strengthening and political isolation of feudal estates.

Answer:

Correct answer

feudal fragmentation

5

Establish a correspondence between processes (phenomena, events) and facts related to these processes (phenomena, events): for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second

A

B

IN

Correct answer

Correct answer:425

Explanation.

1. Dudenev's army in 1293

3.Nevryuev's army in 1252

6. Dolobsky congress of princes in 1103

6

Establish a correspondence between fragments of historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment, indicated by a letter, select two corresponding characteristics, indicated by numbers.

FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES

“They struck the veche bell: the terrible hour of the people's judgment has come. From all sides fled to Hagia Sophia to decide the fate of the Fatherland. The first definition of this noisy veche was to expel Yaroslav .... they handed the prince a letter of accusation: “Why did you take possession of the court of Mortkinich? Why did he take silver from the boyars Nikifor, Roman and Bartholomew? Why are you bringing foreigners out of here? May there now be an end to your violence! Go wherever you want, and we will find ourselves a prince.

“Svyatopolk came, and Vladimir, and Davyd Igorevich, and Vasilko Rostislavich, and Davyd Svyatoslavich, and his brother Oleg, and gathered for a council in Lyubech to establish peace, and said to each other: “Why are we destroying the Russian land, arranging strife among ourselves ? And the Polovtsy are carrying our land in different ways and are glad that wars are going on between us. Yes, from now on, let us unite with one heart and observe the Russian land, and let everyone own his own patrimony ... "

CHARACTERISTICS

1) The purpose of this event is to prevent civil strife.

2) In the principality of this period, the power of the prince was still strong.

3) The events took place in the 10th century.

4) The congress could not prevent fragmentation, but only brought it closer.

5) The veche had legislative power in this principality.

6) The prince was not a ruler, but only a military leader, appointed and removed.

Fragment A		Fragment B

Answer:

Correct answer

Correct answer:

Explanation.

1. About the expulsion of the prince and the establishment of the Novgorod Republic.

2. Lubech Congress.

7 HERE ALL TASK

Which of the following refers to the causes of feudal fragmentation in Rus'? Choose three answers and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) The growth of land ownership of the feudal lords.

2) Strengthening the role of Kyiv.

3) The desire of the princes to join forces to repulse the nomads.

4) Natural economy.

5) The presence of a single religion - Christianity.

6) Gradual decline in the role of the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks", the emergence of new routes.

Answer:

Correct answer

8

Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the list of missing elements below: for each sentence marked with a letter and containing a gap, choose the number of the element you want.

A) ______________ was built in honor of the victory over the Bulgars.

B) Under the prince, during whose reign ____________ became the capital of the principality, the combatants became not vassals, but servants.

C) During the battle at ________________, Konstantin Vsevolodovich became the Grand Prince of Vladimir.

Missing items:

1) Vladimir.

2) Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.

3) Tithe church.

5) Mstislav the Great.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

Answer:

Correct answer

9

Establish a correspondence between events and participants in these events: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

A

B

IN

G

Correct answer

10

Read the passage and write the name of the prince in question.

“As one of the younger Monomakhoviches, he inherited the Rostov-Suzdal region, in which his activities were focused mainly on the construction and strengthening of cities, the foundation of churches and monasteries. His sympathies entirely belonged to Kievan Rus, where he constantly aspired.

Answer:

Correct answer

Correct answer: Yuri Dolgoruky.

11

Fill in the blank cells of the table using the list of missing elements below: for each gap marked with a letter, select the number of the required element.

Missing items:

1) 4th crusade.

2) Ice battle.

3) The struggle for power of the children of Vsevolod the Big Nest.

4) The reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky.

6) The death of Roman Mstislavovich, who united the Galician and Volyn principalities in 1199.

7) The first mention of Moscow.

9) The end of the rule in the Latin Empire of Baldwin of Flanders

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

A

B

IN

G

D

E

Correct answer

Correct answer:

Explanation.

1.4th Crusade

3. Vsevolod the Big Nest died in 1212. Until 1216 there was a struggle for the power of his children, and only in 1216 in the battle on the river. Lipits was defeated by Konstantin Vsevolodovich.

4. Andrei Bogolyubsky ruled in 1157-1174

5.1204 - Capture of Constantinople by the crusaders

6. The death of Roman Mstislavovich, who united the Galician and Volyn principalities in 1199. Ruled in 1199-1205

7. The first mention of Moscow in 1147

8.1202-1204, precisely as a result of the 4th crusade Constantinople was taken by the crusaders

9. Baldwin of Flanders - the first emperor of the Latin Empire (1204-1205)

12

Read an extract from a historical source.

“The economic power and high social position of these people contributed to their active actions against the princely power in Novgorod already at the end of the 11th and beginning of the 12th century, in the Rostov-Suzdal and Galicia-Volyn principalities in the second half of the 12th century, which was a manifestation of intra-class antagonism, growing with the formation of this class-estate.

Using the passage and knowledge of history, select from the list provided three correct statements.

Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) We are talking about the period of formation of a centralized state in Rus'.

2) In one of the principalities mentioned in the passage, aristocratic republican rule developed.

3) One of the Grand Dukes of this period was Vladimir Monomakh.

4) In the passage we are talking about the boyars.

5) Militarily, Rus' of this period is a strong and powerful state.

6) The period referred to in the passage is called the period of feudal fragmentation in history.

A. Answer:

Correct answer

Correct answer:246

Explanation.

1. No, the centralization of the state will begin in the 14th century.

2. Yes, in the Novgorod Republic.

3. No, Vladimir Monomakh ruled in 1113-1125, and fragmentation began in 1132.

5. No, Rus' militarily weakened during the period of fragmentation.

13

Write the name of the period in the history of Rus', which is shown on the map.

Answer:

Correct answer

feudal fragmentation

14

Write the number that indicates the principality, which later became one of the most influential in Rus'.

Answer:

Correct answer

Answer:1

Explanation.

The Vladimir-Suzdal kanyazhestovo will become one of the greatest, the process of unification will begin around it.

15

Indicate the name of the city in which a republican form of government existed during this period.

Answer:

Correct answer

Novgorod

16

What judgments related to the events indicated in the diagram are correct? Choose three sentences from the six offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) This period began during the reign of Vladimir Monomakh.

2) During this period, there was a flourishing of culture in individual principalities.

3) The power of the Kyiv prince was great, he had a single army capable of repelling the raids of nomads.

4) Gradual decline in the role of Kyiv.

5) Strengthening the political unity of Rus'.

6) Significant weakening of Rus' militarily.

Answer:

Correct answer

Answer: 246

Explanation:

1) This period began during the reign of Vladimir Monomakh. NO. The period of fragmentation began in 1132, after the death of V. Monomakh's son, Mstislav.

2) During this period, there was a flourishing of culture in individual principalities. YES.

3) The power of the Kyiv prince was great, he had a single army capable of repelling the raids of nomads. NO. During this period, military power was weakened.

4) Gradual decline in the role of Kiev. YES.

5) Strengthening the political unity of Russia. NO.

6) Significant weakening of Rus' militarily. YES.

17

Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

A

B

IN

G

Correct answer

ANSWER: 4521

18

What judgments about this architectural monument are correct? Choose two sentences from the five offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) There was a monument in the Novgorod land.

2) An architectural monument was built during the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky.

3) The architectural monument was built during the reign of Vsevolod the Big Nest.

4) The monument was built in honor of the victory over the Pechenegs.

5) The monument is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Answer:

Correct answer

Answer:25

Explanation.

1. No, in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.

2. Yes, Andrei Bogolyubsky ruled in 1157-1174, and the Golden Gate in Vladimir was built precisely in this period - in 1164.

3. No, Vsevolod the Big Nest ruled earlier.

4. The victory over the Pechenegs was in 1036, much earlier.

5. Yes, included in 1992

19

Which of the architectural monuments were built in the same century as the monument referred to in task No. 18? In your answer, write down the two numbers that indicate these monuments.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Answer:

Correct answer

Explanation.

1. Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, 1198.

2. Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir. 1158-1189.

3. Annunciation Cathedral in Moscow, 1489.

4. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod, 1045-1050.

To write down the answers to the tasks of this part (21–29), use the ANSWER FORM No. 2. First write down the task number (21, 22, etc.), and then the detailed answer to it. Write your answers clearly and legibly.

Read an extract from a historical source and briefly answer the questions questions 20–22. The answers assume the use of information from the source, as well as the application of historical knowledge in the course of the history of the corresponding period.

Specific (from the word destiny) period was established in Rus' in the middle of the XII century. By this time, a large patrimonial land ownership had finally taken shape. In the feudal estates, as well as in individual peasant communities, subsistence farming dominated, and only military force kept them within the framework of a single state. With the development of feudal landownership, each land had the opportunity to secede and exist as an independent principality. In the estates, the local boyars were formed, which was the main economic and political force of that time. The boyars were interested in strong princely power in the localities, because this made it possible to quickly resolve various issues, primarily to keep the peasants in subjection. Local feudal lords (boyars) were increasingly striving for independence from Kyiv, which is why they supported the military power of their prince. It can be said that the main force of separation was the boyars. And the local princes, relying on him, were able to establish power, each in his own land. Subsequently, the struggle for power intensified between the boyars and the princes. In different lands it had a different character. For example, in Novgorod, and later in Pskov, the boyars managed to subjugate the princes and establish the so-called boyar feudal republics. In other lands, where the princes were able to subdue the boyars, the power of the princes was stronger.

20

Indicate the centuries within which the events mentioned in the article took place. Specify the name of this period. Name at least three rulers - prominent personalities of this period.

Answer:

Correct answer

Answer.

The period of feudal fragmentation.

Andrey Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod the Big Nest, Daniil Romanovich Galitsky.

21 What reasons for this event are mentioned in the article? Give any three reasons.

Answer:

Correct answer

Answer.

The article names the following reasons for feudal fragmentation:

1.large patrimonial agriculture;

2.dominance of natural economy;

3. the desire of local princes for independence from the Kyiv prince.

22 What are the results of this period in the history of Rus'? When drawing on historical knowledge, list at least two.

Answer:

Correct answer

Answer.

results of feudal fragmentation.

1. The weakening of the military power of Rus'.

2. The flourishing of culture.

23

A republic was established in the Novgorod land in 1136. Explain what were the features of the government in it? Why did this become possible? (Give three explanations.)

Answer:

Correct answer

Answer.

Peculiarities government in the Novgorod Republic: legislative power - in the aristocratic veche, the election of a prince, a posadnik (head of executive power), judicial power - in the archbishop, developed self-government, etc.

Causes establishment of republican rule in Novgorod:

1.powerful trade and business layers in Novgorod, the development of trade, which contributed to the strengthening of the role of the boyars, the wealthy urban population;

2. the remote position of Novgorod freed him from the direct pressure of the prince and his squad, allowed him to develop more independently.

24

There are debatable problems in historical science, on which different, often contradictory points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view that exist in historical science.

“Feudal fragmentation was a new, higher stage in the development of feudal society and the state ...

(A.K.Leontiev, historian)

Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can support this point of view, and two arguments that can refute it. When presenting arguments, be sure to use historical facts.

Write your answer in the following form.

Arguments to support:

Arguments in rebuttal:

Answer:

Correct answer

Answer.

Arguments in confirmation:

1) the emergence of new trade routes, new centers of craft and trade;

2) the growth of cities, the development of culture in them.

Arguments in rebuttal:

1) weakening of economic and political power as a result of constant internecine wars;

2) the weakening of military power, the lack of a single army, which made the country vulnerable to enemies.

25

You need to write a historical essay about ONE of the periods in the history of Russia:

• 1132-1237
• 1125-1157
• 1157-1174

The essay must:

- indicate at least two significant events (phenomena, processes),

relating to a given period of history;

- name two historical figures whose activities are associated with the indicated events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the roles of the individuals you named in these events (phenomena, processes);

Attention!

When characterizing the role of each person named by you, it is necessary to indicate the specific actions of this person that significantly influenced the course and (or) result of the indicated events (processes, phenomena).

- indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships that characterize the causes of the occurrence of events (phenomena, processes) that occurred in the given period;

- using knowledge of historical facts and (or) opinions of historians, evaluate the impact of events (phenomena, processes) of this period on the further history of Russia.

In the course of the presentation, it is necessary to correctly use historical terms, concepts related to this period.

Answer:

Correct answer

1132-1237 - a period of fragmentation in Rus' before the invasion of Batu.

1125-1157 - the period of the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky.

1157-1174 - the period of the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky.

Material for a historical essay: policies that can be described, individuals who played an important role in these events.

1) 1132-1237 - a period of fragmentation in Rus' before the invasion of Batu.

The following events of this period can be described.

1.1176-1212 - the period of the highest prosperity of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Activities of Vsevolod the Big Nest.

Personality: Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176-1212).

The power of the prince extended to the whole of Rus'. He was its de facto ruler. He was assisted by his sons, whom the prince appointed governors in large cities. It was under him that the title Grand Duke of Vladimir appeared. He led a successful foreign policy, having a powerful, strong, combat-ready army: he fought with the Bulgars and Polovtsians. He had authority in Rus' as a talented military leader, a far-sighted politician who strengthened the power of Rus'.

1. The unification of the Galician and Volhynian principalities by Roman Mstislavovich in 1199

Personality: Roman Mstislavovich (1199-1205)

One of the strong and significant principalities in the period of fragmentation was Galicia-Volyn. played an important role in strengthening Roman Mstislavovich, who united the Galician and Volyn principalities in 1199, strengthened a single principality, had a powerful army, and even captured Kyiv in 1203, taking the title of Grand Duke. In foreign policy, he adhered to the traditions of aggressive campaigns, and their combination with diplomatic relations with countries.

Thus, during the period of feudal fragmentation, a number of bright personalities stood out who had the talent of military leaders, who managed to significantly strengthen their principalities and achieve their heyday. However, the invasion of Batu did not allow this power to be preserved, but led to ruin. Many decades had to pass before the principalities gradually began to revive and the leading role was taken by Moscow.

2) 1125-1157 - the period of the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky

1. Strengthening the power of the prince, the struggle for a great reign.

Personalities: Yuri Dolgoruky, Izyaslav Mstislavovich.

Izyaslav Mstislavovich, Grand Duke of Kiev in 1151-1154, grandson of Vladimir Monomakh. All the years of the great reign passed in a continuous struggle with rivals, among whom was Yuri Dolgoruky. The inhabitants of Kyiv supported him, they did not like the Suzdal Yuri, who had already ruled Kiev twice before: half a year in 1149-1150 and less than six months in 1150-1151. In the fight against Izyaslav, Yuri failed. And only in last years life (1155-1157) the third time he will become the head of this principality. Yuri more than once during the reign of Izyaslav tried to seize power: he was defeated twice in 1151 - on the Ruta River and near Kiev; an attempt in 1152 was also unsuccessful. So, under Izyaslav, Yuri was never able to capture Kiev. Izyaslav was distinguished not only by insight, military talent, but also by the ability to rely on the people of Kiev, which brought him good luck.

All this struggle for the throne of Kiev testifies to the great desire of Yuri to own all of Russia, it is no coincidence that the people called him Dolgoruky.

2. Active urban development.

Personality: Prince Yuri Dolgoruky.

At Yuri Dolgoruky many cities were built, including Peryaslavl-Zalessky, Yuryev-Polsky, Dmitrov (in 1154 in honor of the birth of his son Vsevolod the Big Nest, in baptism - Dmitry). Cities in those days were also fortresses, so their construction significantly strengthened the security of the principality .

I would like to separately note that 1147 is the year of the first mention of Moscow, therefore Yuri Dolgoruky is considered its founder. In 1156 he surrounded it with a moat and wooden walls.

The results of the activities of Yuri Dolgoruky.

• Significantly strengthened power, achieved the Great Kievan reign, although only for three years.
• He strengthened the economy of the principality, developed the northeastern lands, built fortress cities.
• Founded Moscow - the future capital of Russia.
• He led a successful foreign policy, ensured calm on the southern and eastern borders.

3) 1157-1174 - the period of the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky

The following activities of the prince can be described.

1. An attempt to make Vladimir the spiritual center of Rus'.

Personality: Andrey Bogolyubsky, Luka Chrysoverg.

Andrei Bogolyubsky understood how important the church was. Therefore, in 1160, he made an attempt to make Vladimir the religious center of Rus'. He wanted to establish a metropolis on his lands, independent of Kyiv. However, consent to this from the Patriarch of Byzantium Bows of Chrysoverg did not receive, he even refused to consecrate Theodore, the candidate Andrei Bogolyubsky, as a Rostov bishop, but put a Byzantine here Leona. Luke Chrysoverg understood that the influence of Byzantium could weaken in this way.

But the prince managed to contribute to strengthening the influence of the church, he relied on it in his reign: he introduced new holidays (Savior and Intercession), the icon of the Vladimir Mother of God was transported to Vladimir from Vyshgorod. Being a deeply religious person, he did a lot for the development of Christian culture.

2.Further development culture

Personality: Andrei Bogolyubsky.

Under the prince, many of the greatest architectural monuments were built, which still amaze with their grandeur and beauty: the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Golden Gate in Vladimir, the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir. Andrei Bogolyubsky invited Western European Byzantine masters, he wanted to free himself from the influence of Byzantium. At the same time, the traditions of national architecture continued. Under him, the beginning of white-stone construction was laid.

Thus, under Andrei Bogolyubsky, the power of the prince, who relied on the church, was significantly strengthened, the beginning of autocracy was laid; there was a further development of culture, its original features developed, a successful foreign and domestic policy was conducted.

The period of Russian history, limited to 1132 and 1236, is usually called the period of feudal fragmentation.

It was at this time that the division of Kievan Rus into a large number of principalities was observed (at first - about 15, later their number reached 30). This political phenomenon gave rise to internecine strife between princes, the emergence of fundamental differences in the structure of life in different principalities, the weakening of the military power of Rus', and the loss of influence by the Kievan prince.

In contrast to the tense relations within the once unified principality, clashes with an external enemy were rare in this period - after the victory of Vladimir Monomakh in the battle with the Polovtsians in 1111, residents of the border territories noted a sharp decline in the aggression of their neighbors.

Turning again to the main phenomenon of the period - feudal fragmentation, first of all, it would be reasonable to identify the cause of its occurrence, to answer the question: why did a strong state, which had just recently experienced its heyday (meaning the reign of Yaroslav the Wise), suddenly faced with the inability to preserve its former integrity? Historians relying on known facts public life those years, the following reasons are distinguished: the dominance of subsistence farming, which means that economic relations within Kievan Rus were poorly developed, everyone produced everything they needed on their own; the weakening of Byzantium and, accordingly, the loss of its former role through "from the Varangians to the Greeks"; a system of transfer of power, due to which the princes, remaining in place in certain principalities, firmly settled there, creating their own dynasties. So, the personal ambitions of the princes often became the cause of civil strife, because of which ordinary residents also suffered. The growth in the number of cities, their development entailed the development of crafts, while artisans often did not want to pay taxes to the far-off Kievan prince. Although not related to this period, the Lubeck congress in 1097 became the starting point for such a development of events: “Let everyone keep his patrimony,” that’s what was said at it.

And although the powerful princes Vladimir Monomakh and Mstislav the Great still maintained relative integrity, with the death of the latter, the division began and proceeded with inexorable speed. Among the many principalities, three especially stood out: Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal and Galicia-Volyn. And if in one (Galicia-Volynsky) the princes dominated (Yuri Dolgoruky, who founded Moscow in 1147, Andrei Bogolyubsky, thanks to whom some of the now famous temples were built, Vsevolod the Big Nest), then in the other (Novgorod) a republican form of government was established (Veche dominated, at which the main issues were resolved, the posadnik was elected; the prince was an invited person). So, each principality lived its own life - someone had rich soils, someone had access to the sea. People were so disunited that they could not even give a fitting rebuff to the Mongol-Tatars in the battle on the Kalka River in 1223, although even then the Polovtsy fought with them. At that moment, when danger loomed over Russia - the attack of the Mongol-Tatars (campaigns of Batu in 1237-1238 and in 1239-1240), which was once strong, it was subjected to defeat and robbery. So people fell into dependence, the Mongol-Tatar yoke hung over Russia. And it was not soon possible to throw it off - only in 1480 (standing on the Ugra River), after the unification.

The period of feudal fragmentation very clearly characterizes the work of that time - "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", dedicated to the campaign of Igor Novgorod-Seversky against the Polovtsians in 1185. An unknown author calls on the princes to unite under the command of the prince of Kyiv. And as history has shown, it was only by forgetting about mutual hatred that the princes could defeat the enemy.

Updated: 2017-07-05

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The era of the initial period of feudal fragmentation

Novgorod Veche.
Artist-wanderer Lebedev K.V. (1852-1916)

12th-13th centuries

This period in the history of Ancient Rus' - initial period of feudal fragmentation

During this period, the princes ruled:

• 1125-1157 - Yuri Dolgoruky
• 1157-1174 - Andrei Bogolyubsky
• 1176-1212 - Vsevolod the Big Nest
• 1216-1218 - Konstantin Vsevolodovich
• 1218-1238 - Yuri Vsevolodovich
• 1238-1246 - Yaroslav Vsevolodovich

• 1153-1187 - Yaroslav Osmomysl
• 1199-1205 - Roman Mstislavovich
• 1221-1246 - Daniel Romanovich

General characteristics of the era

The initial period of feudal fragmentation is one of the most difficult in the history of Rus'. It was at this time that the gradual fragmentation of huge Rus' into separate district principalities took place: if at first there were 15 of them, then by the 14th century there would be about 250.

The most notable events (phenomena, processes) of the period:

1. Negative

• The weakening of the military power of Rus'
• The gradual decline of the role of Kyiv
• Unsuccessful battle on the Kalka with the Mongol-Tatars, which ended in the defeat of Rus'
• Deterioration of people's lives due to constant civil strife

2.Positive

• Dawn of culture, especially architecture
• Opening of new trade routes
• Emergence of new political centers
• The emergence of new cities and the development of existing ones, the dawn of crafts in them.

Historical events (phenomena, processes)

1.The desire of the princes to strengthen the political unity of Rus'.

For this purpose, congresses of princes were held, at which the most important issues for all the princes were decided.

• 1079 - congress in Lyubech. Although the decision of the congress was to stop the strife, it was one of the reasons for the fragmentation (“everyone keeps his patrimony”). The congress could not prevent strife.
• 1100 - congress in Uvetichi (Vitichev congress), about the joint struggle against the Polovtsy and the cessation of strife.
• 1103 - Dolobsky Congress of Princes, the same goals (stopping strife, fighting the Polovtsy)

Explanation: data events - congresses of princes - can be described both in the third period of the history of Kievan Rus, and in the period of feudal fragmentation. Therefore, in this article I give TR And events.

1. 2 . Further development of culture.

Fragmentation brought many troubles to Rus': devastation, destruction, death. However, during this period there were also positive developments. One of them is the development of culture. Each specific prince wanted to show his greatness, wealth, and the buildings of architecture, first of all, religious buildings - temples, cathedrals, churches - are very convenient for demonstrating their greatness.

3. Political and military weakening of Rus' in the face of a new enemy - the Mongol-Tatars.

In 1223 there was a battle on the Kalka River. Long-time enemies - Rusichs and Polovtsians - together opposed the troops of the then powerful Genghis Khan. However, the battle ended in defeat. It was necessary for the princes to learn from this: to unite to fight the enemy, to resolve the issues of the country's security. However, almost 15 years that were given to them for this, until Batu's invasion of Rus' in 1237, no conclusions were drawn, this battle of the princes did not teach anything.

Causal relationships

Causal links of these events.

1. Strange as it may sound, the common cause of these events is feudal fragmentation. The development of culture, especially its architecture, is a positive phenomenon of fragmentation, the result of a demonstration by princes of strength and wealth.

2. The defeat on the Kalka River is also the result of fragmentation, strife, and the isolation of princes. The absence of a single army, a common leadership led to a weakening of the military power of Rus', resulting in a defeat on the Kalka River, the death of half the princes and many soldiers.

Investigative connections of events.

The result of the events was:

1. Further separation of the princes, their isolation, the desire to pursue an independent policy, both economic, political, and policy in the field of cultural development.

2. Separation in all spheres led to the most difficult separation - to the lack of military unity, a single leadership, a single army. The troops of Batu took advantage of this, starting in 1237 their campaigns against Rus'.

Personalities associated with this era

Historical assessment of the significance of this period for the history of Russia

The period of feudal fragmentation was historically conditioned, prepared by a number of objective reasons. Its significance for the development of Rus' is ambiguous. On the one hand, it is a weakening of political unity. It was fragmentation that led to the yoke of the Golden Horde. And on the other hand, the presence of many positive phenomena that led to the development of culture, the emergence of many bright rulers, the development of cities.

The assessment of this period by historians is also ambiguous. Views are sometimes contradictory. So Gumilyov L.N. believed that fragmentation was the result of a decline in passionary energy, that is, the desire for renewal and development (“passionate, that is, with increased activity, energy). Therefore, these phenomena occurred in order for Rus' to be updated, this was the impetus for its further development.

Klyuchevsky V.O. called the “specific centuries” a difficult period, a period of trials, a crisis of central power, but at the same time this is a period of creating a new ethnic group - Russians, based on cultural unity, traditions, and mentality.

Material prepared: Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna