The history of the emergence of domestic football presentation. Presentation "History of football" (grade 10) in physical education - project, report. This is what, in my opinion, an arbitrary top ten legionnaires in the history of Russian football, excluding players from the country

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When Japan applied to host the 2002 World Cup, among its arguments was such a curious fact that fourteen centuries ago, kennatt, a ball game somewhat similar to modern football, was played in this country. Of course, over so many centuries the rules of the game have changed a lot, but the fact remains.

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In the testimonies of a contemporary of Ancient Rome (Pollux), they found a description of gaspartum (“handball”) - a game vaguely reminiscent of football. game in Ancient Rome was brutal. It was thanks to the Roman conquerors that the game of ball in the 1st century AD became known in the British Isles, quickly gaining recognition among the indigenous people.

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The history of the development of football rules.

The first official rules of football were approved in 1863. 1875 - the goal posts were connected by a crossbar. In 1890, an invention was patented - a football goal net. 1878 - the appearance of a whistle on the football field. 1880 - 1881 - the appearance of a referee on the field, and since 1891, referees enter the field with two assistants. 1891 - introduction of a penalty kick.

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The development of football in Russia.

Football first appeared in Russia at the end of the 19th century. And in 1893, on September 13, the first football match in Russia was officially played in St. Petersburg. But football in Russia existed even before that. As in other countries in Russia there were ball games similar to football. They played in bast shoes on the ice of rivers or in market squares with a leather ball stuffed with feathers. One of these games was called "shalyga": the players tried to kick the ball into the opponent's "city" with their feet. Belinsky wrote that "the games and amusements of the Russian people reflected the ingenuous severity of their morals, the heroic strength and the wide range of their feelings."

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At the beginning of the 20th century, the first competitions among football teams took place. 1912 - the first championship of Russia. 1912 - first participation in the Olympic Games in Stockholm.

Among the players of that time, Grigory Bohemsky, Vasily Zhitarev and Vasily Butusov, who scored the first goal in the Russian national team, stood out.

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"King of the Air" - Fedor Selin

Football match on the field of Zamoskvoretsky sports club

Russian national team.

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1924 was marked by the debut of the USSR national team, which beat the Turkish national team at home with a score of 3-0. The first goal for the USSR national team was scored by the brother of Vasily Butusov, the captain of the national team, Mikhail Butusov. For twelve years he defended the colors of the USSR national team, was the leader of its attacks and an almost permanent captain. In the thirty-fourth year, one of the first among Soviet football players, he was awarded the title of Honored Master of Sports of the USSR.

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Exhibition match of Spartak teams on Red Square

Starostin Brothers

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In 1952, the USSR national team resumed its performances. True, participation in the Helsinki Olympics was unsuccessful. But already in 1956. in Melbourne, the Soviet team climbed to the highest step of the Olympic podium, defeating the Yugoslavs with a score of 1 - 0. Two years later, the USSR national team made its debut at the World Cup.

CDKA - Spartak. The leaders of Soviet football play

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Vsevolod Bobrov

During these years, bright players came forward:

Sergey Salnikov Igor Netto Nikita Simonyan Valentin Ivanov Lev Yashin Eduard Streltsov

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In 1954-1956, the USSR national team won 16 victories in 22 matches, 4 drew, and only 2 matches were lost. 69 goals were scored, only 17 were conceded, which is not surprising, because then the national team included such a famous goalkeeper as Lev Yashin, who was recognized as the best football player in Europe in 1963. Yashin spent 78 matches in the national team.

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The USSR national team gained more and more authority in the world. In 1960, she won the first European Cup, once again beating the Yugoslavs in the final (2:1). It was one of the most outstanding victories of our team. In 1964 and 1972 She took second place in this tournament.

Bright victories of the USSR national team.

Vsevolod Bobrov (left) leads the Moscow national team onto the pitch

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At the 1966 World Cup, the Soviet team achieved the best result in its history - fourth place, ahead of the teams of Brazil, Hungary, Italy, Uruguay, Argentina and Spain. Among the trophies of the national team is the bronze medal of the 1972 Olympics.

Qualifying match of the world championship of the USSR - Türkiye.

Friendly match USSR - Uruguay. V. Ivanov scores the fourth goal. The overall score is 5:0. 1962

Beginning in 1965, Soviet clubs tried their hand at European competitions. In 1972, the capital's Dynamo managed to reach the final of the Cup Winners' Cup, where they lost to the Scottish club Glasgow Rangers.

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The teams have new masters:

Victor Monday

Slava Metreveli Anatoly Byshovets Murtaz Khurtsilava Mikhail Meskhi

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The national team became the silver medalist at the 1988 European Championship. At the same time, Soviet football players won the Olympics, and at the 1976 and 1980 Games. took third place.

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At the same time, the USSR national team failed to qualify for the World Championship twice in a row and three times in the finals of the European Championships. At the end of the 80s. our best football players started to go abroad. And in 1990, even before the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was a split in domestic football: the teams of Georgia and Lithuania dropped out of the championship.

Rinat Dasaev took a difficult ball

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1930 Uruguay

The honor of hosting the first World Cup went to the Uruguayans (Olympic champions in 1924 and 1928): on the approaching 100th anniversary of the independence of the state, they promised to build the centenario miracle stadium.

Opening of the first World Cup. Uruguay. 1930

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In the final, the Italian team played against Czechoslovakia. The match ended with the score 2:1. Italy is the champion!

1934 Italy

The Italians rejoice: for the first time they are world champions!

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1938 FRANCE

Team Italy once again won the league title by beating Hungary 4-2!

1950 BRAZIL

The Uruguayans received the gold medals of the world champions for the second time, defeating the Brazilian team (2: 1).

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1954 SWITZERLAND

Before the championship, which brought together 16 teams, the Hungarians, who won the 1952 Olympic tournament in 1952, were considered the main contenders for victory. In the decisive meeting, the national teams of Hungary and Germany fought. The German national team won with a score of 3:2.

1958 SWEDEN

The football world has recognized a new superteam - the Brazilian national team. The opening of the tournament was the 17-year-old Pele. The tournament was won by the Brazilian team, beating Sweden with a score of 5: 2

The USSR national team lost to the Swedes in their homeland.

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1962 CHILE

This tournament is called the roughest in history: more than 20 players were seriously injured. The Brazilian team celebrated the second victory in a row. She beat the Czechoslovak team 3-1.

1966 GREAT BRITAIN

Willy the Lion, the first mascot in World Cup history

In this championship, for the first time, Soviet football players reached the 1/2 finals, where they lost to the FRG team with a score of 1: 2. In the final, the England team beat the FRG team - 4: 2.

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1970 MEXICO

Final match Brazil - Italy. Mexico. 1970

The Brazilian team won, easily defeating the Italians in the final (4:1). The "Golden Goddess" went to the three-time world champions for eternal storage.

1974 Germany

The German national team won the final against the Netherlands with a score of 2: 1.

1974 FIFA World Cup poster

The Dutch team coped with the Uruguayans. Germany. 1974

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1978 ARGENTINA

Again, the USSR team lost in the selection (this time to the Hungarians) and did not get to the World Cup. And in the championship with a score of 3: 1, the Argentina team won and won the World Cup for the first time.

Opening of the World Cup in Argentina.

1982 SPAIN

Despite the defeat in the game with the Brazilians, the team of the Soviet Union also reached the 1/4 finals. Alas, in the future, our team gave way to the Poles in the 1/2 finals (by goal difference).

The Germans are inconsolable: the Italian team at the 1982 World Cup turned out to be stronger

In the final, the Italian team won with a score of 3: 1 against the German national team.

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1986 MEXICO

The Argentine Diego Maradona captured the general attention at the championship. He won the match with the England team (2:1) almost single-handedly, hitting the opponents' gates twice. True, once - with his hand, but Maradona performed his trick so deftly that the judge did not notice anything. In the final match, the Argentines defeated the Germans with a score of 3:2.

Maradona among his fans. Mexico. 1986

1990 ITALY

In the final match Argentina - Germany, the Germans scored the only goal in the game - an 11-meter kick and became the winners.

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1994 USA

At the American World Cup, the first match in its history was played under a roof (albeit on real grass). The Russian team failed again. History repeated itself: our players again suffered two defeats and again defeated the Cameroon team in the last match (with a score of 6:1). In this meeting, two records were set at once: the Russian forward Oleg Salenko scored five goals (and as a result, with six goals, like the Bulgarian Hristo Stoichkov, he was recognized as the top scorer of the tournament), and the Cameroonian Roger Milla scored at the age of 42! The Russian team did not advance to the next round. In the final match, the teams of Italy and Brazil met. The Brazilian national team won with a score of 1:0.

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1998 FRANCE

In the final, the French played with the Brazilians. The result of the match is 3:0. The victory of the national team was celebrated by millions of French people.

2002 JAPAN - KOREA

One of Zinedine Zidane's two goals (center with ball) in the final against the Brazilians. France. 1998

In the match for the first place teams of Brazil and Germany came together. The victory was won by the Brazilians (2:0), who became the new world champions in football.

Emblem of the championship 2002

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The European Championship is considered the second most important tournament in the football world for national teams. In 1958, the UEFA Congress decided to organize the European Cup.

European Football Championship Cup

1960 FRANCE

The first European Cup is one of the most important international competitions in the history of national sports. He brought the USSR national team a bright and unforgettable victory over the Yugoslav national team (2: 1).

The USSR national team is the first winner of the European Cup. Circle of honor at Luzhniki. 1960

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1964 SPAIN

In the final, the USSR national team was waiting for the most dangerous competitor - the Spanish national team. The victory with a score of 2: 1 was celebrated by the home team - 6 minutes before the end of the match, they scored the decisive goal.

The goal against the Spaniards did not help the USSR national team

1968 ITALY

European Champion - Team Italy.

1972 BELGIUM

In the fourth European championship, the USSR team again, like eight years ago, took second place. Germany won the final 3-0.

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The origin of football. Officially, the date of birth of national football is 1897, when a match between two local teams took place in St. Petersburg, information about which was recorded in the sports press. (But they began to play football in Russia much earlier: first of all, in the English "colonies"). In the same place, in St. Petersburg, in 1901, a city football league was formed - the first such organization in the country. Soon she held the first championship of St. Petersburg, which was won by the Nevka team (Nevsky Club). The first Russian referee was Georgy Duperron, who did a lot to develop football theory in our country. At the turn of the century, football, in addition to the two capitals, was cultivated in Kharkov, Tver, Odessa, Riga, Tbilisi, Kyiv and some other cities of Russia. At the beginning of the last century, several women's (or, as they said, ladies') teams were created in Moscow. Children's football developed. In 1907, the first official intercity match took place - between the teams of Moscow and St. Petersburg. In the same year, Russian football players made their debut on the international arena: the Sport club met with a team from Stockholm and lost 2:3. In 1912, the All-Russian Football Union was founded, which united more than 150 clubs from various cities and was soon admitted to FIFA. In the same year, the first champion of the country was determined (the team of St. Petersburg became it) and the official debut of our football players in international competitions took place. They took part in the Olympic Games, but lost both matches. The Russian team was let down by lack of teamwork and the absence of a coach, although it included many gifted players known throughout the country: the captain of the national team, a representative of the football dynasty Vasily Butusov, a man of amazing and mysterious fate, goalkeeper Pyotr Sokolov, Mikhail Romm, who later wrote more than one football manual, Vitaly Bianchi and others

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History of football. Games similar to modern football have been around for a long time. different peoples, however, the first recorded rules are dated 1848. The birth date of football is considered to be 1863, when the first Football Association was organized and rules similar to modern ones were drawn up. The history of football began a very long time ago. So, for example, in Egypt, and in Germany, and in China there were games similar to football. The most successful of them was called harpastum and was invented by the Italians. But when modern football appeared, harpastum was forgotten. When the British came up with football, they immediately began to popularize it in all countries, including Russia. At that time, many English teams participated in the championship. About football in Russia was first mentioned in the book of one of the doctors "playing with the ball in the air."

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Football of the times of the USSR. Before the war. In 1920, the championship of the RSFSR was played for the first time. The Moscow team won. In 1923, she became the first winner of the USSR championship. (Until the mid-1930s, not clubs, but national teams of cities and republics participated in the national championships.) In the first half of the 1920s, several international matches were held with the participation of our teams, although official recognition by FIFA Soviet Union received only after the Second World War. In 1928, the Dynamo stadium was opened in Moscow, the largest stadium in the country and the first sports facility in the USSR that met international standards. (Until the opening of the V.I. Lenin stadium in Moscow's Luzhniki in 1956, Dynamo remained the "football Mecca" of the country.) In the same 1928, another significant event took place: the All-Union College of Football Referees began its activities. At the end of 1934, the Football Section of the USSR was formed (since 1959 - the Football Federation of the USSR). And on May 22, 1936, with a match between Dynamo Leningrad and Lokomotiv Moscow, the first ever USSR club championship started: divided into spring and autumn. Less than two months later, the first champion became known - Dynamo (Moscow). In August, the first winner of the Cup of the country was also determined: Lokomotiv Moscow, which beat Dynamo (Tbilisi) 2: 0 in the final. Spartak Moscow won the autumn championship. It is noteworthy that representatives of the champion teams became the top scorers of both championships: respectively, "Dynamo" M. Semichastny (6 goals) and "Spartak" G. Glazkov (7). It was these two teams that shared the championship gold between themselves before the war: both clubs won it three times. In the 1920s and 1930s, not only individual players (Grigory Fedotov, Anatoly Akimov, Pyotr Dementiev, Boris Paichadze, Mikhail Yakushin, etc.) shone in domestic football, but also entire family “clans” - such as, for example, the Starostin brothers or Butusovs.

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The national championship, which began in April 1941, was not completed. The history of national football included games in besieged Leningrad and liberated from the Nazis, completely destroyed Stalingrad. Already in 1942–1944, the city championship of Moscow was held. In 1944, the drawing of the next Cup of the USSR took place, the owners of which were the players of the Leningrad "Zenith". In May 1945, the first post-war national championship started, in which Dynamo Moscow celebrated victory. The trend that emerged before the war was continued in the post-war period. Until the 60s, the title of national champion invariably went to the capital's clubs. In con. 40 - early. The 50th powerful winning streak was issued by the "team of lieutenants" - CDKA (CDSA, now - CSKA). Then Dynamo and Spartak took the first place alternately. But after the championship success of the Moscow "Torpedo" "Dynamo" Kyiv - in 1961 - for the first time violated the capital's hegemony. In total, the people of Kiev won the gold medals of the champions of the USSR 13 times, bypassing their Moscow teammates and their fellow Spartacists (who, respectively, have 11 and 12 champion titles) in this indicator. IN different years Dynamo Minsk and Tbilisi, Yerevan Ararat and Voroshilovgrad Zorya, Zenit (Leningrad) and Dnepr (Dnepropetrovsk) also became national champions. The number of teams participating in the major league of the USSR championship (as well as its very name and the championship drawing formula) changed several times. In the early 60s, the final stage of the championship was preceded by preliminary group tournaments. In 1976, during one season, the spring and autumn championships were played. As an experiment, the teams in the event of a draw in the match, punched a series of post-match penalties. In 1978, a draw limit was introduced for ten seasons. Several times to determine the champion had to hold a "golden match". Traditionally, the struggle for the Cup of the country was sharp and uncompromising. More often than others (10 times) it was owned by the Moscow "Spartacists". The last champion of the USSR in football was - in 1991 - CSKA, which simultaneously won the Cup of the country and thus made the last "double" in the history of Soviet football. Post-war football opened many new star names: A. Khomich, K. Beskov, V. Nikolaev, V. Bobrov, I. Netto, N. Simonyan, L. Yashin, E. Streltsov, V. Ivanov, V. Monday, S. Metreveli, A. Shesternev, M. Khurtsilava, E. Malofeev, E. Lovchev, E. Rudakov, O. Blokhin, D. Kipiani, R. Dasaev, A. Demyanenko, A. Zavarov, H. Oganesyan, V. Khidiyatullin, F. Cherenkov and many others. etc. The success of our football clubs and the USSR national team is largely due to the activities of outstanding coaches, among whom were many former players: N. Simonyan, K. Beskov, V. Lobanovsky and others. The national championship that began in April 1941 was not completed. The history of national football included games in the besieged Leningrad and liberated from the Nazis, completely destroyed Stalingrad. Already in 1942–1944, the city championship of Moscow was held. In 1944, the drawing of the next Cup of the USSR took place, the owners of which were the players of the Leningrad "Zenith". In May 1945, the first post-war national championship started, in which Dynamo Moscow celebrated victory. The trend that emerged before the war was continued in the post-war period. Until the 60s, the title of national champion invariably went to the capital's clubs. In con. 40 - early. The 50th powerful winning streak was issued by the "team of lieutenants" - CDKA (CDSA, now - CSKA). Then Dynamo and Spartak took the first place alternately. But after the championship success of the Moscow "Torpedo" "Dynamo" Kyiv - in 1961 - for the first time violated the capital's hegemony. In total, the people of Kiev won the gold medals of the champions of the USSR 13 times, bypassing their Moscow teammates and their fellow Spartacists (who, respectively, have 11 and 12 champion titles) in this indicator. Over the years, Dynamo Minsk and Tbilisi, Yerevan Ararat and Voroshilovgrad Zarya, Zenit (Leningrad) and Dnepr (Dnepropetrovsk) also became champions of the country. The number of teams participating in the major league of the USSR championship (as well as its very name and the championship drawing formula) changed several times. In the early 60s, the final stage of the championship was preceded by preliminary group tournaments. In 1976, during one season, the spring and autumn championships were played. As an experiment, the teams in the event of a draw in the match, punched a series of post-match penalties. In 1978, a draw limit was introduced for ten seasons. Several times to determine the champion had to hold a "golden match". Traditionally, the struggle for the Cup of the country was sharp and uncompromising. More often than others (10 times) it was owned by the Moscow "Spartacists". The last champion of the USSR in football was - in 1991 - CSKA, which simultaneously won the Cup of the country and thus made the last "double" in the history of Soviet football. Post-war football opened many new star names: A. Khomich, K. Beskov, V. Nikolaev, V. Bobrov, I. Netto, N. Simonyan, L. Yashin, E. Streltsov, V. Ivanov, V. Monday, S. Metreveli, A. Shesternev, M. Khurtsilava, E. Malofeev, E. Lovchev, E. Rudakov, O. Blokhin, D. Kipiani, R. Dasaev, A. Demyanenko, A. Zavarov, H. Oganesyan, V. Khidiyatullin, F. Cherenkov and many others. etc. The success of our football clubs and the USSR national team is largely associated with the activities of outstanding coaches, among whom there were many former players: N. Simonyan, K. Beskov, V. Lobanovsky and others.

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In the autumn of 1945, the Dynamo Moscow triumphant tour of Great Britain took place: 2 wins and 2 draws in four matches. The British specialists and spectators were greatly impressed not only by the result, but also by the game itself of the guests: assertive, powerful, inventive and effective (19 goals). The performance of the CDKA in Yugoslavia in December 1945 was also successful. And in the fall of 1947, the Dynamo Moscow held a victorious tour of Scandinavia - after the entry of the USSR Football Section into FIFA (in 1954 the USSR also joined UEFA). In 1952, the USSR national team made its debut at the Olympic Games. In a dramatic match with the Yugoslav national team, the Soviet team, losing 1:5, managed to draw the game 5:5. Our players had no strength left for the replay, and they lost with a score of 1:3. The Olympics in Melbourne-56 became a triumph for the Soviet team. Having won in the final 1:0 against the team of Yugoslavia, our footballers for the first time took first place in an official international tournament. And in total, the USSR national team has two Olympic gold medals and three bronze medals. Our team has achieved considerable success at the European Championships: one "gold" and three "silver". Highest Achievement Soviet football players at the world championships - 4th place at the World Cup-66 in England. The last successes of the USSR national team date back to the end of the 80s: Olympic "gold" at the Games-88 and - in the same year - second place at the European Championship. In 1965, Dynamo Moscow, the first of the Soviet teams, took part in European competitions (the Cup Winners' Cup). And in the spring of 1972 - also for the first time in the history of our football - Dynamo reached the final (of the same Cup Winners' Cup), but lost to Glasgow Rangers 2:3. Dynamo's initiative was supported by their teammates from Kyiv and Tbilisi, who also scored in the Cup Winners' Cup. Kievans in 1975 outplayed Ferencvaros (Budapest, Hungary) 3:0 in the final, and Tbilisi in 1981 - Carl Zeiss (Jena, East Germany) 2:1. In 1986, Dynamo Kiev repeated its success, scoring three unanswered goals against Atletico (Madrid, Spain) in the decisive match. Another achievement of the people of Kiev is the European Super Cup (1975). Three times the Golden Ball was awarded to Soviet football players (the prize for the best player in Europe is awarded according to the results of a survey conducted by the weekly France Football): Lev Yashin (1963), Oleg Blokhin (1975) and Igor Belanov (1986). In the autumn of 1945, the Dynamo Moscow triumphant tour of Great Britain took place: 2 wins and 2 draws in four matches. The British specialists and spectators were greatly impressed not only by the result, but also by the game itself of the guests: assertive, powerful, inventive and effective (19 goals). The performance of the CDKA in Yugoslavia in December 1945 was also successful. And in the fall of 1947, the Dynamo Moscow held a victorious tour of Scandinavia - after the entry of the USSR Football Section into FIFA (in 1954 the USSR also joined UEFA). In 1952, the USSR national team made its debut at the Olympic Games. In a dramatic match with the Yugoslav national team, the Soviet team, losing 1:5, managed to draw the game 5:5. Our players had no strength left for the replay, and they lost with a score of 1:3. The Olympics in Melbourne-56 became a triumph for the Soviet team. Having won in the final 1:0 against the team of Yugoslavia, our footballers for the first time took first place in an official international tournament. And in total, the USSR national team has two Olympic gold medals and three bronze medals. Our team has achieved considerable success at the European Championships: one "gold" and three "silver". The highest achievement of Soviet football players at world championships is 4th place at the World Cup-66 in England. The last successes of the USSR national team date back to the end of the 80s: Olympic "gold" at the Games-88 and - in the same year - second place at the European Championship. In 1965, Dynamo Moscow, the first of the Soviet teams, took part in European competitions (the Cup Winners' Cup). And in the spring of 1972 - also for the first time in the history of our football - Dynamo reached the final (of the same Cup Winners' Cup), but lost to Glasgow Rangers 2:3. Dynamo's initiative was supported by their teammates from Kyiv and Tbilisi, who also scored in the Cup Winners' Cup. Kievans in 1975 outplayed Ferencvaros (Budapest, Hungary) 3:0 in the final, and Tbilisi in 1981 - Carl Zeiss (Jena, East Germany) 2:1. In 1986, Dynamo Kiev repeated its success, scoring three unanswered goals against Atletico (Madrid, Spain) in the decisive match. Another achievement of the people of Kiev is the European Super Cup (1975). Three times the Golden Ball was awarded to Soviet football players (the prize for the best player in Europe is awarded according to the results of a survey conducted by the weekly France Football): Lev Yashin (1963), Oleg Blokhin (1975) and Igor Belanov (1986).

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Modern stage. In February 1992, the Russian Football Union (RFU, president - V.I. Koloskov) was founded, which became the successor of the Football Federations of the USSR and the CIS. The RFU also includes the Professional Football League (PFL), which is headed by N.A. Tolstykh. In the spring of 1992, the first Russian championship started, which was won by Spartak Moscow. The first owners of the Cup of Russia were the capital's Torpedo team, who defeated CSKA in the final in a penalty shoot-out. In subsequent years, Spartak repeatedly confirmed its champion powers, in the period from 1992 to 2002 winning 9 out of 11 titles. In 1995, Spartak-Alania (Vladikavkaz) became the champion, and in 2002, Lokomotiv (Moscow), who beat CSKA in the Golden Match. The list of Russian Cup winners is more diverse, but it mainly includes Moscow clubs. In addition to Torpedo, in different years the Cup was won by: Lokomotiv (four times), Spartak (twice), Dynamo and CSKA. Only once - in 1999 - a non-Moscow club, namely Zenit (St. Petersburg), managed to win an honorary trophy. In the spring of 2003, the national champion and the winner of the Russian Cup played the Super Cup for the first time in a match between themselves. Lokomotiv (Moscow) became its owner. The maximum that Russian clubs have managed to achieve today in European competitions is to reach the semi-finals (Spartak and Lokomotiv managed to do this twice). The past decade was also unsuccessful for the Russian team. Inexpressive game at the championship of the World-94 and Euro-96. The World Championship-98 and the European Championship-2000, as well as the last two Olympic football tournaments, were held without our participation at all. The Russian team got into the final part of the 2002 world championship, but performed poorly and dropped out of the fight already at the group stage. Many leaders of Russian football in the 1990s began their sports careers back in Soviet times: I. Tsymbalar, S. Cherchesov, I. Chugainov, I. Dobrovolsky and others. At the same time, the past decade has opened up many new names: A. Tikhonov, I .Titov, A.Smertin, A.Panov, S.Semak, D.Loskov, R.Gusev, M.Izmailov, D.Sychev and others. A sign of the new football era: many Russians now play for foreign teams. And more and more foreign players appear in our clubs, including the leading players of some national teams - such as the Czech I. Yaroshek. IN last years attempts are being made to revive mass children's football, competitions of school and yard teams are held.

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Football rules. A separate football game is called a match, which in turn consists of two halves of 45 minutes. The pause between the first and second halves is 15 minutes, during which the teams rest, and at the end of it they change goals. Football is played on a grass or synthetic turf field. The game involves two teams: each from 7 to 11 people. One person per team (the goalkeeper) may play with his hands in the penalty area at his goal, his main task is to protect the goal. The rest of the players also have their own tasks and positions on the field. Defenders are located mainly in their own half of the field, their task is to counteract the attacking players of the opposite team. Midfielders operate in the middle of the field, their role is to help defenders or attackers, depending on the game situation. Forwards are located mainly in the opponent's half of the field, the main task is to score goals. The goal of the game is to score the ball into the opponent's goal, do it as many times as possible and try not to allow a goal into your own goal. The match is won by the team that scores more goals. If during two halves the teams scored the same number of goals, then either a draw is recorded, or the winner is revealed according to the established rules of the match. In this case, additional time may be assigned - two more halves of 15 minutes each. As a rule, teams are given a break between the regular and extra time of the match. Between extra halves, teams are given only time to change sides. At one time in football, there was a rule according to which the winner was declared the first team to score a goal (the "golden goal" rule) or who won at the end of any of the extra halves (the "silver goal" rule). At the moment, extra time is either not played at all, or is played in full (2 halves of 15 minutes each). If it is not possible to determine the winner during extra time, a series of post-match penalties is held, which are not part of the match: five shots are made at the opponent's goal from a distance of 11 meters by different players. If the number of penalties scored for both teams is equal, then one pair of penalties break through until a winner is determined.

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Guus Hiddink was born on November 8, 1946 in the Dutch city of Wisch and at the age of 21 began his professional career as a football player (played as a midfielder) in the De Graafschap club, a Dutch team of the 1st division. Jose Earthquakes clubs. He returned to Holland in 1977 and spent the next three seasons in Nijmegen. Finish the Washington Diplomats and San l player career in 1981 at De Graafschap. From the next season, he began working as a coach in the same club. Guus Hiddink was born on November 8, 1946 in the Dutch city of Wisch and at the age of 21 began his professional career as a football player (played as a midfielder) in the De Graafschap club, a Dutch team of the 1st division. Jose Earthquakes clubs. He returned to Holland in 1977 and spent the next three seasons in Nijmegen. Finish the Washington Diplomats and San l player career in 1981 at De Graafschap. From the next season, he began working as a coach in the same club. In 1984 he was appointed assistant coach at PSV, and two seasons later he became the head coach of the club. In 1986-1990, under his leadership, PSV became the champion of Holland four times in a row and the winner of the Dutch Cup three times. And in 1988, PSV also became the winner of the European Cup. In 1990, he headed the Turkish Fenerbahce, and in 1991, the Spanish Valencia, which he coached for more than two seasons. In 1995, he was appointed head coach of the Dutch national team, which he led to the 1/4 finals of the 1996 European Championship, and then to the 1/2 finals of the 1998 World Cup. In 1998, he began to coach Real Madrid, from where he was fired in February 1999 for unsatisfactory results in the Spanish Championship and critical remarks about the financial condition of the club. The next season was coached by Betis. In January 2001 he became the head coach of the national team South Korea, which led to the 1/2 finals of the World Cup - this is the best achievement of an Asian team in the history of football. In 2002, he returned to PSV, with whom he made a golden double in Holland in 2005, and also reached the 1/2 finals of the Champions League. In July 2005, he began working part-time with the Australian national team, which in November reached the final of the World Cup for the first time in 32 years, having won in a play-off against the Uruguay team. In April 2006, PSV secured the 19th national title in the club's history. Twice (in 2002 and 2006) Gus was named the Best Coach in Holland. In April 2006, Hiddink signed a four-year contract with the Russian national team. It will expire after the 2010 World Championship. He will take up his duties after the June World Cup. The Dutchman became the first foreigner in the history of domestic football, who was entrusted to lead the national team. On February 27, 2007, the court of the Dutch city of Den Bose sentenced Guus Hiddink to a fine of 45,000 euros and six months in prison on probation for two years. The authorities accuse him of failing to pay taxes amounting to about 1.4 million euros. This happened due to the fact that in 2002-03, Hiddink designated neighboring Belgium as his place of residence for the tax authorities of the Netherlands, while remaining at home. Income tax rates in Belgium and the Netherlands differ significantly - 33% and 52% respectively. Published based on materials from RIA Novosti.

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Achievements. 1986/87 - Dutch champion with PSV Eindhoven. 1987/88 - Winner [[Champions League Champions League[[ with PSV. 1987/88 - Dutch champion with PSV. 1987/88 - Winner of the Dutch Cup with PSV. 1988/89 - Dutch champion with PSV. 1988/89 - Winner of the Champions League with PSV. 1988/89 - Winner of the Dutch Cup with PSV. 1989/90 - Winner of the Dutch Cup with PSV. 1998 - Winner of the Intercontinental Cup with Real Madrid. 1998 - [[World Cup | World Championship[[: fourth place with the Dutch team. 2002 - World Cup: fourth place with the South Korean team. 2002/03 - Dutch champion with PSV. 2004/05 - Dutch champion with PSV. 2004/05 - Winner of the Dutch Cup with PSV. 2005/06 - Dutch champion with PSV. 2006 - World Cup: 1/8 finals with the Australian team. Career Football career: 1967-1970 De Graafschap (Holland) 1970-1971 PSV Eindhoven (Holland) 1972-1977 De Graafshap (Holland) 1977-1978 NEC, Nijmegen (Holland) 1978 "[[Washington Diplomats[[” (USA) 1978-1980 NEC, Nijmegen (Holland) 1980 San Jose Airsquakes (USA) Coaching career: 1981-1983 "De Grafsap" (Holland), assistant head coach 1983-1987 PSV Eindhoven (Holland), assistant head coach coach 1987-1990 PSV, Eindhoven (Holland), head coach 1990-1991 Fenerbahce, Istanbul (Turkey), head coach 1991-1994 Valencia (Spain), head coach 1995-1998 Dutch national team, head coach 1998- 1999 Real Madrid (Spain), head coach February-May 2000 Betis, Sevilla (Spain), head coach 2001-2002 South Korea national team, head coach 2002-2006 PSV, Eindhoven (Holland), head coach 2005 -2006 Australian national team, head coach Since April 14, 2006 - head coach of the Russian team.

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Composition of the Russian national team. Igor Akinfeev 04/08/1986 CSKA Moscow goalkeeper Vladimir Gabulov 10/19/1983 Dynamo Moscow goalkeeper Vyacheslav Malafeev 03/04/1979 Zenit goalkeeper St. Petersburg Anyukov Alexander 09/28/1982 Zenit defender St. Petersburg Alexei Berezutsky 06/20/1982 CS defender KA Moscow Berezutsky Vasily 06/20/1982 CSKA Moscow defender Ignashevich Sergey 07/14/1979 CSKA Moscow defender Denis Kolodin 01/11/1982 Dynamo Moscow defender Renat Yanbaev 04/07/1984 Lokomotiv Moscow defender Evgeny Aldonin 01/22/1980 CSKA Moscow midfielder Bilyaletdin ov Diniyar 02/27/1985 Midfielder Everton England Vladimir Bystrov 01/31/1984 Zenit St. Petersburg midfielder Igor Denisov 05/17/1984 Zenit St. Petersburg midfielder Alan Dzagoev 06/17/1990 CSKA Moscow midfielder Yury Zhirkov 08/20/1983 Chelsea midfielder England Konstantin Zyryanov 04.10. 1977 Zenit midfielder St. Petersburg Alexey Rebko 04/23/1986 FC Moscow midfielder Saenko Ivan 10/17/1983 Spartak midfielder Moscow Semak Sergey 02/27/1976 Rubin midfielder Kazan Igor Semshov 04/06/1978 Zenit midfielder St. Petersburg Andrey Arshavin 05/29/1981 Arsenal striker England Bukharov Alexander 03/12/1985 Rubin striker Kazan Alexander Kerzhakov 11/27/1982 Dynamo Moscow forward Roman Pavlyuchenko 12/15/1981 Tottenham striker England Pogrebnyak Pavel 11/08/1983 Stu forward tgart Germany

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Football fields. FOOTBALL FIELD DIMENSIONS. Length: min 90 m (100 yd), max 120 m (130 yd) Width: min 45 m (50 yd), max 90 m (100 yd) Field dimensions for international matches: Length: min 100 m (110 yd) , maximum 110 m (120 yds) Width: minimum 64 m (70 yds), maximum 75 m (80 yds) Recommended values: Length - 105 meters Width - 68 meters ; these lines are included in the areas they delimit. All lines must be the same width. The two long lines that define the field of play are called side lines; two short lines - goal lines. Center of the field The field is divided into two halves by a center line connecting the midpoints of the touchlines. The center of the field is marked in the middle of the center line, around which a circle with a radius of 9.15 m (10 yds) is drawn. From the mark of the center of the field at the beginning of each of the halves of regular and extra time, as well as after each goal scored, the kick-off is taken. When the kick-off is taken, all players must be in their own half of the field, and the opponents of the team taking the kick must be outside the center circle. Goal area On each half of the field, the goal area is marked - the zone from which a goal kick is taken, and within which the goalkeeper cannot be pushed (including correctly), except when he is standing on the ground and in possession of the ball or blocking the ball. From points at a distance of 5.5 m (6 yds) from the inside of each goal post, at right angles to the goal line, two lines are drawn inland. At a distance of 5.5 m (6 yds) these lines are joined by another line parallel to the goal line. Thus, the dimensions of the goal area are 18.32 m (20 yds) by 5.5 m (6 yds).

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Penalty area Penalty area A penalty area is marked in each half of the field - an area in which the goalkeeper can play with his hands, and a 11-meter kick will be awarded to the goal of a team that has committed a penalty offense in its own penalty area. From points at a distance of 16.5 m (18 yds) from the inside of each goalpost, at right angles to the goal line, two lines are drawn inland. At a distance of 16.5 m (18 yds) these lines are joined by another line parallel to the goal line. The penalty area is thus 40.32 m (44 yd) by 16.5 m (18 yd). Within the penalty area, in the center of the goal line and at a distance of 11 m (12 yds) from it, a penalty mark is placed. Outside the penalty area, a circular arc with a radius of 9.15 m (10 yds) is drawn, centered on the penalty mark. This arc is used to position the players of the teams when breaking a penalty kick. Corner sectors In each of the four corners of the field, an arc with a radius of 1 m (or 1 yard) is drawn with a center in the corner of the field, limiting the sector for corner kicks. At a distance of 9.15 m (10 yds) from the edges of the corner sectors, the touchlines and goal lines may be marked (on the outside of the lines adjacent to them at right angles) used to determine the distance at which the players are at the corner . Flagpoles In the corners of the field, flags must be placed on flagpoles at least 1.5 meters (5 feet) high and not pointed at the top. Also, flagpoles can be installed at a distance of at least one meter from the intersection of the middle and side lines (in practice, they are used extremely rarely). Goals Goals must be placed in the center of each goal line. They consist of two vertical posts, located at an equal distance from the corner flagpoles and connected at the top by a horizontal crossbar. Gates must be securely fastened to the ground; the use of portable gates is permissible only if they meet this requirement. The distance between the uprights is 7.32 m (8 yds), and the distance from the bottom contour of the crossbar to the ground is 2.44 m (8 ft). The width and height of the section of both posts and the crossbar are the same and do not exceed 12 cm (5 inches). The width of the goal line is equal to the width of the goalposts and the crossbar. Nets may be attached to the goals and the ground behind the goals, which must be securely fastened and positioned so as not to interfere with the goalkeeper. The goalposts and crossbar must be made of wood, metal or other material permitted by the relevant standard, have a rectangular, elliptical, square or round shape in cross-section and be white.

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Technical zone Technical zone When playing matches in stadiums where there are specially designated places for the accommodation of technical staff and substitutes, a technical zone is designated in the immediate vicinity of the field, the boundaries of which protrude by 1 meter on both sides of the area reserved for the bench and forward up to a distance of 1 meter from the touchline. It is recommended to use markings to mark the boundaries of this zone. Football Field Construction A world-class football field is a complex, multi-layered structure. The football field consists (from top to bottom) of the following parts: Grass pitch; Substrate of sand and gravel; heating pipes; Drainage pipes. Grass cover Grass cover needs to be watered and fertilized, as well as to sow "bald spots". Grass does not allow for many games: so that it does not get trampled, the number of matches on natural grass should not exceed two per week. At modern stadiums, grass is not grown, but brought in the form of turf rolls. Synthetic turf Main article: Artificial grass Synthetic turf is a "carpet" of synthetic material from which "blades of grass" protrude. Each blade of grass is not just a strip of plastic, but a product of complex shape with stiffening ribs. To ensure elasticity, artificial turf is covered with sand, and on top crumb rubber. Synthetic turf requires only two types of maintenance: after a certain number of games, the turf is replaced with a new one; after each match, with a special machine, similar to a large vacuum cleaner, sand and rubber are removed, separated and laid again. Mixed turf Mixed turf is a turf in which synthetic blades of grass are sewn by a special machine. Such a coating is very expensive, but practically does not differ from grass, and withstands much more matches. Care is also limited to watering, fertilizing and timely replacement of "bald spots". The first Russian stadium to use such a coating is Lokomotiv Moscow. All world championships are held on grass (and on mixed, as it is equivalent to grass).

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Soccer ball. History On initial stage development of football, the ball was made from bladder animals that quickly became useless if they were hit hard enough. The technology of ball production changed qualitatively with the discovery of vulcanized rubber by Charles Goodyear in 1838. In 1855 he introduced the first ball made of rubber. The use of rubber made it possible to enhance the quality of the ball rebound and its strength. Seven years later, in 1862, another inventor, Richard Lindon, created the first inflatable rubber bladder for a ball. Later, he developed a pump for the bladder, and his invention won a medal at an exhibition in London. Thanks to the discovery of rubber and the invention of the inflatable bladder, the necessary specifications for the industrial production of soccer balls. In 1863, the Football Association of England was founded, which for the first time unified football rules, but at that time they did not mention anything about a soccer ball. In 1872 was officially established standard size and the mass of the ball. Prior to this, the size and mass of a soccer ball were determined by mutual agreement of the parties concerned. Under the new rules, the soccer ball must have round shape with a volume of 68.6 to 71.7 cm. The mass of the ball could range from 368 to 425 grams. In 1937, the mass of the ball was increased to 410-450 grams, and from that moment this rule remains unchanged to this day. The Football League of England was founded in 1888. Thanks to her orders, the first mass production of soccer balls began by Mitre and Thomlinson. At the beginning of the 20th century, their quality improved significantly, thanks to durable rubber, the chamber could withstand great pressure. The ball consisted of an inner chamber and a tire. The tire was made of genuine leather and consisted of 18 panels, each of which was sewn together with lacing. In the early 1960s, a fully synthetic soccer ball was made. Genuine leather was still used in production, but in the end, synthetic materials completely replaced it.

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Design. A soccer ball is made up of three main components: a tire, a lining, and a bladder. Tire The tire is made mostly of synthetic material rather than natural leather as it was originally made, as the leather is absorbent and the ball gains weight. Modern synthetic materials have an advantage over genuine leather in a number of characteristics, so leather is practically not used anymore. As a rule, PU (polyurethane) or PVC (polyvinyl chloride) material is used. Most modern balls consist of 32 waterproof panels, 12 of them are pentagonal, 20 are hexagonal. The panels of a soccer ball are sewn together with threads by hand or by machine, or glue. The construction of these 32 polygons is called a truncated icosahedron - not the closest to a ball geometric figure, just like that, a technologically optimal number of seams between the pieces is achieved, and the spherical shape is given to the ball due to the pressure of the air pumped inside. The first such ball was produced in Denmark in 1950 by Select and was widely used in Europe. It began to be used worldwide after the 1970 World Cup, on which there were such balls produced by Adidas. Before that, a ball was used, consisting of 18 oblong parts and lacing, similar in design to modern volleyballs. This design is quite common and still. In 2004, Adidas first introduced the Roteiro, the official ball of the 2004 European Football Championship. The 2006 FIFA World Cup final in Germany was played with a Teamgeist ball. For the first time since 1970, Adidas stepped away from the traditional 32-panel tire configuration and introduced the 14-panel ball. The panels of the ball were bonded using thermal bonding. The official match ball for the 2010 South African World Cup was the Adidas Jabulani. The structure of the soccer ball is made up of 8 panels, also thermally bonded to each other. Lining The inner layer between the tire and the chamber is occupied by a lining. The quality of a soccer ball directly depends on the thickness of the lining. It affects the quality of the bounce of the ball and helps to maintain its shape. The material for the manufacture is polyester or pressed cotton. A modern professional soccer ball consists of four or more layers of lining. Chamber Made of synthetic butyl or natural latex, sometimes polyurethane. The latex chamber retains air for a shorter time than the butyl chamber. But a latex bladder has an advantage over bladders made from butyl or polyurethane in three main ways: softness, rebound, and elasticity. Interesting fact- as more recognizable, the wording with mention of the shape of a soccer ball is applied to the description of the atomic lattice of the simplest of fullerenes

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Football goal. Goals in football - installed along the front lines on both sides of the field. The gate is 2.45 meters (8 feet) high and 7.33 (8 yards) wide. Scoring a goal into the goal is the only way to earn points. Each goal is worth one point. The division of the gate into zones The gates are conditionally divided into nine squares: three rows of three squares. Each square is assigned a number from 1 to 9. Counting starts from the bottom row, so that the fourth square is above the first square, the seventh is above the fourth, and so on. goal, trying to get the ball into a precisely defined zone (for example, “five” is the very center of the goal, “one”, “three”, “seven” and “nine” are the corners of the goal). "Nine" is the right or left upper corner of the football goal. In all other situations, the central zones are not numbered at all (football commentators usually use the expressions “punch down or up the center of the goal, punch under the crossbar”), and it is customary to give the names of the side zones “triples”, “sixes” and “nines” and with this immediately clarify whether we are talking about the right or left side of the gate. It should be borne in mind that in colloquial language the expression "to hit the" nine "" is used only if the ball hit exactly "under the cross", that is, near the intersection of the bar and the crossbar.

Story the emergence of football

Football is the most popular team game in the world where you have to fight for a small number of points. Many still consider England to be the birthplace of football, but this is not entirely true. In fact, the history of the "kickball" has many centuries and has affected many countries.

The oldest source is the annals of the Han Dynasty, which in Ancient China. They are over 2000 years old. The game of kicking the ball Tsu Chu appeared in ancient China as early as 250 BC.

Chinese women playing football

"Tsu" means "kicking the ball", and "Chu" can be translated as "leather stuffed ball". According to the records, this game was usually played to celebrate the birthday of the Emperor.

A goal in Tsu-Chu was considered to be hitting the ball into the net through a small hole. The net was fixed by a vertically standing bamboo cane. Considering that the hole was about 30 - 40 centimeters in diameter and was located at a height of 9 meters above the ground, a certain skill was required for the game.

A stamp depicting Tsú-Chú. Issued in the United Arab Emirates, it shows a gate made of silk with a hole in the center. ancient football Chinese women playing football FOOTBALL IN JAPAN Japan - a similar ball game was played here about 1400 years ago. According to historical data, between 300 and 600 years from the birth of Christ, the Japanese invented a game called Kemari. It was played by up to 8 people. A ball with a diameter of about 25 cm was covered soft skin and full of sawdust. The player had to prevent the ball from touching the floor by passing and juggling with his feet. The playing field in Kemari was called Kikutsubo. Traditionally, Kikutsubo was rectangular in shape with young trees planted in each of the corners of the field. The classic version was distinguished by the use of four different types trees: cherry, maple, willow and pine. The Japanese even had special slang for Kemari. At the introduction of the ball, the player shouted "Ariyaaaa!" (Let's go!), And during the pass to the partner - "Ari!" (Here!). FOOTBALL IN CENTRAL AMERICA IN Central America Pok-A-Tok ball game playgrounds date back to 1600 BC. The site on Paso de la Amada in Mexico was maintained and expanded for 150 years. It was an 80-meter flat narrow field surrounded by towering open stands. The playing field had the shape of the letter “I” Three round slabs called “markers” were installed in two inclined walls at right angles (later only one stone ring remained). a few yards above the ground (up to 9 meters) Players could only touch a small rubber ball (10-15 cm in diameter) with their elbows, knees, or hips. IN NORTH AMERICA

The players wore all sorts of decorations and applied war paint, so it was almost impossible to take revenge on the offender after the game. It was common to postpone the end of the match to another day and lavish festivities at its conclusion.

Little known is Askaktuk, a game played by the Eskimos that involved kicking a heavy ball filled with grass, caribou hair and moss. According to legend, two villages once played Askaktuk with gates 10 miles apart.

FOOTBALL IN ANCIENT GREECE In ancient Greece, the game of ball was popular in various forms at least in the 4th century BC. BC e. According to legend, the goddess Aphrodite gave the first ball to Eros, saying to him these words: “I will give you a wonderful toy: this ball is fast flying, you won’t get any better fun from the hands of Hephaestus.” Depending on the ritual, the ball could symbolize the Sun, the Moon, the Earth, and even the aurora. Among the warriors of Sparta, the epikyros ball game was popular, which was played with both hands and feet. It was played mainly by men, but women, if desired, could also practice. FOOTBALL IN ANCIENT EGYPT The picture shows a linen ball found in an Egyptian tomb. For a better rebound, the balls also included catgut wound around a sphere, after which they were wrapped in leather or suede. Very little is known about Egyptian balls. Historians believe that during the "rites of fertility" in Ancient Egypt, balls with seeds wrapped in bright fabrics were kicked in the fields.

medieval football

With the collapse of the Roman Empire, this game remained under other names in France (“pa soup”), in Italy (“calcio”) and many other states that formed in its place.

The ball game Calcio (Florence) originated in Italy around the 16th century. Piazza della Novere in Florence is considered to be the cradle of this mesmerizing sport. Over time, the game became known as "giuoco del Calcio fiorentino" (Florentine foot game) or simply Calcio. The first official rules of Calcio were published by Giovanni Bardi in 1580. Similar to the Roman Harpastum, two teams of 27 people played with hands and feet. Goals were counted after throwing the ball through the points marked on the perimeter of the field.

FOOTBALL IN ENGLAND When in the 17th century. supporters of the executed English king Charles I fled to Italy, they got acquainted with this game there, and after the accession to the throne in 1660 of Charles II they brought it to England, where it became a game of courtiers. The most popular and violent English version of the ball game was called "crowd football" and was played between teams from different villages on celebrations and holidays. In 1565 football was openly played on the streets of England. Medieval football in England was extremely gambling and rough, and the game itself was a wild dump in the streets. The degree of insanity is characterized by the fact that during the matches people living nearby boarded up the windows of their houses. Both "teams" tried to drive the ball into the central square of the enemy village or played against other areas of their city, gathering in the market or main square.

In the cities of England they played in the marketplaces and even in the narrow, crooked streets. The number of players reached a hundred or more people. They played from midday until sunset. There were almost no restrictions. You could hit with your hands and feet, you could grab the player with the ball, knock him down. As soon as the player took possession of the ball, a cheerful, violent crowd of players immediately rushed after him. In the excitement of dumps and hand-to-hand combat, trade tents collapsed with a crash, market stalls were carried to pieces. Full of horror, solid citizens, monks and even knights pressed against the walls of their houses. In the villages, even the rivers did not serve as an obstacle to the players. It happened that some players drowned while crossing, but sometimes they didn’t even notice this. The English writer Longwood wrote of football players that they had "bruised cheeks, broken legs, arms and backs, gouged out eyes, noses full of blood". Very soon, churchmen, feudal lords, merchants took up arms against football - they all demanded to ban football. This folk game seemed to them too restless and dangerous. In 1389, Richard II banned football throughout the kingdom. The punishments were the most severe, up to ... death penalty!

Despite the bans, people continued to play football.

FOOTBALL IN RUSSIA In Rus', too, there have long been ball games reminiscent of football. One of these games was called "shalyga": the players tried to kick the ball into the opponent's territory with their feet. They played in bast shoes on the ice of rivers or in market squares with a leather ball stuffed with feathers. Russian people went to the ball game more willingly than to the church, so it was the clergy who first of all called for the eradication of folk games. Most of all, the head of the Old Believers-schismatics, Archpriest Avvakum, who furiously urged ... to burn the participants in the games, raged the most! However, many years of attempts by kings and kings to stop this "dangerous" game failed. Football turned out to be stronger than prohibitions, lived and developed safely, acquired a modern form and became olympic view sports.

"History of football" The work was done by a student of the 11th grade Kasimova Olesya The work was checked by: Kasimova Olga Petrovna 2012

Football (from the English foot - foot, ball - ball) is a team sport in which the goal is to score the ball into the opponent's goal with the feet or other parts of the body (except the hands) more times than the opposing team. Currently the most popular and massive sport in the world

Names of the game The full English name (eng. association football) was coined to distinguish this game from other varieties of "kickball", especially rugby (eng. rugby football). In the 1880s, the abbreviated name "socker" (English soccer) appeared, which today has become widespread in a number of English-speaking countries (excluding England, where fans consider it disparaging).

History of football Games similar to modern football have existed for a long time among different peoples, however, the first recorded rules date back to 1848. The birth date of football is considered to be 1863, when the first Football Association was organized and rules similar to modern ones were drawn up. The history of football began a very long time ago. So, for example, in Egypt, and in Germany, and in China there were games similar to football. The most successful of them was called harpastum and was invented by the Italians. But when modern football appeared, harpastum was forgotten. When the British came up with football, they immediately began to popularize it in all countries, including Russia. At that time, many English teams participated in the championship. Football in Russia was first mentioned in the book of one of the doctors "playing with the ball in the air."

Rules of the game A separate football game is called a match, which in turn consists of two halves of 45 minutes. The pause between the first and second halves is 15 minutes, during which the teams rest, and at the end of it they change goals.

Football is played on a grass or synthetic turf field. The game involves two teams: each from 7 to 11 people. One person per team (the goalkeeper) may play with his hands in the penalty area at his goal, his main task is to protect the goal. The rest of the players also have their own tasks and positions on the field. Defenders are located mainly in their own half of the field, their task is to counteract the attacking players of the opposite team. Midfielders operate in the middle of the field, their role is to help defenders or attackers, depending on the game situation. Forwards are located mainly in the opponent's half of the field, the main task is to score goals.

The goal of the game is to score the ball into the opponent's goal, do it as many times as possible and try not to allow a goal into your own goal. The match is won by the team that scores more goals.

If during two halves the teams scored the same number of goals, then either a draw is recorded, or the winner is revealed according to the established rules of the match. In this case, additional time may be assigned - two more halves of 15 minutes each. As a rule, teams are given a break between the regular and extra time of the match. Between extra halves, teams are given only time to change sides. At one time in football, there was a rule according to which the winner was declared the first team to score a goal (the "golden goal" rule) or who won at the end of any of the extra halves (the "silver goal" rule).

At the moment, extra time is either not played at all, or is played in full (2 halves of 15 minutes each). If it is not possible to determine the winner during extra time, a series of post-match penalties is held, which are not part of the match: five shots are made at the opponent's goal from a distance of 11 meters by different players. If the number of penalties scored for both teams is equal, then one pair of penalties break through until a winner is determined.

Competitions Football competitions, like in any other sport, are an important part of the game. The competition is organized by the federation, for each tournament a regulation is drawn up, which usually determines the composition of the participants, the tournament scheme, the rules for determining the winner in case of equality of points and some deviations from the rules, for example, the number of substitutions. Competitions are divided into domestic and international, which in turn are divided into club and national teams. Football tournaments gather tens of thousands of spectators in the stands of the stadium and a multi-million audience on television.

Varieties of football There are many varieties of football, mostly with fewer players, including: futsal (AMF) and futsal (FIFA) - futsal (played indoors on a special surface), yard football (played on any surface on the fields of any size by any number of people), beach football (played on the sand), “river football” (knee-deep in water, an annual tournament in the English city of Burton), “swamp football” (played in a swamp), football freestyle (consists in the performance of all kinds feints and tricks), foot-doubleball (played with two balls). Also table and virtual football. Since the popularity of football is very high, there are many games imitating football.

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The most ancient source is the annals of the Han Dynasty in Ancient China. They are over 2000 years old. The game of kicking the ball TsuChu appeared in ancient China as early as 250 BC. Chinese women play soccer "Tsu" means "kick the ball" and "Chu" can be translated as "leather stuffed ball". According to the records, this game was usually played to celebrate the birthday of the Emperor. A goal in Tsu-Chu was considered to be hitting the ball into the net through a small hole. The net was fixed by a vertically standing bamboo cane. Considering that the hole was about 30 - 40 centimeters in diameter and was located at a height of 9 meters above the ground, a certain skill was required for the game.

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A stamp depicting Tsú-Chú. Issued in the United Arab Emirates, it shows a gate made of silk with a hole in the center.

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ancient football

Chinese women playing football

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FOOTBALL IN JAPAN

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Japan - A similar ball game was played here about 1400 years ago. According to historical data, between 300 and 600 years from the birth of Christ, the Japanese invented a game called Kemari. It was played by up to 8 people. The ball, about 25 cm in diameter, was covered with soft leather and stuffed with sawdust. The player had to prevent the ball from touching the floor by passing and juggling with his feet. The playing field in Kemari was called Kikutsubo. Traditionally, Kikutsubo was rectangular in shape with young trees planted in each of the corners of the field. The classic version was distinguished by the use of four different types of trees: cherry, maple, willow and pine. The Japanese even had special slang for Kemari. At the introduction of the ball, the player shouted "Ariyaaaa!" (Let's go!), And during the pass to the partner - "Ari!" (Here!).

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Three round slabs called "markers" were installed at right angles into two sloping walls (subsequently, only one stone ring remained). A goal was considered to be hitting the marker or carrying the ball through the hoop. Markers and rings were several yards above the ground (up to 9 meters). Players could only touch a small rubber ball (10-15 cm in diameter) with their elbows, knees or hips. The goal was such a huge achievement that after it the game often ended immediately.

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FOOTBALL IN NORTH AMERICA

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It is believed that the Indians of North America also had their kicking game, which was called "pasuckuakohowog", which means "they gathered to play ball with their feet." The games were played in the early 17th century on beaches with gates half a mile wide, spaced a mile apart. In pasuckuakohowog, up to 1000 people took part. Played, often rough and traumatic. The players wore all sorts of decorations and applied war paint, so it was almost impossible to take revenge on the offender after the game. It was common to postpone the end of the match to another day and lavish festivities at its conclusion. Little known is Askaktuk, a game played by the Eskimos that involved kicking a heavy ball filled with grass, caribou hair and moss. According to legend, two villages once played Askaktuk with gates 10 miles apart.

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FOOTBALL IN ANCIENT GREECE

In ancient Greece, the ball game was popular in various forms at least in the 4th century BC. BC e. According to legend, the goddess Aphrodite gave the first ball to Eros, saying to him these words: “I will give you a wonderful toy: this ball is fast flying, you won’t get any better fun from the hands of Hephaestus.” Depending on the ritual, the ball could symbolize the Sun, the Moon, the Earth, and even the aurora.

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Among the warriors of Sparta, the epikyros ball game was popular, which was played with both hands and feet. It was played mainly by men, but women, if desired, could also practice.

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FOOTBALL IN ANCIENT EGYPT

The picture shows a linen ball found in an Egyptian tomb. For a better rebound, the balls also included catgut wound around a sphere, after which they were wrapped in leather or suede. Very little is known about Egyptian balls. Historians believe that during the "rites of fertility" in ancient Egypt, balls with seeds wrapped in bright fabrics were kicked in the fields.

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Medieval football With the collapse of the Roman Empire, this game remained under other names in France ("pa supi"), in Italy ("calcio") and many other states formed in its place. The ball game Calcio (Florence) originated in Italy around the 16th century. Piazzadella Noverevo in Florence is considered to be the cradle of this mesmerizing sport. Over time, the game became known as "giuocodel Calciofiorentino" (Florentine foot game) or simply Calcio. The first official rules of Calcio were published by Giovanni Bardive in 1580. Similar to the Roman Harpastum, two teams of 27 people played with hands and feet. Goals were counted after throwing the ball through the points marked on the perimeter of the field.

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FOOTBALL IN ENGLAND

When in the 17th century supporters of the executed English king Charles I fled to Italy, they got acquainted with this game there, and after the accession to the throne in 1660 of Charles II they brought it to England, where it became a game of courtiers. The most popular and violent English version of the ball game was called "crowd football" and was played between teams from different villages on celebrations and holidays. In 1565 football was openly played on the streets of England. Medieval football in England was extremely gambling and rough, and the game itself was a wild dump in the streets. The degree of insanity is characterized by the fact that during the matches people living nearby boarded up the windows of their houses. Both "teams" tried to drive the ball into the central square of the enemy village or played against other areas of their city, gathering in the market or main square.

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FOOTBALL IN RUSSIA

In Rus', too, there have long been ball games reminiscent of football. One of these games was called "shalyga": the players tried to kick the ball into the opponent's territory with their feet. They played in bast shoes on the ice of rivers or in market squares with a leather ball stuffed with feathers. Russian people went to the ball game more willingly than to the church, so it was the clergy who first of all called for the eradication of folk games. Most of all, the head of the Old Believers-schismatics, Archpriest Avvakum, who furiously urged ... to burn the participants in the games, raged the most! However, many years of attempts by kings and kings to stop this "dangerous" game failed. Football turned out to be stronger than prohibitions, lived and developed safely, acquired a modern form and became an Olympic sport.

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