Connecting the radiator to the supply. Diagonal connection of a heating radiator: diagram, pros and cons. Connection diagrams and methods

You can purchase an arbitrarily powerful heating boiler, but still not achieve the expected warmth and comfort in your home. The reason for this may well be incorrectly selected final heat exchange devices indoors, as which are traditionally most often radiators. But even assessments that seem to be quite suitable according to all criteria sometimes do not meet the expectations of their owners. Why?

And the reason may lie in the fact that the radiators were connected according to a scheme that is very far from optimal. And this circumstance simply does not allow them to show those output heat transfer parameters that are announced by manufacturers. Therefore, let's take a closer look at the question: what are the possible connection diagrams for heating radiators in a private house. Let's see what the advantages and disadvantages of certain options are. Let's see what technological techniques are used to optimize some circuits.

Necessary information for the correct choice of radiator connection diagram

In order to make further explanations more understandable to the inexperienced reader, it makes sense to first consider what a standard heating radiator is, in principle. The term “standard” is used because there are also completely “exotic” batteries, but the plans of this publication do not include their consideration.

Basic design of a heating radiator

So, if you depict a regular heating radiator schematically, you might get something like this:

From a layout point of view, this is usually a set of heat exchange sections (item 1). The number of these sections can vary over a fairly wide range. Many battery models allow you to vary this amount, adding or decreasing, depending on the required total thermal power or based on the maximum permissible sizes assemblies. To do this, a threaded connection is provided between the sections using special couplings (nipples) with the necessary sealing. Other radiators do not have this possibility; their sections are tightly connected or even form a single unit metal structure. But in the light of our topic, this difference is not of fundamental importance.

But what is important is the hydraulic part of the battery, so to speak. All sections are united by common collectors located horizontally at the top (item 2) and bottom (item 3). And at the same time, each section provides for the connection of these collectors with a vertical channel (item 4) for the movement of coolant.

Each of the collectors has two inputs, respectively. In the diagram they are designated G1 and G2 for the upper collector, G3 and G4 for the lower.

In the vast majority of connection schemes used in heating systems of private houses, only these two inputs are always used. One is connected to the supply pipe (that is, coming from the boiler). The second is to the “return”, that is, to the pipe through which the coolant returns from the radiator to the boiler room. The remaining two entrances are blocked by plugs or other locking devices.

And what’s important is that the efficiency of the expected heat transfer of the heating radiator largely depends on how these two inputs, supply and return, are mutually located.

Note : Of course, the diagram is given with a significant simplification, and many types of radiators may have their own characteristics. So, for example, in the familiar cast iron batteries of the MS-140 type, each section has two vertical channels connecting the collectors. And in steel radiators there are no sections at all - but the system of internal channels, in principle, repeats the hydraulic circuit shown. So everything that will be said below applies equally to them.

Where is the supply pipe and where is the return pipe?

It is quite clear that in order to correctly optimally position the inlet and outlet to the radiator, it is necessary to at least know in which direction the coolant is moving. In other words, where is the supply and where is the “return”. And the fundamental difference may be hidden in the type of heating system itself - it can be single-pipe or

Features of a single-pipe system

This heating system is especially common in high-rise buildings; it is also quite popular in single-story individual construction. Its wide demand is primarily based on the fact that significantly fewer pipes are required during creation, volumes are reduced installation work.

To explain it as simply as possible, this system is one pipe running from the supply pipe to the inlet pipe of the boiler (as an option - from the supply to the return manifold), onto which heating radiators are “strung” in series.

On the scale of one level (floor) it might look something like this:

It is quite obvious that the “return” of the first radiator in the “chain” becomes the supply of the next one - and so on, until the end of this closed circuit. It is clear that from the beginning to the end of a single-pipe circuit, the coolant temperature steadily decreases, and this is one of the most significant disadvantages of such a system.

It is also possible to arrange a single-pipe circuit, which is typical for buildings with several floors. This approach was usually practiced in the construction of urban apartment buildings. However, you can also find it in private houses with several floors. This should also not be forgotten if, say, the owners got the house from the old owners, that is, with the heating circuits already installed.

There are two possible options here, shown below in the diagram under the letters “a” and “b”, respectively.

Prices for popular heating radiators

Option “a” is called a riser with top coolant supply. That is, from the supply manifold (boiler), the pipe rises freely to the highest point of the riser, and then sequentially passes down through all the radiators. That is, the supply of hot coolant directly to the batteries is carried out in the direction from top to bottom.
Option “b” - single-pipe distribution with bottom feed. Already on the way up, along the ascending pipe, the coolant passes a series of radiators. Then the flow direction changes to the opposite, the coolant passes through another string of batteries until it enters the “return” collector.

The second option is used for reasons of saving pipes, but it is obvious that the disadvantage of a single-pipe system, that is, the temperature drop from radiator to radiator along the coolant flow, is expressed to an even greater extent.

Thus, if you have a single-pipe system installed in your house or apartment, then in order to select the optimal radiator connection diagram, you should definitely clarify in which direction the coolant is supplied.

Secrets of the popularity of the Leningradka heating system

Despite quite significant disadvantages, single-pipe systems still remain quite popular. An example of this is described in detail in a separate article on our portal. And another publication is devoted to that element without which single-pipe systems are not able to operate normally.

What if the system is two-pipe?

A two-pipe heating system is considered more advanced. It is easier to operate and lends itself better to fine adjustments. But this is against the backdrop of the fact that more material will be required to create it, and installation work is becoming more extensive.

As can be seen from the illustration, both the supply and return pipes are essentially collectors to which the corresponding pipes of each radiator are connected. An obvious advantage is that the temperature in the supply pipe-collector is maintained almost the same for all heat exchange points, that is, it almost does not depend on the location of a particular battery in relation to the heat source (boiler).

This scheme is also used in systems for houses with several floors. An example is shown in the diagram below:

In this case, the supply riser is plugged from above, as is the return pipe, that is, they are turned into two parallel vertical collectors.

It is important to understand one nuance correctly here. The presence of two pipes near the radiator does not mean that the system itself is two-pipe. For example, with a vertical layout there may be a picture like this:

This arrangement can mislead an owner who is inexperienced in these matters. Despite the presence of two risers, the system is still single-pipe, since the heating radiator is connected to only one of them. And the second is a riser that provides the upper supply of coolant.

Prices for aluminum radiators

aluminum radiator

It's a different matter if the connection looks like this:

The difference is obvious: the battery is embedded in two different pipes - supply and return. That is why there is no bypass jumper between the inputs - it is completely unnecessary with such a scheme.

There are other two-pipe connection schemes. For example, the so-called collector (it is also called “radial” or “star”). This principle is often resorted to when they try to place all the circuit distribution pipes secretly, for example, under the floor covering.

In such cases, a collector unit is placed in a certain place, and from it is already being carried out individual pipes supply and return to each of the radiators. But at its core, it is still a two-pipe system.

Why is all this being said? And besides, if the system is two-pipe, then to select a radiator connection diagram it is important to clearly know which of the pipes is the supply manifold and which is connected to the “return”.

But the direction of flow through the pipes themselves, which was decisive in a single-pipe system, no longer plays a role here. The movement of the coolant directly through the radiator will depend solely on the relative position of the tie-in pipes into the supply and return.

By the way, even in a small house, a combination of both schemes can be used. For example, a two-pipe system is used, however, in a separate area, say, in one of the spacious rooms or in an extension, several radiators connected according to the single-pipe principle are placed. This means that when choosing a connection diagram, it is important not to get confused, and to individually evaluate each heat exchange point: what will be decisive for it - the direction of flow in the pipe or the relative position of the supply and return collector pipes.

If such clarity is achieved, you can select the optimal scheme for connecting radiators to the circuits.

Diagrams for connecting radiators to the circuit and assessing their effectiveness

Everything said above was a kind of “prelude” to this section. Now we will get acquainted with how you can connect radiators to the pipes of the circuit, and which method provides maximum heat transfer efficiency.

As we have already seen, two radiator inputs are activated, and two more are muted. What direction of movement of the coolant through the battery will be optimal?

A few more preliminary words. What are the “motivating reasons” for the movement of coolant through the radiator channels.

This is, firstly, the dynamic fluid pressure created in the heating circuit. The liquid tends to fill the entire volume if conditions are created for this (there are no air pockets). But it is quite clear that, like any flow, it will tend to flow along the path of least resistance.
Secondly, the difference in temperature (and, accordingly, density) of the coolant in the radiator cavity itself becomes the “driving force”. Hotter flows tend to rise, trying to displace cooler ones.

The combination of these forces ensures the flow of coolant through the radiator channels. But depending on the connection diagram, the overall picture can vary quite a bit.

Prices for cast iron radiators

cast iron radiator

Diagonal connection, top feed

This scheme is considered to be the most effective. Radiators with such a connection show their full capabilities. Usually, when calculating a heating system, it is this that is taken as the “unit”, and for all the others one or another correction reduction factor will be introduced.

It is quite obvious that a priori the coolant cannot encounter any obstacles with such a connection. The liquid completely fills the volume of the upper manifold pipe and flows evenly through vertical channels from the upper to the lower manifold. As a result, the entire heat exchange area of the radiator is heated evenly, and maximum heat transfer from the battery is achieved.

Single-sided connection, top feed

Very common diagram - this is how radiators are usually installed in a single-pipe system in the risers of high-rise buildings with top supply, or on descending branches with bottom supply.

In principle, the circuit is quite effective, especially if the radiator itself is not too long. But if there are many sections assembled into a battery, then the appearance of negative aspects cannot be ruled out.

It is quite likely that the kinetic energy of the coolant will be insufficient for the flow to fully pass through the upper collector to the very end. The liquid looks for “easy paths”, and the bulk of the flow begins to pass through the vertical internal channels of the sections, which are located closer to the inlet pipe. Thus, it is impossible to completely exclude the formation of a stagnation area in the “peripheral zone”, the temperature of which will be lower than in the area adjacent to the side of the cut-in.

Even with normal radiator dimensions along the length, you usually have to put up with a loss of thermal power of approximately 3–5%. Well, if the batteries are long, then the efficiency may be even lower. In this case, it is better to use either the first scheme, or use special methods for optimizing the connection - a separate section of the publication will be devoted to this.

Single-sided connection, bottom feed

The scheme cannot be called effective, although, by the way, it is used quite often when installing single-pipe heating systems in multi-storey buildings, if the supply is from below. On the ascending branch, builders will most often install all the batteries in the riser this way. and, probably, this is the only at least somewhat justified case of its use.

Despite all the similarities with the previous one, the shortcomings here only get worse. In particular, the occurrence of a stagnation zone on the side of the radiator away from the inlet becomes even more likely. This is easy to explain. Not only will the coolant look for the shortest and freest path, but the difference in density will also contribute to its upward movement. And the periphery may either “freeze” or the circulation in it will be insufficient. That is, the far edge of the radiator will become noticeably colder.

Loss of heat transfer efficiency with such a connection can reach 20÷22%. That is, it is not recommended to resort to it unless absolutely necessary. And if circumstances leave no other choice, then it is recommended to resort to one of the optimization methods.

Two-way bottom connection

This scheme is used quite often, usually for reasons of hiding the supply pipe from visibility as much as possible. True, its effectiveness is still far from optimal.

It is quite obvious that the easiest path for coolant is the lower collector. Its spread upward through vertical channels occurs solely due to the difference in density. But this flow is hindered by counter flows of cooled liquid. As a result, the upper part of the radiator can warm up much more slowly and not as intensely as we would like.

Losses in the overall efficiency of heat exchange with such a connection can reach up to 10÷15%. True, such a scheme is also easy to optimize.

Diagonal connection with bottom feed

It is difficult to think of a situation in which one would be forced to resort to such a connection. Nevertheless, let's consider this scheme.

Prices for bimetallic radiators

bimetallic radiators

The direct flow entering the radiator gradually wastes its kinetic energy, and may simply not “finish” along the entire length of the lower collector. This is facilitated by the fact that the flows in the initial section rush upward, both along the shortest path and due to the temperature difference. As a result, on a battery with large comic sections, it is quite likely that a stagnant area will appear with low temperature under the return pipe.

Approximate loss of efficiency, despite the apparent similarity with the most optimal option, with such a connection are estimated at 20%.

Two-way connection from above

Let's be honest - this is more for an example, since applying such a scheme in practice would be the height of illiteracy.

Judge for yourself - a direct passage through the upper manifold is open for liquid. And generally no other incentives for spreading throughout the rest of the radiator volume. That is, only the area along the upper collector will actually heat up - the rest of the area is “outside the game”. It is hardly worth assessing the loss of efficiency in this case - the radiator itself becomes clearly ineffective.

The upper two-way connection is rarely used. Nevertheless, there are also such radiators - distinctly high ones, often simultaneously serving as dryers. And if you have to connect pipes this way, then it is imperative to use various methods to transform such a connection into an optimal scheme. Very often this is already built into the design of the radiators themselves, that is, the top one-sided connection remains so only visually.

How can you optimize the radiator connection diagram?

It is quite understandable that any owners want their heating system to show maximum efficiency with minimal energy consumption. And for this we must try to apply the most optimal insert diagrams. But often the pipework is already there and you don’t want to redo it. Or, initially, the owners plan to lay the pipes so that they become almost invisible. What to do in such cases?

On the Internet you can find many photographs where they try to optimize the insert by changing the configuration of the pipes suitable for the battery. The effect of increasing heat transfer must be achieved, but outwardly some works of such “art” look, frankly, “not very good.”

There are other methods to solve this problem.

You can purchase batteries that, although outwardly no different from ordinary ones, still have a feature in their design that turns one or another possible connection method into one as close to optimal as possible. A partition is installed in the right place between the sections, which radically changes the direction of movement of the coolant.

In particular, the radiator can be designed for bottom two-way connection:

All the “wisdom” is the presence of a partition (plug) in the lower collector between the first and second sections of the battery. The coolant has nowhere to go, and it rises vertical channel of the first section up. And then, from this upper point, further distribution, quite obviously, already proceeds, as in the most optimal diagram with a diagonal connection with supply from above.

Or, for example, the case mentioned above, when both pipes need to be brought from above:

In this example, the baffle is installed on the upper manifold, between the penultimate and last sections of the radiator. It turns out that there is only one path left for the entire volume of coolant - through the lower entrance of the last section, vertically along it - and then into the return pipe. Eventually " route The fluid flow through the battery channels again becomes diagonal from top to bottom.

Many radiator manufacturers think through this issue in advance - whole series go on sale in which the same model can be designed for different insertion patterns, but in the end the optimal “diagonal” is obtained. This is indicated in the product data sheets. At the same time, it is also important to take into account the direction of the insertion - if you change the flow vector, the entire effect is lost.

There is another possibility to increase the efficiency of the radiator using this principle. To do this, you should find special valves in specialized stores.

They must correspond in size to the selected battery model. When such a valve is screwed in, it closes the adapter nipple between the sections, and then into it internal thread the supply or return pipe is packed, depending on the design.

The internal partitions shown above are intended primarily to improve heat transfer when batteries are connected on both sides. But there are ways for one-sided insertion - we are talking about so-called flow extenders.

Such an extension is a pipe, usually with a nominal bore of 16 mm, which is connected to the radiator plug and, when assembled, ends up in the manifold cavity, along its axis. On sale you can find such extensions for the required type of thread and the required length. Or you can simply purchase a special coupling, and select a tube of the required length for it separately.

Prices for metal-plastic pipes

metal-plastic pipes

What does this achieve? Let's look at the diagram:

The coolant entering the radiator cavity travels through the flow extension to the far upper corner, that is, to the opposite edge of the upper manifold. And from here its movement to the outlet pipe will again be carried out according to the optimal “diagonal from top to bottom” pattern.

Many masters practice and self-production similar extension cords. If you look at it, there is nothing impossible about it.

As the extension cord itself, it is quite possible to use a metal-plastic pipe for hot water, with a diameter of 15 mm. All that remains is to pack the fitting for the metal plastic from the inside into the passage plug of the battery. After assembling the battery, the extension cord of the required length is put into place.

As can be seen from the above, it is almost always possible to find a solution on how to turn an ineffective battery insertion scheme into an optimal one.

What can you say about the one-way bottom connection?

They may ask in bewilderment - why the article has not yet mentioned the diagram of the lower connection of the radiator on one side? After all, it enjoys quite wide popularity, since it allows for hidden pipe connections to the maximum extent.

But the fact is that the possible schemes were considered above, so to speak, from a hydraulic point of view. And in them series of one-way bottom connection there is simply no space - if at one point both the coolant is supplied and taken away, then no flow through the radiator will occur at all.

What is commonly understood under the bottom one-way connection in fact, it only involves connecting pipes to one edge of the radiator. But the further movement of the coolant through the internal channels, as a rule, is organized according to one of the optimal schemes discussed above. This is achieved either by the design features of the battery itself, or by special adapters.

Here is just one example of radiators specifically designed for piping On the one side bottom:

If you look at the diagram, it immediately becomes clear that the system of internal channels, partitions and valves organizes the movement of the coolant according to the already known principle of “one-way with supply from above,” which can be considered one of the optimal options. There are similar schemes that are also supplemented with a flow extender, and then the most effective “diagonal from top to bottom” pattern is generally achieved.

Even an ordinary radiator can be easily converted into a model with a bottom connection. To do this, purchase a special kit - a remote adapter, which, as a rule, is immediately equipped with thermal valves for thermostatic adjustment of the radiator.

The upper and lower pipes of such a device are packed into the sockets of a conventional radiator without any modifications. The result is a finished battery with a bottom one-sided connection, and even with a thermal regulation and balancing device.

So, we figured out the connection diagrams. But what else can affect the heat transfer efficiency of a heating radiator?

How does its location on the wall affect the efficiency of the radiator?

You can purchase a very high-quality radiator, apply the optimal connection diagram, but in the end you will not achieve the expected heat transfer, if you do not take into account a number of important nuances of its installation.

There are several generally accepted rules for the location of batteries in a room relative to the wall, floor, window sills, and other interior items.

Most often, radiators are located under window openings. This place is still unclaimed for other objects, and besides this, the flow of heated air becomes a kind of thermal curtain, which largely limits the free spread of cold from the surface of the window.

Of course, this is just one of the installation options, and radiators can also be mounted on walls, regardless of the presence of those window openings– it all depends on the required number of such heat exchange devices.

If the radiator is installed under a window, then they try to adhere to the rule that its length should be about ¾ the width of the window. This will ensure optimal heat transfer and protection against the penetration of cold air from the window. The battery is installed in the center, with a possible tolerance of up to 20 mm in one direction or another.
The radiator should not be installed too high - a window sill hanging over it can turn into an insurmountable barrier to rising convection air currents, which leads to a decrease in the overall efficiency of heat transfer. They try to maintain a clearance of about 100 mm (from the top edge of the battery to the bottom surface of the “visor”). If you can’t set the entire 100 mm, then at least ¾ of the radiator thickness.
There is a certain regulation of clearance from below, between the radiator and the floor surface. A position that is too high (more than 150 mm) can lead to the formation of a layer of air along the floor covering that is not involved in convection, that is, a noticeably cold layer. Too small a height, less than 100 mm, will introduce unnecessary difficulties during cleaning; the space under the battery can turn into an accumulation of dust, which, by the way, will also negatively affect the efficiency of thermal output. The optimal height is within 100÷120 mm.
The optimal location from load-bearing wall. Even when installing brackets for the battery canopy, take into account that there must be a free gap of at least 20 mm between the wall and the sections. Otherwise, dust deposits may accumulate there and normal convection will be disrupted.

These rules can be considered indicative. If the radiator manufacturer does not give other recommendations, then you should follow them. But quite often, the passports of specific battery models contain diagrams that specify the recommended installation parameters. Of course, then they are taken as the basis for installation work.

The next nuance is how open it turns out to be installed battery for complete heat exchange. Of course, the maximum performance will be with a completely open installation on a flat vertical wall surface. But, quite understandably, this method is not used so often.

If the battery is located under a window, then the window sill may interfere with the convection air flow. The same, even to a greater extent, applies to niches in the wall. In addition, they often try to cover radiators, or even completely closed them (with the exception of the front grille) with casings. If these nuances are not taken into account when choosing the required heating power, that is, the thermal output of the battery, then you may well be faced with the sad fact that it is not possible to achieve the expected comfortable temperature.

The table below shows the main possible options installation of radiators on the wall according to their “degree of freedom”. Each case is characterized by its own indicator of loss of overall heat transfer efficiency.

Illustration	Operational features of the installation option
	The radiator is installed so that nothing overlaps the top, or the window sill (shelf) protrudes no more than ¾ of the thickness of the battery. In principle, there are no obstacles to normal air convection. If the battery is not covered with thick curtains, then there is no interference with direct thermal radiation. In calculations, this installation scheme is taken as a unit.
	The horizontal “visor” of a window sill or shelf completely covers the radiator from above. That is, a rather significant obstacle appears to the ascending convection flow. With normal clearance (which was already mentioned above - about 100 mm), the obstacle does not become “fatal”, but certain losses in efficiency are still observed. Infrared radiation from the battery remains in full. The final loss of efficiency can be estimated at approximately 3÷5%.
	A similar situation, but only on top there is not a canopy, but a horizontal wall of a niche. Here the losses are already somewhat greater - in addition to simply the presence of an obstacle to the air flow, some of the heat will be spent on unproductive heating of the wall, which usually has a very impressive heat capacity. Therefore, it is quite possible to expect heat losses of approximately 7 - 8%.
	The radiator is installed as in the first option, that is, there are no obstacles to convection flows. But from the front side it is covered over its entire area decorative grille or screen. The intensity of infrared heat flow is significantly reduced, which, by the way, is the determining principle of heat transfer for cast iron or bimetallic batteries. The overall loss of heating efficiency can reach 10÷12%.
	A decorative casing covers the radiator on all sides. Despite the presence of slots or grilles to ensure heat exchange with the air in the room, both thermal radiation and convection are sharply reduced. Therefore, we have to talk about a loss of efficiency reaching 20–25%.

So, we examined the basic schemes for connecting radiators to the heating circuit, and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. Information was obtained on the methods used to optimize circuits if, for some reason, it is impossible to change them in other ways. Finally, recommendations are provided for placing batteries directly on the wall - indicating the risks of loss of efficiency that accompany selected installation options.

Presumably, this theoretical knowledge will help the reader choose correct scheme based on from the specific conditions for creating a heating system. But it would probably be logical to end the article by providing our visitor with the opportunity to independently evaluate the required heating battery, so to speak, in numerical terms, with reference to a specific room and taking into account all the nuances discussed above.

There is no need to be scared - all this will be easy if you use the offered online calculator. Below you will find the necessary brief explanations for working with the program.

How to calculate which radiator is needed for a particular room?

Everything is quite simple.

First, the amount of thermal energy required to warm up the room is calculated, depending on its volume, and to compensate for possible heat losses. Moreover, a fairly impressive list of diverse criteria is taken into account.
Then the resulting value is adjusted depending on the planned radiator insertion pattern and the features of its location on the wall.
The final value will show how much power a radiator needs to fully heat a particular room. If you purchase a collapsible model, then you can at the same time

First you need to decide which steel radiator needs to be connected - with a side or bottom connection.

A steel panel heating radiator is connected in the same way as aluminum and bimetallic radiators. A steel radiator with a bottom connection has two terminals at the bottom - supply and return, which should not be confused.

Radiator side connection diagrams

There are three main schemes for connecting pipes to a radiator:

1. Diagonal connection- the most preferred option for maximum heat transfer. In this scheme, the supply pipe must be connected to the upper pipe of one side, and the outlet pipe to the lower pipe of the other side of the radiator. In this case, the thermal power of the radiator is maximum. When connected in reverse - the supply pipe is from below, and the return pipe is from above, the heat transfer from the radiator will decrease by 10%.

This scheme is preferable for long radiators and radiators with more than 12 sections. The best option from an aesthetic point of view, there will be an option to lay suitable pipelines in the wall (in a groove, or behind a false wall).

2. Lateral one-way connection- the most common case in apartments. In this embodiment, the supply pipe is connected to the upper pipe, and the return pipe is connected to the lower pipe, on the same side of the radiator. In this case, the maximum power is 2% less than in the case of a diagonal connection. By reconnecting the supply and return piping, the power is reduced by another 7%.

3. Bottom connection. This option for connecting a radiator is most often used when laying main pipelines in the floor or along a wall, when it is not possible to hide the pipes in a groove.

The maximum heat transfer of the radiator is 7% less than with a diagonal connection.

Connecting a steel panel radiator with bottom connection

Steel radiators with a bottom connection must be classified as a one-way connection scheme, because all wiring (upper and lower pipes) is made inside it.

It is also necessary to remember that when piping a steel radiator with a bottom connection, you cannot swap the supply and return lines. The return pipe is always the first from the near corner (see picture).

All steel radiators with bottom connections are universal, that is, they can be connected through the lower pipes or the second option, plug the lower pipes with plugs and unscrew the upper built-in thermostatic valve. Connect the supply pipeline to the valve location, and connect the return pipeline to one of the lower side pipes.

How to connect a steel heating radiator

A steel heating radiator with a side connection is mounted in the same way as any sectional radiator. In most cases, it has an outlet with a 1/2-inch internal thread into which the following are screwed: a plug, a Mayevsky tap and control valves.

In most cases, steel radiators with bottom connections are wrapped with copper, metal-plastic pipes or cross-linked polyethylene. To connect pipes to the radiator, as well as to isolate the radiator from the system, bottom connection units (angled or straight) are used.

The nut is screwed 3/4 onto the external thread of the radiator, the pipe is connected to the lower connection unit through a 3/4 Eurocone.

Some steel radiators have inlet fittings with a 1/2-inch internal thread; to connect such a radiator to the bottom connection unit, you must use special 1/2 x 3/4 nipples for a Eurocone.

In addition, such radiators can be connected using conventional thermostatic valves.

Summer is a traditional season not only for vacations, but also for installing heating systems. In our latitudes, reliable heat supply is the first issue when building and renovating a house. It is solved in the following order:

choice of heating system;
location identification;
choosing a heating radiator connection diagram;
selection of class, type and model of devices.

There are two ways to install water heating: one-pipe and two-pipe. Let's take a closer look at them.

Model one

In a single-pipe heating system, the coolant heated in the boiler rises upward and, displacing the column cold water, enters one by one into all heating devices. And then lowers, entering the boiler for subsequent heating. The method is economical and is often used for heating multi-storey buildings.

Advantages and disadvantages

The advantages of this scheme are ease of installation and low pipe consumption. However, there are significant disadvantages:

when several radiators are connected in series, the difference in temperature between the first and last will be significant;
The heat supply is not regulated. The heat transfer of a single-pipe system is determined by the design norm laid down in the project;
Only bottom connection of batteries is possible.

Methods for overcoming shortcomings

There are a number of techniques to compensate for the disadvantages of a single-pipe system:

each subsequent unit must consist of a greater number of sections than the previous one;
you can increase the number of batteries in the room;
be the first to connect the rooms with the greatest heat losses;
install valves when connecting radiators diagonally;
equip the system with a circulation pump.

Model two

With a two-pipe system, hot water is supplied through one pipe, and cooled water is discharged through the other. In this type of circuit, heating devices are connected in parallel.

pros

The advantages of this connection scheme are the following factors:

all heating devices heat up equally;
It is possible to install valves in front of the radiators to regulate the amount of coolant supplied.

There are only two disadvantages of the system: a larger number of pipes are required for the installation of risers and supply lines, and, accordingly, the labor costs for installing the system are higher.

Arrangement

The exact number of radiator sections is determined during thermal engineering calculations. A correctly performed calculation will make up for heat loss and increase energy efficiency. The main data for calculation is the heat loss value for each individual room and the heat transfer power of the battery section.

Let's consider the calculation of sections using the example of Condor radiators

The total heat output of the batteries must compensate for the heat loss. Also during the calculation, the required pipe cross-section for each section of the system is determined. There are standard options for placing heating devices.

Placement principles

It would be correct to place additional radiators in corner rooms and on the outermost floors: heat loss in these rooms is much higher than in the middle of the building. This is due to the presence of surfaces in contact with the external environment: cold walls of corner rooms, floors and ceilings of the outermost floors.

The traditional location of radiators is under windows, the main sources of heat loss. This allows you to create protection (screen) from cold air.

The heat lost through the light openings as a result of air exchange is immediately replenished, thereby preventing drafts and significant temperature changes.

Options

They do not affect the placement of batteries: they are installed in accordance with building codes. The main thing is to ensure effective air circulation around the battery. This will allow more heat to be transferred from the coolant to the room.

Parameters for the location of radiators in a niche, ensuring normal air circulation:

10 cm from the bottom of the window sill;
12 cm from floor level;
5 cm – gap between the unit and the wall or thermal insulation layer.

Circulation

The coolant of the heating system - water - can circulate naturally or forcedly. occurs due to displacement by a column warm water cold coolant - this happens according to the laws of physics.

Natural circulation

This correct solution where there are frequent power outages, as it is energy independent. The length of the branches of the natural circulation system is limited. To operate a forced heating system, it is necessary to install a pump near the heating boiler or to have a pump in its structure itself.

Techniques for forced circulation

The connection of heating radiators depends on the length of the heating main and the characteristics of its passage. If there is a circulation pump, the following schemes can be used:

one-sided;
sitting;
diagonal;
lower

First type

A lateral or one-sided connection assumes that the inlet pipe (supply) and outlet pipe (return) are mounted on one side of the radiator (to one section). The lateral connection is effective when the number of sections is no more than 15. The disadvantage is poor circulation in the distant sections, as well as rapid clogging, which will further aggravate the situation.

Diagonally

Diagonal connection of heating radiators can provide heat to radiators with a large number of sections. Feed is carried out from above, removal is carried out from below diagonally. This scheme ensures uniform distribution of coolant inside the radiator and maximum heat transfer. A plug is installed in the lower pipe of the section into which water is supplied, and a Mayevsky tap is installed diagonally.

Heat loss with diagonal connection does not exceed 2%. When indicating battery power, this type of connection is meant. The only drawback of a diagonal connection is appearance: The pipes come from both sides and are difficult to hide.

Sedentnoe

Side connection of heating radiators is carried out in cases where the heating pipeline is hidden under the floor. The supply and return pipes are connected from different sides to the lower pipes of the sections. The disadvantage of this option is the uneven distribution of the coolant, and, as a result, low heat transfer.

Despite significant heat losses - 10-15% - this connection is used quite often due to the ability to hide almost all pipes. The lower connection is similar to the seat connection, but the supply and return pipes are located side by side in the lower part of the radiator. The efficiency of this scheme is even lower than the previous one.

Application

All of the above schemes can be applied in a private home. If desired, you can use two heating sources: a boiler built into the stove and a gas or electric boiler, which is connected in parallel.

Installation

Let's consider the correctly executed sequence of installation of a single-pipe heating system in a private house:

installation of a heating boiler;
finishing the walls where the battery is installed, thermal insulation if necessary;
installation of radiators on walls;
determination of places for attaching pipes and tapping branches;
filling the system with water and performing a test run.

The connection of heating radiators can be flow-through and with closing sections. The first method is simpler, requires less materials and labor, and is used for small systems. The second method allows you to regulate the coolant supply for each individual radiator, but requires the installation of additional bypass sections - bypasses. Additional shut-off valves are also required here.

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The heating system is created with the goal of providing heat to everyone who lives or is in a residential building, apartment or building, and the connection of heating radiators must be done correctly. The indoor air temperature is considered to be comfortable in the range from 18°C to 25°C. The power of heating devices must be such that it compensates for heat loss through walls, doors, windows and other enclosing structures facing the street.

Diagram defining the connection of heating radiators in own home, is selected at the design stage of the structure before the start of execution construction work. True, improvement or repair measures heating structure can also be done while the premises are being used.

Of course, if there is a central heating main in a populated area, the best solution to the heat supply issue is to connect to it. In the absence of centralized heating, it becomes relevant to install an autonomous heating system.

Factors affecting heating efficiency

The efficiency of a heating structure depends on several factors:

Wiring of heating system elements. The degree and uniformity of heating of the room, and accordingly the amount of money spent on heating a house or apartment, depends on the correctness of this work.
Selection of heating equipment. Everything that is necessary to create a heating system is purchased on the basis of a professionally performed calculation of technical and financial indicators. The fact is that deciding how to properly connect heating radiators and choosing the appropriate equipment helps achieve maximum heat transfer with minimal fuel consumption. Read also: "".
Installation method main pipelines, heating boiler, circulation pump, connection of heating radiators, control and shut-off elements. Incorrect installation of any part of the heating structure can result in failure of the entire system.
Availability of special knowledge and skills carrying out work related to the design and installation of heat supply structures. Professionals in the field of heating engineering must carry out calculations and determine the heating scheme of the house, including the option of how to connect heating radiators in a particular case. Despite the fact that hiring specialists will increase the cost of heating installations, you should not save on this. Read also: "".

Selecting a heating battery connection diagram

When the choice of the type of heating boiler is completed, the connection diagram for the heating batteries in the house is determined. It can be single-pipe or double-pipe.

The radiator installation itself is carried out in one of three ways:

bottom;
lateral;
diagonal.

If, when deciding how to connect a heating radiator, a one-sided pipe connection was planned, then the number of sections on one device should not exceed 12 for gravity heating networks and 24 for systems equipped with a circulation pump.

If it is necessary to install a larger number of sections, you need to use versatile piping to the heating radiators. When installing heating devices, one should not forget about the throughput of the direct and return pipes, which depends on their diameter and roughness coefficient.

Effective heat transfer can be achieved provided that the batteries are optimally placed, or more precisely, by observing the installation distance of the devices in relation to the walls, floor covering, window and windowsill.

The installation instructions and how to properly connect a heating radiator provide the following standards:

the device should be located at a distance of 10 - 12 centimeters from the floor;
it should be installed no closer than 8-10 centimeters to the window sill;
the back panel cannot be placed closer than 2 centimeters from the wall;
When installing batteries, it is necessary to provide for regulation of the degree of their heating, both manually and automatically. For this purpose, special thermostats are purchased (more details: " ");
In order to repair or replace the radiator, valves, valves and manual taps should be provided. They will allow you to disconnect the product from the heating system;
On the devices you need to install Mayevsky taps, such as in the photo. With their help, air trapped in the system is removed.

Installation of steel or other types of radiators is carried out in a certain sequence:

carry out preliminary markings for placing brackets that are attached to the wall;
Mayevsky taps are mounted on the devices;
install various shut-off and other elements - valves, plugs, taps and regulators;
before connecting the heating radiator, it is placed on brackets and leveled horizontally;
the device is connected to the pipeline using transition fittings;
perform pressure testing and test run of water.

Series connection of heating radiators

With this method, the batteries are connected using one pipe. Most often, if a series connection of heating radiators is required, then in order to increase the power of the heating devices and ensure a sufficient degree of heating of the room, it is necessary to increase the number of sections at the end of the line.

The series connection method is characterized by uneven distribution of thermal power. As a result, the first radiator heats up much hotter than the subsequent ones, and the last device in the circuit will be barely warm.

Despite a number of inconveniences, this method is in demand because of its simplicity, and adjustment of the required degree of heat transfer is carried out by building up several sections of batteries in different places of the heating structure. Read also: "".

Examples of connecting heating radiators in the video:

Content

To provide a private house heat, it is necessary to carefully consider the design of the heating system. It is important not only to correctly select the boiler power and choose high-quality batteries, but also to correctly connect the heating radiators. At the same time, the choice of heating system and the direction of movement of the coolant through the internal channels of the battery affects the amount of heat supplied in the form of infrared radiation and convection heating of air masses. Let's consider which of the heating device connection schemes are considered the most effective in an apartment and a private mansion.

Connecting the radiator battery

Factors to consider

At the heating system design stage, a thermal calculation of the house as a whole and each heated room separately is performed. This allows you to install a boiler of the required power and select for each room a heating device whose heat output is sufficient for high-quality heating even on frosty days. It doesn’t matter what material the radiator is made of - it can be steel, cast iron, aluminum or bimetallic.

However, the type of battery affects the ease of use of the heating system - cast iron radiators take a long time to cool down and heat up, not allowing flexible regulation of the microclimate in the room. It is also worth paying attention to the presence of panel-type steel radiators with a bottom connection - they are connected to the pipeline in the only possible way.

In order for the heating system to provide the house with heat, operating in optimal mode, without unnecessary fuel consumption, it is necessary to take into account:

type of heating system;
the location of the batteries (their heat transfer is affected by the installation location - protruding structures and decorative screens reduce the performance by 3–20%);
length and specificity of the heating main.

Features of coolant circulation

The coolant in the heating system is water or antifreeze (the latter option is used in private houses with autonomous heating). It can move through the pipeline in two ways:

under the influence of gravity and thermal expansion of the liquid, heated water rises through the accelerating pipe, and then moves down through pipes installed with a slope, displacing cooled water into the boiler;
under the influence of a special pump that generates a fluid flow.

Natural circulation

When considering how to connect a heating radiator, you should take into account the type of coolant circulation, otherwise there is a risk that the batteries will not warm up well in a gravity system.

Single-pipe wiring

With single-pipe wiring, heating devices are connected to the system in series, as a result, the hot coolant passes through all the batteries in turn, after which it enters the return line, through which it is transported to the boiler.

This option is usually used in apartment buildings as the most economical during installation. Moreover, there are two main connection methods:

through each heated room of the apartment there is a riser to which a heating device is connected;
Supply and return risers are installed in each apartment, and the heating devices of all rooms are connected to them in series.

Single pipe system

In private houses, the radiator output is also connected to the input of the next heating device, and the output of the latter is connected to the return pipe. The disadvantage of series wiring is:

Insufficient heating of the last batteries furthest from the boiler. To ensure sufficient heating of the room, it will be necessary to install heating devices with higher heat transfer due to an increased number of sections or the size of the panels.
Lack of ability to regulate thermal power radiators to create an optimal microclimate for each room separately.

Two-pipe wiring

The two-pipe wiring option involves connecting the battery input to the supply pipe, and the output to the return pipe. Parallel connection:

Ensures uniform heating of heating devices regardless of their distance from the boiler.
Makes it possible to change the heat output of each radiator individually using a thermostat, including in automatic mode.

The disadvantages of a two-pipe system include high material consumption - the length of the pipeline actually doubles. But the financial costs of installation are compensated by the simple balancing of the system, ease of operation and fuel savings when using thermostats.

Two-pipe system

A two-pipe connection is mainly used in private houses, but can also be found in apartment buildings.

Battery connection principles

You will have to decide how to properly connect the heating radiator in the apartment if it has supply and return risers, and the principle of connecting the radiators will have to be chosen by the residents themselves. In Soviet-built multi-storey buildings and in many modern buildings, a single-pipe system with a riser in each room is used - in such a situation there is no choice, the battery must be installed according to the standard design.

The connection diagram for heating radiators in a private house is selected in accordance with the preferences of the owners or the decision of the developer, the type of wiring of the heating system. To understand the advantages and disadvantages of each battery connection scheme, you need to understand how the radiator works.

The design of the radiators is similar, despite the differences in material and appearance. Two parallel collectors (upper and lower), located horizontally, are connected by channels that serve as vertical jumpers. Heated liquid moves through the channels, transferring thermal energy to the metal body.

How are batteries connected in an apartment building?

Heating devices designed for side mounting are equipped with threaded pipes at the ends of the collectors. Two pipes are used to connect the battery to the pipeline; plugs are installed on the remaining two. Instead of one of the top plugs, a manual air vent is usually installed.

A number of manufacturers offer steel panel radiators, which are convenient to connect to a pipeline hidden under the floor or baseboard. Such heating devices are equipped with two pipes with external threads located in the lower part of the housing.

The connection diagram for heating radiators in a two-pipe and one-pipe system is selected taking into account the heating efficiency of the battery housing when the coolant moves through its internal channels.

Lateral connection (one-sided)

Single side connection with top feed. This option is used in apartment buildings, where one radiator is connected to the risers on each floor. The outlet pipe (lower) is also connected to the supply riser (one-pipe system) or to the return riser (two-pipe system).

Side connection

The advantages include compactness. This type of connection has proven itself well for heating devices of short length - up to 10 sections. In the case of installing an extended battery, it is necessary to use a special pipe (flow extender), which is inserted inside the upper collector and supplies heated coolant to the distant sections, otherwise they will not warm up and the heating device will not be able to operate at full power.

One way side connection with bottom feed. Used in single-pipe systems with coolant supply through the riser from bottom to top. The heated liquid tends to pass through the channels closest to the pipes, so the far part of the battery does not warm up enough - the loss of radiator power can exceed 20%. In order for the battery to operate in optimal mode, a flow extender is mounted inside the lower collector, which facilitates the supply of heated liquid to distant channels.

Diagonal connection (cross)

Diagonal connection with top feed. This option is the most effective; it is this connection diagram that is taken as the basis when calculating the thermal power of batteries with side connections. The supply pipe is connected to the upper pipe, and the outlet pipe is connected to the lower pipe on the opposite side. The coolant enters the upper manifold and into all jumper channels, uniformly heating the body of the heating device over the entire area.

Diagonal connection

Diagonal connection with bottom feed. If you connect the supply pipe to the radiator using the lower pipe so that the coolant passes through the heating device diagonally from bottom to top, its power will decrease by approximately 20% relative to optimal option connections. The coolant rises through the channels closest to the inlet and through the collector enters a pipe connected to the upper pipe. As a result, the lower corner of the battery does not warm up. This option is not recommended due to its extremely low efficiency.

Bottom connection, saddle

In private homes, hidden installation of pipelines is popular - communications are located in the floor or behind the baseboard. Accordingly, the heating batteries are connected from below.

Bottom connection. This term is used to refer to panel steel radiators, which are equipped with pipes located closely together for connection to the pipeline.

Bottom, saddle connection

Saddle connection. This option for connecting the radiator involves the use of the lower pipes of the standard model with a side connection. The advantages include aesthetics - the pipes do not remain visible. The disadvantage is a loss of thermal power of 10–15% due to the fact that the main part of the coolant moves directly through the lower collector, and only part of the heated liquid rises upward through the channels, heating the radiator body.

The intensity of movement of the heated liquid in the absence of a pump is not enough to warm up the radiator, therefore the installation of heating devices with a bottom or saddle connection is allowed only in systems with forced circulation.

Conclusion

Most correct option connecting a heating device in a private house - diagonal with top supply. If you correctly select the speed of movement of the coolant in a system with a circulation pump, you can minimize heat loss with the lower connection method. Other types of battery connections in autonomous heating systems are not used as often, since their efficiency is noticeably lower. In apartment buildings, lateral connections are practiced.