In what state of aggregation can water be. Aggregate state of water. Peptides - a panacea for old age
Snow, ice, hail, dew, hoarfrost fog ... all this, well known to us from early childhood, different state of aggregation of water.
We encounter different states of aggregation of water every day in our lives, they are an important factor influencing all human life.
Water states
In nature in natural conditions water can exist in three main aggregate states:
- Solid state - ice, snow, hail, frost ...;
- Liquid - water, rain, fog, dew, rainbow, clouds ...;
- Gaseous - steam ...
Unique propertywater– the opportunity to be in natural conditions in three different basic aggregate states, provides our planet with a vital process - the hydrological cycle or circulationwaterin nature, which consists, in short, of precipitation, evaporation and condensation. The water cycle in nature ensures its presence in almost all corners of our planet, and water, as you know, is the source of life.
Change in the state of aggregation of water
Transition processes water from one aggregate states to another are defined as follows:
- Boiling and vaporization - transition water from liquid states in pairs;
- Condensation - the process of changing vapor into liquid water condition;
- Crystallization - the transition of liquid to ice;
- Melting - the transition of ice into a liquid;
- Sublimation - the transition of ice directly into a vapor state;
- Desublimation - the transition of steam immediately into ice, an example is frost.
Boundary Transition Points water into states ice/water and water/steam were defined as 0 and 100 degrees Celsius, respectively, under the condition of an atmospheric pressure of 760 mm Hg. Art. or 101 325 Pa. A simple sign is well known to everyone since childhood, the temperature outside the window has dropped below zero, expect snow :)
It is important to know
It should be noted such an important fact for a person - with a decrease in atmospheric pressure, the boiling point drops. This must be taken into account, for example, in high altitude conditions. We also note another phenomenon that is useful for a person to know in Everyday life The volume of water in the solid state is greater than in the liquid state. This fact is illustrated by a well-known example - a bottle of water left in the cold will be torn apart by the ice formed in it.
Obviously, in different state of aggregation Water has different basic physical properties such as fluidity, hardness, volatility.
It should be noted that steam determines such an important parameter for humans and other living organisms as "air humidity". Humidity directly depends on the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, more steam, higher humidity. There are places on earth with both very high and low atmospheric humidity. One of the wettest places on the planet is the Indian city of Cherrapunji, and one of the driest is the Dry Valleys in Antarctica.
Peptides, or short proteins, are found in many foods - meat, fish, and some plants. When we eat a piece of meat, the protein is broken down during digestion into short peptides; they are absorbed into the stomach, small intestine, enter the blood, cells, then into DNA and regulate the activity of genes.It is advisable to periodically use the listed drugs for all people after 40 years for prevention 1-2 times a year, after 50 years - 2-3 times a year. Other drugs - as needed.
How to take peptides
Since the restoration of the functional ability of cells occurs gradually and depends on the level of their existing damage, the effect can occur both 1-2 weeks after the start of taking peptides, and 1-2 months later. It is recommended to conduct a course within 1-3 months. It is important to take into account that a three-month intake of natural peptide bioregulators has a prolonged effect, i.e. works in the body for another 2-3 months. The effect obtained lasts for six months, and each subsequent course of administration has a potentiating effect, i.e. amplification effect already obtained.Since each peptide bioregulator has a focus on a specific organ and does not affect other organs and tissues in any way, the simultaneous administration of drugs with different effects is not only not contraindicated, but is often recommended (up to 6-7 drugs at the same time).
Peptides are compatible with any drugs and biological supplements. Against the background of taking peptides, the doses of concomitantly taken medicines it is advisable to gradually reduce, which will positively affect the patient's body.
Short regulatory peptides do not undergo transformation in the gastrointestinal tract, so they can be safely, easily and simply used in encapsulated form by almost everyone.
Peptides in the gastrointestinal tract decompose to di- and tri-peptides. Further breakdown to amino acids occurs in the intestine. This means that peptides can be taken even without a capsule. This is very important when a person for some reason cannot swallow capsules. The same applies to severely weakened people or children, when the dosage needs to be reduced.
Peptide bioregulators can be taken both prophylactically and therapeutically.
Efficiency natural(PC) 2-2.5 times lower than encapsulated. Therefore, their intake for medicinal purposes should be longer (up to six months). Liquid peptide complexes are applied to inner surface forearms in the projection of the course of the veins or on the wrist and rubbed until completely absorbed. After 7-15 minutes, the peptides bind to dendritic cells, which carry out their further transport to the lymph nodes, where the peptides make a “transplant” and are sent with the blood flow to the desired organs and tissues. Although peptides are protein substances, their molecular weight is much smaller than that of proteins, so they easily penetrate the skin. The penetration of peptide preparations is further improved by their lipophilization, that is, the connection with a fatty base, which is why almost all peptide complexes for external use contain fatty acids.
Not so long ago, the world's first series of peptide drugs appeared for sublingual use—
Fundamentally new way application and the presence of a number of peptides in each of the preparations provide them with the fastest and most effective action. This drug, getting into the sublingual space with a dense network of capillaries, is able to penetrate directly into the bloodstream, bypassing absorption through the mucosa of the digestive tract and metabolic primary deactivation of the liver. Taking into account direct entry into the systemic circulation, the rate of onset of the effect is several times higher than the rate when the drug is taken orally.
Revilab SL Line- these are complex synthesized preparations containing 3-4 components of very short chains (2-3 amino acids each). In terms of peptide concentration, this is the average between encapsulated peptides and PC in solution. In terms of speed of action, it occupies a leading position, because. absorbed and hits the target very quickly.
It makes sense to introduce this line of peptides into the course for initial stage and then switch to natural peptides.
Another innovative series is a line of multicomponent peptide preparations. The line includes 9 preparations, each of which contains a range of short peptides, as well as antioxidants and construction material for cells. Perfect option for those who do not like to take many drugs, but prefer to get everything in one capsule.
The action of these new generation bioregulators is aimed at slowing down the aging process, maintaining a normal level of metabolic processes, preventing and correcting various conditions; rehabilitation after serious illnesses, injuries and operations.
Peptides in cosmetology
Peptides can be included not only in drugs, but also in other products. For example, Russian scientists have developed excellent cellular cosmetics with natural and synthesized peptides that affect the deep layers of the skin.External aging of the skin depends on many factors: lifestyle, stress, sunlight, mechanical stimuli, climatic fluctuations, dieting hobbies, etc. With age, the skin becomes dehydrated, loses its elasticity, becomes rough, and a network of wrinkles and deep grooves appears on it. We all know that the process of natural aging is natural and irreversible. It is impossible to resist it, but it can be slowed down thanks to the revolutionary ingredients of cosmetology - low molecular weight peptides.
The uniqueness of peptides lies in the fact that they freely pass through the stratum corneum into the dermis to the level of living cells and capillaries. Restoration of the skin goes deep from the inside and, as a result, the skin retains its freshness for a long time. There is no addiction to peptide cosmetics - even if you stop using it, the skin will simply age physiologically.
Cosmetic giants create more and more "miraculous" means. We trustfully buy, use, but a miracle does not happen. We blindly believe the inscriptions on the banks, not suspecting that this is often just a marketing ploy.
For example, most cosmetic companies are in full production and advertising anti-wrinkle creams with collagen as the main ingredient. Meanwhile, scientists have come to the conclusion that collagen molecules are so large that they simply cannot penetrate the skin. They settle on the surface of the epidermis, and then washed off with water. That is, when buying creams with collagen, we are literally throwing money down the drain.
As another popular active ingredient in anti-aging cosmetics, it is used resveratrol. It really is a powerful antioxidant and immunostimulant, but only in the form of microinjections. If you rub it into the skin, a miracle will not happen. It has been experimentally proven that creams with resveratrol practically do not affect the production of collagen.
NPCRIZ (now Peptides), in collaboration with scientists from the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, has developed a unique peptide series of cellular cosmetics (based on natural peptides) and a series (based on synthesized peptides).
They are based on a group of peptide complexes with different application points that have a powerful and visible rejuvenating effect on the skin. As a result of application, skin cell regeneration, blood circulation and microcirculation are stimulated, as well as the synthesis of collagen-elastin skin skeleton. All this manifests itself in lifting, as well as improving the texture, color and moisture of the skin.
Currently, 16 types of creams have been developed, incl. anti-aging and problematic skin(with thymus peptides), for the face against wrinkles and for the body against stretch marks and scars (with bone and cartilage tissue peptides), against spider veins (with vascular peptides), anti-cellulite (with liver peptides), for eyelids from edema and dark circles ( with peptides of the pancreas, blood vessels, bone and cartilage tissue and thymus), against varicose veins (with peptides of blood vessels and bone and cartilage tissue), etc. All creams, in addition to peptide complexes, contain other powerful active ingredients. It is important that the creams do not contain chemical components (preservatives, etc.).
The effectiveness of peptides has been proven in numerous experimental and clinical studies. Of course, to look beautiful, some creams are not enough. You need to rejuvenate your body from the inside, using from time to time various complexes of peptide bioregulators and micronutrients.
The line of cosmetic products with peptides, in addition to creams, also includes shampoo, mask and hair balm, decorative cosmetics, tonics, serums for the skin of the face, neck and décolleté, etc.
It should also be taken into account that appearance sugar intake is significant.
Through a process called glycation, sugar is destructive to the skin. Excess sugar increases the rate of collagen degradation, leading to wrinkles.
Glycation - the interaction of sugars with proteins, primarily collagen, with the formation of cross-links - is a natural for our body, permanent irreversible process in our body and skin, leading to hardening of the connective tissue.
Glycation products - A.G.E particles. (Advanced Glycation Endproducts) - settle in cells, accumulate in our body and lead to many negative effects.
As a result of glycation, the skin loses its tone and becomes dull, it sags and looks old. This is directly related to lifestyle: reduce your intake of sugar and flour (which is good for normal weight) and take care of your skin every day!
To counter glycation, inhibit protein degradation and age-related skin changes, the company has developed an anti-aging drug with a powerful deglycing and antioxidant effect. The action of this product is based on stimulating the deglycation process, which affects the deep processes of skin aging and helps to smooth out wrinkles and increase its elasticity. The drug includes a powerful complex to combat glycation - rosemary extract, carnosine, taurine, astaxanthin and alpha-lipoic acid.
Peptides - a panacea for old age?
According to the creator of peptide drugs V. Khavinson, aging largely depends on lifestyle: “No drugs will save if a person does not have a set of knowledge and the right behavior - this is the observance of biorhythms, proper nutrition, physical education and the intake of certain bioregulators. As for the genetic predisposition to aging, according to him, we depend on genes by only 25 percent.The scientist claims that peptide complexes have a huge reduction potential. But to elevate them to the rank of panacea, to attribute non-existent properties to peptides (most likely for commercial reasons) is categorically wrong!
Taking care of your health today means giving yourself a chance to live tomorrow. We ourselves must improve our lifestyle - play sports, refuse bad habits, eat better. And of course, to the extent possible, use peptide bioregulators that help maintain health and increase life expectancy.
Peptide bioregulators, developed by Russian scientists several decades ago, became available to the general public only in 2010. Gradually, more and more people around the world learn about them. The secret to maintaining the health and youthfulness of many famous politicians, artists, scientists lies in the use of peptides. Here are just a few of them:
UAE Minister of Energy Sheikh Saeed,
President of Belarus Lukashenko,
Former President of Kazakhstan Nazarbayev,
King of Thailand
pilot-cosmonaut G.M. Grechko and his wife L.K. Grechko,
artists: V. Leontiev, E. Stepanenko and E. Petrosyan, L. Izmailov, T. Povaliy, I. Kornelyuk, I. Viner (rhythmic gymnastics coach) and many, many others...
Peptide bioregulators are used by athletes of 2 Russian Olympic teams - in rhythmic gymnastics and rowing. The use of drugs allows us to increase the stress resistance of our gymnasts and contributes to the success of the national team at international championships.
If in youth we can afford to do health prevention periodically, when we want, then with age, unfortunately, we do not have such a luxury. And if you don’t want to be in such a state tomorrow that your loved ones will be exhausted with you and will wait impatiently for your death, if you don’t want to die among strangers, because you don’t remember anything and everything around you seems to be strangers in fact, you should take action from today and take care not so much about themselves as about their loved ones.
The Bible says, "Seek and you will find." Perhaps you have found your own way of healing and rejuvenation.
Everything is in our hands, and only we can take care of ourselves. No one will do this for us!
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Rivers, swamps, lakes, glaciers, seas, oceans - all this is water (Fig. 50). Everything living and non-living: any soil and rocks on our planet, all objects, bodies, organisms contain it. For example, in human body water accounts for 60-80% of the mass. For many living organisms, water serves as a habitat. Life on Earth originated in water and without water is impossible. Seas and oceans store heat by absorbing energy from sunlight.
Rice. 50. Water is the most extraordinary substance on Earth
You are already familiar with some of the properties of water: it is transparent, colorless, odorless and tasteless, has fluidity, occurs in three states - liquid, solid and gaseous.
liquid water
In the summer, you have repeatedly noted that the earth has already warmed up, and the water remains cold for a long time. Entering the water, you feel that its temperature is not the same: the upper layers are much warmer than the lower ones. The mixing of the upper and lower layers produces a wind that causes waves on the surface - the deeper, the colder the water. Why does water in adjacent layers have different temperatures?
To answer this question, let us set up the following experiment.
Take a test tube and put a piece of ice in it. To prevent it from popping up, you can press it on top with a small piece of metal. Then pour water into the test tube. Holding the test tube with a clothespin and tilting slightly, heat the part of it where there is no ice. At the same time, we observe what happens to the ice. It keeps a solid state for a long time. Why doesn't the ice melt? The water boils around, but the ice does not melt.
This experience allows us to conclude that water does not transfer heat very quickly.
The transfer of heat from a hotter part of the body to another, less heated part is called thermal conductivity. Since the thermal conductivity of water is not very high, the ice in our experiment is in a solid state for a long time.
Water has another remarkable property: heated sunbeams, it is able to keep the received heat for a long time. Water, as it were, accumulates it in itself and holds it. It warms up slowly and cools down slowly. In summer, water in coastal areas, heating up more slowly than land, cools the surrounding air, and in winter, the warm sea gradually cools down, giving off heat to the air and softening the frost.
hard water
When the temperature drops below 0 °C, the water freezes and turns into a solid state - ice (Fig. 51).
Rice. 51. Ice is hard water in nature
We know that water has fluidity. It turns out that ice can “flow” under certain conditions. On Earth, there are huge "ice rivers" slowly flowing down from high mountains. They are called glaciers.
Why do glaciers move? It turns out that under enormous weight (the thickness of some glaciers reaches 3-4 km), the ice at the Earth's surface begins to melt and turns into a liquid. The resulting water facilitates sliding, it acts as a lubricant.
gaseous water
We have already said that water can be in a gaseous state, that is, in a state water vapor. Can you see water vapor?
A white cloud that forms at night and early in the morning in lowlands and over bodies of water; white smoke that escapes from the spout of the kettle, or white visible puffs over a vessel where water boils - all this is not water vapor, but fog - tiny droplets of water that form in the air(Fig. 52).
Rice. 52. Fog - the smallest droplets of water formed in the air during the condensation of water vapor
There is no difference between fog and cloud in the sky. Fogs are more common in autumn, when the air cools faster than the ground or water. When cool air comes into contact with warm air, fog is formed.
What is the difference between fog and water vapor? Steam – it is a gas, transparent and invisible. It is impossible to see water vapor (water in a gaseous state), just as it is impossible to see air when water vapor condenses. But it can be proved that water vapor is contained in the air. For example, in the air of the room. If you hold small mirror 10-20 minutes outdoors (at -5°C or colder) and then bring it into warm room, then after a few minutes it will be covered with droplets of water. Water droplets are former water vapor that has condensed from room air on the cold glass of the mirror. Water from a gaseous state - water vapor, which is contained in room air, from cooling upon contact with the cold glass of the mirror, it turned into a liquid state.
The amount of water vapor that can be contained in the air depends on its temperature: the higher the temperature of the air, the more water vapor it contains.
Water in liquid, solid and gaseous states forms a shell on Earth - the hydrosphere.
1. What do you think would be more effective as a heating pad: 2 kg of sand at +60 °C or 2 liters of water at the same temperature? Explain the answer.
2. Why does fog form at night or early in the morning?
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Water is the most abundant substance in the world. It is part of every living cell, therefore it has great importance to sustain life on earth. We know a lot about water, but still have not revealed all its mysteries.
Water is always around us
Water balance is the basis of life on our planet. Most of it on Earth is oceans and seas. They contain 97% given substance. The remaining 3% is rivers, lakes, ponds, and vaporous water in the atmosphere. Plants and animals consume life-giving moisture every day to ensure their vital activity.
Water is an integral part of the human body. Each of our cells is more than half of this fluid. The blood that flows in our veins is 82% water. Muscles and skin contain 76% of it. Surprisingly, even bones in their composition have up to 30% water. Its lowest content in tooth enamel is only 0.3%.
The total mass of water on planet Earth is more than 2,000,000,000 million tons.
What are the 3 states of water in nature?
Almost everyone answers the question without hesitation: "It's a liquid!". After all, most often we are accustomed to seeing the liquid state of water in nature. But in fact, it can have different forms, radically different from one another.
Water exists in three states:
- liquid form;
- vapor state;
- solid aggregate form - ice.
Water - liquid
The liquid state of water in nature is most common to us. In this form, H 2 O can be in the temperature range from 0 to 100 degrees Celsius. It is this aggregate state that water has in rivers, seas, oceans and during rain.
This transparent substance has no taste, no smell, no form of its own. Liquid seems to be the most pliable, but at the same time it has tremendous power. The liquid state of water in nature gives it the ability to dissolve many substances. Water flows can destroy rocks, create caves, and thus change the topography of the planet.
The liquid form of H 2 O is used everywhere in everyday life. First, every living being, including humans, needs to consume a certain amount of water every day. Secondly, we need it to maintain hygiene. We take a bath or shower every day, wash our hands several times a day, grow vegetables and fruits in our gardens, provide them with water, and wash our clothes. Without even thinking, for all these procedures we use liquid water.
Ice is solid water
H 2 O passes from a liquid to a solid state of aggregation when the temperature drops below 0 degrees Celsius. It is interesting that almost all objects decrease in volume when cooled, and water, on the contrary, expands when it freezes. If so, it is transparent and colorless, then when it freezes, it can acquire White color due to the ingress of air particles into the ice.
It is unusual that with the same crystal structure, ice can have many different different forms. The solid state of water in nature is giant icebergs, a shiny crust of ice on a river, white snow flakes, icicles hanging on rooftops.
Ice is of great importance for human economic activity and has big influence for the maintenance of life of many organisms. For example, when a river freezes, it performs a protective function, keeping the reservoir from further freezing, thereby protecting the underwater world.
But ice can also cause devastating natural disasters. For example, hail, icing of buildings and freezing of the soil, ice landslides.
In everyday life, we use frozen water as a coolant, throwing small ice cubes into drinks to cool them down. In this way, they can be cooled food products and medical preparations.
water vapor
By heating the liquid to 100°C, we can see the transition to the gaseous state of water. In nature, we can meet such water in the form of clouds, fog, evaporation over rivers, lakes and seas when the weather changes or simply high humidity.
There are always water droplets in the atmosphere, the tiny size of which allows them to hold on to weight. We can only notice the presence of moisture in the air when it increases and clouds or fog appear.
It can often be useful in everyday life. A person uses steam to make ironing easier after washing. Recently there have been special devices which are based on the formation of water vapor. These are steam generators. They have many functions, the main of which is the fight against pollution and microbes. Also, the process of vaporization can be traced on the example of the operation of a household air humidifier.
The transition of water from one state to another plays the role of a large-scale purification process. Only during evaporation, large masses of water are able to self-purify.
Water in any state of aggregation is the highest value. The Bedouin, who lead a nomadic life in the deserts, say that it is worth more than gold. But even those who do not experience difficulties with a lack of water understand the greatest connection between it and life.
Experience shows that when some solids are heated, they are able to melt, that is, turn into a liquid, and then evaporate. A decrease in the temperature of a substance leads to the reverse process. It is possible to transform a crystalline substance into a gas, bypassing the liquid phase (sublimation process).
Aggregate states
State of aggregation depends on the temperature and pressure above the surface of the substance. Transitions from one state of aggregation to another, which are accompanied by a change in the nature of the packing of particles (short-range, long-range order, disorder), are called first-order phase transitions.
In nature, water (the only substance on Earth) can have three states of aggregation: solid (this is deed or snow); liquid and gaseous (steam).
Ice has a crystal lattice, that is, its atoms are clearly arranged. It retains its shape, has volume and retains it, the atoms are densely packed.
Water is a fluid substance. It retains volume, but does not retain its shape, taking the shape of the vessel in which it is located. It has a fuzzy arrangement of particles and their greater mobility in comparison with ice.
Water vapor fills all the space provided to them, has a loose packing of particles, and can be easily compressed.
Water can be in a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure at temperatures from 0 o C to 100 o C. Water is a solvent that is necessary for the course of biochemical reactions. It has the properties of a solvent due to the polarity of its molecules. The mass composition of water contains 88.81% oxygen and 11.19% hydrogen. As water changes from ice to liquid, its density increases. With an increase in water temperature in the range from 0 o C to +4 o C, its density increases. With a further increase in temperature, the density of water decreases. At +4 o C the density of water is higher than the density of ice. Water has a high heat capacity (c-specific heat capacity): therefore it is a good heat carrier. Water is the heat regulator on Earth. In addition, water has a high surface tension (only mercury has more).
At a pressure of one atmosphere and a temperature of 0 o C and below, water turns into ice. Whereas when the temperature decreases, all bodies reduce their volume, when water freezes, it expands by about 9%. The anomalous properties of water are explained by the peculiarity of the molecular structure. With one crystal structure, ice has many different shapes. These are snowflakes, icicles, ice floes, etc. Ice has a high specific heat of fusion ((at normal atmospheric pressure). Ice in nature can contain mechanical impurities such as solid particles, droplets of solutions or gas bubbles.
The transition of water into a gaseous state can be observed by heating at normal atmospheric pressure to a temperature of 100 o C. Gaseous water can occur, for example, in the form of fog, clouds.
Examples of problem solving
EXAMPLE 1
| Exercise | Describe the features of phase transitions of water. |
| Solution | In nature, there are the following thermal processes that occur (including) with water: heating (cooling); evaporation (condensation); melting (hardening). We assume that all phase transitions occur at normal atmospheric pressure. Then the water crystallizes and becomes ice. When the water boils and turns into steam. If the pressure is reduced, the melting point of water will slowly increase and the boiling point will decrease. With increasing pressure, the boiling point of water increases, the density of the vapor during boiling increases, and the density of the liquid decreases. At a pressure of about With a further decrease in pressure, water cannot exist as a liquid, and ice turns directly into steam. The transition temperature of ice to steam decreases as the pressure decreases. If the pressure is high, there is no difference between steam and water, and there is no boiling or evaporation. The existence of metastable states (supersaturated vapor or superheated liquid) is possible. These conditions can be observed for a long time, but they are not stable. The state diagram is shown in Fig.1. It consists of three areas that correspond to the crystalline (solid) state of matter, liquid and gaseous state. These areas are separated by curves that indicate the boundaries of mutually inverse processes: |
atm. the boiling and melting points become practically equal. This pressure and temperature is called the triple point of water. If the pressure becomes equal to atm., and the temperature, then the density and other properties of water and its vapor become the same. Such a point is called critical. In the critical state, the liquid has the maximum volume, and the saturated vapor has the maximum pressure.
