; sometimes called "torr"(Russian designation - torr, international - Torr) in honor of Evangelista Torricelli.

The origin of this unit is connected with the method of measuring atmospheric pressure using a barometer, in which the pressure is balanced by a column of liquid. It is often used as a liquid because it has a very high density (≈13,600 kg/m³) and low saturation vapor pressure at room temperature.

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 760 mm Hg. Art. Standard atmospheric pressure is assumed to be (exactly) 760 mm Hg. Art. , or 101 325 Pa, hence the definition of a millimeter of mercury (101 325/760 Pa). Previously, a slightly different definition was used: the pressure of a column of mercury with a height of 1 mm and a density of 13.5951 10 3 kg / m³ with a free fall acceleration of 9.806 65 m / s². The difference between these two definitions is 0.000014%.

Millimeters of mercury are used, for example, in vacuum technology, meteorological reports and blood pressure measurements. Since in vacuum technology very often pressure is measured simply in millimeters, omitting the words “mercury column”, the natural transition for vacuum workers to microns (microns) is usually also carried out without indicating “pressure of mercury”. Accordingly, when a pressure of 25 microns is indicated on a vacuum pump, we are talking about the ultimate vacuum created by this pump, measured in microns of mercury. Of course, no one uses a Torricelli pressure gauge to measure such low pressures. To measure low pressures, other instruments are used, for example, a McLeod pressure gauge (vacuum gauge).

Sometimes millimeters of water column are used ( 1 mmHg Art. = 13,5951 mm w.c. Art. ). In the United States and Canada, the unit of measure is "inch of mercury" (symbol - inHg). 1 inHg = 3,386389 kPa at 0 °C.

Pressure units

	Pascal (Pa, Pa)	Bar (bar, bar)	technical atmosphere (at, at)	physical atmosphere (atm, atm)	millimeter of mercury (mm Hg, mm Hg, Torr, Torr)	Water column meter (m water column, m H 2 O)	Pound-force per sq. inch (psi)
1 Pa	1 / 2	10 −5	10.197 10 −6	9.8692 10 −6	7.5006 10 −3	1.0197 10 −4	145.04 10 −6
1 bar	10 5	1 10 6 dynes / cm 2	1,0197	0,98692	750,06	10,197	14,504
1 at	98066,5	0,980665	1 kgf / cm 2	0,96784	735,56	10	14,223
1 atm	101325	1,01325	1,033	1 atm	760	10,33	14,696
1 mmHg Art.	133,322	1.3332 10 −3	1.3595 10 −3	1.3158 10 −3	1 mmHg Art.	13.595 10 −3	19.337 10 −3
1 m water Art.	9806,65	9.80665 10 −2	0,1	0,096784	73,556	1 m water Art.	1,4223
1psi	6894,76	68.948 10 −3	70.307 10 −3	68.046 10 −3	51,715	0,70307	1lbf/in2

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing a millimeter of mercury

In October 1805, Russian troops occupied the villages and cities of the Archduchy of Austria, and more new regiments came from Russia and, weighing down the inhabitants with billeting, were located near the Braunau fortress. In Braunau was the main apartment of the commander-in-chief Kutuzov.
On October 11, 1805, one of the infantry regiments that had just arrived at Braunau, waiting for the review of the commander-in-chief, stood half a mile from the city. Despite the non-Russian terrain and situation ( orchards, stone fences, tiled roofs, mountains visible in the distance), at the non-Russian people, looking with curiosity at the soldiers, the regiment had exactly the same appearance as any Russian regiment had, preparing for a review somewhere in the middle of Russia.
In the evening, on the last crossing, an order was received that the commander-in-chief would watch the regiment on the march. Although the words of the order seemed unclear to the regimental commander, and the question arose of how to understand the words of the order: in marching uniform or not? in the council of battalion commanders, it was decided to present the regiment in full dress on the grounds that it is always better to exchange bows than not to bow. And the soldiers, after a thirty-verst march, did not close their eyes, they repaired and cleaned themselves all night; adjutants and company officers counted, expelled; and by morning the regiment, instead of the sprawling disorderly crowd that it had been the day before on the last march, represented a slender mass of 2,000 people, each of whom knew his place, his business, and of whom each button and strap was in its place and shone with cleanliness. . Not only the outside was in good order, but if the commander-in-chief had been pleased to look under the uniforms, then on each he would have seen an equally clean shirt and in each knapsack he would have found a legal number of things, “an awl and a soap,” as the soldiers say. There was only one circumstance about which no one could be calm. It was shoes. More than half of the people had their boots broken. But this shortcoming did not come from the fault of the regimental commander, since, despite repeated demands, the goods from the Austrian department were not released to him, and the regiment traveled a thousand miles.
The regimental commander was an elderly, sanguine general with graying eyebrows and sideburns, thick and broad more from chest to back than from one shoulder to the other. He was wearing a new, brand-new, creased uniform and thick golden epaulettes, which seemed to raise his stout shoulders rather than downwards. The regimental commander looked like a man happily doing one of the most solemn deeds of life. He paced in front of the front and, as he walked, trembled at every step, slightly arching his back. It was evident that the regimental commander was admiring his regiment, happy with them, that all his mental strength was occupied only by the regiment; but, in spite of the fact, his trembling gait seemed to say that, in addition to military interests, the interests of public life and female gender.
“Well, father Mikhailo Mitrich,” he turned to one battalion commander (the battalion commander leaned forward smiling; it was clear that they were happy), “I got nuts this night. However, it seems, nothing, the regiment is not bad ... Eh?

Pressure is a physical quantity showing the acting force per unit area of ​​a surface perpendicular to this surface.
Pressure is defined as P = F / S, where P is pressure, F is pressure force, S is surface area. From this formula it can be seen that the pressure depends on the surface area of ​​the body acting with a certain force. How less area surface, the greater the pressure.

The unit of pressure is Newton per square meter(H/m2). We can also convert pressure units N/m2 to pascals, units of measurement named after the French scientist Blaise Pascal, who developed the so-called Pascal's Law. 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa.

What's happened???

Pressure of gases and liquids - manometer, differential pressure gauge, vacuum meter, pressure sensor.
Atmospheric pressure - barometer.
Blood pressure - tonometer.

And so, once again, pressure is defined as P = F / S. The force in the gravitational field is equal to weight - F = m * g, where m is the mass of the body; g - acceleration free fall. Then the pressure is
P = m * g / S. Using this formula, you can determine the pressure exerted by the body on the surface. For example, a person on the ground.

Atmospheric pressure decreases with height. Addiction atmospheric pressure from altitude is determined by the barometric formula -
P = Po*exp(-µgh/RT). Where, μ = 0.029 kg/m3 is the molecular weight of the gas (air); g = 9.81 m/s2 is the free fall acceleration; h - ho - the difference between the height above sea level and the height taken at the beginning of the report (h=ho); R = 8.31 - J/mol K - gas constant; Ro - atmospheric pressure at a height taken as the reference point; T is the temperature in Kelvin.

It has been experimentally established that atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 760 mm Hg. Art. The standard atmospheric pressure is assumed to be 760 mm Hg. Art., or 101 325 Pa, hence the definition of a millimeter of mercury 101 325/760 Pa = 133.322 368, i.e. 1 mmHg Art. = 133.322 Pa.

mercury mercury(Russian Mark: mmHg mmHg

St.; international: mmHg Art.) is a non-systematic pressure measurement unit equal to 101 325/760 ≈ 133.32 368 4 Pa; sometimes called "Thor"(Russian tag - torr, International - Torr) in honor of the evangelists Torricelli.

In the Russian Federation, it is allowed to use a millimeter of mercury as outsourcing without limiting the duration of "medicine, meteorology, aviation" .

The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) in its recommendation applies the millimeter of mercury to units of measurement "which may be provisionally used before the date specified in national regulations, but cannot be determined if they are not used".

The source of this device is connected to a method of measuring atmospheric pressure using a barometer, in which the pressure is controlled by a liquid column. Liquid mercury is widely used because it has a very high density (≈13,600 kg/m3), which reduces the required liquid column height and low vapor pressure at room temperature.

Atmospheric pressure in the sea is about 760 mm Hg. The standard atmospheric pressure is assumed to be (exactly) 760 mmHg. Art. Or 101 325 Pa, so the definition of a millimeter of mercury (101 325/760 Pa) is assumed. Previously, a slightly different definition was used: the height of a mercury column is 1 mm and the density is 13.5951 x 103 kg / m³, the free fall acceleration is 9.806 65 m / s².

The difference between these two definitions is 0.000014%.

Pressure: a little history and units of measurement

Millimeters of mercury are used, for example, in vacuum engineering, meteorological reports, and blood pressure measurements. Because vacuum engineering is often pressure measured in millimeters, we simply omit the word "Hg" for the physical transition in micrometer (micron) vacuum systems, typically without "Hg" pressure.

When the vacuum pump shows a pressure of 25 microns, this is the last vacuum produced by this pump, measured in microns of the mercury column. Of course, no one uses a Torricelli gauge to measure such low pressures.

Use other instruments such as a McLeod gauge (vacuum gauge) to measure low pressure.

Sometimes millimeters of water (1 mmHg = 13,5951 mm of water.). The United States and Canada also use the "v. Hg" (inHg). 1 inches of mercury = 3386389 kPa at 0 °C

pascal
(Well, well) Bar
(bar, bar) Technical atmosphere
(at, at) Physical atmosphere
(atm, atm) Millimeter mercury
(mmHg.).

mm Hg, Torr, Torr) Water meter
(m water, m H2O) psi force
(Psi)

1 Pa 1 bar 1na 1 atm 1 mmHg 1 m of water. Art. 1psi

1 N/m²	10-5	10.197 10-6	9.8692 10-6	7,500 10-3	1.0197 10-4	145.04 10-6
105	1 106 dynes/cm²	1,0197	0,98692	750,06	10197	14,504
98066,5	0.980665	1 kgf / cm²	0,96784	735,56	10	14223
101325	1,01325	1033	1 atm	760	10:33	14,696
133,322	1.3332 10-3	1.3595 10-3	1.3158 10-3	1 mmHg Art.	13.595 10-3	19.337 10-3
9806,65	9 80665 10-2	0,1	0.096784	73556	1 m of water. Art.	1,4223
6894,76	68 948 10-3	70.307 10-3	68 046 10-3	51,715	0,70307	1 lb/in²

see

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Notes [| code]

To find out how many millimeters of mercury are in the atmosphere, you need to use a simple web calculator. Enter the number of millimeters of mercury you want to change in the left box. In the field on the right you will see the result of the calculation.

If you need to convert millimeters to mercury or other atmospheric units, click on the appropriate link.

What is "millimeter mercury"

Additional system millimeter of mercury (mmHg)

R. mmHg Art.), sometimes called "torr", is equal to 101 325/760 ≈ 133 322 368 4 Pa. Atmospheric pressure was measured with a mercury barometer, hence the name of this unit of measurement. At sea level, atmospheric pressure is approximately 760 mm Hg. Art. or 101 325 Pa, so the value is 101 325/760 Pa. This device is traditionally used in vacuum technology, blood pressure measurements and weather reporting.

Unit converter

Some instruments measure millimeters of water (1 mmHg, V = 13951 mm of water, V.) and "Hg" (Hg) = 3.386389 kPa at 0° found in the United States and Canada C .

What is "atmosphere"

A non-systematic pressure measurement unit that approximates atmospheric pressure at global sea level.

In addition, two units are the technical atmosphere (at, at) and the normal, standard or physical atmosphere (atm, atm). One technical atmosphere is a single perpendicular force of 1 kg of force on a flat surface of 1 cm2.

1 at. = 98.066.5 Pa. The standard atmosphere is a 760 mm mercury column with a mercury density of 13,595.04 kg/m³ and zero temperature.

1 atm = 101 325 Pa = 1.0323233 at. The Russian Federation uses only the technical atmosphere.

In the past, the terms "ata" and "ati" were used for absolute and gauge pressure. Overpressure is the difference between absolute and atmospheric pressure when the absolute is greater than atmospheric pressure.

The difference between atmospheric and absolute pressure, when the absolute pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure, is called vacuum (vacuum).

The definition of atmospheric pressure is very simple - it is Atmosphere pressure that is in it and on the surface of the planet. In other words, atmospheric pressure is the pressure of one column, which is on top, with an area of ​​1 square meter.

Atmospheric pressure measurement

The pressure units are pascal, rods and millimeters of mercury. The latter is used in barometers (special measuring instruments) and is understood by ordinary people, as many people use barometers.

Many people know that 760 mm of mercury normal pressure(this is the atmospheric pressure at sea, since it is accepted as the norm). Just add that it's ok at 0°C.
Another popular unit of measurement that is often used in physics is the pascal. The value of 101325 Pa is called normal pressure and corresponds to 760 mm of mercury.
Well, the last unit of measure is the bat.

1 bar = 100,000 Pa. In this case, the normal pressure is 1.01325 bar.

Has anyone heard the expression one atmosphere or three atmospheres, for example?

mercury mercury

Thus, the atmosphere in this case is called normal pressure (which we talked about above). But a pressure equal to three atmospheres cannot be called normal, since it is three times higher than normal.

To simplify the calculation, in the concept of chemistry standard atmospheric pressure.

This is almost the same as normal - 100,000 Pa (100 kPa) or 1 bar.

Man is far from being the king of nature, but her child, an integral part of the universe. We live in a world where everything is strictly interconnected and subject to one single system.

Everyone knows that the Earth is surrounded by a dense air mass, which is usually called the atmosphere. And on every object, including the human body, it “compresses” an air column that has a certain weight. Scientists experimentally found that every square centimeter of the human body is affected by atmospheric pressure weighing 1033 kilograms.

And if you do simple mathematical calculations, it turns out that the average person is under pressure of 15550 kg.

The weight is huge, but thankfully it's completely insensitive. Perhaps this is due to the fact that dissolved oxygen exists in human blood.
What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on a person? A little more about this.

Atmospheric pressure norm

Doctors who talk about what atmospheric pressure is considered normal show a range of 750 ... 760 mm Hg.

Such a distribution is quite acceptable, since the relief of the planet is not entirely uniform.

Meteorological dependence

Doctors say that some people's bodies can adapt to all conditions.

Even such serious tests as long-distance flights from one climatic zone to another are not at all for them.

At the same time, others who do not leave their homes feel the approach of weather changes. This can come in the form of severe headaches, unexplained weakness, or constantly wet hands, for example.

These people are more likely to have vascular and endocrine disorders than others.

It is especially difficult if the atmospheric pressure is a sharp jump in a short time. According to statistics, most of the people whose body reacts so strongly to changes in atmospheric pressure are women living in large cities.

Unfortunately, the rigid rhythm of life, overpopulation, ecology are not the best followers of health.

If you want, you can get rid of the addiction. Just keep going and constantly have to be. Methods are known to all. This is the basis of a healthy lifestyle: hardening, swimming, walking, running, healthy eating, adequate sleep, elimination bad habits, weight loss.

How does our body react to increased atmospheric pressure?

Atmospheric pressure (standard for humans) is an ideal 760 mm Hg. But this indicator is very rare.

Due to the increase in atmospheric pressure, clear weather conditions, there are no sharp changes in humidity and air temperature. Such changes actively respond to the body of hypertension and allergies.

In a situation in the city, without wind, it is natural to pollute the gas.

First, patients with respiratory diseases.

An increase in atmospheric pressure also affects the immune system.

Conversion of millimeters of mercury to the atmosphere

This is reflected in the decrease in leukocytes in the blood. A weakened body will not easily control infections.

Doctors advise:

Start your day with light morning exercises. Take a contrast shower. For breakfast, give priority to foods that contain a lot of potassium (cottage cheese, raisins, dried apricots, bananas). Don't allow more food.

Do not eat. This day is not the most successful for great physical effort and emotions. When you get home, take a one hour break, do your regular housework, leave early.

Low atmospheric pressure and good health

Low atmospheric pressure, that's how much? You can answer the conditional question if the barometer reading is less than 750 mm.st. But it all depends on where you live.

Especially for Moscow, the figures are 748-749 mm Hg. are the norm.

Among the first, I think it is an aberration of the "core" and those with intracranial pressure. Complaints in general are nausea, frequent migraines, lack of oxygen, shortness of breath and pain in the intestines.

Doctors advise:

Get your blood pressure back to normal.

Reduce physical activity. Every working hour brings ten minutes of rest. Drink fluids more often green tea with honey. Drink your morning coffee. Take the herbal tinctures indicated for sails. Relax in the evening contrast shower. Go to bed before your usual hour.

How changes in humidity affect your body

Low humidity of 30-40% is not useful. This irritates the nasal mucosa. First, these abnormalities are the first, asthma and allergies.

To help in this case, the nosopharynx mucosa can be moistened with a slightly saline aqueous solution.

Frequent precipitation, of course, increases the humidity of the air to 70-90 percent. It also provides Negative influence on health.
High humidity can cause worsening of chronic kidney and joint diseases.

Doctors advise:

If possible, change the climate to dry. Reduce holding time in wet weather. Go for a walk in warm clothes. Remember vitamins

Atmospheric pressure and temperature

The optimum temperature for a person in a room is not higher than +18.

This is especially true for the bedroom.

How does the interaction between atmospheric pressure and oxygen develop?

In the case of an increase in air temperature and a simultaneous decrease in atmospheric pressure, people suffering from diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory organs suffer.

If the temperature drops and atmospheric pressure rises, it becomes bad for hypertensives, asthmatics, and patients with stomach and genitourinary problems.

In the case of sharp and multiple fluctuations in temperature, an unbearably large amount of histamine, the main pathogen that causes allergies, is formed in the body.

Good to know

What is normal atmospheric pressure for a person you know now?

This is 760 mm Hg. St., but such barometers are very rare.

It is also important to know that the change in atmospheric pressure with height (during a rapid descent) is quite dramatic. Because of this difference, a person who quickly climbs a mountain can lose consciousness.

In Russia, atmospheric pressure is measured in mm Hg. Art. But the international system has its own unit of measure, the pascal.

At the same time, the normal atmospheric pressure in pascals will be 100 kPa. If you convert our 760mmHg. in Pascal, the normal atmospheric pressure in Pascals for our country will be 101.3 kPa.

In weather forecasts, barometric pressure is often expressed in mmHg. In science, more conventional units are used - Pascals. Of course, there is a clear connection between them.

Instruction

1. Pascal is the SI unit for pressure. Pascal has the unit of kg/ms². 1 Pascal is the pressure that exerts a force of 1 Newton per 1 m² of area.

2. 1 mm of mercury is a non-systemic unit of pressure, it is used in relation to the pressure of gases: atmosphere, water vapor, vacuum. The name describes the physical essence of this unit: such pressure on the base is a mercury column 1 mm high. The exact, physical, definition of the unit also includes the density of mercury and the acceleration of free fall.

3. 1 mm Hg = 133.322 N / m² or 133 Pa. Thus, if we talk about a pressure of 760 mm Hg, then in Pascals we get the following: 760 * 133.322 \u003d 101325 Pa, or approximately 101 kPa.

Pressure- a physical quantity that shows how much force acts on a particular surface. Bodies whose substances are in different states of aggregation(solid, liquid and gaseous) exert pressure in perfectly different ways. For example, if you put a piece of cheese in a jar, then it will only press on the bottom of the jar, and the milk poured into the same place acts with force on the bottom and walls of the vessel. In the international system of measurement, pressure is measured in pascals. But there are other units of measurement: millimeters of mercury, newtons divided by kilograms, kilos pascals, hecto pascals and so on. The relationship between these quantities is established mathematically.

Instruction

1. The Pascal unit of pressure is named after the French scientist Blaise Pascal. It is designated as follows: Pa. When solving problems and in practice, quantities that have multiples or submultiple decimal prefixes are applicable. Let's say kilo pascals, hecto pascals, milli pascals, mega pascals and so on. To convert these values ​​to pascals, you need to know the mathematical value of the prefix. All available prefixes can be found in any physical directory. Example1. 1 kPa = 1000 Pa (one kilopascal is equal to one thousand pascals). 1 hPa = 100 Pa (one hectopascal is equal to one hundred pascals). 1mPa = 0.001Pa (one millipascal is equal to zero integers, one thousandth of a pascal).

2. Pressure solids are usually measured in pascals. But what is physically equal to one pascal? Based on the definition of pressure, the formula for its calculation is calculated and the unit of measurement is displayed. Pressure equal to the ratio of the force acting perpendicular to the support to the surface area of ​​this support. p=F/S, where p is the pressure, measured in Pascals, F is the force, measured in Newtons, S is the surface area, measured in square meters. It turns out that 1 Pa \u003d 1N / (m) squared. Example 2. 56 N/(m) squared = 56 Pa.

3. Pressure The air envelope of the Earth is usually called atmospheric pressure and is measured not in pascals, but in millimeters of mercury (hereinafter, mm Hg). In 1643, the Italian scientist Torricelli proposed a skill for measuring atmospheric pressure, in which a glass tube with mercury was used (see “mercury column”). He also measured that the typical pressure of the atmosphere is 760 mm Hg. Art., which is numerically equal to 101325 pascals. Then, 1 mm Hg. ~ 133.3 Pa. In order to convert millimeters of mercury to pascals, you need to multiply this value by 133.3. Example 3. 780 mmHg Art. \u003d 780 * 133.3 \u003d 103974 Pa ~ 104 kPa.

In 1960, the International System of Units (SI) entered into force, in which Newton was included as a unit of force. This is a "derived unit", that is, it can be expressed in terms of other SI units. According to Newton's second law, the force is equal to the product of the body's mass and its acceleration. Mass in the SI system is measured in kilograms, and acceleration in meters and seconds, therefore 1 Newton is defined as the product of 1 kilogram by 1 meter divided by a second squared.

Instruction

1. Use the exponent 0.10197162 to convert to Newtons quantities measured in units with the name "kilogram-force" (denoted as kgf or kg). Such units are often used in calculations in construction, because they are prescribed in the regulatory documents SNiP (“Building Norms and Rules”). This unit considers the standard force of gravity of the Earth and one kilogram-force can be represented as the force with which a weight of one kilogram presses on the scales somewhere on the sea level near the equator of our planet. To convert the famous kgf number to Newtons, it must be divided by the above figure. Let's say 100 kgf = 100 / 0.10197162 = 980.66501 N.

2. Use your mathematical ability and a trained memory for mental calculations to convert quantities measured in kgf to Newtons. If there are any snags with this, then use a calculator - say, the one that Microsoft carefully inserts into the entire distribution operating system Windows. In order to open it, you need to delve into the main OS menu for three tiers. First, click the "Start" button to see the items on the first tier, then expand the "Programs" section to access the second, and then go to the "Typical" subsection to the lines of the third tier of the menu. Click on the one that says "Calculator".

3. Highlight and copy (CTRL + C) on this page the conversion rate from kgf to Newtons (0.10197162). After that, switch to the calculator interface and paste the copied value (CTRL + V) - it's easier than manually typing a nine-digit number. Then click the slash button and enter the famous value measured in kilogram-force units. Click the button with the equal sign and the calculator will calculate and show you the value of this quantity in Newtons.

Related videos

Bar is a unit of pressure that is not included in any system of units. However, it is used in the domestic GOST 7664-61 "Mechanical units". On the other hand, in our country the international SI system is used, in which a unit called “Pascal” is prepared for measuring pressure. Fortunately, the relationship between them is easy to remember, so converting values ​​from one unit of measure to another is not particularly difficult.

Instruction

1. Multiply the value measured in bars by one hundred thousand in order to convert this value into Pascals. If the translated value is larger than one, then it is more comfortable to use not Pascals, but more large derivatives of it. Let's say a pressure of 20 bar is equal to 2,000,000 Pascals or 2 megaPascals.

2. Calculate the required value in your mind. This should not be difficult, because each one only needs to move the decimal point in the initial number by six places. If, nevertheless, there are any difficulties with this operation, then it is allowed to use online calculators, and even better online converters. Let's say it can be a service built into the Google search engine: it combines both a calculator and a converter. In order to use it, go to the search engine website and enter an appropriately defined search query. Say, if you need to convert a pressure value equal to 20 bar to Pascals, then the query might look like this: “20 bar to Pascals”. After entering the request, it will be sent to the server and processed mechanically, that is, it is not required to press the button in order to see the result.

3. Use the built-in Windows calculator if you don't have internet access. It also has built-in functions for converting values ​​from one unit to another. To launch this application, press the key combination WIN + R, then type the command calc and press the Enter key.

4. Expand the "View" section in the calculator's menu and select the "Conversion" item in it. Select "Pressure" from the "Category" drop-down list. In the "Initial value" list, set "bar". In the Final Value list, click pascal.

5. Click the calculator input field, type in the famous value in bars and click the "Translate" button. The calculator will display the equivalent of this value in Pascals in the input field.

Related videos

To date, there are two systems of measurement - metric and non-metric. The latter includes inches, feet and miles, while the metric one includes millimeters, centimeters, meters and kilometers. The non-metric system of measures, as usual, is used in the USA and the countries of the British Commonwealth. Historically, it has been much easier for Americans to measure objects in inches than in meters.

Instruction

1. It has long been believed that an inch determines the average length of the phalanx of the thumb. In the old days, measurements of small objects, as usual, were carried out manually. And so it happened. After that, the inch became the official system of measures in many countries of the world. It is worth noting that the size of an inch in some countries varies within tenths of a centimeter. The accepted standard is the size of the English inch. In order to convert inches to millimeters, take a calculator and, using the ratio 1 inch \u003d 25.4 millimeters, calculate the length and dimensions of an object in the usual calculus for us. To do this, type a certain number in inches on the calculator, press “multiply” (traditionally, this mathematical parameter corresponds to the * icon), enter the number 25.4 and press “=”. The numbers that will be displayed on the monitor screen and will correspond to the length value in millimeters. If you want to convert centimeters to inches, then perform the same manipulations correctly with the support of the calculator. Only instead of the number 25.4, enter 2.54. The last number answers the question of how many centimeters are in an inch.

2. If you ever visit overseas highways, you will see that distances are measured in miles. And one mile is equal to 1.609344 kilometers. Perform simple calculations and you will find out the distance to a certain settlement in kilometers. Now, knowing how to convert inches to centimeters and millimeters, you will easily navigate in foreign length values. This is doubly significant if, on duty, you often come into contact with overseas documentation, where inch and foot values ​​\u200b\u200bare widely used. Therefore, in order to quickly navigate these values, always have a calculator with you, one that will help you instantly convert inches to centimeters or millimeters. Traditionally, every mobile phone has a calculator. So you avoid the extra expense of buying an extra computing accessory.

Pascals (Pa, Ra) are the core system unit of pressure (SI). But much more often a multiple unit is used - kilopascal (kPa, kPa). The fact is that one pascal is a hefty small pressure by human standards. Such pressure will exert one hundred grams of liquid, evenly distributed over the surface coffee table. If one pascal is compared with atmospheric pressure, then it will be each only one hundred thousandth of it.

You will need

• - calculator;
• - pencil;
• - paper.

Instruction

1. In order to convert the pressure given in pascals to kilopascals, multiply the number of pascals by 0.001 (or divide by 1000). In the form of a formula, this rule can be written as follows: Kkp = Kp * 0.001 or Kkp = Kp / 1000, where: Kkp is the number of kilopascals, Kp is the number of pascals.

2. Example: typical atmospheric pressure is considered to be 760 mmHg. Art., or 101325 pascals. Question: how many kilopascals is typical atmospheric pressure? Solution: divide the number of pascals by 1000: 101325 / 1000 \u003d 101.325 (kPa). Result: typical atmospheric pressure is 101 kilopascals.

3. To divide the number of pascals by 1000, easily move the decimal point three digits to the left (as in the example above): 101325 -> 101.325.

4. If the pressure is less than 100 Pa, then to convert it to kilopascals, add the missing insignificant zeros to the number on the left. Example: how many kilopascals will be the pressure of one pascal? Solution: 1 Pa = 0001 Pa = 0.001 kPa. Result: 0.001 kPa.

5. When solving physical problems, keep in mind that pressure can be specified in other pressure units. Exceptionally often when measuring pressure, there is such a unit as N / m? (newton per square meter). In reality, this unit is equivalent to pascal, because it is its definition.

6. Officially, the pressure unit pascal (N/m?) is also equivalent to the unit of energy density (J/m?). However, from a physical point of view, these units describe different physical properties. Therefore, do not record pressure as J/m?.

7. If a lot of other physical quantities appear in the conditions of the problem, then you make the conversion of pascals to kilopascals at the end of the solution of the problem. The fact is that pascals are a system unit and if the other parameters are indicated in SI units, then the result will be in pascals (of course, if pressure was determined).

In order to correctly solve problems, it is necessary to ensure that the units of measurement of quantities correspond to the whole system. Usually, an international system of measurements is used to solve mathematical and physical problems. If the values ​​are given in other systems, they must be converted to international (SI).

You will need

• – tables of multiples and submultiples;
• - calculator.

Instruction

1. One of the main quantities that are measured in applied sciences is length. Usually it was measured in steps, elbows, transitions, versts, etc. Today, the standard unit of length is 1 meter. The fractional values ​​from it are centimeters, millimeters, etc. For example, in order to convert centimeters to meters, you need to divide them by 100. If the length is measured in kilometers, convert it to meters by multiplying by 1000. To convert national units of length, use the appropriate indicators.

2. Time is measured in seconds. Other famous time units are minutes and hours. In order to convert minutes into seconds, multiply them by 60. Converting hours into seconds is done by multiplying by 3600. Let's say if the time during which the event happened is 3 hours and 17 minutes, then convert it to seconds in this way: 3? 3600 + 17? 60=11820 s.

3. Speed, as a derivative quantity, is measured in meters per second. Another famous unit of measurement is kilometers per hour. To convert the speed to m/s, multiply it by 1000 and divide by 3600. Let's say if the speed of a cyclist is 18 km/h, then this value in m/s will be equal to 18×1000/3600=5 m/s.

4. Area and volume are measured respectively in m? them?. When translating, observe the multiplicity of values. Say, in order to translate cm? in m?, divide their number not by 100, but by 100? = 1000000.

5. Temperature is usually measured in degrees Celsius. But in most problems it needs to be converted to absolute values ​​(Kelvins). To do this, add the number 273 to the temperature in degrees Celsius.

6. The unit of measurement for pressure in the international system is Pascal. But often in technology, a unit of measurement of 1 atmosphere is used. For translation, use the ratio 1 atm.? 101000 Pa.

7. Power in the international system is measured in watts. Another well-known unit of measure, in particular, used for collation of an automobile engine is horsepower. To convert values, use the ratio 1 horsepower = 735 watts. Let's say, if the motor of a car has a power of 86 horsepower, then in watts it is equal to 86 × 735 = 63210 watts or 63.21 kilowatts.

Pascals measure the pressure that a force F acts on a surface whose area is S. Conversely, 1 Pascal (1 Pa) is the amount of force exerted by 1 Newton (1 N) on an area of ​​1 m². But there are other units of pressure, one of which is megapascal. Because what to convert megapascals to pascals?

You will need

• Calculator.

Instruction

1. In advance, you need to deal with those units of pressure that are between pascal and megapascal. There are 1000 Kilopascals (KPa), 10000 Hectopascals (GPa), 1000000 Decapascals (DaPa) and 10000000 Pascals in 1 megapascal (MPa). This means that in order to convert pascal to megapascal, it is necessary to build 10 Pa to the power of “6” or multiply 1 Pa by 10 seven times.

2. In the first step, it became clear what to do in order to make a direct transition from small pressure units to larger ones. Now, in order to do the opposite, you need to multiply the existing value in megapascals by 10 seven times. On the contrary, 1 MPa = 10,000,000 Pa.

3. For greater simplicity and clarity, it is possible to see an example: in an industrial propane cylinder, the pressure is 9.4 MPa. How many Pascals will be the same pressure? The solution of this problem requires the use of the above method: 9.4 MPa * 10000000 = 94000000 Pa. (94 million Pascals). Result: in an industrial cylinder, the propane pressure on its walls is 94,000,000 Pa.

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Note!
It is worth noting that much more often not the classical unit of pressure is used, but the so-called “atmosphere” (atm). 1 atm = 0.1 MPa and 1 MPa = 10 atm. For the example considered above, another result will also be objective: the propane pressure of the cylinder wall is 94 atm. It is also acceptable to use other units, such as: - 1 bar \u003d 100000 Pa - 1 mm Hg (millimeter of mercury) \u003d 133.332 Pa - 1 m of water. Art. (meter of water column) = 9806.65 Pa

Helpful advice
Pressure is denoted by the letter P. Based on the information given above, the formula for finding pressure will look like this: P \u003d F / S, where F is the force on the area S. Pascal is the unit of measurement used in the SI system. In the CGS system (“Centimeter-Gram-Second”), pressure is measured in g / (cm * s?).

The density of mercury, at room temperature and typical atmospheric pressure, is 13,534 kilograms per cubic meter, or 13.534 grams per cubic centimeter. Mercury is the densest liquid known to date. It is 13.56 times denser than water.

Density and its units

Density or bulk density of the mass of a substance is the mass of this substance per unit volume. More often than not, the Greek letter rho - ? is used to designate it. Mathematically, density is defined as the ratio of mass to volume. In the International System of Units (SI), density is measured in kilograms per cubic meter. That is one cubic meter mercury weighs 13 and a half tons. In the previous SI system, CGS (centimeter-gram-second), it was measured in grams per cubic centimeter. In the traditional systems of units still in use today in the United States and inherited from the British Imperial System of Units, density may be given in ounces per cubic inch, pounds per cubic inch, pounds per cubic foot, pounds per cubic yard, pounds per gallon, pounds per bushel and others. To facilitate comparison of density between different systems units, sometimes it is indicated as a dimensionless quantity - relative density. Relative density - the ratio of the density of a substance to a certain standard, as usual, to the density of water. Thus, a relative density less than one means that the substance floats in water. Substances with a density less than 13.56 will float in mercury. As you can see in the picture, a coin made of a metal alloy with a relative density of 7.6 floats in a container of mercury. The density depends on temperature and pressure. As the pressure increases, the volume of the material decreases and, consequently, the density increases. As the temperature increases, the volume of a substance increases and the density decreases.

Some properties of mercury

The property of mercury to change density when heated has found use in thermometers. As the temperature rises, mercury expands more evenly than other liquids. Mercury thermometers are allowed to take measurements in a wide temperature range: from -38.9 degrees, when mercury freezes, to 356.7 degrees, when mercury boils. The upper limit of measurements is easy to raise by increasing pressure. In a medical thermometer, due to high density mercury, the temperature remains exactly at the same level that the patient had in the armpit or in another place where the measurement was taken. When the mercury tank of the thermometer is cooled, part of the mercury still remains in the capillary. Mercury is driven back into the tank by shaking the thermometer sharply, informing the heavy mercury column of an acceleration many times greater than the acceleration of free flight. True, now in medical institutions in a number of countries they are zealous to abandon mercury thermometers. The reason is the toxicity of mercury. Getting into the lungs, mercury vapor stays there for a long time and poisons every organism. The typical work of the central nervous system and kidneys is disrupted.

Related videos

Note!
Atmospheric pressure is measured with the support of a barometer, in which just a column of mercury is present. In addition to these 2 units, there are other units: bars, atmospheres, mm of water column, etc. 1 mm of mercury is also called Torr.

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1 pascal [Pa] = 0.00750063755419211 millimeter of mercury (0°C) [mmHg]

Initial value

Converted value

pascal exapascal petapascal teropascal gigapascal megapascal kilopascal hectopascal decapascal decipascal centipascal millipascal micropascal nanopascal picopascal femtopascal attopascal newton per sq. newton meter per sq. centimeter newton per sq. millimeter kilonewton per sq. meter bar millibar microbar dynes per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per sq. meter kilogram-force per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per sq. millimeter gram-force per sq. centimeter ton-force (short) per sq. ft ton-force (short) per sq. inch ton-force (L) per sq. ft ton-force (L) per sq. inch kilopound-force per sq. inch kilopound-force per sq. inch lbf/sq. ft lbf/sq. inch psi poundal per sq. ft torr centimeter of mercury (0°C) millimeter of mercury (0°C) inch of mercury (32°F) inch of mercury (60°F) centimeter of water column (4°C) mm w.c. column (4°C) inch w.c. column (4°C) foot of water (4°C) inch of water (60°F) foot of water (60°F) technical atmosphere physical atmosphere decibar walls per square meter barium pieze (barium) Planck pressure meter sea ​​water foot of sea water (at 15°C) meter of water column (4°C)

More about pressure

General information

In physics, pressure is defined as the force acting per unit area of ​​a surface. If two identical forces act on one large and one smaller surface, then the pressure on the smaller surface will be greater. Agree, it is much worse if the owner of studs steps on your foot than the mistress of sneakers. For example, if you press the blade of a sharp knife on a tomato or carrot, the vegetable will be cut in half. The surface area of ​​the blade in contact with the vegetable is small, so the pressure is high enough to cut through the vegetable. If you press with the same force on a tomato or carrot with a blunt knife, then most likely the vegetable will not be cut, since the surface area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe knife is now larger, which means the pressure is less.

In the SI system, pressure is measured in pascals, or newtons per square meter.

Relative pressure

Sometimes pressure is measured as the difference between absolute and atmospheric pressure. This pressure is called relative or gauge pressure and it is measured, for example, when checking the pressure in car tires. Measuring instruments often, although not always, indicate relative pressure.

Atmosphere pressure

Atmospheric pressure is the air pressure at a given location. It usually refers to the pressure of a column of air per unit surface area. A change in atmospheric pressure affects the weather and air temperature. People and animals suffer from severe pressure drops. Low blood pressure causes problems in people and animals of varying severity, from mental and physical discomfort to fatal diseases. For this reason, aircraft cabins are maintained at a pressure above atmospheric pressure at a given altitude because the atmospheric pressure at cruising altitude is too low.

Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. People and animals living high in the mountains, such as the Himalayas, adapt to such conditions. Travelers, on the other hand, should take the necessary precautions so as not to get sick due to the fact that the body is not accustomed to such low pressure. Climbers, for example, can get altitude sickness associated with a lack of oxygen in the blood and oxygen starvation of the body. This disease is especially dangerous if you stay in the mountains for a long time. Exacerbation of altitude sickness leads to serious complications such as acute mountain sickness, high altitude pulmonary edema, high altitude cerebral edema and the most acute form of mountain sickness. The danger of altitude and mountain sickness begins at an altitude of 2400 meters above sea level. To avoid altitude sickness, doctors advise not to use depressants such as alcohol and sleeping pills, to drink plenty of fluids, and to climb to altitude gradually, for example, on foot rather than in transport. It's also good to eat plenty of carbohydrates and get plenty of rest, especially if the climb is fast. These measures will allow the body to get used to the lack of oxygen caused by low atmospheric pressure. If these guidelines are followed, the body will be able to produce more red blood cells to transport oxygen to the brain and internal organs. To do this, the body will increase the pulse and respiratory rate.

First aid in such cases is provided immediately. It is important to move the patient to a lower altitude where atmospheric pressure is higher, preferably lower than 2400 meters above sea level. Drugs and portable hyperbaric chambers are also used. These are lightweight, portable chambers that can be pressurized with a foot pump. A patient with mountain sickness is placed in a chamber in which pressure is maintained corresponding to a lower altitude above sea level. Such a chamber is used only for first aid, after which the patient must be lowered.

Some athletes use low blood pressure to improve circulation. Usually, for this, training takes place under normal conditions, and these athletes sleep in a low-pressure environment. Thus, their body gets used to the high altitude conditions and begins to produce more red blood cells, which in turn increases the amount of oxygen in the blood, and allows them to achieve better results in sports. For this, special tents are produced, the pressure in which is regulated. Some athletes even change the pressure throughout the bedroom, but sealing the bedroom is an expensive process.

suits

Pilots and astronauts have to work in a low pressure environment, so they work in spacesuits that allow them to compensate for the low pressure of the environment. Space suits completely protect a person from the environment. They are used in space. Altitude compensation suits are used by pilots at high altitudes - they help the pilot breathe and counteract low barometric pressure.

hydrostatic pressure

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of a fluid caused by gravity. This phenomenon plays a huge role not only in engineering and physics, but also in medicine. For example, blood pressure is the hydrostatic pressure of blood against the walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries. It is represented by two values: systolic, or the highest pressure, and diastolic, or the lowest pressure during the heartbeat. Devices for measuring blood pressure are called sphygmomanometers or tonometers. The unit of blood pressure is millimeters of mercury.

The Pythagorean mug is an entertaining vessel that uses hydrostatic pressure, specifically the siphon principle. According to legend, Pythagoras invented this cup to control the amount of wine he drank. According to other sources, this cup was supposed to control the amount of water drunk during a drought. Inside the mug is a curved U-shaped tube hidden under the dome. One end of the tube is longer, and ends with a hole in the stem of the mug. The other, shorter end is connected by a hole to the inner bottom of the mug so that the water in the cup fills the tube. The principle of operation of the mug is similar to the operation of a modern toilet tank. If the liquid level rises above the level of the tube, the liquid overflows into the other half of the tube and flows out due to the hydrostatic pressure. If the level, on the contrary, is lower, then the mug can be safely used.

pressure in geology

Pressure is an important concept in geology. Without pressure, it is impossible to form gemstones, both natural and artificial. High pressure and high temperature are also necessary for the formation of oil from the remains of plants and animals. Unlike gems, which are mostly found in rocks, oil forms at the bottom of rivers, lakes, or seas. Over time, more and more sand accumulates over these remnants. The weight of water and sand presses on the remains of animal and plant organisms. Over time, this organic material sinks deeper and deeper into the earth, reaching several kilometers below the earth's surface. The temperature rises by 25°C for every kilometer below the earth's surface, so at a depth of several kilometers the temperature reaches 50-80°C. Depending on the temperature and temperature difference in the formation medium, natural gas may be formed instead of oil.

natural gems

Gem formation is not always the same, but pressure is one of the main constituent parts this process. For example, diamonds are formed in the Earth's mantle, under conditions of high pressure and high temperature. During volcanic eruptions, diamonds move to the upper layers of the Earth's surface due to magma. Some diamonds come to Earth from meteorites, and scientists believe they were formed on Earth-like planets.

Synthetic gems

The production of synthetic gemstones began in the 1950s and has been gaining popularity in recent years. Some buyers prefer natural gemstones, but artificial gemstones are becoming more and more popular due to the low price and lack of problems associated with mining natural gemstones. Thus, many buyers choose synthetic gemstones because their extraction and sale is not associated with the violation of human rights, child labor and the financing of wars and armed conflicts.

One of the technologies for growing diamonds in the laboratory is the method of growing crystals under high pressure And high temperature. In special devices, carbon is heated to 1000 ° C and subjected to a pressure of about 5 gigapascals. Typically, a small diamond is used as the seed crystal, and graphite is used for the carbon base. A new diamond grows from it. This is the most common method of growing diamonds, especially as gemstones, due to its low cost. The properties of diamonds grown in this way are the same or better than those natural stones. The quality of synthetic diamonds depends on the method of their cultivation. Compared to natural diamonds, which are most often transparent, most artificial diamonds are colored.

Due to their hardness, diamonds are widely used in manufacturing. In addition, their high thermal conductivity, optical properties and resistance to alkalis and acids are highly valued. Cutting tools are often coated with diamond dust, which is also used in abrasives and materials. Most of the diamonds in production are of artificial origin due to the low price and because the demand for such diamonds exceeds the ability to mine them in nature.

Some companies offer services to create memorial diamonds from the ashes of the deceased. To do this, after cremation, the ashes are cleaned until carbon is obtained, and then a diamond is grown on its basis. Manufacturers advertise these diamonds as a memory of the departed, and their services are popular, especially in countries with a high percentage of wealthy citizens, such as the United States and Japan.

Crystal growth method at high pressure and high temperature

The high pressure, high temperature crystal growth method is mainly used to synthesize diamonds, but more recently, this method has been used to improve natural diamonds or change their color. Different presses are used to artificially grow diamonds. The most expensive to maintain and the most difficult of these is the cubic press. It is mainly used to enhance or change the color of natural diamonds. Diamonds grow in the press at a rate of approximately 0.5 carats per day.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

Approximately one third of the population of our planet reacts sensitively to changes in the environment. Most of all, human well-being is affected by atmospheric pressure - the attraction of air masses to the Earth. What atmospheric pressure is considered normal for a person depends on the area in which he stays most of the time. Everyone will feel comfortable in the conditions familiar to him.

What is atmospheric pressure

The planet is surrounded by an air mass, which, under the influence of gravity, presses on any object, including the human body. The force is called atmospheric pressure. A column of air weighing approximately 100,000 kg presses on each square meter. Atmospheric pressure is measured with a special device - a barometer. It is measured in pascals, millimeters of mercury, millibars, hectopascals, atmospheres.

The normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Art., or 101 325 Pa. The discovery of the phenomenon belongs to the famous physicist Blaise Pascal. The scientist formulated the law: at the same distance from the center of the earth (does not matter, in the air, at the bottom of the reservoir), the absolute pressure will be the same. He was the first to propose measuring heights by barometric equalization.

Atmospheric pressure norms by region

It is impossible to find out what atmospheric pressure is considered normal for a healthy person - there is no definite answer. By different regions the globe, the impact is not the same. Within a relatively small area, this value can vary markedly. For example, in Central Asia, slightly elevated figures are considered standard (average 715-730 mm Hg). For middle lane Russia's normal atmospheric pressure is 730-770 mm Hg. Art.

The indicators are related to the elevation of the surface above sea level, wind direction, humidity and ambient temperature. Warm air weighs less than cold air. Over an area with elevated temperature or humidity, the compression of the atmosphere is always less. People living in high mountain areas are not sensitive to such barometer readings. Their body was formed in these conditions, and all organs underwent appropriate adaptation.

How pressure affects people

The ideal value is 760 mm Hg. Art. What awaits when the mercury column fluctuates:

1. A change in optimal performance (up to 10 mm/h) already leads to a deterioration in well-being.
2. With a sharp increase, decrease (on average by 1 mm / h), even in healthy people, there is a significant deterioration in well-being. There is a headache, nausea, loss of working capacity.

Meteorological dependence

Human sensitivity to weather conditions - wind changes, geomagnetic storms - is called meteorological dependence. The influence of atmospheric pressure on is not yet fully understood. It is known that when weather conditions change, internal tension is created inside the vessels and cavities of the body. Meteorological dependence can be expressed:

• irritability;
• pains of various localization;
• exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• general deterioration of well-being;
• vascular problems.

In most cases, weather dependence affects people with the following diseases:

• disease respiratory tract;
• hypo- and hypertension.

Response to high blood pressure

A decrease in the barometer by at least 10 units (770 mm Hg and below) has a negative impact on health. People with long-standing diseases of the cardiovascular and digestive systems are especially affected by weather changes. Doctors on such days recommend reducing physical activity, being less on the street, and not abusing junk food and alcohol. Among the main reactions:

• feeling of congestion in the ear canals;
• decrease in the number of leukocytes in the blood;
• decreased activity of intestinal motility;
• violation of the functionality of the cardiovascular system;
• poor ability to concentrate.

Reaction to reduced atmospheric pressure

Lowering the compression of the atmosphere to 740 mm or less causes opposite shifts in the body. At the heart of all adverse changes is oxygen starvation. A rarefaction of air is created, a low percentage of oxygen molecules: it becomes harder to breathe. Arise.