What does mm Hg mean. Normal atmospheric pressure for a person. What is "atmosphere"
For normal Atmosphere pressure It is customary to take air pressure at sea level at a latitude of 45 degrees at a temperature of 0 ° C. Under these ideal conditions, a column of air presses on each area with the same force as a column of mercury 760 mm high. This figure is an indicator of normal atmospheric pressure.
Atmospheric pressure depends on the height of the area above sea level. On a hill, the indicators may differ from ideal, but at the same time they will also be considered the norm.
Atmospheric pressure standards in different regions
As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. So, at an altitude of five kilometers, the pressure indicators will be approximately two times less than at the bottom.Due to the location of Moscow on a hill, the pressure here is considered to be 747-748 mm of column. In St. Petersburg, normal pressure is 753-755 mmHg. This difference is explained by the fact that the city on the Neva is located lower than Moscow. In some areas of St. Petersburg, you can meet the ideal pressure rate of 760 mm Hg. For Vladivostok, the normal pressure is 761 mmHg. And in the mountains of Tibet - 413 mm of mercury.
The effect of atmospheric pressure on people
A person gets used to everything. Even if the normal pressure is low compared to the ideal 760 mmHg, but is the norm for the area, people will.A person's well-being is affected by a sharp fluctuation in atmospheric pressure, i.e. decrease or increase in pressure by at least 1 mmHg for three hours
With a decrease in pressure, there is a lack of oxygen in the human blood, hypoxia of the cells of the body develops, and the heartbeat quickens. Headaches appear. There are difficulties in the respiratory system. Due to poor blood supply, a person may be disturbed by pain in the joints, numbness of the fingers.
An increase in pressure leads to an excess of oxygen in the blood and tissues of the body. The tone of blood vessels increases, which leads to their spasms. As a result, the blood circulation of the body is disturbed. There may be visual disturbances in the form of the appearance of "flies" before the eyes, dizziness, nausea. A sharp increase in pressure to large values \u200b\u200bcan lead to rupture of the ear tympanic membrane.
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1 millimeter of mercury (0°C) [mmHg] = 0.0013595060494664 technical atmosphere [at]
Initial value
Converted value
pascal exapascal petapascal terapascal gigapascal megapascal kilopascal hectopascal decapascal decipascal centipascal millipascal micropascal nanopascal picopascal femtopascal attopascal newton per sq. newton meter per sq. centimeter newton per sq. millimeter kilonewton per sq. meter bar millibar microbar dynes per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per sq. meter kilogram-force per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per sq. millimeter gram-force per sq. centimeter ton-force (short) per sq. ft ton-force (short) per sq. inch ton-force (L) per sq. ft ton-force (L) per sq. inch kilopound-force per sq. inch kilopound-force per sq. inch lbf/sq. ft lbf/sq. inch psi poundal per sq. ft torr centimeter of mercury (0°C) millimeter of mercury (0°C) inch of mercury (32°F) inch of mercury (60°F) centimeter of water column (4°C) mm w.c. column (4°C) inch w.c. column (4°C) foot of water (4°C) inch of water (60°F) foot of water (60°F) technical atmosphere physical atmosphere decibar of walls at square meter pieza barium (barium) Planck pressure meter sea water foot of sea water (at 15°C) meter of water column (4°C)
Thermal resistance
More about pressure
General information
In physics, pressure is defined as the force acting per unit area of a surface. If two identical forces act on one large and one smaller surface, then the pressure on the smaller surface will be greater. Agree, it is much worse if the owner of studs steps on your foot than the mistress of sneakers. For example, if you press the blade of a sharp knife on a tomato or carrot, the vegetable will be cut in half. The surface area of the blade in contact with the vegetable is small, so the pressure is high enough to cut through the vegetable. If you press with the same force on a tomato or carrot with a blunt knife, then most likely the vegetable will not be cut, since the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe knife is now larger, which means the pressure is less.
In the SI system, pressure is measured in pascals, or newtons per square meter.
Relative pressure
Sometimes pressure is measured as the difference between absolute and atmospheric pressure. This pressure is called relative or gauge pressure and it is measured, for example, when checking the pressure in car tires. Measuring instruments often, though not always, it is the relative pressure that is shown.
Atmosphere pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the air pressure at a given location. It usually refers to the pressure of a column of air per unit surface area. A change in atmospheric pressure affects the weather and air temperature. People and animals suffer from severe pressure drops. Low blood pressure causes problems in people and animals of varying severity, from mental and physical discomfort to fatal diseases. For this reason, aircraft cabins are maintained at a pressure above atmospheric pressure at a given altitude because the atmospheric pressure at cruising altitude is too low.
Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. People and animals living high in the mountains, such as the Himalayas, adapt to such conditions. Travelers, on the other hand, should take the necessary precautions so as not to get sick because the body is not accustomed to such low pressure. Climbers, for example, can get altitude sickness associated with a lack of oxygen in the blood and oxygen starvation of the body. This disease is especially dangerous if you stay in the mountains for a long time. Exacerbation of altitude sickness leads to serious complications such as acute mountain sickness, high altitude pulmonary edema, high altitude cerebral edema and the most acute form of mountain sickness. The danger of altitude and mountain sickness begins at an altitude of 2400 meters above sea level. To avoid altitude sickness, doctors advise not to use depressants such as alcohol and sleeping pills, to drink plenty of fluids, and to climb to altitude gradually, for example, on foot rather than in transport. It's also good to eat plenty of carbohydrates and get plenty of rest, especially if the climb is fast. These measures will allow the body to get used to the lack of oxygen caused by low atmospheric pressure. If these guidelines are followed, the body will be able to produce more red blood cells to transport oxygen to the brain and internal organs. To do this, the body will increase the pulse and respiratory rate.
First aid in such cases is provided immediately. It is important to move the patient to a lower altitude where atmospheric pressure is higher, preferably lower than 2400 meters above sea level. Drugs and portable hyperbaric chambers are also used. These are lightweight, portable chambers that can be pressurized with a foot pump. A patient with mountain sickness is placed in a chamber in which pressure is maintained corresponding to a lower altitude above sea level. Such a chamber is used only for first aid, after which the patient must be lowered.
Some athletes use low blood pressure to improve circulation. Usually, for this, training takes place under normal conditions, and these athletes sleep in a low-pressure environment. Thus, their body gets used to the high altitude conditions and begins to produce more red blood cells, which in turn increases the amount of oxygen in the blood, and allows them to achieve better results in sports. For this, special tents are produced, the pressure in which is regulated. Some athletes even change the pressure throughout the bedroom, but sealing the bedroom is an expensive process.
suits
Pilots and astronauts have to work in a low pressure environment, so they work in spacesuits that allow them to compensate for the low pressure of the environment. Space suits completely protect a person from the environment. They are used in space. Altitude compensation suits are used by pilots at high altitudes - they help the pilot breathe and counteract low barometric pressure.
hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of a fluid caused by gravity. This phenomenon plays a huge role not only in engineering and physics, but also in medicine. For example, blood pressure is the hydrostatic pressure of blood against the walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries. It is represented by two values: systolic, or the highest pressure, and diastolic, or the lowest pressure during the heartbeat. Instruments for measuring blood pressure are called sphygmomanometers or tonometers. The unit of blood pressure is millimeters of mercury.
The Pythagorean mug is an entertaining vessel that uses hydrostatic pressure, specifically the siphon principle. According to legend, Pythagoras invented this cup to control the amount of wine he drank. According to other sources, this cup was supposed to control the amount of water drunk during a drought. Inside the mug is a curved U-shaped tube hidden under the dome. One end of the tube is longer, and ends with a hole in the stem of the mug. The other, shorter end is connected by a hole to the inner bottom of the mug so that the water in the cup fills the tube. The principle of operation of the mug is similar to the operation of a modern toilet tank. If the liquid level rises above the level of the tube, the liquid overflows into the other half of the tube and flows out due to the hydrostatic pressure. If the level, on the contrary, is lower, then the mug can be safely used.
pressure in geology
Pressure is an important concept in geology. Without pressure, it is impossible to form gemstones, both natural and artificial. High pressure and high temperature are also necessary for the formation of oil from the remains of plants and animals. Unlike gems, which are mostly found in rocks, oil forms at the bottom of rivers, lakes, or seas. Over time, more and more sand accumulates over these remnants. The weight of water and sand presses on the remains of animal and plant organisms. Over time, this organic material sinks deeper and deeper into the earth, reaching several kilometers below the earth's surface. The temperature increases by 25°C for every kilometer below the earth's surface, so at a depth of several kilometers the temperature reaches 50-80°C. Depending on the temperature and temperature difference in the formation medium, natural gas may be formed instead of oil.
natural gems
Gem formation is not always the same, but pressure is one of the main constituent parts this process. For example, diamonds are formed in the Earth's mantle, under conditions of high pressure and high temperature. During volcanic eruptions, diamonds move to the upper layers of the Earth's surface due to magma. Some diamonds come to Earth from meteorites, and scientists believe they were formed on Earth-like planets.
Synthetic gems
The production of synthetic gemstones began in the 1950s and has been gaining popularity in recent years. Some buyers prefer natural gemstones, but artificial gemstones are becoming more and more popular due to the low price and lack of problems associated with mining natural gemstones. Thus, many buyers choose synthetic gemstones because their extraction and sale is not associated with the violation of human rights, child labor and the financing of wars and armed conflicts.
One of the technologies for growing diamonds in the laboratory is the method of growing crystals under high pressure And high temperature. In special devices, carbon is heated to 1000 ° C and subjected to a pressure of about 5 gigapascals. Typically, a small diamond is used as the seed crystal, and graphite is used for the carbon base. A new diamond grows from it. This is the most common method of growing diamonds, especially as gemstones, due to its low cost. The properties of diamonds grown in this way are the same or better than those natural stones. The quality of synthetic diamonds depends on the method of their cultivation. Compared to natural diamonds, which are most often transparent, most artificial diamonds are colored.
Due to their hardness, diamonds are widely used in manufacturing. In addition, their high thermal conductivity, optical properties and resistance to alkalis and acids are highly valued. Cutting tools are often coated with diamond dust, which is also used in abrasives and materials. Most of the diamonds in production are of artificial origin due to the low price and because the demand for such diamonds exceeds the ability to mine them in nature.
Some companies offer services to create memorial diamonds from the ashes of the deceased. To do this, after cremation, the ashes are cleaned until carbon is obtained, and then a diamond is grown on its basis. Manufacturers advertise these diamonds as a memory of the departed, and their services are popular, especially in countries with a high percentage of wealthy citizens, such as the United States and Japan.
Crystal growth method at high pressure and high temperature
The high pressure, high temperature crystal growth method is mainly used to synthesize diamonds, but more recently, this method has been used to improve natural diamonds or change their color. Different presses are used to artificially grow diamonds. The most expensive to maintain and the most difficult of these is the cubic press. It is mainly used to enhance or change the color of natural diamonds. Diamonds grow in the press at a rate of approximately 0.5 carats per day.
Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.
Pascal (Pa, Pa)
Bar (bar, bar) is approximately equal to one atmosphere.
One bar is equal to 105 N/m² or 106 dynes/cm² or 0.986923 atm.
Also used millibar
PSI (lb.p.sq.in.)
millimeter of water column inch of mercury (inHg)
micron (micron,μ )
| Pascal | Bar | technical atmosphere | physical atmosphere | millimeter of mercury | Pound-force per square inch | Micron | inch of mercury | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Pa, Pa) | (bar, bar) | (at, at) | (atm, atm) | (mmHg, torr, torr) | (psi) | (μκ, micron) | ("Hg, inHg) | |
| 1 Pa | 1 N m2 | 10-5 | 10.197 10-6 | 9.8692 10-6 | 7.5006 10-6 | 145.04 10-6 | 7,5 | 29.53 10-5 |
| 1 bar | 105 | 1 106 dynes/cm2 | 1,0197 | 0,98692 | 750,06 | 14,504 | 7.5 105 | 2,953 |
| 1 at | 98066,5 | 0,980665 | 1 kgf/cm2 | 0,96784 | 735,56 | 14,223 | 7.356 105 | 28,96 |
| 1 atm | 101325 | 1,01325 | 1,033 | 1 atm | 760 | 14,696 | 7.6 105 | 29,9222 |
| 1 mmHg | 133,322 | 1.3332 10-3 | 1.3595 10-3 | 1.3158 10-3 | 1 mmHg | 19.337 10-3 | 1000 | 39.37 10-3 |
| 1psi | 6894,76 | 68.948 10-3 | 70.307 10-3 | 68.046 10-3 | 51,715 | 1lbf/in2 | 5.171 104 | 0,2036 |
| 1 micron | 0,1333 | 1.333 10-6 | 1.3595 10-6 | 1.3158 10-6 | 10-3 | 19.337 10-6 | 1 μκ | 39.37 10-6 |
| 1"Hg | 3.386 103 | 0,33864 | 34.531 10-3 | 33.42 10-3 | 25,4 | 4,9116 | 25.4 103 | 1 inHg |
Alexey Matveev,
You will need
- - calculator;
- - computer;
- - Internet.
Instruction
- When converting pressure to pascals, keep in mind that when measuring blood pressure, in meteorological reports, as well as among vacuum engineers, the name “mm Hg” is often abbreviated. Art. " to "mm" (sometimes millimeters are omitted). Therefore, if the pressure is given in millimeters or just a number, then most likely it is mm Hg. Art. (please specify if possible). When measuring very low pressures, instead of mm Hg. Art. "vacuum workers" use the unit "micron of mercury", which is usually referred to as "μm". Accordingly, if the pressure is indicated in microns, then simply divide this number by a thousand and get the pressure in mm Hg. Art.
- When measuring high pressures, the unit often used is "atmosphere", which corresponds to normal atmospheric pressure.
millimeter of mercury
One atmosphere (atm, atm) is equal to 760 mm Hg. Art. That is, to obtain pressure in mm Hg. Art. multiply the number of atmospheres by 760. If the pressure is indicated in "technical atmospheres", then to convert the pressure to mm Hg. Art. multiply this number by 735.56.
- Example.
505400 Pa (or 505.4 kPa).
CompleteRepair.Ru
When installing the air conditioner, it is necessary to measure the pressure in the system. Gauges use different units of pressure measurement, which, in turn, may differ from those indicated in technical specifications the air conditioner itself. How to avoid confusion in this diversity?
To help novice installers below is given short description various pressure units.
Pascal (Pa, Pa)- is equal to the pressure of a force of one newton per square meter.
Bar (bar, bar)
Also used millibar(mbar, mbar), 1 mbar = 0.001 bar.
Technical atmosphere (at, at)- equal to a pressure of 1 kgf per 1 cm².
Atmosphere standard, physical (atm, atm)- equal to 101,325 Pa and 760 millimeters of mercury.
PSI (lb.p.sq.in.)- pound-force per square inch (English pound-force per square inch, lbf / in²) is equal to 6,894.75729 Pa.
Millimeter of mercury (mm Hg, mm Hg, Torr, Torr)- equal to 133.3223684 Pa. Also used millimeter of water column(1 mm Hg = 13.5951 mm water column) and inch of mercury (inHg).
millimeter of mercury to pascal
1 inHg = 3.386389 kPa at 0°C.
micron (micron,μ ) - equal to 0.001 mm Hg. Art. (0.001 Torr).
Pressure units conversion table:
| Pascal | Bar | technical atmosphere | physical atmosphere | millimeter of mercury | Pound-force per square inch | Micron | inch of mercury | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Pa, Pa) | (bar, bar) | (at, at) | (atm, atm) | (mmHg, torr, torr) | (psi) | (μκ, micron) | ("Hg, inHg) | |
| 1 Pa | 1 N m2 | 10-5 | 10.197 10-6 | 9.8692 10-6 | 7.5006 10-6 | 145.04 10-6 | 7,5 | 29.53 10-5 |
| 1 bar | 105 | 1 106 dynes/cm2 | 1,0197 | 0,98692 | 750,06 | 14,504 | 7.5 105 | 2,953 |
| 1 at | 98066,5 | 0,980665 | 1 kgf/cm2 | 0,96784 | 735,56 | 14,223 | 7.356 105 | 28,96 |
| 1 atm | 101325 | 1,01325 | 1,033 | 1 atm | 760 | 14,696 | 7.6 105 | 29,9222 |
| 1 mmHg | 133,322 | 1.3332 10-3 | 1.3595 10-3 | 1.3158 10-3 | 1 mmHg | 19.337 10-3 | 1000 | 39.37 10-3 |
| 1psi | 6894,76 | 68.948 10-3 | 70.307 10-3 | 68.046 10-3 | 51,715 | 1lbf/in2 | 5.171 104 | 0,2036 |
| 1 micron | 0,1333 | 1.333 10-6 | 1.3595 10-6 | 1.3158 10-6 | 10-3 | 19.337 10-6 | 1 μκ | 39.37 10-6 |
| 1"Hg | 3.386 103 | 0,33864 | 34.531 10-3 | 33.42 10-3 | 25,4 | 4,9116 | 25.4 103 | 1 inHg |
Alexey Matveev,
technical specialist of the Raskhodka company
In order to find out how many atmospheres are in a millimeter of a mercury column, you need to use a simple online calculator. Enter in the left field the number of millimeters of mercury you are interested in that you want to convert. In the field on the right you will see the result of the calculation. If you need to convert millimeters of mercury or atmosphere to other units, just click on the appropriate link.
What is "millimeter of mercury"
The non-systemic unit millimeter of mercury (mm Hg; mm Hg), sometimes called "torr", is equal to 101 325 / 760 ≈ 133.322 368 4 Pa. Atmospheric pressure was measured with a barometer with a column of mercury, hence the name of this unit of measurement. At sea level, atmospheric pressure is approximately 760 mmHg. Art. or 101 325 Pa, hence the value - 101 325/760 Pa. This unit is traditionally used in vacuum technology, in measuring blood pressure and in weather reports. In some instruments, measurements are made in millimeters of water column (1 mmHg = 13.5951 mmHg), and in the USA and Canada, there is also an “inch of mercury” (inHg) = 3.386389 kPa at 0 ° C.
What is "atmosphere"
A non-systemic unit of pressure that approximates atmospheric pressure at world sea level. Equally, there are two units - the technical atmosphere (at, at) and the normal, standard or physical atmosphere (atm, atm). One technical atmosphere is a uniform perpendicular pressure of a force of 1 kgf on a flat surface with an area of 1 cm². 1 at = 98,066.5 Pa.
Pressure Calculator
The standard atmosphere is the pressure of a 760 mm high mercury column at a mercury density of 13,595.04 kg/m³ and zero temperature. 1 atm = 101 325 Pa = 1.033233 at. In the Russian Federation, only the technical atmosphere is used.
In the past, the terms "ata" and "ati" were used for absolute and gauge pressure. Gauge pressure is the difference between absolute and atmospheric pressure when absolute is greater than atmospheric pressure. The difference between atmospheric and absolute pressure, when the absolute pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure, is called rarefaction (vacuum).
Millimeters of mercury and pascals are used to measure pressure. Although the pascal is the official system unit, non-systemic millimeters of mercury are in no way inferior to them in their prevalence. "Millimeters" even have their own name - "torr" (torr), given in honor of the famous scientist Torricelli. Between the two units there is an exact relationship: 1 mm Hg. Art. \u003d 101325 / 760 Pa, which is the definition of the unit “mm Hg. Art.
You will need
- - calculator;
- - computer;
- - Internet.
Instruction
- To convert the pressure given in millimeters of mercury to pascals, multiply the number of mmHg. Art. by the number 101325, and then divide by 760. That is, use the simple formula: Kp \u003d Km * 101325 / 760, where:
Km - pressure in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg, mm Hg, torr., torr)
Kp - pressure in pascals (Pa, Ra). - Using the formula above gives the closest match between the two measurement systems. For practical calculations, use a simpler formula: Kp \u003d Km * 133.322 or simply Kp \u003d Km * 133.
- When converting pressure to pascals, keep in mind that when measuring blood pressure, in meteorological reports, as well as among vacuum engineers, the name “mm Hg” is often abbreviated. Art. " to "mm" (sometimes millimeters are omitted). Therefore, if the pressure is given in millimeters or just a number, then most likely it is mm Hg. Art. (please specify if possible).
How to convert Pa to mm. rt. Art.?
When measuring very low pressures, instead of mm Hg. Art. "vacuum workers" use the unit "micron of mercury", which is usually referred to as "μm". Accordingly, if the pressure is indicated in microns, then simply divide this number by a thousand and get the pressure in mm Hg. Art.
- When measuring high pressures, the unit often used is "atmosphere", which corresponds to normal atmospheric pressure. One atmosphere (atm, atm) is equal to 760 mm Hg. Art. That is, to obtain pressure in mm Hg. Art. multiply the number of atmospheres by 760. If the pressure is indicated in "technical atmospheres", then to convert the pressure to mm Hg. Art. multiply this number by 735.56.
- Example.
The pressure in a car tire is 5 atmospheres. What will this pressure be equal to, expressed in Pascals? Solution.
Convert pressure from atmospheres to mm Hg. st.: 5 * 760 = 3800.
Convert pressure from mmHg. Art. in pascals: 3800 * 133 = 505400. Answer.
505400 Pa (or 505.4 kPa). - If you have a computer or mobile phone with Internet access, then just find any online service for converting physical units of measurement. To do this, type in a search engine a phrase like “translate from mmHg to Pascals” and follow the instructions on the service website.
CompleteRepair.Ru
Convert pascals to millimeters of mercury
When installing the air conditioner, it is necessary to measure the pressure in the system. Pressure gauges use different pressure units, which, in turn, may differ from those indicated in the technical specifications of the air conditioner itself. How to avoid confusion in this diversity?
To help beginner installers, below is a brief description of the various pressure units.
Pascal (Pa, Pa)- is equal to the pressure of a force of one newton per square meter.
Bar (bar, bar) is approximately equal to one atmosphere. One bar is equal to 105 N/m² or 106 dynes/cm² or 0.986923 atm.
Also used millibar(mbar, mbar), 1 mbar = 0.001 bar.
Technical atmosphere (at, at)- equal to a pressure of 1 kgf per 1 cm².
Atmosphere standard, physical (atm, atm)- equal to 101,325 Pa and 760 millimeters of mercury.
PSI (lb.p.sq.in.)- pound-force per square inch (English pound-force per square inch, lbf / in²) is equal to 6,894.75729 Pa.
Millimeter of mercury (mm Hg, mm Hg, Torr, Torr)- equal to 133.3223684 Pa. Also used millimeter of water column(1 mm Hg = 13.5951 mm water column) and inch of mercury (inHg). 1 inHg = 3.386389 kPa at 0°C.
micron (micron,μ ) - equal to 0.001 mm Hg. Art. (0.001 Torr).
Pressure units conversion table:
| Pascal | Bar | technical atmosphere | physical atmosphere | millimeter of mercury | Pound-force per square inch | Micron | inch of mercury | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Pa, Pa) | (bar, bar) | (at, at) | (atm, atm) | (mmHg, torr, torr) | (psi) | (μκ, micron) | ("Hg, inHg) | |
| 1 Pa | 1 N m2 | 10-5 | 10.197 10-6 | 9.8692 10-6 | 7.5006 10-6 | 145.04 10-6 | 7,5 | 29.53 10-5 |
| 1 bar | 105 | 1 106 dynes/cm2 | 1,0197 | 0,98692 | 750,06 | 14,504 | 7.5 105 | 2,953 |
| 1 at | 98066,5 | 0,980665 | 1 kgf/cm2 | 0,96784 | 735,56 | 14,223 | 7.356 105 | 28,96 |
| 1 atm | 101325 | 1,01325 | 1,033 | 1 atm | 760 | 14,696 | 7.6 105 | 29,9222 |
| 1 mmHg | 133,322 | 1.3332 10-3 | 1.3595 10-3 | 1.3158 10-3 | 1 mmHg | 19.337 10-3 | 1000 | 39.37 10-3 |
| 1psi | 6894,76 | 68.948 10-3 | 70.307 10-3 | 68.046 10-3 | 51,715 | 1lbf/in2 | 5.171 104 | 0,2036 |
| 1 micron | 0,1333 | 1.333 10-6 | 1.3595 10-6 | 1.3158 10-6 | 10-3 | 19.337 10-6 | 1 μκ | 39.37 10-6 |
| 1"Hg | 3.386 103 | 0,33864 | 34.531 10-3 | 33.42 10-3 | 25,4 | 4,9116 | 25.4 103 | 1 inHg |
Alexey Matveev,
technical specialist of the Raskhodka company
About what atmospheric pressure is, we are told at school in the lessons of natural history and geography. We get acquainted with this information and safely throw it out of our heads, rightly believing that we will never be able to use it.
But over the years, the stress and environmental conditions of the environment will have enough impact on us. And the concept of "geo-dependence" will no longer seem like nonsense, because pressure surges and headaches will begin to poison life. At this point, you will have to remember what it is like in Moscow, for example, in order to adapt to new conditions. And live on.
School basics
The atmosphere that surrounds our planet, unfortunately, literally puts pressure on all living and non-living things. To define this phenomenon, there is a term - atmospheric pressure. This is the force of the impact of the air column on the area. In the SI system, we talk about kilograms per 1 square centimeter. Normal atmospheric pressure (for Moscow, optimal indicators have long been known) affects the human body with the same force as a weight weighing 1.033 kg. But most of us don't notice it. Enough gases are dissolved in body fluids to neutralize all unpleasant sensations.
Atmospheric pressure standards in different regions different. But 760 mm Hg is considered ideal. Art. Experiments with mercury were most revealing at a time when scientists were proving that air has weight. Mercury barometers are the most common instruments for measuring pressure. It should also be remembered that the ideal conditions for which the named 760 mm Hg are relevant. Art., is a temperature of 0 ° C and the 45th parallel.
In the international system of units, it is customary to define pressure in Pascals. But for us it is more familiar and understandable to use the fluctuations of the mercury column.
Relief features
Of course, many factors influence the value of atmospheric pressure. The most significant are the relief and proximity to the magnetic poles of the planet. The norm of atmospheric pressure in Moscow is fundamentally different from the indicators of the same St. Petersburg; and for the inhabitants of some remote village in the mountains, this figure may seem completely anomalous. Already at the level of 1 km above sea level It corresponds to 734 mm Hg. Art.
As already noted, in the region of the earth's poles, the amplitude of pressure changes is much higher than in the equatorial zone. Even during the day, atmospheric pressure changes somewhat. Slightly, however, only 1-2 mm. This is due to the difference between day and night temperatures. The nights are usually cooler, which means the pressure is higher.
pressure and man
For a person, in essence, it does not matter what atmospheric pressure is: normal, low and high. These are very arbitrary definitions. People tend to get used to everything and adapt. Much more important is the dynamics and magnitude of changes in atmospheric pressure. There are quite a lot of zones on the territory of the CIS countries, in particular in Russia. Often, local residents do not even know about it.
The norm of atmospheric pressure in Moscow, for example, may well be considered as a non-constant value. After all, every skyscraper is a kind of mountain, and the higher and faster you go up (go down), the more noticeable the drop will be. Some people may well pass out while riding a high-speed elevator.
Adaptation
Doctors almost unanimously agree that the question "what atmospheric pressure is considered normal" (Moscow or any settlement on the planet - it doesn't matter) is incorrect in itself. Our body adapts perfectly to life above or below sea level. And if the pressure does not have a detrimental effect on a person, it can be considered normal for a given area. Doctors say that the norm of atmospheric pressure in Moscow and other large cities is in the range from 750 to 765 mm Hg. pillar.
A completely different matter is the pressure drop. If within a few hours it rises (falls) by 5-6 mm, people begin to experience discomfort and pain. This is especially dangerous for the heart. Its beat becomes more frequent, and a change in the frequency of breaths leads to a change in the rhythm of oxygen supply to the body. The most common ailments in such a situation are weakness, etc.
Meteorological dependence
Normal atmospheric pressure for Moscow may seem like a nightmare to a visitor from the North or from the Urals. After all, each region has its own norm and, accordingly, its own understanding of the stable state of the body. And since in life we do not concentrate on exact pressure indicators, weather forecasters always focus on what kind of pressure it is for a given region - increased or decreased.
After all, not every person can boast that he does not notice the corresponding changes. Anyone who cannot call himself lucky in this matter must systematize his feelings during pressure drops and find acceptable countermeasures. Often a cup of strong coffee or tea is enough, but sometimes more serious help in the form of medicines is also needed.
pressure in the metropolis
The most meteorologically dependent are residents of megacities. It is here that a person experiences more stress, lives life at a high pace and experiences environmental degradation. Therefore, to know what is the norm of atmospheric pressure for Moscow is vital.
The capital of the Russian Federation is located on the Central Russian Upland, which means that there is a priori a zone of low pressure. Why? It's very simple: the higher above sea level, the lower the atmospheric pressure. For example, on the banks of the Moskva River, this figure will be 168 m. And the maximum value in the city was recorded in Teply Stan - 255 m above sea level.
It is quite possible to assume that Muscovites expect abnormally low atmospheric pressure much less frequently than residents of other regions, which, of course, cannot but rejoice them. And yet, what atmospheric pressure is considered the norm in Moscow? Meteorologists say that usually its indicator does not exceed 748 mm Hg. pillar. This means little, because we already know that even a quick rise in an elevator can have a significant effect on a person's heart.
On the other hand, Muscovites do not feel uncomfortable if the pressure fluctuates between 745-755 mm Hg. Art.
Danger
But from the point of view of doctors, not everything is so optimistic for the residents of the metropolis. Many experts rightly believe that working on the upper floors of business centers, people endanger themselves. Indeed, in addition to the fact that they live in a zone of low pressure, they also spend almost a third of the day in places with
If we add to this fact violations of the ventilation system of the building and the constant operation of air conditioners, it becomes obvious that the employees of such offices are the most inefficient, sleepy and sick.
Results
Actually, it is worth remembering a few points. First, there is no single ideal value for normal atmospheric pressure. There are regional norms that can differ significantly in absolute terms. Secondly, the characteristics of the human body make it easy to experience pressure drops if this happens rather slowly. Third, the more healthy lifestyle we lead our lives and the more often we manage to observe the daily regimen (rise at the same time, long night sleep, adherence to an elementary diet, etc.), the less we are subject to weather dependence. So, more energetic and cheerful.
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1 pascal [Pa] = 0.00750063755419211 millimeter of mercury (0°C) [mmHg]
Initial value
Converted value
pascal exapascal petapascal terapascal gigapascal megapascal kilopascal hectopascal decapascal decipascal centipascal millipascal micropascal nanopascal picopascal femtopascal attopascal newton per sq. newton meter per sq. centimeter newton per sq. millimeter kilonewton per sq. meter bar millibar microbar dynes per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per sq. meter kilogram-force per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per sq. millimeter gram-force per sq. centimeter ton-force (short) per sq. ft ton-force (short) per sq. inch ton-force (L) per sq. ft ton-force (L) per sq. inch kilopound-force per sq. inch kilopound-force per sq. inch lbf/sq. ft lbf/sq. inch psi poundal per sq. ft torr centimeter of mercury (0°C) millimeter of mercury (0°C) inch of mercury (32°F) inch of mercury (60°F) centimeter of water column (4°C) mm w.c. column (4°C) inch w.c. column (4°C) foot of water (4°C) inch of water (60°F) foot of water (60°F) technical atmosphere physical atmosphere decibar wall per square meter pieze barium (barium) Planck pressure meter sea water foot sea water (at 15 ° C) meter of water. column (4°C)
More about pressure
General information
In physics, pressure is defined as the force acting per unit area of a surface. If two identical forces act on one large and one smaller surface, then the pressure on the smaller surface will be greater. Agree, it is much worse if the owner of studs steps on your foot than the mistress of sneakers. For example, if you press the blade of a sharp knife on a tomato or carrot, the vegetable will be cut in half. The surface area of the blade in contact with the vegetable is small, so the pressure is high enough to cut through the vegetable. If you press with the same force on a tomato or carrot with a blunt knife, then most likely the vegetable will not be cut, since the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe knife is now larger, which means the pressure is less.
In the SI system, pressure is measured in pascals, or newtons per square meter.
Relative pressure
Sometimes pressure is measured as the difference between absolute and atmospheric pressure. This pressure is called relative or gauge pressure and it is measured, for example, when checking the pressure in car tires. Measuring instruments often, although not always, indicate relative pressure.
Atmosphere pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the air pressure at a given location. It usually refers to the pressure of a column of air per unit surface area. A change in atmospheric pressure affects the weather and air temperature. People and animals suffer from severe pressure drops. Low blood pressure causes problems in people and animals of varying severity, from mental and physical discomfort to fatal diseases. For this reason, aircraft cabins are maintained at a pressure above atmospheric pressure at a given altitude because the atmospheric pressure at cruising altitude is too low.
Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. People and animals living high in the mountains, such as the Himalayas, adapt to such conditions. Travelers, on the other hand, should take the necessary precautions so as not to get sick because the body is not accustomed to such low pressure. Climbers, for example, can get altitude sickness associated with a lack of oxygen in the blood and oxygen starvation of the body. This disease is especially dangerous if you stay in the mountains for a long time. Exacerbation of altitude sickness leads to serious complications such as acute mountain sickness, high altitude pulmonary edema, high altitude cerebral edema and the most acute form of mountain sickness. The danger of altitude and mountain sickness begins at an altitude of 2400 meters above sea level. To avoid altitude sickness, doctors advise not to use depressants such as alcohol and sleeping pills, to drink plenty of fluids, and to climb to altitude gradually, for example, on foot rather than in transport. It's also good to eat plenty of carbohydrates and get plenty of rest, especially if the climb is fast. These measures will allow the body to get used to the lack of oxygen caused by low atmospheric pressure. If these guidelines are followed, the body will be able to produce more red blood cells to transport oxygen to the brain and internal organs. To do this, the body will increase the pulse and respiratory rate.
First aid in such cases is provided immediately. It is important to move the patient to a lower altitude where atmospheric pressure is higher, preferably lower than 2400 meters above sea level. Drugs and portable hyperbaric chambers are also used. These are lightweight, portable chambers that can be pressurized with a foot pump. A patient with mountain sickness is placed in a chamber in which pressure is maintained corresponding to a lower altitude above sea level. Such a chamber is used only for first aid, after which the patient must be lowered.
Some athletes use low blood pressure to improve circulation. Usually, for this, training takes place under normal conditions, and these athletes sleep in a low-pressure environment. Thus, their body gets used to the high altitude conditions and begins to produce more red blood cells, which in turn increases the amount of oxygen in the blood, and allows them to achieve better results in sports. For this, special tents are produced, the pressure in which is regulated. Some athletes even change the pressure throughout the bedroom, but sealing the bedroom is an expensive process.
suits
Pilots and astronauts have to work in a low pressure environment, so they work in spacesuits that allow them to compensate for the low pressure of the environment. Space suits completely protect a person from the environment. They are used in space. Altitude compensation suits are used by pilots at high altitudes - they help the pilot breathe and counteract low barometric pressure.
hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of a fluid caused by gravity. This phenomenon plays a huge role not only in engineering and physics, but also in medicine. For example, blood pressure is the hydrostatic pressure of blood against the walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries. It is represented by two values: systolic, or the highest pressure, and diastolic, or the lowest pressure during the heartbeat. Devices for measuring blood pressure are called sphygmomanometers or tonometers. The unit of blood pressure is millimeters of mercury.
The Pythagorean mug is an entertaining vessel that uses hydrostatic pressure, specifically the siphon principle. According to legend, Pythagoras invented this cup to control the amount of wine he drank. According to other sources, this cup was supposed to control the amount of water drunk during a drought. Inside the mug is a curved U-shaped tube hidden under the dome. One end of the tube is longer, and ends with a hole in the stem of the mug. The other, shorter end is connected by a hole to the inner bottom of the mug so that the water in the cup fills the tube. The principle of operation of the mug is similar to the operation of a modern toilet tank. If the liquid level rises above the level of the tube, the liquid overflows into the other half of the tube and flows out due to the hydrostatic pressure. If the level, on the contrary, is lower, then the mug can be safely used.
pressure in geology
Pressure is an important concept in geology. Without pressure, it is impossible to form gemstones, both natural and artificial. High pressure and high temperature are also necessary for the formation of oil from the remains of plants and animals. Unlike gems, which are mostly found in rocks, oil forms at the bottom of rivers, lakes, or seas. Over time, more and more sand accumulates over these remnants. The weight of water and sand presses on the remains of animal and plant organisms. Over time, this organic material sinks deeper and deeper into the earth, reaching several kilometers below the earth's surface. The temperature increases by 25°C for every kilometer below the earth's surface, so at a depth of several kilometers the temperature reaches 50-80°C. Depending on the temperature and temperature difference in the formation medium, natural gas may be formed instead of oil.
natural gems
The formation of gemstones is not always the same, but pressure is one of the main components of this process. For example, diamonds are formed in the Earth's mantle, under conditions of high pressure and high temperature. During volcanic eruptions, diamonds move to the upper layers of the Earth's surface due to magma. Some diamonds come to Earth from meteorites, and scientists believe they were formed on Earth-like planets.
Synthetic gems
The production of synthetic gemstones began in the 1950s and has been gaining popularity in recent years. Some buyers prefer natural gemstones, but artificial gemstones are becoming more and more popular due to the low price and lack of problems associated with mining natural gemstones. Thus, many buyers choose synthetic gemstones because their extraction and sale is not associated with the violation of human rights, child labor and the financing of wars and armed conflicts.
One of the technologies for growing diamonds in the laboratory is the method of growing crystals at high pressure and high temperature. In special devices, carbon is heated to 1000 ° C and subjected to a pressure of about 5 gigapascals. Typically, a small diamond is used as the seed crystal, and graphite is used for the carbon base. A new diamond grows from it. This is the most common method of growing diamonds, especially as gemstones, due to its low cost. The properties of diamonds grown in this way are the same or better than those of natural stones. The quality of synthetic diamonds depends on the method of their cultivation. Compared to natural diamonds, which are most often transparent, most artificial diamonds are colored.
Due to their hardness, diamonds are widely used in manufacturing. In addition, their high thermal conductivity, optical properties and resistance to alkalis and acids are highly valued. Cutting tools are often coated with diamond dust, which is also used in abrasives and materials. Most of the diamonds in production are of artificial origin due to the low price and because the demand for such diamonds exceeds the ability to mine them in nature.
Some companies offer services to create memorial diamonds from the ashes of the deceased. To do this, after cremation, the ashes are cleaned until carbon is obtained, and then a diamond is grown on its basis. Manufacturers advertise these diamonds as a memory of the departed, and their services are popular, especially in countries with a high percentage of wealthy citizens, such as the United States and Japan.
Crystal growth method at high pressure and high temperature
The high pressure, high temperature crystal growth method is mainly used to synthesize diamonds, but more recently, this method has been used to improve natural diamonds or change their color. Different presses are used to artificially grow diamonds. The most expensive to maintain and the most difficult of these is the cubic press. It is mainly used to enhance or change the color of natural diamonds. Diamonds grow in the press at a rate of approximately 0.5 carats per day.
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