Founder of Russian military field surgery. Nikolai Pirogov short biography. Life abroad

Pirogov Nikolay Ivanovich (11/13/1810, Moscow 11/23/12/05/1881, Vinnitsa), Russian scientist, doctor, teacher and public figure, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1847). Born in the family of a small employee. In 1828 he graduated from the medical faculty of Moscow University, then prepared for a professorship (1828-32) at Derpt (now Tartu) University; in 1836 40 professor of theoretical and practical surgery of this university. In 1841, 56 professor of the hospital surgical clinic, pathological and surgical anatomy and head of the Institute of Practical Anatomy of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy. In 1855 he participated in the defense of Sevastopol 1854 55. Trustee of the Odessa (1856 58) and Kyiv (1858 61) educational districts. In 1862, 66 supervised the studies of young Russian scientists sent abroad (Heidelberg). From 1866 he lived on his estate in the village. Cherry of Vinnitsa province, from where, as a consultant on military medicine and surgery, he traveled to the theater of operations during the Franco-Prussian (1870-71) and Russian-Turkish (1877-78) wars.

Pirogov is one of the founders of surgery as a scientific medical discipline. Proceedings of Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia (1837), Topographic anatomy illustrated by cuts through frozen human corpses (1852-59) and others. Pirogov laid the foundation for topographic anatomy and operative surgery. Developed the principles of layer-by-layer preparation in the study of anatomical regions, arteries and fascia, etc.; contributed to the widespread use of the experimental method in surgery. For the first time in Russia, he came up with the idea of ​​plastic surgery (On plastic surgery in general and on rhinoplasty in particular, 1835); for the first time in the world put forward the idea of ​​bone grafting. He developed a number of important operations and surgical techniques (resection of the knee joint, transection of the Achilles tendon, etc.). The first to offer rectal anesthesia; one of the first to use ether anesthesia in the clinic. Pirogov was the first in the world to use (1847) anesthesia in military field surgery. He suggested the existence of pathogens that cause suppuration of wounds (hospital miasms). Carried out valuable research pathological anatomy cholera (1849).

Pirogov is the founder of military field surgery. In the works of the Beginnings of General Military Field Surgery (1865-66), Military Medical Practice and Private Assistance in the Theater of War in Bulgaria and in the Home Front... (1879) he expressed the most important propositions about war as a traumatic epidemic, about the dependence of wound treatment on the properties of the injuring weapons, about the unity of treatment and evacuation, about sorting the wounded; for the first time proposed to arrange a storage place - a prototype of a modern sorting point. Pirogov pointed out the importance of correct surgical treatment, recommended the use of saving surgery (refused early amputations for gunshot wounds of extremities with bone injuries). Pirogov developed and put into practice methods of limb immobilization (starch, plaster bandage), for the first time applied a plaster bandage in the field (1854); during the defense of Sevastopol, he attracted (1855) women (sisters of mercy) to care for the wounded at the front.

Pirogov emphasized the great importance of prevention in medicine, saying that the future belongs to preventive medicine. After the death of Pirogov, the Society of Russian Doctors was founded in memory of N. I. Pirogov, which regularly convened Pirogov congresses.

As a teacher, Pirogov fought against class prejudices in the field of upbringing and education, advocated the so-called autonomy of universities, for increasing their role in disseminating knowledge among the people. He strove for the implementation of universal primary education, was the organizer of Sunday public schools in Kyiv.

Pirogov's name is given to the Leningrad Surgical Society, the 2nd Moscow and Odessa medical institutes. In the village of Pirogovo (former Cherry), where there is a crypt with the embalmed body of a scientist, a memorial estate museum was opened in 1947. In 1897, a monument to Pirogov was erected in front of the building of the surgical clinic on B. Tsaritsynskaya Street (since 1919, B. Pirogovskaya Street) in Moscow. The State Tretyakov Gallery keeps a portrait of Pirogov by I. E. Repin (1881).

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Biography Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich.

The last orders have been given. The voices were silent in the house.

Alexandra Antonovna sat comfortably in a large armchair in the living room, put a stack of letters on her knees, and began to read. Congratulations, wishes of happiness to the young, promises that the whole family of distant relatives will certainly be at the wedding. Here is a letter from Nicholas. In the letter, Nikolai asked the bride to search in advance in the district for the sick and crippled who need help. “Work will delight the first season of love,” he wrote to the bride. Alexandra smiled. If he had been at least a little different, he would never have become the person she fell in love with - the genius surgeon Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich.

The people called Nikolai Ivanovich "a wonderful doctor." The “miracles” that this remarkable Russian scientist and surgeon, anatomist worked for half a century were not only a manifestation of his high talent. All the thoughts of Pirogov were guided by love for ordinary people and for their homeland. His scientific works on anatomy human body and innovation in surgery brought him worldwide fame.

Nikolai Pirogov was born in November 1810 in Moscow. The father of the family, Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov, had to feed his wife and six children, among whom Nikolai was the youngest, on his modest salary as a treasurer. And although the Pirogov family did not live in poverty, all household members knew the bill.

From childhood, little Kolya knew that one day he would become a doctor. After the doctor Efrem Osipovich Mukhin, who treated one of his children for a cold, looked into the Pirogovs' house, Nikolai was fascinated by this profession. For days on end, Kolya harassed the family, listening to them with a toy pipe and prescribing “treatment”. Parents were sure that this hobby would soon pass: at that time it was believed that medicine was too low an occupation for noble children.

Nikolai received his primary education at home, and when he turned 10, his parents sent him to study at a boarding school for boys. It was planned that Kolya would finish his boarding school at the age of 16, but it turned out differently. A colleague of his father went missing in the Caucasus along with 30 thousand rubles from the state. The money was listed on Major Pirogov, and the shortage was recovered from him. Almost all the property went under the hammer - the house, furniture, utensils. There was nothing to pay for Nikolai's education at the boarding school. A friend of the Pirogov family, doctor Mukhin, offered to help the boy enter the medical faculty, bypassing the rule to accept students from the age of 16. Nikolai went to the trick and added two years to himself. He passed the entrance exam on a par with everyone else, because he knew much more than was required in those years to enter the university.

The father wept in front of the icons: “I treated my boy badly. Was he, a noble son, born for such a low career? - but there was no choice. And Nikolai was simply delighted that he would be allowed to practice medicine. He studied easily, but he also had to think about his daily bread.

When the father died, the house and almost all the property went to pay off debts - the family was immediately left without a breadwinner and without shelter. Nikolai sometimes had nothing to go to lectures: the boots were thin, and the jacket was such that it was embarrassing to take off his overcoat. So, interrupting from bread to kvass. In less than 18 years, Nikolai graduated from the university, at 22 he became a doctor of science, and at 26 - a professor of medicine. His dissertation on the operation on the abdominal aorta was translated into all European languages, this work was admired by venerable surgeons. After graduating from university, young but big hopes doctor Nikolai Pirogov went to the Estonian town of Tartu to prepare his dissertation at the department of Yuriev University. There was nothing to live on, and Pirogov got a job as a dissector. Here, in the surgical clinic of the University, Pirogov worked for five years and made the first major scientific study “On the ligation of the abdominal aorta”. He was then twenty-two.

Subsequently, he said that work in the anatomical theater gave him a lot - it was there that he began to study the location of the internal organs relative to each other (at that time, doctors did not pay too much attention to anatomy). Well, in order to improve his skills as a surgeon, Pirogov did not disdain and autopsies of sheep. Pirogov performed a huge number of operations in those years in clinics, hospitals and hospitals. The practice of the surgeon grew rapidly, fame was ahead of it.

After defending his thesis, only four years passed, and the young scientist so surpassed his peers in the vastness of knowledge and brilliant technique in performing operations that he could rightfully become a professor at the Surgical Clinic of Yuryev University at the age of 26. Here, in a short time, he wrote remarkable scientific works on surgical anatomy. Pirogov created topographic anatomy. In 1837-1838. he published an atlas, in which all the information needed by the surgeon was given in order to accurately find and tie off any artery during the operation. The scientist worked out the rules for how a surgeon should go with a knife from the surface of the body to the depth, without causing unnecessary damage to the tissues. This work, unsurpassed so far, put Pirogov in one of the first places in world surgery. His research became the basis of everything that followed.

In 1841, the young scientist was invited to the Department of Surgery of the Medico-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. It was one of the best educational institutions in the country. Here, at the insistence of Pirogov, a special clinic was created, which was called the “Hospital Surgical”. Pirogov became the first professor of hospital surgery in Russia. The desire to serve his people, true democracy were the main character traits of the great scientist.

However, in a series of endless suturing, there was a place for quite romantic thoughts. The bright image of Natalya Lukutina, the daughter of Pirogov's godfather, no, no, and distracted the young surgeon from thinking about incisions and bleeding. But disappointment in the first love came very quickly. Once on a visit to Moscow, Pirogov carefully curled his thinning hair with medical tongs and went to the Lukins. During dinner, he entertained Natalie with talk about his life in Estonia. However, to Nikolai's great dismay, she suddenly declared: “Nicolas, enough about the corpses. This, by God, is disgusting!”. Offended by a misunderstanding, Pirogov forever forgot the way to the Lukutins' house.

A few years after the quarrel with Natalie, Nikolai nevertheless decided to marry. Someone must take care of him! After all, he is already a professor and it is unsuitable for him to walk around in a blood-splattered frock coat and a stale shirt. Pirogov's chosen one was the young Ekaterina Berezina. As a doctor, he liked her blooming appearance and excellent health. Having married 20-year-old Katya, 32-year-old Nikolai immediately took up her education - he believed that this would make his wife happy. He forbade her to waste time visiting friends and balls, seized all books about love from the house, and in return provided his wife with medical articles. In 1846, after four years of marriage, Ekaterina Berezina died, leaving Pirogov with two sons. There were rumors that Pirogov killed his wife with his science, but in fact Berezina died due to bleeding during her second birth. Pirogov tried to operate on his wife, but even he could not help her. For six months after the death of his wife, pirogues did not touch the scalpel - he helped so many patients whom others considered hopeless, but failed to save Katya. And yet, over time, the pain dulled a little, and he again took up surgery.

Three years after the death of Ekaterina Berezina, Nikolai Ivanovich realized that he needed to marry a second time. The sons needed a kind mother, and it was difficult for him to cope with the household. This time, Pirogov approached the choice of the bride even more thoroughly. He wrote out on paper all the qualities that he would like to see in his wife. When he read out this list at a reception in one of the secular drawing rooms, the ladies whispered indignantly. But suddenly the young Baroness Bistorm rose from her chair and declared that she completely agreed with Pirogov's opinion about the qualities that an ideal wife should have. Pirogov did not delay the marriage proposal - Alexandra Bistorm really understood him like no other, and in July 1850, 40-year-old Nikolai Pirogov married 25-year-old Alexandra Bistorm.

Three years after the wedding, Nikolai Ivanovich had to part with his young wife for a while. When the Crimean War began in 1853 and the fame of the heroic defenders of Sevastopol spread throughout the country, Pirogov decided that his place was not in the capital, but in the besieged city. He was appointed to the active army. Pirogov worked almost around the clock. During the war, doctors were forced to resort very often, even with simple fractures, to amputation of limbs. Pirogov was the first to use a plaster cast. She saved many soldiers and officers from a disfiguring operation.

Six years before the defense of Sevastopol (in 1847), Pirogov took part in military operations in the Caucasus. The village of Salty became the place where for the first time in the history of wars 100 operations were performed, during which the wounded were put to sleep with ether. In Sevastopol, 10,000 operations have already been performed under anesthesia. Especially Pirogov taught doctors a lot in the treatment of wounds. Nothing was yet known about vitamins, and he already claimed that carrots, yeast and fish oil are very helpful for the wounded and sick. At the time of Pirogov, they did not know that microbes transmit infection from person to person; doctors did not understand why, for example, suppuration of wounds occurs after surgery. Pirogov used disinfectants during his operations - iodine and alcohol, so the wounded he treated were less likely to suffer from infections. For the first time in surgery, he used ether for anesthesia, created a number of new methods of operations that bear his name.

The works of Pirogov put forward Russian surgery to one of the first places in the world.

The First Moscow Medical Institute is named after Pirogov.

The main merit of Pirogov during the Crimean War was the organization of a clear military medical service. Pirogov proposed a well-thought-out system for evacuating the wounded from the battlefield. He also created new form medical care in the war - proposed to use the work of sisters of mercy, i.e. anticipated the creation of the international organization of the Red Cross. Much of what he did in those early years was used by Soviet doctors during the Great Patriotic War.

The people knew and loved Pirogov. He treated everyone: from a poor peasant to members of the royal family - and he always did it disinterestedly. Once Pirogov was invited to the bed of the wounded hero of the Italian people Garibaldi. None of the most famous doctors in Europe could find the bullet lodged in his body. Only a Russian surgeon managed to remove the bullet and cure the famous Italian. The wounded called him none other than the “wonderful doctor”, at the front there were legends about his skill as a surgeon. Once, the body of a dead soldier was brought to Pirogov's tent. The body was missing a head. The fighters explained that they were following the head, now Professor Pirogov would “Tie” it somehow, and the dead soldier would return to duty again.

Shortly after returning from Sevastopol to the capital, Pirogov left the Medical and Surgical Academy and devoted himself entirely to teaching and social activities. He was appointed trustee of the Odessa, and then the Kyiv educational district. As a teacher, Pirogov published a number of essays. They aroused great interest. They were read in deaf exile by the Decembrists. Pirogov called for making knowledge accessible to the people - "to make science public". But Pirogov fell out of favor with the authorities - at every corner he tried to expose the quartermasters who stole soldiers' rations, sheets, lint and medicines, and diatribes were not in vain for Nikolai Ivanovich. The great scientist boldly declared that all classes and all nationalities, including the smallest, have the right to education. The scientist's new views on school and education provoked furious attacks from officials, and he had to resign. In 1861, he settled in his estate "Cherry" near Vinnitsa and lived there until the end of his life.

In May 1881, the 50th anniversary of Pirogov's scientific and social activities was solemnly celebrated. On this day, he was presented with an address from St. Petersburg University, written by I.M. Sechenov. For love for the Motherland, tested by hard disinterested work, for the steadfastness and independence of convictions of a truly honest person, for talent and loyalty to the obligations assumed, Sechenov called Pirogov "a glorious citizen of his land." The talent and great heart made the name of the scientist-patriot immortal: the streets and squares of many cities, scientific institutes bear his name, the Pirogov Prize is awarded for the best works on surgery, the so-called “Pirogov Readings” are held annually on the day of the scientist’s memory, and the Pirogov’s house, where he spent last years turned into a museum.

N.I. Pirogov was a passionate smoker and died of a cancerous tumor in his mouth. The great surgeon was 71 years old. His body, with the consent of the church authorities, was embalmed with a special compound developed by the scientist shortly before his death. Embalming was carried out entirely on the initiative of the widow - Pirogov himself wanted to be buried in the ground under the linden trees of his estate.

Above the tomb is the church of St. Nicholas. The tomb is located at some distance from the estate: the wife was afraid that the descendants might sell the Pirogov estate and therefore acquired another land plot. The remains of Pirogov, untouched by time, are still kept in the museum named after him in the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa, in the family tomb. Alexandra Bistorm outlived her husband by 21 years.

On September 9, 1947, the opening of the memorial museum-estate of N.I. Pirogov, created in the village of Sheremetka (later - Pirogovo) in the Vinnitsa region. Here in 1861-1881. there was the estate "Cherry", the estate of the "first surgeon of Russia", where he spent the last years of his life. However, only a few original exhibits from the former museum of N.I. Pirogov, who at one time was in St. Petersburg. Most of the Pirogovo rarities exhibited in the museum-estate were presented in the form of copies.

Internet resources used:

yaca.yandex.ru/yca/cat/Culture/Organizations/Memorial_museum/2.html

[email protected]...

news.yandex.ru/people/pirogov_nikolaj.html ·

http://www.hist-sights.ru/node/7449

Date of Birth:
Place of Birth:	Moscow, Russian empire
Date of death:
A place of death:	Cherry village (now within the boundaries of Vinnitsa), Podolsk province, Russian Empire
Citizenship:	Russian empire
Occupation:	Prose writer, poet, playwright, translator
Scientific area:	Medicine
Alma mater:	Moscow University, Dorpat University
Known as:	Surgeon, creator of the atlas of topographic human anatomy, military field surgery, founder of anesthesia, outstanding teacher.
Awards and prizes:

Crimean War

After the Crimean War

Last confession

Last days

Meaning

In Ukraine

In Belarus

In Bulgaria

In Estonia

In Moldavia

In philately

The image of Pirogov in art

Interesting Facts

(November 13 (25), 1810, Moscow - November 23 (December 5), 1881, Cherry village (now within the boundaries of Vinnitsa), Podolsk province, Russian Empire) - Russian surgeon and anatomist, naturalist and teacher, creator of the first atlas of topographic anatomy, founder of Russian military field surgery, founder of the Russian school of anesthesia. Corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Biography

Nikolai Ivanovich was born in Moscow in 1810, in the family of a military treasurer, Major Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov (1772-1826). Mother Elizaveta Ivanovna Novikova belonged to an old Moscow merchant family. At the age of fourteen, he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University. After receiving a diploma, he studied abroad for several more years. Pirogov prepared for professorship at the Professorial Institute at the University of Derpt (now the University of Tartu). Here, in the surgical clinic, Pirogov worked for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of only twenty-six was elected professor at Dorpat University. A few years later, Pirogov was invited to St. Petersburg, where he headed the Department of Surgery at the Medical and Surgical Academy. At the same time, Pirogov led the Clinic of Hospital Surgery organized by him. Since Pirogov's duties included the training of military surgeons, he began to study the surgical methods common in those days. Many of them were radically reworked by him; in addition, Pirogov developed a number of completely new techniques, thanks to which he managed more often than other surgeons to avoid amputation of limbs. One of these techniques is still called the “Pirogov operation”.

Looking for effective method training, Pirogov decided to apply anatomical research on frozen corpses. Pirogov himself called this "ice anatomy". Thus was born a new medical discipline - topographic anatomy. After several years of such study of anatomy, Pirogov published the first anatomical atlas entitled "Topographic anatomy, illustrated by cuts made through the frozen human body in three directions", which became an indispensable guide for surgeons. From that moment on, surgeons were able to operate with minimal trauma to the patient. This atlas and the technique proposed by Pirogov became the basis for the entire subsequent development of operative surgery.

In 1847, Pirogov went to the Caucasus to join the army, as he wanted to test the operating methods he had developed in the field. In the Caucasus, he first used dressing with bandages soaked in starch. Starch dressing turned out to be more convenient and stronger than previously used splints. Here, in the village of Salta, Pirogov for the first time in the history of medicine began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia in the field. In total, the great surgeon performed about 10 thousand operations under ether anesthesia.

Crimean War

In 1855, during the Crimean War, Pirogov was the chief surgeon of Sevastopol, besieged by the Anglo-French troops. Operating on the wounded, Pirogov for the first time in the history of Russian medicine used a plaster cast, giving rise to a savings tactic for treating limb injuries and saving many soldiers and officers from amputation. During the siege of Sevastopol, to care for the wounded, Pirogov supervised the training and work of the sisters of the Exaltation of the Cross community of sisters of mercy. This was also an innovation at the time.

The most important merit of Pirogov is the introduction in Sevastopol of a completely new method of caring for the wounded. This method lies in the fact that the wounded were subject to careful selection already at the first dressing station; depending on the severity of the wounds, some of them were subject to immediate operation in the field, while others, with lighter wounds, were evacuated inland for treatment in stationary military hospitals. Therefore, Pirogov is justly considered the founder of a special direction in surgery, known as military field surgery.

For merits in helping the wounded and sick, Pirogov was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, 1st degree, which gave the right to hereditary nobility.

After the Crimean War

Despite the heroic defense, Sevastopol was taken by the besiegers, and the Crimean War was lost by Russia. Returning to St. Petersburg, Pirogov, at a reception at Alexander II, told the emperor about problems in the troops, as well as about the general backwardness of the Russian army and its weapons. The emperor did not want to listen to Pirogov. From that moment on, Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor, he was sent to Odessa to the post of trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts. Pirogov tried to reform the existing system of school education, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist had to leave his post.

Not only was he not appointed minister of public education, but they even refused to make him a comrade (deputy) minister, instead he was "exiled" to supervise Russian candidates for professorships studying abroad. He chose Heidelberg as his residence, where he arrived in May 1862. The candidates were very grateful to him, for example, Nobel laureate I. I. Mechnikov warmly recalled this. There he not only fulfilled his duties, often traveling to other cities where the candidates studied, but also provided them and their families and friends with any, including medical assistance, and one of the candidates, the head of the Russian community of Heidelberg, held a fundraiser for the treatment of Garibaldi and persuaded Pirogov to examine the wounded Garibaldi. Pirogov refused money, but went to Garibaldi and found a bullet not noticed by other world-famous doctors, insisted that Garibaldi leave the climate harmful to his wound, as a result of which the Italian government released Garibaldi from captivity. According to the general opinion, it was N.I. Pirogov who then saved the leg, and, most likely, the life of Garibaldi, who was convicted by other doctors. In his Memoirs, Garibaldi recalls: “The outstanding professors Petridge, Nelaton and Pirogov, who showed generous attention to me when I was in a dangerous state, proved that there are no boundaries for good deeds, for true science in the family of mankind ... "After that Petersburg, there was an attempt on the life of Alexander II by nihilists who admired Garibaldi, and, most importantly, Garibaldi's participation in the war of Prussia and Italy against Austria, which displeased the Austrian government, and the "red" Pirogov was generally dismissed from public service even without pension rights.

In the prime of his creative powers, Pirogov retired to his small estate "Cherry" not far from Vinnitsa, where he organized a free hospital. He briefly traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. For a relatively long time, Pirogov left the estate only twice: the first time in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war, being invited to the front on behalf of the International Red Cross, and the second time, in 1877-1878 - already at a very old age - he worked for several months on front during Russian-Turkish war.

Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878

When Emperor Alexander II visited Bulgaria in August 1877, during the Russian-Turkish war, he remembered Pirogov as an incomparable surgeon and the best organizer of the medical service at the front. Despite his elderly age(then Pirogov was already 67 years old), Nikolai Ivanovich agreed to go to Bulgaria, provided that he was given complete freedom of action. His desire was granted, and on October 10, 1877, Pirogov arrived in Bulgaria, in the village of Gorna-Studena, not far from Plevna, where the main apartment of the Russian command was located.

Pirogov organized the treatment of soldiers, care for the wounded and sick in military hospitals in Svishtov, Zgalev, Bolgaren, Gorna-Studena, Veliko Tarnovo, Bokhot, Byala, Plevna. From October 10 to December 17, 1877, Pirogov traveled over 700 km in a cart and sleigh, over an area of ​​12,000 square meters. km., occupied by the Russians between the rivers Vit and Yantra. Nikolai Ivanovich visited 11 Russian military temporary hospitals, 10 divisional infirmaries and 3 pharmacy warehouses located in 22 different settlements. During this time, he was engaged in treatment and operated on both Russian soldiers and many Bulgarians.

Last confession

In 1881, N. I. Pirogov became the fifth honorary citizen of Moscow "in connection with fifty years of labor activity in the field of education, science and citizenship."

Last days

At the beginning of 1881, Pirogov drew attention to pain and irritation on the mucous membrane of the hard palate, on May 24, 1881, N.V. Sklifosovsky established the presence of cancer of the upper jaw. N. I. Pirogov died at 20:25 on November 23, 1881. in with. Cherry, now part of Vinnitsa.

Pirogov's body was embalmed by his attending physician D. I. Vyvodtsev using the method he had just developed, and buried in a mausoleum in the village of Vyshnia near Vinnitsa. In the late 1920s, robbers visited the crypt, damaged the lid of the sarcophagus, stole Pirogov's sword (a gift from Franz Joseph) and a pectoral cross. During the Second World War, during the retreat of the Soviet troops, the sarcophagus with the body of Pirogov was hidden in the ground, while being damaged, which led to damage to the body, which was subsequently restored and re-embalmed.

Officially, Pirogov's tomb is called the "necropolis church", the body is located slightly below ground level in the crypt - the basement of the Orthodox church, in a glazed sarcophagus, which can be accessed by those wishing to pay tribute to the memory of the great scientist.

Meaning

The main significance of the activity of N. I. Pirogov is that with his selfless and often disinterested work he turned surgery into a science, arming doctors with scientifically based methods of surgical intervention.

A rich collection of documents related to the life and work of N. I. Pirogov, his personal belongings, medical instruments, lifetime editions of his works are stored in the funds of the Military Medical Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia. Of particular interest are the 2-volume manuscript of the scientist “Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor” and a suicide note left by him indicating the diagnosis of his illness.

Contribution to the development of national pedagogy

In the classic article “Questions of Life”, Pirogov considered the fundamental problems of Russian education. He showed the absurdity of class education, the discord between school and life, put forward as main goal upbringing - the formation of a highly moral personality, ready to renounce selfish aspirations for the benefit of society. Pirogov believed that for this it was necessary to rebuild the entire education system based on the principles of humanism and democracy. The education system that ensures the development of the individual must be based on a scientific basis, from primary to higher education, and ensure the continuity of all education systems.

Pedagogical views: Pirogov considered the main idea of ​​universal education, the education of a citizen useful to the country; noted the need for social preparation for life of a highly moral person with a broad moral outlook: “ Being human is what education should lead to»; upbringing and education should be in their native language. " contempt for mother tongue disgrace the national feeling". He pointed out that the basis of subsequent professional education should be a broad general education; proposed to attract prominent scientists to teaching in higher education, recommended to strengthen the conversations of professors with students; fought for general secular education; urged to respect the personality of the child; fought for the autonomy of higher education.

Criticism of class vocational education: Pirogov opposed the class school and early utilitarian-professional training, against the early premature specialization of children; believed that it hinders the moral education of children, narrows their horizons; condemned arbitrariness, the barracks regime in schools, thoughtless attitude towards children.

Didactic ideas: teachers should discard old dogmatic ways of teaching and apply new methods; it is necessary to awaken the thought of students, to instill skills independent work; the teacher must draw the attention and interest of the student to the reported material; transfer from class to class should be based on the results of annual performance; in transfer exams there is an element of chance and formalism.

Physical punishment. In this regard, he was a follower of J. Locke, considering corporal punishment as a means of humiliating a child, causing irreparable damage to his morals, accustoming him to slavish obedience, based only on fear, and not on understanding and evaluating his actions. Slave obedience forms a vicious nature, seeking retribution for its humiliation. N. I. Pirogov believed that the result of training and moral education, the effectiveness of the methods of maintaining discipline are determined by the objective, if possible, assessment by the teacher of all the circumstances that caused the misconduct, and the imposition of punishment that does not frighten and humiliate the child, but educates him. Condemning the use of the rod as a means of disciplinary action, he allowed the use of physical punishment in exceptional cases, but only by order of the pedagogical council. Despite such an ambiguity in the position of N.I. Pirogov, it should be noted that the question he raised and the discussion that followed on the pages of the press had positive consequences: “The Charter of Gymnasiums and Progymnasiums” of 1864 corporal punishment was abolished.

The system of public education according to N. I. Pirogov:

• Elementary (primary) school (2 years), studying arithmetic, grammar;
• Incomplete secondary school of two types: classical gymnasium (4 years, general education); real progymnasium (4 years);
• Secondary school of two types: classical gymnasium (5 years of general education: Latin, Greek, Russian, literature, mathematics); real gymnasium (3 years, applied character: professional items);
• Higher school: universities higher educational institutions.

Family

• First wife - Ekaterina Berezina. She died of complications after childbirth at the age of 24. Sons - Nikolai, Vladimir.
• The second wife is Baroness Alexandra von Bystrom.

Memory

In Russia

In Ukraine

In Belarus

• Pirogova street in the city of Minsk.

In Bulgaria

The grateful Bulgarian people erected 26 obelisks, 3 rotundas and a monument to N. I. Pirogov in Skobelevsky Park in Plevna. In the village of Bokhot, on the spot where the Russian 69th military-temporary hospital stood, a park-museum “N. I. Pirogov.

When the first emergency hospital in Bulgaria was established in Sofia in 1951, it was named after N.I. Pirogov. Later, the hospital changed its name many times, first to the Institute of Emergency Medicine, then to the Republican Scientific and Practical Institute of Emergency Medicine, the Scientific Institute of Emergency Medicine, the Multidisciplinary Hospital for Active Treatment and Ambulance, and finally - University MBALSP. And the bas-relief of Pirogov has never changed at the entrance. Now in MBALSM "N. I. Pirogov” employs 361 medical residents, 150 researchers, 1025 medical specialists and 882 support staff. All of them proudly call themselves "pirogovtsy". The hospital is considered one of the best in Bulgaria and treats over 40,000 inpatients and 300,000 outpatients a year.

On October 14, 1977, a postage stamp "100 years since the arrival of Academician Nikolai Pirogov in Bulgaria" was printed in Bulgaria.

The image of Pirogov in art

• Pirogov is the main character in Kuprin's story "The Wonderful Doctor".
• The main character in the story "The Beginning" and in the story "Bucephalus" by Yuri German.
• The 1947 film "Pirogov" - in the role of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov - People's Artist of the USSR Konstantin Skorobogatov.
• Pirogov is the main character in the novel "Privy Councilor" by Boris Zolotarev and Yuri Tyurin. (Moscow: Sovremennik, 1986. - 686 p.)

• In 1855, when he was the head teacher of the Simferopol Gymnasium, D. I. Mendeleev, who had experienced health problems from his youth (it was even suspected that he had consumption), at the request of the St. Petersburg doctor N. F. Zdekauer, was accepted and examined by N. And Pirogov, who, stating the patient's satisfactory condition, declared: "You will outlive us both" - this predestination not only instilled in the future great scientist confidence in the favor of fate, but also came true.
• For a long time, N. I. Pirogov was credited with the authorship of the article “The Ideal of a Woman”. A recent study proves that the article is a selection from the correspondence of N. I. Pirogov with his second wife A. A. Bistrom.

Brought up on the best traditions of the Russian medical school, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov (1810-1881) launched a broad creative scientific activity that lasted over 45 years. The works of N. I. Pirogov in the field of topographic and surgical anatomy indicate that he is the founder of this science.

N. I. Pirogov (1810-1881).

The outstanding Soviet surgeon N. N. Burdenko wrote that N. I. Pirogov “created new research methods in the study of anatomy, new methods in clinical medicine, and military field surgery was also created. In these works, in the philosophical and scientific part, he gave a method, approved the dominance of the method and showed an example of the use of this method. In this, Pirogov found his fame ”(N. N. Burdenko, On the historical description of the academic activities of N. I. Pirogov (1836-1854), No. 2, p. 8, 1937).

In scientific research, N. I. Pirogov attached great importance to the method. He said: “In special studies, method and direction are the main thing” (N. I. Pirogov, Regarding the studies of Russian scientists abroad, the newspaper “Voice”, No. 281, 1863).

Even at the dawn of his scientific activity, N. I. Pirogov, developing a dissertation topic on ligation of the abdominal aorta, showed that when using the method of simultaneous ligation of the abdominal aorta, most of the animals die, while gradual compression of the abdominal aorta usually saves the life of animals and prevents development those severe complications that are caused by one-stage dressing. A number of original and highly fruitful research methods were used by N. I. Pirogov in the study of topographic anatomy.

Topographic anatomy existed before Pirogov. Known, for example, are manuals on topographic (surgical) anatomy by French surgeons Velpo, Blandin, Malgenya, and others (similar courses published before the appearance of Pirogov's works in other countries were, in essence, copies of French ones). All of these guides are surprisingly similar to one another both in title and content. And if at one time they played a certain role as reference books, in which information useful to surgeons was collected, grouped according to areas of the human body, then the scientific value of these guidelines was relatively small for a number of reasons.

Firstly, the materials given in the manuals were largely deprived of scientific accuracy, since the exact methods of topographic and anatomical research did not yet exist at that time; this led to the fact that gross errors were made in the manuals, not to mention the fact that they lacked a truly scientific direction that satisfies the demands of practice. Secondly, in a number of cases, the most important requirement for a truly topographic study of areas, which is important for the purposes of surgical practice, was not fulfilled. In the manufacture of preparations aimed at showing the most important topographic and anatomical relationships of various organs, the cellular and fascial elements holding the neurovascular bundles were removed, or landmarks were ignored.

In “The Surgical Anatomy of the Arterial Trunks and” N. I. Pirogov wrote: “... Worst of all, the authors do not explain the artificiality ... the position of the parts and thus give students inaccurate, false ideas about the topography of a particular area. Take a look, for example, at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th tables of Velpo's anatomy and you will see that it is extremely difficult to judge from it the true position and distance of nerves, veins and muscles from the carotid, subclavian and axillary arteries ... Nobody of ... the authors does not give us a complete surgical anatomy of the arteries: neither Velpo nor Blunden has drawings of the brachial and femoral arteries ... None of the authors gives drawings from fascia preparations that cover the brachial and femoral arteries and which should be carefully open and cut when ligating the artery. The atlases of Tiedemann, Scarpa and Manek have nothing to do with the surgical anatomy of the arteries ”(N. I. Pirogov, Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia, St. Petersburg, p. VI, 1881).

The works of N. I. Pirogov made a complete revolution in the ideas of how topographic anatomy should be studied, and brought him world fame. The Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg awarded Pirogov the Demidov Prize for each of his three outstanding works related to the field of topographic anatomy: 1) "Anatomy chirurgica truncorum arterialium atque fasciarum fibrosarum" (1837) ("Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia"); 2) “Full course of applied anatomy of the human body with drawings. Descriptive-physiological and surgical anatomy” (only a few issues devoted to limbs were published, 1843-1845); 3) "Anatome topographica sectionibus per corpus humanum congelatum triplici directione ductis illustrata" ("Topographic anatomy illustrated by cuts made through the frozen human body in three directions") (1852-1859).

Already in the first of these works, N. I. Pirogov elucidated the tasks of surgical anatomy in a completely new way; in it for the first time found an unusually complete expression of a new direction in surgery - anatomical. N. I. Pirogov established the most important for surgical practice laws of relationships and fascia, which form the basis of topographic anatomy as a science (see Chapter 3).

"Anatome topographica" is a large atlas containing 970 drawings that depict cuts of various areas of the frozen human body. The atlas is accompanied by explanations in Latin, amounting to 796 pages of small text. The creation of the atlas of cuts, which completed the gigantic work of N.I. Pirogov, was the triumph of Russian medical science: nothing equal to this atlas had been created before him in terms of idea and its implementation. The relationships of organs are presented in this atlas with such exhaustive completeness and clarity that Pirogov's data will always serve as a starting point for research in this area.

None of the methods of topographic and anatomical research that existed before N. I. Pirogov can be considered truly scientific, because they did not comply with the main requirement for conducting such a study: the preservation of organs in their natural, undisturbed position. Only the method of sawing a frozen corpse gives the most accurate idea of ​​the actual relationship of organs (it goes without saying that the modern X-ray method for studying topographic and anatomical relationships is the greatest achievement of medical science).

The greatest merit of N. I. Pirogov is that, both in Applied Anatomy and Topographic Anatomy, he gave his research an anatomical and physiological direction. At first glance, it may seem that, by studying the topography of organs on cuts, we cannot understand anything but the static position of the organs. However, this view is clearly misleading. Pirogov's brilliant idea lies in the fact that he used his method of cuts to study not only morphological statics, but also the function of organs (for example, joints), as well as differences in their topography associated with changes in the position of certain parts of the body and the state of neighboring organs (see chapter 2).

N. I. Pirogov also used the method of cuts to develop the question of the most appropriate access to various organs and rational operational methods. So, having proposed a new way of exposing the common and external iliac arteries, Pirogov made a series of cuts in directions corresponding to skin incisions during these operations. Pirogov's cuts clearly show the significant advantages of both of his methods compared to the methods of Cooper, Abernathy and others.

It is important to note that in developing his methods for exposing the iliac arteries, Pirogov tested them several hundred times on corpses, and then ligated these vessels 14 times on patients.

The second original way of studying the topography of internal organs, proposed and implemented by N. I. Pirogov, is called anatomical sculpture by him. This method is not inferior in its accuracy to the study of topography on sections of frozen corpses (for details, see Chapter 2).

Thus, the great merits of N. I. Pirogov in the field of topographic anatomy are that he:
1) created the doctrine of the relationship of blood vessels and fascia;
2) laid the foundations of topographic anatomy as a science, for the first time widely using the method of sawing frozen corpses, anatomical sculpture and experiment on a corpse; 3) showed the importance of topographic and anatomical studies for studying the function of organs;
4) established changes in the topography of a number of areas associated with a different functional state of organs or the development of pathological processes in them;
5) laid the foundation for the doctrine of individual variability in the form and position of organs;
6) for the first time established relationships between various departments of the central nervous system and clarified the topography of the peripheral nerves and the connections between them, drawing attention to the significance of these data for practice; for the first time presented a topographic and anatomical description of the hand and fingers, cellular spaces of the limbs, face, neck, outlined the detailed topography of the joints, nasal and oral cavity, chest and abdominal cavity, fascia and pelvic organs;
7) used the data of topographic and anatomical studies to explain the mechanism of occurrence of a number of pathological conditions and to develop rational operational approaches and techniques.

From all that has been said, it undoubtedly follows that N. I. Pirogov is the founder of topographic anatomy as a science. His works have had and continue to have a huge impact on the development of all topographic anatomy.

However, it was not only Pirogov's widely used experiment on a corpse that contributed to the development of surgical knowledge. N. I. Pirogov carried out experiments on animals on a large scale, and Pirogov's experimental and surgical activities constitute a significant part of his scientific work. Already in Pirogov's dissertation on ligation of the abdominal aorta, his enormous talent was revealed both in setting up experiments and in interpreting their results. N. I. Pirogov has priority in a number of issues of circulatory pathology. His experiments with Achilles transection and the results of his study of the healing process of tendon wounds have not lost their scientific value so far. So, Pirogov's installations were confirmed in modern studies of the outstanding Soviet biologist O. B. Lepeshinskaya. Pirogov's experiments in studying the action of ether vapors are recognized as classic.

N. I. Pirogov, as it were, foresaw what he expressed and so brilliantly carried out in his activity, unprecedented in scope and results, our brilliant compatriot, who owns the wonderful words: “Only after passing through the fire of experiment, all medicine will become what it should be , i.e., conscious, and therefore, always and quite expediently acting.

In 1838 N.I. Pirogov was sent to Paris, where he arrived as a well-known scientist in Europe, a rare connoisseur of anatomy, the creator of surgical anatomy.

In 1839 N.I. Pirogov received an invitation to the post of professor of theoretical surgery at the Medico-Surgical Academy. He presented his project for the reorganization of the teaching of surgery, putting forward two proposals: to establish a new department at the academy - hospital surgery and to turn the 2nd military land hospital with 2000 beds into a hospital clinic.

In October 1840, a decree was signed appointing N.I. Pirogov as a professor at the Medico-Surgical Academy. He was appointed Professor of the Hospital Surgical Clinic, Pathological and Surgical Anatomy and Chief Physician of the Surgical Department with 1000 beds. In addition, N.I. Pirogov was appointed a member of the Medical and Surgical Council (he remained so until the end of his life) under the Ministry of Internal Affairs, a member medical commission under the Ministry of Education, technical director of a tool factory. He was also a consultant in hospitals - Obukhov, Petropavlovsk and Mary Magdalene.

In 1843, the capital work of N.I. Pirogov "A complete course of applied anatomy of the human body with drawings (descriptive, physiological and surgical anatomy). The grandeur of the work can be judged from the atlas, where 500 pathoanatomical preparations were drawn from life and 100 anatomical drawings were presented. For this work he was awarded the Great Demidov Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Being the technical director of the tool plant, N.I. Pirogov did a lot to equip hospitals, especially to provide the army with good surgical instruments. The plant at that time produced the best surgical instruments in the world.

From the first days of work at the academy N.I. Pirogov was convinced that the teaching of anatomy was done incorrectly, students memorized anatomical terms without preparation, without dissection of corpses. According to his idea, an anatomical institute was created, where anatomists were to be trained for all universities in Russia. N.I. was appointed director. Pirogov.

1846 - the year of birth of anesthesia. N.I. Pirogov, only after numerous experiments on animals, applied ether anesthesia in the clinic on February 14, 1847. He showed great energy in popularizing anesthesia, operated in Moscow, Kiev, Warsaw, Odessa, Tiflis and other cities. On June 8, 1847, he went to the Caucasus to study the possibility of using anesthesia on the battlefield. For the first time in the world, on the battlefield (during the siege of the village of Salty), the scientist used ether anesthesia on 110 wounded.

In 1849, the first major work of N.I. Pirogov on military field surgery "A report on a journey through the Caucasus, containing complete statistics of operations performed on the battlefield in various hospitals in Russia with the help of anesthesia, experiments and observations, etc."

N.I. Pirogov wrote: "Russia, ahead of Europe by our actions during the siege of Salta, showed the entire enlightened world not only the possibilities, but also the direct effect of etheromania on the wounded on the battlefield."

In 1850, the anatomical atlas of N.I. Pirogov "Topographic anatomy illustrated by cuts made in three directions through human corpses". It contains 995 life-size drawings and explanatory text on 768 pages, contains unsurpassed factual material based on the application of the method of sawing frozen corpses. The Atlas gained worldwide fame, and its author was awarded the Great Demidov Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

In 1851 N.I. Pirogov published work on osteoplastic amputation of the foot. He wrote: "A piece of one bone, being in conjunction with soft tissues, adheres to another and serves both to lengthen and to send a member." Osteoplastic amputation had a tremendous impact on the development of Russian and world science. A new chapter of surgery has been opened - bone grafting. The work was awarded the Grand Demidov Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

In 1854 N.I. Pirogov used an alabaster bandage in the treatment of simple and complex fractures. For the first time in the world he used a plaster cast in the field.

During the defense of Sevastopol, the great surgeon could not help but be where thousands of people died without proper medical care. With difficulty, he obtained permission and left for the Crimea on October 29, 1854. The whole situation in Sevastopol was described by N.I. Pirogov in “Sevastopol Letters”: “The heart stops when you see before your eyes in what hands the fate of the war is, when you get to know the people standing in your forehead”, “There are no funds, there are no tents, there are few horses and fodder, where to take, more often it’s still good they don’t know, all the nearest hospitals are already overcrowded, they steal everywhere, ”etc.

In the Crimea, N.I. Pirogov took shape as a military field surgeon, here he had the idea of ​​\u200b\u200ba military field doctrine, which, with certain changes, is still used today. Here the teaching of N.I. Pirogov about sorting the wounded.

With extraordinary strength of character, N.I. Pirogov broke the established traditions of neglect on the part of the command to take care of the wounded, achieved their quick removal from the battlefield, the best premises were given over to hospitals, transport was properly organized.

During the defense of Sevastopol, N.I. Pirogov led the organization of nurses, first created in the history of wars, operating on the battlefields. With the help of nurses N.I. Pirogov managed to arrange for the care of the wounded, their food, and the precise fulfillment of assignments. The sisters courageously fulfilled their duty, 17 of them died in Sevastopol, all of them, including N.I. Pirogov, had been ill with typhus.

For a year of work at the front, N.I. Pirogov grew into a talented organizer and military field surgeon, who later summarized all previous experience in military field surgery and personal experience four wars and created the theoretical foundations of military field surgery.

N.I. Pirogov returned from Sevastopol to Petersburg on December 24, 1855, at which time he had already decided to leave the academy. He was only 45 years old, but the term of service at the academy was estimated at 25 years (each month in Sevastopol was considered a year), and the professorial service was 32 years old. On April 29, 1856, he filed a petition, and on May 28 a decree was signed on the dismissal of N.I. Pirogov from the Academy in connection with the length of service. The second period of activity of N.I. Pirogov - Petersburg. This is the most brilliant period of his life.

Favorable conditions contributed to the formation of a scientist and scientific work, which gave amazing results, subsequently awarded prizes, including four Demidov Prizes of the Russian Academy of Sciences. N.I. Pirogov writes in his diary that after his arrival in St. Petersburg, in a very short time, at his suggestion, an anatomical institute was created for the first time in the world, which made it possible to develop a huge amount of work, in addition, over 1000 hospital beds were placed at his disposal, which served as the basis for his surgical activities.

Thus, contrary to the wishes of individual officials and bureaucrats, contrary to the wishes of those who would like to prevent N.I. Pirogov, his proposals that meet the needs of the country, the Medical-Surgical Academy, the Russian army, were always taken into account, the outstanding surgeon was given such opportunities for medical, surgical, scientific work that no foreign surgeon had (B. A. Petrov).

By the time of leaving the Medical and Surgical Academy, an article by N.I. Pirogov "Questions of Life", which said: "The school should prepare conscious members of society who are able not to adapt to evil, but to fight it." This article was enthusiastically received by the advanced Russian public. She obviously played a significant role in the fact that on September 30, 1856, N.I. Pirogov was appointed trustee of the Odessa educational district. He spoke in the newspaper with a program to transform the school, raised the issue of transforming the Odessa Lyceum into a university, and at the same time wrote about the need for wide access to the university for representatives of all nationalities and classes.

N.I. Pirogov did not work well with the governor-general of the region. On June 18, 1858, he was transferred as a trustee of the Kyiv educational district. But here, too, he defended progressive views on teaching. In his diary, he wrote: "I established my fundamental principle, according to which the trustee is obliged to exercise only moral influence on students and teachers, while the authorities tried to impose secret police supervision on me."

Being a trustee, N.I. Pirogov did not stop his medical practice. We found materials in the archives showing that he often visited the clinic of V. A. Karavaev, consulted patients and operated. As a trustee, he remained a doctor.

March 13, 1861 N.I. Pirogov was dismissed from the post of trustee, allegedly for health reasons. In reality, the principled trustee of those in power did not like it.

In April 1861, N.I. Pirogov left Kyiv with his family for his estate Cherry. Before leaving N.I. Pirogov gave university students his portrait with the inscription "I love and respect youth because I remember my own."

Life in the village proceeded slowly and measuredly, but already on March 17, 1862, N.I. Pirogov was appointed head of the professorial institute for the training of young scientists. He went to Germany, where he stayed for 4 years (Heidelberg, Berlin). In Heidelberg, N.I. Pirogov, a decision arose to generalize his military field experience. In 1864 on German and in 1865, the “Principles of General Military Field Surgery, Taken from Observations of Military Hospital Practice and Memories of the Crimean War and the Caucasian Expedition” were published in Russian in two parts: In this fundamental work, N.I. Pirogov and in the work created later “Military medical business and private assistance in the theater of war in Bulgaria and in the rear active army 1877-1878" for the first time in the history of medicine, the foundations of military field surgery were formulated.

In 1866 N.I. Pirogov returned to Cherry, where he built a hospital with 8 beds and a pharmacy. He operates a lot in his village and, judging by the diary, is very pleased with the results.

In 1870, at the request of the Red Cross Society, he went to the theater of the Franco-Prussian War, where he got acquainted with the organization of assistance to the wounded.

After 7 years of living in the village in 1877, N.I. Pirogov went to the theater of the Russian-Turkish war, where he was from September 1877 to March 1878. Upon returning to Vyshnya, N.I. Pirogov within 1 year wrote the fourth classic work on military field surgery: "Military medical business and private assistance in the theater of war in Bulgaria and the rear of the army in 1877-1878." With this book, the scientist completed his work on military field surgery. It defined war as a traumatic epidemic. Here the main conclusion was clearly voiced - the observance of the principle of saving treatment with the rejection of the large-scale production of primary amputations, a new proposal was put forward on the evacuation of the wounded by rail.

May 5, 1879 N.I. Pirogov began his last work, The Diary of an Old Doctor. A person at the end of his life path re-views his life, speaks frankly about his mistakes.

A critical attitude to his activities, to his works is one of the most remarkable features of N.I. Pirogov as a scientist and clinician.

Philosophical views of N.I. Pirogov, his worldview has repeatedly been the subject of analysis in connection with the "Diary of an Old Doctor". The scientist himself was aware of the inconsistency of his judgments: “I know that my worldview does not have that factual lining, which in our time is required from any serious reflection.”

“Time,” wrote N.I. Pirogov, - will discuss and evaluate better than ours both our convictions and our actions, and we console ourselves with the fact that here on earth, where everything passes, there is one indestructible thing for us - this is the domination of ideas. And therefore, if we faithfully served the idea, which, according to our firm conviction, led us to the truth through life, science and school, then let's hope that the stream of time will not carry it away with us.